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┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ Transcriber’s Notes │ │ │ │ │ │ Punctuation has been standardized. │ │ │ │ The Table of Contents has been updated to agree with the │ │ headings and subheadings of the text. │ │ │ │ The † symbol next to a date was not defined in the text. It │ │ appears to mean approximate year of death. │ │ │ │ Characters in small caps have been replaced by all caps. │ │ │ │ Non-printable characteristics have been given the following │ │ transliteration: │ │ Italic text: --> _text_ │ │ bold text: --> =text=. │ │ │ │ Italics have been dropped on leading alpha characters (a. b. │ │ c.) to improved readability. │ │ │ │ This book was written in a period when many words had │ │ not become standardized in their spelling. Words may have │ │ multiple spelling variations or inconsistent hyphenation in │ │ the text. These have been left unchanged unless indicated │ │ with a Transcriber’s Note. │ │ │ │ Many names appear with multiple spelling variations. The │ │ most common form used has been added in brackets following │ │ alternate forms to facilitate document searching. │ │ │ │ Latin words and quotations are regularly italicized in the │ │ text. Italics have been added to words missed by the printer. │ │ │ │ Footnotes are numbered consecutively through the 3 volumes │ │ and are identified in the text with a number in brackets [2] │ │ and have been accumulated in a single section at the end of │ │ the text. │ │ │ │ Transcriber’s Notes are used when making corrections to the │ │ text or to provide additional information for the modern │ │ reader. These notes are not identified in the text, but have │ │ been accumulated in a single section at the end of the book. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

CHURCH HISTORY.

BY PROFESSOR KURTZ.

_AUTHORIZED TRANSLATION FROM LATEST REVISED EDITION BY THE_ REV. JOHN MACPHERSON, M.A.

IN THREE VOLUMES. VOL. III.

_SECOND EDITION._

London: HODDER AND STOUGHTON, 27, PATERNOSTER ROW.

MDCCCXCIII.

BUTLER & TANNER, THE SELWOOD PRINTING WORKS, FROME, AND LONDON.

CONTENTS.

THIRD DIVISION. (Continued.)

SECOND SECTION.

CHURCH HISTORY OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY.

I. Relations between the Different Churches.

§ 152. EAST AND WEST. (1) Roman Catholic Hopes. (2) Calvinistic Hopes. (3) Orthodox Constancy.

§ 153. CATHOLICISM AND PROTESTANTISM. (1) Conversions of Protestant Princes. (2) The Restoration in Germany and the Neighbouring States. (3) Livonia and Hungary. (4) The Huguenots in France. (5) The Waldensians in Piedmont. (6) The Catholics in England and Ireland. (7) Union Efforts. (8) The Lehnin Prophecy.

§ 154. LUTHERANISM AND CALVINISM. (1) Calvinizing of Hesse-Cassel, A.D. 1605-1646. (2) Calvinizing of Lippe, A.D. 1602. (3) The Elector of Brandenburg becomes Calvinist, A.D. 1613. (4) Union Attempts.

§ 155. ANGLICANISM AND PURITANISM. (1) The First Two Stuarts. (2) The Commonwealth and the Protector. (3) The Restoration and the Act of Toleration.

II. The Roman Catholic Church.

§ 156. THE PAPACY, MONKERY, AND FOREIGN MISSIONS. (1) The Papacy. (2) The Jesuits and the Republic of Venice. (3) The Gallican Liberties. (4) Galileo and the Inquisition. (5) The Controversy on the Immaculate Conception. (6) The Devotion of the Sacred Heart of Jesus. (7) New Congregations and Orders. 1. Benedictine Congregation of St. Banne. 2. Benedictine Congregation of St. Maur. 3. The Fathers of the Oratory of Jesus. 4. The Piarists. 5. The Order of the Visitation of Mary. (8) 6. The Priests of the Missions and Sisters of Charity. 7. The Trappists. 8. The English Nuns. (9) The Propaganda. (10) Foreign Missions. (11) In the East Indies. (12) In China. (13) Trade and Industry of the Jesuits. (14) An Apostate to Judaism.

