Church History, Volume 3 (of 3)

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§ 203. FRANCE. (1) The French Church under Napoleon I. (2) The Restoration and the Citizen Kingdom. (3) The Catholic Church under Napoleon III. (4) The Protestant Churches under...

1. Although =Hugo Grotius= distinctly took the side of the Remonstrants (§ 160, 2), his whole disposition was essentially irenical. He attempted, but in vain, not only the recon...

§ 155.2. =The Commonwealth and the Protector.=--Ireland had never yet atoned for its crime of A.D. 1641 (§ 153, 6), and as it refused to acknowledge the Commonwealth, Cromwell t...

1. At the head of the new orders of this century stands the =Benedictine Congregation of St. Banne= at Verdun, founded by Didier de la Cour. Elected Abbot of St. Banne in A.D. 1...

§ 157.3. =Madame Guyon and Fénelon.=--After her husband’s death, =Madame Guyon=, in company with her father confessor, the Barnabite =Lacombe=, who had been initiated during a l...

§ 159.2. =The Syncretist Controversy.=--Since the Hofmann controversy (§ 141, 15) the University of Helmstadt had shown a decided humanistic tendency, and gave even greater free...

3. =Those of Spener’s Time and Spirit=, men who longed for the regeneration of the church by practical Christianity. Their hymns are for the most part characterized by healthy p...

§ 161.6. =Theological Literature.=--Biblical oriental philology flourished in the Reformed church of this age. =Drusius= of Franeker, who died A.D. 1616, was the greatest Old Te...

§ 162.4. =The Netherlands.=--From England the Reformed Pietism was transplanted to the Netherlands, where =William Teellinck= may be regarded as its founder. After finishing his...

§ 163.6. =The Quaker Constitution=, as fixed in Penn’s time, was strictly democratic and congregationalist, with complete exclusion of a clerical order. At their services any ma...

§ 164.2. =John Locke=, died A.D. 1704, with his sensationalism took up a position midway between Bacon’s empiricism and Descartes’ rationalism, on the one hand, and English deis...

§ 165.7. =The Second Stage of Jansenism= (§ 157, 5).--=Pasquier Quesnel=, priest of the Oratory at Paris, suspected in 1675 of Gallicanism, because of notes in his edition of th...

§ 165.13. =The German-Catholic Contribution to the Illumination.=--The Catholic church of Germany was also carried away with the current of “the Illumination,” which from the mi...

By means of the founding of the University of Halle in A.D. 1694 a fresh impulse was given to the pietist movement, and too often the whole German Church was embroiled in violen...

2. The poets of the orthodox party, although opposed to the pietists, are all more or less touched by the fervent piety of Spener. =Neumeister=, pastor at Hamburg, died A.D. 175...

§ 168.4. =Zinzendorf’s Plan and Work.=--While Zinzendorf received his first impulse from pietism, he soon perceived its onesidedness and narrowness. He would have no conventicle...

§ 169.3. =The Dutch Reformed Church.=--Toward the end of the seventeenth century, in consequence of threats on the part of the magistrates, the passionate violence of the =dispu...

§ 170.5. =Swedenborgianism.=--=Emanuel von Swedenborg= was born at Stockholm, in A.D. 1688, son of the strict Lutheran bishop of West Gothland, Jasper Swedberg. He was appointed...

2. =The Age of Frederick the Great.= Hostility to all positive Christianity spread from England and France into Germany. The writings of the English deists were translated and r...

§ 171.12. The great Swiss educationist =Pestalozzi=, A.D. 1746-1827, assumed toward the Bible, the church, and Christianity an attitude similar to that of the philosopher of Kön...

The greatest names in natural science, Copernicus, Kepler, Newton, Haller, Davy, Cuvier, etc., are household words in Christian circles. All these and many more were firmly conv...

§ 175.2. =The Attitude of Catholicism toward Protestantism.=--Every Catholic bishop has still on assuming office to take the oath, _Hæreticos pro posse persequar_. The Jesuits,...

§ 176.4. =The Bender Controversy.=--At the Luther centenary festival of A.D. 1883, Prof. Bender of Bonn declared that in the confessional writings of the Reformation evangelical...

§ 179.3. =Melancthonianism [Melanchthonianism] and Calvinism.=--The Reformed church of Germany has maintained a position midway between Lutheranism and Calvinism very similar to...

§ 182.2. =The Older Rationalistic Theology.=--The older, so-called vulgar rationalism, was characterized by the self-sufficiency with which it rejected all advances from philoso...

§ 182.11. Among =Old Testament exegetes= the most distinguished are: =Umbreit=, A.D. 1795-1860, of Heidelberg, who wrote from the supernaturalist standpoint, influenced by Schle...

