Architecture

_My_ Modern Architecture: Romanticism and Reintegration _appeared in 1929. It was an early attempt to relate the newest architecture of the nineteen-twenties to that of the prec...

DESPITE the drastically reduced production of the years just before and after 1800, between the outbreak of the French Revolution and the termination of Napoleon’s imperial care...

decorated rooms in the Bourbon Palace at Caserta,[32] originally built by Vanvitelli in 1752-74, for this Napoleonic brother-in-law. But the finest Empire things in the area wer...

FROM the time of Louis XIV France had been unique in possessing a highly organized system of architectural education. Under the aegis of the Académie, students were prepared for...

by Durand (and ultimately from the projects of his master Boullée and other French architects of the 1780s), the _Rundbogenstil_ is still a phase of Romantic Classicism even if...

The rapid deterioration of rationalist Grecian standards, which followed within a few decades even in the hands of Schinkel’s ablest pupils, is to be noted in the Neues Museum,...

BEFORE considering English architecture in the years between Waterloo and the Great Exhibition, it will be well to turn to that of France. The drama of the supersession of a sup...

IN English terminology, the most productive period of Nash and Soane, the two greatest Romantic Classical architects of England, extending from 1810 down to the thirties, is loo...

Soane in his latest work seems at times to have produced what were almost parodies of his characteristic Bank interiors, approaching in their strangeness and their oriental allu...

IN varying degree Romantic Classicism left its mark on all the major cities of Europe. Paris without the Napoleonic monuments that Louis Philippe brought to completion is inconc...

THE principal modern treatise on the Picturesque with a capital P, Christopher Hussey’s of 1927, is subtitled ‘Studies in a Point of View’. By the opening years of the nineteent...

If early illustrations of the Picturesque point of view and of the mature Gothic Revival are on the whole of minor interest in the English-speaking world outside Great Britain,...

In England the Picturesque and the Gothic Revival were effective solvents of Romantic Classicism, because both, and particularly the latter, were consciously nationalistic, emph...

ARCHITECTURAL history has many aspects. Ideas and theories, points of view and programmes can have real importance even when, as with the Picturesque and the earlier stages of t...

MANY historians, in despair, have merely labelled the period after 1850 ‘Eclectic’ as if earlier periods of architecture—and notably all the preceding hundred years since 1750—h...

Vaudremer’s work may have had some influence, around 1870, on the American Richardson, who was still a student in Paris when Saint-Pierre-de-Montrouge was begun (see Chapter 13)...

opened in 1865 and the somewhat later school at Columbia University in New York, were both based on the methods of the École.[197] French winners of the Prix de Rome were increa...

IN the cities of Germany and of Northern Europe generally there were in this period no such comprehensive urbanistic developments as in Paris and Vienna. Some individual public...

Similar mansards, but flat-sided not bulbous, and similar detail characterize a pair of tall terraces that Knowles built in 1860 on the north side of Clapham Common, south of Lo...

Beyond the first two blocks of Grosvenor Place the new construction of the sixties stops; but it starts again at the farther end and surrounds the two triangles of Grosvenor Gar...

The Second Empire episode in the United States is a curious one. On the one hand, it was a consciously ‘modern’ movement, deriving its prestige from contemporary Paris, not from...

BY 1850 Neo-Gothic was accepted as a proper mode for churches throughout the western world. Only in England, however, had it become dominant for such use. Moreover, Gothic was a...

Two churches by Street, St John’s at Torquay of 1861-71[227] and St Philip and St James’s at Oxford, which was completed in 1862, are more standard products of the early sixties...

twelfth-century order with very few eclectic or Italianate touches, thus recalling the winning design for Lille Cathedral that he had prepared with Clutton in 1855. Yet the cont...

91-101 Worship Street, Finsbury, in 1861 might be described. In them the material is not even red brick, but London stocks excellently laid. Almost nothing is overtly Gothic, ye...

Godwin in two rather modest town halls, one at Northampton of 1861-4, which is very rich in sculptural detail, the other at Congleton, Cheshire, of 1864-7, which is more severe...

THE High Victorian Gothic produced in the United States no such roster of distinguished—or at least prominent and highly characteristic—monuments as in Britain. The period of it...

