CHAPTER 14 - Notes
Footnote 295:
See Note [97], Chapter 5.
Footnote 296:
Somewhat fuller accounts of English commercial architecture in this period will be found in Hitchcock, ‘Victorian Monuments of Commerce’, _Architectural Review_, CV (1949), 61-74, and in Hitchcock, _Early Victorian Architecture_, Chapters XI and XII. Most of the English buildings mentioned in this chapter are illustrated either in the book or the article.
Footnote 297:
See Weisman, W., ‘Commercial Palaces of New York’, _Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians_, XXXVI (1954), 285-302.
Footnote 298:
See Bogardus, J., _Cast Iron Buildings: Construction and Advantages_, New York, 1856.
Footnote 299:
See Hitchcock, H.-R., ‘Early Cast Iron Façades’, _Architectural Review_, CIX (1951), 113-16.
Footnote 300:
See Weisman, W., ‘Philadelphia Functionalism and Sullivan’, _Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians_, XX (1961), 3-19.
Footnote 301:
See Sturges, W. K., ‘Cast Iron in New York’, _Architectural Review_, CXIV (1953), 233-8.
Footnote 302:
See Peterson, C., ‘Ante-bellum Skyscraper’, _Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians_, IX (1950), 27-9; X (1951), 25. The Jayne Building, begun by Johnston, was completed by Thomas U. Walter. It has unfortunately been demolished since 1958.
Footnote 303:
See Woodward, G., ‘Oriel Chambers’, _Architectural Review_, CXIX (1956), 268-70. Fine measured drawings by students of the University of Liverpool School of Architecture were published in _Architectural History_, II (1959), 81-94.
Footnote 304:
See Note [277], Chapter 13.
Footnote 305:
See Weisman, W., ‘New York and the Problem of the First Skyscraper’, _Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians_, XII (1953), 13-20. For a rather different opinion, see Webster, J. C., ‘The Skyscraper: Logical and Historical Considerations’, _Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians_, XVIII (1959), 126-39.
Footnote 306:
It is worth noting that neither cast-iron façades nor the vertical articulation of the Philadelphia buildings of the fifties was used in either case. Both developments of the mid century proved cul-de-sacs since the New York architects followed the established modes of the sixties for monumental buildings in these first two skyscrapers. In the same years 1873-4, however, Hunt did build the five-storey edifice at 478-482 Broadway in New York with an all cast-iron front, employing a sort of attenuated ‘giant order’ subsuming the three middle storeys.
Footnote 307:
Giedion first called attention to the importance of ‘balloon-frame’ construction in _Space, Time and Architecture_ in 1941; but see Field, W., ‘A Re-examination into the Invention of the Balloon Frame’, _Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians_, II (1942), 3-29.
Footnote 308:
See Randall, G., _The Great Fire of Chicago and its Causes_, Chicago [1871].
Footnote 309:
See Hope, H., ‘Louis Sullivan’s Architectural Ornament’, _Magazine of Art_, XL (1947), 110-17. Sullivan thought of his early ornament as somehow ‘Egyptian’, but it is not very easy to see why. A later, so far unpublished study by Etel Kramer seems to establish, contrary to his own statements, that Sullivan owed a good deal to the theories of Owen Jones and that his ornament matured, earlier than has hitherto been supposed, in 1884-5.
Footnote 310:
This is not the same as the Revell Store.
Footnote 311:
Several more storeys were added later and appear in many of the published views.
Footnote 312:
One must say ‘metal’, because structural steel was only gradually replacing cast and wrought iron at this time; all these types of ferrous material were probably used in the Home Insurance, the Rookery, and other skyscrapers of the mid eighties. Two books by W. Birkmire, _Architectural Iron and Steel_, New York, 1891, and _Skeleton Construction in Buildings_, New York, 1893, best present the technical aspects of large-scale metal construction as it matured in the eighties and early nineties.
Footnote 313:
An American edition of this book appeared in 1880. See Note [309], _supra_.
Footnote 314:
I owe this suggestion to Vincent Scully.
Footnote 315:
Incidentally, the signature Frank L[loyd] Wright on the drawings for a rather Richardsonian group of three masonry houses in Chicago, designed in the Adler & Sullivan office in 1888 for Victor L. Falkenau, suggests that it was Sullivan’s brilliant draughtsman, as it was Jenney’s assistant on the Leiter Building, who was responsible for this example of overt Richardsonian influence.
Footnote 316:
The discovery by Condit that this building was begun in 1890 seemed to lend it a special importance, up until then unrecognized. But the text gives the correct dating.
Footnote 317:
It is so generally assumed that Sullivan’s mature style is without historical antecedents that the even more definitely _quattrocento_ character of the entrance here, as well as of those of the Guaranty Building, is rarely noted.
Footnote 318:
The five southernmost bays are an addition made in 1906 by D. H. Burnham & Co. They follow, with some slight diminution in the bay-width, Sullivan’s original design.
The form of the Burnham firm’s name in these years is significant of the increasing anonymity of architectural practice in America as the scale of operation increased (see Chapter 24).
Footnote 319:
See _Purcell and Elmslie Architects_ (Walker Art Gallery Exhibition Catalogue), Minneapolis, 1953, and Gebhard, D., ‘Louis Sullivan and George Grant Elmslie’, _Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians_, XIX (1960), 62-8, and _A Guide to the Existing Architecture of Purcell and Elmslie_, Roswell, N. M., 1960.
Footnote 320:
Of more interest than the skyscraper is a smaller and earlier Singer Building, also by Flagg. Flagg was one American who retained contact with the French tradition of exposed metal construction as well as with the academic aspects of ‘Beaux Arts’ design as his first Singer Building illustrates.
Footnote 321:
See Schuyler, M., ‘The Work of N. LeBrun & Sons’, _Architectural Record_, XXVII (1910), 365-80. The Metropolitan Tower is, of course, the work of a firm not of a single architect; LeBrun himself had been dead for some years.
Footnote 322:
See Schuyler, M., ‘“The Towers of Manhattan” and Notes on the Woolworth Building’, _Architectural Record_, XXX (1913), 98-122.