§ 157. QUIETISM AND JANSENISM. (1) Francis de Sales and Madame Chantal. (2) Michael Molinos. (3) Madame Guyon and Fénelon. (4) Mysticism Tinged with Theosophy and Pantheism. (5) Jansenism in its first Stage.

§ 158. SCIENCE AND ART IN THE CATHOLIC CHURCH. (1) Theological Science. (2) Church History. (3) Art and Poetry.

III. The Lutheran Church.

§ 159. ORTHODOXY AND ITS BATTLES. (1) Christological Controversies. 1. The Cryptist and Kenotist Controversy. 2. The Lütkemann Controversy. (2) The Syncretist Controversy. (3) The Pietist Controversy in its First Stage. (4) Theological Literature. (5) Dogmatics.

§ 160. THE RELIGIOUS LIFE. (1) Mysticism and Asceticism. (2) Mysticism and Theosophy. (3) Sacred Song. (4) ---- Its 17th Century Transition. (5) Sacred Music. (6) The Christian Life of the People. (7) Missions.

IV. The Reformed Church.

§ 161. THEOLOGY AND ITS BATTLES. (1) Preliminaries of the Arminian Controversy. (2) The Arminian Controversy. (3) Consequences of the Arminian Controversy. (4) The Cocceian and Cartesian Controversies. (5) ---- Continued. (6) Theological Literature. (7) Dogmatic Theology. (8) The Apocrypha Controversy.

§ 162. THE RELIGIOUS LIFE. (1) England and Scotland. (2) ---- Political and Social Revolutionists. (3) ---- Devotional Literature. (4) The Netherlands. (5) ---- Voetians and Cocceians. (6) France, Germany, and Switzerland. (7) Foreign Missions.

V. Anti- and Extra-Ecclesiastical Parties.

§ 163. SECTS AND FANATICS. (1) The Socinians. (2) The Baptists of the Continent. 1. The Dutch Baptists. 2. The Moravian Baptists. (3) The English Baptists. (4) The Quakers. (5) ---- Continued. (6) The Quaker Constitution. (7) Labadie and the Labadists. (8) ---- Continued. (9) Fanatical Sects. (10) Russian Sects.

§ 164. PHILOSOPHERS AND FREETHINKERS. (1) Philosophy. (2) ---- Continued. (3) Freethinkers--England. (4) ---- Germany and France.

THIRD SECTION.

CHURCH HISTORY OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.

I. The Catholic Church in East and West.

§ 165. THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH. (1) The Popes. (2) Old and New Orders. (3) Foreign Missions. (4) The Counter-Reformation. (5) In France. (6) Conversions. (7) The Second Stage of Jansenism. (8) The Old Catholic Church in the Netherlands. (9) Suppression of the Order of Jesuits, A.D. 1773. (10) Anti-hierarchical Movements in Germany and Italy. (11) Theological Literature. (12) In Italy. (13) The German-Catholic Contribution to the Illumination. (14) The French Contribution to the Illumination. (15) The French Revolution. (16) The Pseudo-Catholics--The Abrahamites or Bohemian Deists. (17) ---- The Frankists.

§ 166. THE ORIENTAL CHURCHES. (1) The Russian State Church. (2) Russian Sects. (3) The Abyssinian Church.

II. The Protestant Churches.

§ 167. THE LUTHERAN CHURCH BEFORE “THE ILLUMINATION.” (1) The Pietist Controversies after the Founding of the Halle University. (2) ---- Controversial Doctrines. (3) Theology. (4) Unionist Efforts. (5) Theories of Ecclesiastical Law. (6) Church Song. (7) Sacred Music. (8) The Christian Life and Devotional Literature. (9) Missions to the Heathen.

§ 168. THE CHURCH OF THE MORAVIAN BRETHREN. (1) The Founder of the Moravian Brotherhood. (2) The Founding of the Brotherhood. (3) The Development of the Brotherhood down to Zinzendorf’s Death, A.D. 1727-1760. (4) Zinzendorf’s Plan and Work. (5) Numerous Extravagances. (6) Zinzendorf’s Greatness. (7) The Brotherhood under Spangenberg’s Administration. (8) The Doctrinal Peculiarities of the Brotherhood. (9) The Peculiarities of Worship among the Brethren. (10) Christian Life of the Brotherhood. (11) Missions to the Heathen.