In Farnam Hall at Yale College in New Haven (Plate 96A), begun in 1869, the German-trained Russell Sturgis (1836-1909),[243] who had been for a time Wight’s partner, somehow arr...

The similarity to the Northern Renaissance mode of this period in Germany is nearly as great, as also to such somewhat later Scandinavian buildings as Clason’s Northern Museum i...

IN England and America there followed immediately upon the ‘High Styles’ of the fifties and sixties phases of stylistic development that cannot readily be matched in the other c...

THE story of Shaw’s career is a fascinating one, far more interesting in fact than the general history of English architecture in the last quarter of the nineteenth century. It...

THE line of technical development which runs from the cast-iron-framed textile mills of the 1790s in England to the steel-framed skyscrapers of the 1890s in America seems to pos...

If in some technical respects the Chicago skyscraper of the nineties seems almost to have come to premature birth in Liverpool in the sixties, as in some other respects it had d...

IN the long story of man’s dwellings from prehistory to the present, the Anglo-American development that took place in the hundred years between the 1790s and the 1890s is of co...

significant episode that is closely related to the earlier story of the nineteenth-century house in England and America. By the late eighties a full-dress Colonial Revival was u...

Paris to study at the École des Beaux-Arts and then to the new American Academy which he and McKim were planning to start in Rome, in preparation for taking him on as designing...

C. R. Ashbee (1863-1942) and George Walton (1867-1933)[354] were other domestic architects active in the nineties and the early years of the new century. The latter belongs to t...

London, No. 37 of 1894 and Nos 38-39 of 1904, represent the chronological span of his significant architectural production and illustrate clearly his characteristic progress fro...

THE two preceding chapters, in entering the nineties, crossed what is perhaps the major historical frontier within the century and a half covered by this book. The skyscrapers o...

THE initiation of the Art Nouveau by Horta in 1892 was sudden and its spread extremely rapid. Almost concurrently forms very similar to those he had invented began to appear in...

retained curved elements, and those were structural rather than merely decorative. The general rectangularity and the broad horizontal windows of the Ernst Ludwig Haus, a block...

NO better name than ‘modern’ has yet been found for what has come to be the characteristic architecture of the twentieth century throughout the western world, well beyond its co...

While some influence from their juniors can be noted in the later work of the modern architects of the first generation, a real difference between their approach to architecture...

In 1894, just as the Art Nouveau was reaching France, ferro-concrete was used for the first time in a structure of some modest architectural pretension by J.-E.-A. de Baudot[396...

S.-et-O., near Paris in 1922-3 concrete came of age as a building material in somewhat the same way that cast iron had done in a series of major English and French edifices of t...

WRIGHT in America found himself, in his seventies, as generally accepted a master as did Perret in France, but his influence never became at all academic in the way of Perret’s...

THE pattern of architectural development in Germany in the early decades of this century was rather different from that in either France or the United States. No academy, native...

Van de Velde continued to build occasionally throughout all his long life—some portions of his Kröller-Müller Museum near Otterlo in Holland were only completed in 1953—but his...

years, and his work there culminated in the Exhibition Gallery and the Wedding Tower on the Matildenhöhe, erected in 1907. The former was blocky and somewhat classicizing in cha...

THE development of modern architecture in Austria between 1900 and the Nazi conquest has many connexions with that of Germany. The Austrian Olbrich had as much as anyone to do w...

THE project that Gropius and Meyer offered in the competition of 1922 for the Chicago Tribune Tower, unlike Saarinen’s, attracted very little contemporary attention in America (...

HISTORIANS, whether of politics or the arts, should ideally stand at some distance from their subjects thanks to remoteness in time; in lieu of that, remoteness in space sometim...

THROUGH at least the first three decades of the twentieth century most architects of the western world would have scorned the appellation ‘modern’ or, if they accepted it, would...

TO describe the state of architecture in the late forties and early fifties, before and after the mid-point of this century, is far more difficult than to sketch its condition a...

See Steel, H. R., and Yerbury, F. R., _The Old Bank of England_, London, 1930, for photographic coverage of this monument of which the interiors were largely destroyed in the 19...

Allais and others, _Projets d’architecture ... qui ont mérités les grands prix_, Paris, 1806, and at different dates subsequently with varying authors and titles. For a collecti...