§ 182.20. =Ritschl and his School.=--=Ritschl=, 1822-1889, from A.D. 1846 in Bonn, from A.D. 1864 in Göttingen, on his withdrawal from the Tübingen party, applied himself to dog...

§ 184.4. Livingstone and Stanley have made marvellous contributions to our geographical knowledge of =Central Africa= and to Christian missions there. The Scottish missionary, D...

§ 185.2. =Pius IX., A.D. 1846-1878.=--Count Mastai Feretti in his fifty-fourth year succeeded Gregory on 16th June, and took the name of Pius IX. While in ecclesiastical matters...

§ 186.2. =Other Orders and Congregations.=--After the storms of the revolution religious orders rapidly recovered lost ground. France decreed, on November 2nd, 1789, the aboliti...

§ 187.6. =Attempts to Found National Catholic Churches.=--After the July Revolution of A.D. 1830 the Abbé =Chatel= of Paris had himself consecrated bishop of a new sect by a new...

§ 188.12. =The Devotion of the Sacred Heart.=--Even after the suppression of the Jesuit order the devotion of the Sacred Heart (§ 156, 6) was zealously practised by the ex-Jesui...

§ 189.4. =Acceptance of the Decrees of the Council.=--All protests which during the council the minority had made against the order of business determined on and against all irr...

§ 191.2. =Baader and his School.=--Catholic theology for a long time paid no regard to the development of German philosophy. Only after Schelling, whose philosophy had many poin...

§ 191.12. =The Popes and Theological Science.=--What kind of theology =Pius IX.= wished to have taught is shown by his proclaiming St. Liguori (§ 165, 2) and St. Francis de Sale...

§ 193.2. =The Golden Age of Prussian Ultramontanism, 1841-1871.=--In the Cologne-Posen conflict Rome had won an almost complete victory, and with all its satellites now thought...

§ 193.7. =The Evangelical Church in the Annexed Provinces.=--In 1866 the provinces of Hanover, Hesse and Schleswig-Holstein were incorporated with the kingdom of Prussia. In the...

§ 194.6. =Mecklenburg.=--Mecklenburg-Schwerin from 1848 was in possession of a strictly Lutheran church government under the direction of Kliefoth, and its university at Rostock...

§ 196.2. =The Catholic Troubles in Baden down to 1873.=--The Grand Duchy of Baden, with two-thirds of its population Catholic, where in 1848 the revolution had shattered all the...

§ 196.7. =The Imperial Territory of Alsace and Lorraine since 1871.=--After Alsace with German Lorraine had again, in consequence of the Franco-Prussian war, been united to Germ...

§ 197.5. =The Prussian Ecclesiastical Laws, 1873-1875.=--In order to be able to check ultramontanism, even in its pædagogical breeding places, the episcopal colleges and seminar...

§ 197.10. =Proof of the Prussian Government’s willingness to be Reconciled, 1880-1881.=--Notwithstanding this brusque refusal on the part of the papal curia, the government, at...

3. In =Baden= the _Kulturkampf_ that had here previously broken out (§ 196, 2) was continued all the more keenly. In 1873 public teaching, holding of missions and assisting in p...

In vain did the pope by an encyclical seek to rouse the episcopate to violent opposition, in vain did he adjure the emperor in a letter in his own hand not to suffer the church...

§ 199.4. =The Protestant Church in German Switzerland.=--Among all the German cantons, =Basel= (§ 172, 5), which unweariedly prosecuted the work of home and foreign missions, fe...

§ 200.3. The founding of the Free University at Amsterdam, referred to above, led to a series of violent conflicts which threatened to break up the whole Reformed church of the...

§ 201.1. =Denmark.=--From the close of last century rationalism has had a home in Denmark. In 1825 Professor Clausen, a moderate adherent of the neological school, published a l...

§ 202.3. From the middle of 1850 the tractarians, who had hitherto confined themselves to the development of the Romanizing system of doctrine, began to apply its consequences t...

§ 202.10. The Fenian movement, originating among the American Irish, which since 1863 created such terror among the English, was the result of political rather than religious ag...

§ 203.5. =The Catholic Church in the Third French Republic.=--The Gambetta government, the national vindication of the 4th September, 1870, resigned its power in February, 1871,...

§ 204.2. =The Kingdom of Italy.=--Amid such vigorous progress the year 1859 came round with its fateful Franco-Italian war. The French alliance had not indeed, as it promised, m...

§ 205.4. =The Evangelization of Spain.=--A number of Bibles and tracts, as well as a religious paper in Spanish called _el Albo_, found entrance into Spain from the English sett...