§ 169. THE REFORMED CHURCH BEFORE THE “ILLUMINATION.” (1) The German Reformed Church. (2) The Reformed Church in Switzerland. (3) The Dutch Reformed Church. (4) Methodism. (5) ---- Continued. (6) Theological Literature.

§ 170. NEW SECTS AND FANATICS. (1) Fanatics and Separatists in Germany. (2) The Inspired Societies in Wetterau. (3) J. C. Dippel. (4) Separatists of Immoral Tendency. (5) Swedenborgianism. (6) New Baptist Sects. (7) New Quaker Sects. (8) Predestinarian-Mystical Sects.

§ 171. RELIGION, THEOLOGY, AND LITERATURE OF THE “ILLUMINATION.” (1) Deism, Arianism, and Unitarianism in the English Church. 1. The Deists. 2. The So-called Arians. 3. The Later Unitarians. (2) Freemasons. (3) The German “Illumination.” 1. Its Precursors. (4) 2. The Age of Frederick the Great. (5) 3. The Wöllner Reaction. (6) The Transition Theology. (7) The Rationalistic Theology. (8) Supernaturalism. (9) Mysticism and Theosophy. (10) The German Philosophy. (11) The German National Literature. (12) Pestalozzi.

§ 172. CHURCH LIFE IN THE PERIOD OF THE “ILLUMINATION.” (1) The Hymnbook and Church Music. (2) Religious Characters. (3) Religious Sects. (4) The Rationalistic “Illumination” outside of Germany. (5) Missionary Societies and Missionary Enterprise.

FOURTH SECTION.

CHURCH HISTORY OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.

I. General and Introductory.

§ 173. SURVEY OF RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS OF NINETEENTH CENTURY.

§ 174. NINETEENTH CENTURY CULTURE IN RELATION TO CHRISTIANITY AND THE CHURCH. (1) The German Philosophy. (2) ---- Continued. (3) The Sciences; Medicine. (4) Jurists; Historians; Geography; Philology. (5) National Literature--Germany. (6) ---- Continued. (7) ---- Other Countries. (8) Popular Education. (9) Art. (10) Music and the Drama.

§ 175. INTERCOURSE AND NEGOTIATIONS BETWEEN THE CHURCHES. (1) Romanizing Tendencies among Protestants. (2) The Attitude of Catholicism toward Protestantism. (3) Romish Controversy. (4) Roman Catholic Union Schemes. (5) Greek Orthodox Union Schemes. (6) Old Catholic Union Schemes. (7) Conversions. (8) ---- The Mortara Affair. (9) ---- Other Conversions. (10) The Luther Centenary, A.D. 1883.

II. Protestantism in General.

§ 176. RATIONALISM AND PIETISM. (1) Rationalism. (2) Pietism. (3) The Königsberg Religious Movement, A.D. 1835-1842. (4) The Bender Controversy.

§ 177. EVANGELICAL UNION AND LUTHERAN SEPARATION. (1) The Evangelical Union. (2) The Lutheran Separation. (3) The Separation within the Separation.

§ 178. EVANGELICAL CONFEDERATION. (1) The Gustavus Adolphus Society. (2) The Eisenach Conference. (3) The Evangelical Alliance. (4) The Evangelical Church Alliance. (5) The Evangelical League.

§ 179. LUTHERANISM, MELANCHTHONIANISM, AND CALVINISM. (1) Lutheranism within the Union. (2) Lutheranism outside of the Union. (3) Melanchthonianism and Calvinism.

§ 180. THE “_PROTESTANTENVEREIN_.” (1) The Protestant Assembly. (2) The “_Protestantenverein_” Propaganda. (3) Sufferings Endured. (4) ---- In Berlin. (5) ---- In Schleswig Holstein.

§ 181. DISPUTES ABOUT FORMS OF WORSHIP. (1) The Hymnbook. (2) The Book of Chorales. (3) The Liturgy. (4) The Holy Scriptures.

