CHAPTER 7 - Notes

Footnote 147:

See Sheppard, R., _Cast Iron in Building_, London, 1945, and Gloag, J. and Bridgwater, D., _A History of Cast Iron in Building_, London, 1948. These accounts require considerable revision in the light of later research by T. C. Bannister and by A. W. Skempton. See Note [151], _infra_, and for further illustrations, ‘The Iron Pioneers’, _Architectural Review_, CXXX (1961), 14-19, and Richards, J. M., _The Functional Tradition in Early Industrial Buildings_, London, 1958.

Footnote 148:

Problems of fire-resistance were already under discussion in England in the forties. The London Fire Department even refused to enter burning buildings with internal skeletons of iron because of the danger of their collapse; while the effectiveness of fireproofing iron columns with masonry sheathing was already being tested in 1846. I owe this information, as well as that on many other significant points in this chapter, to Turpin C. Bannister.

Footnote 149:

See Harris, J., ‘Cast Iron Columns 1706’, _Architectural Review_, CXXX (1961), 60-1.

Footnote 150:

See Raistrick, A., _Dynasty of Ironfounders_, London, [1953].

Footnote 151:

See Giedion, S., _Bauen in Frankreich: Eisen, Eisenbeton_, Leipzig, 1928, an account which its own author and others have considerably emended since.

Footnote 152:

This was replaced a quarter of a century later when a new stair-hall was built by Percier & Fontaine.

Footnote 153:

See Bannister, T. C., ‘The First Iron-Framed Buildings’, _Architectural Review_, CVII (1950), 231-46; Skempton, A. W., and Johnson, H. R., ‘The First Iron Frames’, _Architectural Review_, CXXXI (1962), 175-86. In 1803-4 came two more iron-framed mills, the North Mill at Belper and one at Leeds.

Footnote 154:

See Fairbairn, W., _On the Application of Cast and Wrought Iron to Building Purposes_, London, 1854.

Footnote 155:

See Buckler, J. and J. C., _Views of Eaton Hall_, London, 1826.

Footnote 156:

See Mock, E., _The Architecture of Bridges_, New York, 1949; Whitney, C., _Bridges; a Study in their Art, Science and Evolution_, New York, 1929; De Maré, E., _The Bridges of Britain_, London, 1954; Andrews, C., ‘Early Iron Bridges of the British Isles’, _Architectural Review_, LXXX (1936), 63-8; and ‘Early Victorian Bridges in Suspension in the British Isles’, _Architectural Review_, LXXX (1936), 109-12; and Mehrtens, G., _Der deutsche Brückenbau in XIX Jahrhundert_, Berlin, 1900.

Footnote 157:

In addition to Telford’s own superbly illustrated autobiography and the two modern monographs, see Sutherland, R. J. M., ‘Telford’, _Architectural Review_, CXIV (1953), 389-94.

Footnote 158:

The American James Finley built an iron-chain suspension bridge as early as 1801 and patented the system in 1808 after he had built several more. See Pope, T., _Treatise on Bridge Architecture_, New York, 1811, which was probably known to Telford.

Footnote 159:

These early French bridges—and several important early English ones too—are illustrated in later editions of Rondelet’s _Traité_ (See Note [40], Chapter 2), and in Bruyère, L., _Études relatives à l’art des constructions_, Paris, 1823. Delon’s name is also given as Dilon and Dillon.

Footnote 160:

See Séguin, M., _Des ponts en fil de fer_, Paris, 1824.

Footnote 161:

See Ellet, C., _The Wheeling Bridge_ [Philadelphia, 1852]. For this bridge Roebling provided the cables but not the design.

Footnote 162:

Sec Conant, W., _The Brooklyn Bridge_, New York [1883].

Footnote 163:

Hautecœur lists nearly forty built before 1848 in Paris alone. For the Galerie d’Orléans, see Fontaine, C., _Histoire du Palais Royal_, Paris, 1834.

Footnote 164:

Thiollet, F., _Serrurerie de fonte et de fer récemment exécutés_, Paris, 1832, illustrates several examples.

Footnote 165:

See Pevsner, N., ‘Early Iron: Curvilinear Hothouses’, _Architectural Review_, CVI (1949), 188-9.

Footnote 166:

Sec Meeks, C. L. V., ‘The Life of a Form: A History of the Train Shed’, _Architectural Review_, CX (1951), 163-74, and his book _The Railroad Station_, New Haven, 1956.

Footnote 167:

See Arschavir, A. A., ‘The Inception of the English Railway Station’, _Architectural History_, IV (1961), 63-76, for the story before Crown Street.

Footnote 168:

See Clark, E., _The Britannia and Conway Tubular Bridges_, 2 vols and atlas, London, 1850.

Footnote 169:

See Hitchcock, H.-R., ‘The Coal Exchange’, _Architectural Review_, CI (1947), 185-7.

Footnote 170:

See Bannister, T. C., ‘The Genealogy of the Dome of the United States Capitol’, _Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians_, VII (1948), 1-16.

Footnote 171:

Bogardus’s priority in this matter is by no means absolute. Certainly earlier in America was the Miners’ Bank, built by Haviland in Pottsville, Penna., in 1829-30; but here cast iron was used only to provide a decorative sheathing of the brick walls in the absence of available stone. Also earlier was a steam flour-mill three storeys high prefabricated by Sir William Fairbairn in London in 1839 and sent to Turkey, where it was erected in Istanbul in 1840. This was more like Bogardus’s building, and he had probably actually seen it when it was exhibited in London in Fairbairn’s shops at Millwall before being disassembled and shipped away. Daniel D. Badger (1806-?) also claimed priority because of the many one-storey shops he had built of iron, one of which was just across Center Street in New York from Bogardus’s factory. But Bogardus deserved the publicity he received at home and abroad; undoubtedly it was his activity which really started the general vogue of cast-iron fronts in the United States. See Bogardus, J., _Cast Iron Buildings: their Construction and Advantages_, New York, 1856 (written for Bogardus by a friendly ‘ghost’, John W. Thomson), and Bannister, T. C., ‘Bogardus Revisited, Part One: The Iron Fronts’, _Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians_, XV (1956), 12-22.

Footnote 172:

See Sturges, W. K., ‘Cast Iron in New York’, _Architectural Review_, CXIV (1953), 233-8.

Footnote 173:

See Hitchcock, H.-R., ‘Early Cast Iron Façades’, _Architectural Review_, CIX (1951), 113-16.

Footnote 174:

See Hitchcock, H.-R., _The Crystal Palace ..._, 2nd ed., Northampton, Mass., 1952.

Footnote 175:

See Carstensen, G., _The New York Crystal Palace_, New York, 1854.

Footnote 176:

The date of this is often given as 1855, when Labrouste took charge of the work at the Bibliothèque Nationale, and the original project for it may well be more nearly contemporaneous with the Reading Room of the British Museum.

Footnote 177:

Six pavilions were built first and four more before 1870; the remaining two were not erected until the 1930s. See Baltard, V., and Callet, F., _Monographie des Halles centrales de Paris construites sous le régne de Napolèon III_, Paris, 1865.

Footnote 178:

Technically the architect of Saint-Eugène in Paris was L.-A. Lusson, and in his monograph on the church, _Plans, coupes, elevations, et details de l’église ... de Saint Eugène_, Paris, 1855, he does not even mention Boileau’s name. However, the credit—or, to many contemporaries, the discredit—for the character of the cast-iron Gothic interior of the Paris church has always been given to Boileau.