CHAPTER 18 - Notes

Footnote 396:

See _Concrete and Constructional Engineering_, II (January 1956), special anniversary number reviewing the history of concrete. More important later studies are: Raafat, A. A., _Reinforced Concrete in Architecture_, New York [1958]; and Collins, P., _Concrete, The Vision of a New Architecture_, New York [1959]. See also Kramer, E. W., and Raafat, A. A., ‘The Ward House, Pioneer Structure of Reinforced Concrete’, _Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians_, XX (1961), 34-7.

Footnote 397:

See Baudot, A. de, _L’Architecture, le passé, le présent_, Paris, 1916, and Baudot, J. de, _L’Architecture et le béton armé_, Paris, 1916.

Footnote 398:

See Huxtable, A. L., ‘Progressive Architecture in America: Reinforced Concrete Construction. The work of Ernest L. Ransome, Engineer—1884-1911’ and ‘Factory for Packard Motor Car Company—1905, Detroit, Michigan, Albert Kahn, Architect. Ernest Wilby, Associate’, _Progressive Architecture_, 38 (1957), 139-42 and 121-2.

Such research is revealing that Albert Kahn (1869-1942) was not such a pioneer in concrete factory construction as has been generally supposed. However, the ‘Kahn Bar’ developed by his brothers’ engineering firm was a major technical contribution, and undoubtedly his motor-car factories were among the earliest major industrial works in the new material. For the alternative use of steel in American warehouse and factory construction, see Eaton, L. K., ‘Frame of Steel’, _Architectural Review_, CXXVI (1959), 289-90.

Footnote 399:

The detailed history of the concrete grain elevator cannot be given here. The prototypes for the great monuments of Buffalo, Minneapolis, and Duluth were certainly French. These monolithic cylinders are, of course, very different from the motor-car factories with their post-and-lintel construction, but the history of the elevator undoubtedly runs nearly parallel to that of the factory. See [Torbert, D. R.] _A Century of Minnesota Architecture_, Minneapolis, 1958, unpaged.

Footnote 400:

In the last few years the innovations of such engineers as Pierluigi Nervi (b. 1891) in Italy, Eduardo Torroja (1899-1961) in Spain, and Felix Candela (b. 1910) in Mexico have revolutionized earlier conceptions of the possibilities of ferro-concrete (see Chapter 25). For Torroja, see _The Structures of Eduardo Torroja_, New York [1960], and Torroja, E., _The Philosophy of Structures_, Berkeley, 1958. (See Epilogue.)

Footnote 401:

See Pfammatter, P., _Betonkirchen_, Cologne and Zurich, 1948.

Footnote 402:

By reaction many of the same architects, notably Le Corbusier, have in the last few years consciously sought the brutality of industrial concrete finish—he calls it _béton brut_—even in monumental work (see