§ 182. PROTESTANT THEOLOGY IN GERMANY. (1) Schleiermacher, A.D. 1768-1834. (2) The Older Rationalistic Theology. (3) Historico-Critical Rationalism. (4) Supernaturalism. (5) Rational Supernaturalism. (6) Speculative Theology. (7) The Tübingen School. (8) Strauss. (9) The Mediating Theology. (10) Lutheran Theologians. (11) Old Testament Exegetes. (12) University Teachers. (13) The Lutheran Confessional Theology. (14) ---- Continued. (15) ---- Continued. (16) Reformed Confessionalism. (17) The Free Protestant Theology. (18) In the Old Testament Department. (19) Dogmatists. (20) Ritschl and his School. (21) ---- Opponents. (22) Writers on Constitutional Law and History.

§ 183. HOME MISSIONS. (1) Institutions. (2) The Order of St. John. (3) The Itinerant Preacher Gustav Werner in Württemberg. (4) Bible Societies.

§ 184. FOREIGN MISSIONS. (1) Missionary Societies. (2) Europe and America. (3) Africa. (4) ---- Livingstone and Stanley. (5) Asia. (6) China. (7) Polynesia and Australia. (8) Missions to the Jews. (9) Missions among the Eastern Churches.

III. Catholicism in General.

§ 185. THE PAPACY AND THE STATES OF THE CHURCH. (1) The First Four Popes of the Century. (2) Pius IX., A.D. 1846-1878. (3) The Overthrow of the Papal States. (4) The Prisoner of the Vatican, A.D. 1870-1878. (5) Leo XIII.

§ 186. VARIOUS ORDERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. (1) The Society of Jesus and Related Orders. (2) Other Orders and Congregations. (3) The Pius Verein. (4) The Various German Unions. (5) Omnipotence of Capital. (6) The Catholic Missions. (7) ---- Mission Societies.

§ 187. LIBERAL CATHOLIC MOVEMENTS. (1) Mystical-Irenical Tendencies. (2) Evangelical-Revival Tendencies. (3) Liberal-Scientific Tendencies. (4) Radical-Liberalistic Tendencies. (5) Attempts at Reform in Church Government. (6) Attempts to Found National Catholic Churches. (7) National Italian Church. (8) The Frenchman, Charles Loyson.

§ 188. CATHOLIC ULTRAMONTANISM. (1) The Ultramontane Propaganda. (2) Miracles. (3) Stigmatizations. (4) ---- Louise Lateau. (5) Pseudo-Stigmatizations. (6) Manifestations of the Mother of God in France. (7) Manifestations of the Mother of God in Germany. (8) Canonizations. (9) Discoveries of Relics. (10) The blood of St. Januarius. (11) The Leaping Procession at Echternach. (12) The Devotion of the Sacred Heart. (13) Ultramontane Amulets. (14) Ultramontane Pulpit Eloquence.

§ 189. THE VATICAN COUNCIL. (1) Preliminary History of the Council. (2) The Organization of the Council. (3) The Proceedings of the Council. (4) Acceptance of the Decrees of the Council.

§ 190. THE OLD CATHOLICS. (1) Formation and Development of the Old Catholic Church in the German Empire. (2) ---- Continued. (3) The Old Catholics in other Lands.

§ 191. CATHOLIC THEOLOGY, ESPECIALLY IN GERMANY. (1) Hermes and his School. (2) Baader and his School. (3) Günther and his School. (4) John Adam Möhler. (5) John Jos. Ignat. von Döllinger. (6) The Chief Representatives of Systematic Theology. (7) The Chief Representatives of Historical Theology. (8) The Chief Representatives of Exegetical Theology. (9) The Chief Representatives of the New Scholasticism. (10) The Munich Congress of Catholic Scholars, 1863. (11) Theological Journals. (12) The Popes and Theological Science.

IV. Relation of Church to the Empire and to the States.

§ 192. THE GERMAN CONFEDERATION. (1) The Imperial Commission’s Decree, 1803. (2) The Prince-Primate of the Confederation of the Rhine. (3) The Vienna Congress and the Concordat. (4) The Frankfort Parliament and the Würzburg Bishops’ Congress of 1848.