Hittorff and other architects of his generation such as Henri Labrouste and Duban, who supported his proposal to revive the external polychromy they had noted on the Classical t...

Many additions and changes in the house were made from 1816 on; a top storey and a Picture Room of 1825-6 behind No. 14 were the most consequential. See Soane, J., _Description...

See Haviland, J. _A Description of Haviland’s Design for the New Penitentiary ..._, Philadelphia, 1824; Anon., _A Description of the Eastern Penitentiary ..._, Philadelphia, 183...

Hussey devotes only a portion of his book to the Picturesque in architecture. See also Pevsner, N., ‘The Picturesque in Architecture’, _Journal of the Royal Institute of British...

See Sheppard, R., _Cast Iron in Building_, London, 1945, and Gloag, J. and Bridgwater, D., _A History of Cast Iron in Building_, London, 1948. These accounts require considerabl...

Here Visconti’s taste also proves to have been premonitory. His project of 1833 for a library already had a bulbous roof over the central pavilion; while that of 1849 for the Bi...

The design derives from the results of a competition held in 1876. Of the nine architects involved in the execution of the building, Grotjan, Lamprecht, Robertson, and Martin Ha...

Despite the ‘correctness’ of Butterfield’s detailing, an idiosyncratic coarsening can be noted at St Augustine’s College in Canterbury and in other work by him done several year...

At the Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia the larger pavilions were all of iron and glass; and probably the most influential buildings were the British ones designed by Thoma...

Many serious and conscientious English students of this period would precede such a list with the name of George Devey (1820-86). Of Devey, in whose office C. F. A. Voysey, the...

The source was probably the book by Vogüé of which the second volume appeared only in 1877 (see Note [196], Chapter 8). The motif first appeared in the North Easton Library, des...

A few houses by McKim, Mead & White of the early eighties are definitely _François I_, and Richardson used _François I_ dormers, probably independently of Hunt, on the Albany Ca...

Somewhat fuller accounts of English commercial architecture in this period will be found in Hitchcock, ‘Victorian Monuments of Commerce’, _Architectural Review_, CV (1949), 61-7...

There are many examples in various English books of the first third of the century; characteristic are those offered by T. F. Hunt, J. B. Papworth, and P. F. Robinson. See Note...

The one large structure built for this exhibition in permanent form, the Palais du Trocadéro by Davioud, has since been replaced. Vaguely Saracenic in design, yet not altogether...

See Malton, J., ‘Art Nouveau in Essex’, _Architectural Review_, CXXVI (1959), 100-4. For a considerably earlier and more extraordinary example of English work approaching the Ar...

See _Concrete and Constructional Engineering_, II (January 1956), special anniversary number reviewing the history of concrete. More important later studies are: Raafat, A. A.,...

The team that worked with Perret on Le Havre consisted of P. Branche, P. Dubouillon, P. Feuillebois, A. Heaume, J. Imbert, M. Kaeppelin, G. Lagneau, M. Lotte, P.-E. Lambert, A....

Wright’s ‘Baroque’ period, running for approximately ten years from 1914 to 1924, parallels the Expressionist episode in European modern architecture (see Chapters 21 and 22). T...

Reviving interest in Expressionism has already led to considerable significant publication. See, for example, Dorfles, G., _Barocco nell’architettura moderna_, Milan, 1951, espe...

The use of aluminium in architecture became widespread only some forty years later, it should be noted, although it had supplied the cap of the pyramid with which T. L. Casey fi...

That is, Barr proposed the title _The International Style_ for the book prepared by myself and Philip Johnson to go with this Exhibition, drawing the word ‘international’ from t...

To those historians of modern architecture who find its relevant prehistory largely in the technical developments of the previous century and a half, the Fagus Factory is the mo...

Le Corbusier’s moulded _pilotis_ supporting the Swiss Hostel in Paris (Plate 165B) are two years later; those under the Unité d’Habitation, which resemble Aalto’s much more clos...

‘Historicism’ is a clumsy term matched by no viable adjective. It does, however, express more accurately than ‘traditionalism’, ‘revivalism’, or ‘eclecticism’ a certain aspect o...

No sharp distinction has been made in this book between architects and engineers. Such engineers, from Telford to Candela, as have been responsible for work of architectural pre...