§ 206.3. =The Evangelical Church.=--The Lutheran church in Russia, comprising two and a half millions of Germans, Letts, Esthonians and Finns, is strongest in Livonia, Esthonia...

3. On the other hand, the strict Lutheran church held tenaciously to the exclusive use of the German language and the genuine Lutheran confession. The Prussian emigration with G...

1. =The Order of New Templars= sprang from the Freemasons (§ 172, 2). Soon after their establishment in France the Jesuits sought to carry out their own hierarchical ideas. The...

§ 211.2. =The Salvation Army.=--An extremely fantastic caricature of English Methodism is the =Salvation Army=. The Methodist evangelist, =William Booth=, who in 1865 founded in...

1. The =Georgian Separatists=. The stream of Württemberg emigrants above referred to turned also toward Southern Russia. The settlers in Transcaucasian Georgia in the long absen...

§ 211.12. =The Mormons or Latter Day Saints.=--Jos. Smith, a broken down farmer of Vermont, who took to knavish digging for hid treasures, affirmed in 1825, that under direction...

§ 211.18. To the domain of unquestionable illusion belongs also the spiritualistic movement of Indian =Theosophism= or =Occultism=. The American Col. Olcott of New York had alre...

303. Beginning of Diocletian Persecution, § 22, 6. 306. Synod of Elvira, § 38, 3; 45, 2. Meletian Schism in Egypt, § 41, 4. Constantius Chlorus dies, § 22, 7. 311. Galerius dies...

1302. Bull _Unam Sanctam_, § 110, 1. 1305-1314. Pope Clement V., § 110, 2. 1307. Dolcino burnt, § 108, 4. 1308. Duns Scotus dies, § 113, 1. 1309-1377. Residence of Popes at Avig...

1800-1823. Pope Pius VII., § 185, 1. 1801. French Concordat, § 203, 1. 1803. Recess of Imperial Deputies, § 192, 1. 1804. Founding of British and Foreign Bible Society, § 183, 4...

Baader, Francis, § 175, 5; 187, 3; 191, 2. Baanes, § 71, 1. Babäus, § 52, 3. Babeuf, § 212, 1. Babylonian Exile of Popes, § 110, 2-5. Bach, Sebastian, § 167, 7. Bacon, Roger, §...

Caballero, § 174, 7. Cabasilas, § 68, 5; 70, 4. Cabet, § 212, 3. Cabrera, § 205, 4. Cadan, Peace of, § 133, 3. Cæcilius, § 63, 1. Cædmon, § 89, 3. Cæsarius of Arles, § 47, 20; 5...

Eadbald, § 77, 4. Eanfled, § 77, 6. Eardley, § 178, 2. Easter-Festival, § 37, 1; 56, 3, 4. ” Reckoning of, § 56, 3; 77, 3. East Friesland, § 170, 3. East Indies, § 64, 4; 150, 1...

Haag, Pastor, § 196, 3. Haas, Jos., § 210, 2. ” Charles, § 175, 7. Haco the Good, § 93, 4. Hadrian, Emperor, § 28, 3; 25; 39, 6. ” I., § 66, 3; 82, 2; 91, 1. ” II., § 67, 1; 79,...

Labadie, § 163, 7, 8. Labarum, § 22, 7. Labrador, § 184, 2. Labyrinth, The Little, § 31, 3. Lachat, § 199, 3. Lacordaire, § 187, 4; 188, 1. Lactantius, § 31, 12; 33, 9. Ladislau...

Pabst, § 191, 3. _Pabulatores_, § 44, 7. Paccanari, § 186, 1. Pachomius, § 44, 1, 3, 5. Pacianus, § 47, 15. Pacifico, Fra, § 104, 10. Pack, O. v., § 132, 1. Paderborn, § 133, 5....

_Sabatati_, § 108, 10. Sabbath, § 56, 1. Sabbatarians, § 163, 3; 211, 5. Sabeans, § 22, 1. Sabellius, § 33, 5, 7. Sabinianus, § 60, 5. _Sacco di Roma_, § 132, 2. Sachs, Hans, §...

[447] Stevens, “Life and Times of Gustavus Adolphus.” New York, 1884. Trench, “Gustavus Adolphus in Germany, and other Lectures on the Thirty Years’ War.” London. Gardiner, “The...

[548] Manning, “The True History of the Vatican Council.” London, 1877. Pomponio Leto, “The Vatican Council, being the impressions of a contemporary (Card. Vitelleschi), transla...

Index Sentence starting: Abyssinian Church,... - ‘187, 19’ replaced with ‘184, 9’ (152, 1; 160, 7; 166, 3; 184, 9.) Sentence starting: Accommodation Controversy,... - ‘§ 155, 12...