§ 193. PRUSSIA. (1) The Catholic Church to the Close of the Cologne Conflict. (2) The Golden Age of Prussian Ultramontanism, 1841-1871. (3) The Evangelical Church in Old Prussia down to 1848. (4) The Evangelical Church in Old Prussia, 1848-1872. (5) The Evangelical Church in Old Prussia, 1872-1880. (6) ---- Continued. (7) The Evangelical Church in the Annexed Provinces. (8) ---- In Hanover. (9) ---- In Hesse.

§ 194. THE NORTH GERMAN SMALLER STATES. (1) The Kingdom of Saxony. (2) The Saxon Duchies. (3) The Kingdom of Hanover. (4) Hesse. (5) Brunswick, Oldenburg, Anhalt, and Lippe-Detmold. (6) Mecklenburg.

§ 195. BAVARIA. (1) The Bavarian Ecclesiastical Polity under Maximilian I., 1799-1825. (2) The Bavarian Ecclesiastical Polity under Louis I., 1825-1848. (3) The Bavarian Ecclesiastical Polity under Maximilian II., 1848-1864, and Louis II. (4) Attempts at Reorganization of the Lutheran Church. (5) The Church of the Union in the Palatine of the Rhine.

§ 196. THE SOUTH GERMAN SMALLER STATES AND RHENISH ALSACE AND LORRAINE. (1) The Upper Rhenish Church Province. (2) The Catholic Troubles in Baden down to 1873. (3) The Protestant Troubles in Baden. (4) Hesse-Darmstadt and Nassau. (5) In Protestant Württemberg. (6) The Catholic Church in Württemberg. (7) The Imperial Territory of Alsace and Lorraine since 1871.

§ 197. THE SO-CALLED KULTURKAMPF IN THE GERMAN EMPIRE. (1) The Aggression of Ultramontanism. (2) Conflicts Occasioned by Protection of the Old Catholics, 1871-1872. (3) Struggles over Educational Questions, 1872-1873. (4) The Kanzelparagraph and the Jesuit law, 1871-1872. (5) The Prussian Ecclesiastical Laws, 1873-1875. (6) Opposition in the States to the Prussian May Laws. (7) Share in the Conflict taken by the Pope. (8) The Conflict about the Encyclical _Quod nunquam_ of 1875. (9) Papal Overtures for Peace. (10) Proof of the Prussian Government’s willingness to be Reconciled, 1880-1881. (11) Conciliatory Negotiations, 1882-1884. (12) Resumption on both sides of Conciliatory Measures, 1885-1886. (13) Definitive Conclusion of Peace, 1887. (14) Independent Procedure of the other German Governments. 1. Bavaria. 2. Württemberg. 3. Baden. (15) 4. Hesse-Darmstadt. 5. Saxony.

§ 198. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. (1) The Zillerthal Emigration. (2) The Concordat. (3) The Protestant Church in Cisleithan Austria. (4) The Clerical Landtag Opposition in the Tyrol. (5) The Austrian Universities. (6) The Austrian Ecclesiastical Laws, 1874-1876. (7) The Protestant Church in the Transleithan Provinces.

§ 199. SWITZERLAND. (1) The Catholic Church in Switzerland till 1870. (2) The Geneva Conflict, 1870-1883. (3) Conflict in the Diocese of Basel-Soleure, 1870-1880. (4) The Protestant Church in German Switzerland. (5) The Protestant Church in French Switzerland.

§ 200. HOLLAND AND BELGIUM. (1) The United Netherlands. (2) The Kingdom of Holland. (3) ---- Continued. (4) ---- Continued. (5) The Kingdom of Belgium. (6) ---- Continued. (7) ---- Continued. (8) The Protestant Church.

§ 201. THE SCANDINAVIAN COUNTRIES. (1) Denmark. (2) Sweden. (3) Norway.

§ 202. GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. (1) The Episcopal State Church. (2) The Tractarians and Ritualists. (3) ---- Continued. (4) Liberalism in the Episcopal Church. (5) Protestant Dissenters in England. (6) Scotch Marriages in England. (7) The Scottish State Church. (8) Scottish Heresy Cases. (9) The Catholic Church in Ireland. (10) The Fenian Movement. (11) The Catholic Church in England and Scotland. (12) German Lutheran Congregations in Australia.