A History of Rome to 565 A. D.

Religion: Boissier, G., _La Fin du paganisme_; _Cambridge Medieval History_, i, chs. iv–vi, xvii–xviii; Geffcken, see ch. xx, religion; Flick, _Medieval Church_, chs. vii–ix, xi...

*The senate and the appointment of the princeps.* In the preceding chapters we have traced in outline the political history of the principate to the point where it had become an...

*Civil war and imperial expansion.* The century which began with the year 133 B. C. is characterized by a condition of perpetual factional strife within the Roman state; strife...

*The paganism of the late empire.* In spite of the tremendous impulse given to the spread of Christianity by Constantine’s policy of toleration and by its adoption as the religi...

*The settlement of 27 B. C.* During his sixth and seventh consulships, in the years 28 and 27 B. C., Octavian surrendered the extraordinary powers which he had exercised during...

*Imperial Rome.* Roman society under the Principate exhibits in general the same characteristics as during the last century of the Republic. Rome itself was a thoroughly cosmopo...

*Rome a world power.* With the unification of the Italian peninsula Rome entered upon a new era in her foreign relations. She was now one of the great powers of the Mediterranea...

*Nerva and the Senate.* Before assassinating Domitian, the conspirators had secured a successor who would be supported by the Senate and not prove inacceptable to the pretorians...

The conquest of the hegemony of the Mediterranean world entailed the most serious consequences for the Roman state itself. Indeed, the wars which form the subject of the precedi...

*A rule of force.* At the beginning of his consulship Caesar tried to induce the Senate to approve his measures, but, when they failed to do so, he carried them directly to the...

*Tiberius princeps.* At the death of Augustus, Tiberius by right of his _imperium_ assumed command of the army and through his tribunician authority convoked the Senate to pay t...

*The political situation after Caesar’s death.* Caesar had made no arrangements for a successor, and his death produced the greatest consternation in Rome. The conspirators had...

*Powers and titles of the emperor.* The government of the late Roman empire was an autocracy, in which the emperor was the active head of the administration and at the same time...

*The partition of the empire.* With the death of Theodosius the Great the empire passed to his sons, Arcadius a youth of eighteen, whom he had left in Constantinople, and Honori...

*The epoch-making character of Diocletian’s reign.* Upon Diocletian devolved the task of bringing order out of chaos, of rebuilding the shattered fabric of the Roman empire, of...

*The Germans and the Romans.* The passing of Italy and the western provinces under the sway of Germanic kings was accomplished, as we have seen, by the settlement of large numbe...

*The extraordinary commands.* For the period following the death of Sulla in 78 B. C. Roman history centers around the lives of a small group of eminent men, whose ambitions and...

While the Romans were engaged in acquiring political supremacy in Italy, the Roman state itself underwent a profound transformation as the result of severe internal struggles be...

*The alliance of Rome and the Latin League, about 486 B. C.* At the close of the regal period Rome appears as the chief city in Latium, controlling a territory of some 350 sq. m...

*The eastern crisis: 202 B. C.* The Roman senate had been eager to conclude a satisfactory peace with Carthage as soon as possible in order to devote its undivided attention to...

*The Ligurians.* The northwest corner of Italy, including the Po valley as far east as the river Ticinus and the coast as far south as the Arno, was occupied by the Ligurians.

*Latium and the Latins.* The district to the south of the Tiber, extending along the coast to the promontory of Circeii and from the coast inland to the slopes of the Apennines,...

*Accessibility of Italy to external influences.* The long coast-line of the Italian peninsula rendered it peculiarly accessible to influences from overseas, for the sea united r...

*Roman foreign policy.* The foreign relations of Rome from 167 to 133 B. C. fall into two distinct periods. In the earlier, Roman foreign policy is directed towards securing Rom...

*Animism.* The Roman religion of the historic republic was a composite of beliefs and ceremonies of various origins. The basic stratum of this system was the Roman element: reli...

RELIGIOUS AND INTELLECTUAL LIFE IN THE LATE EMPIRE 385 The End of Paganism; the Church in the Christian Empire; Sectarian Strife; Monasticism; Literature and Art. EPILOGUE 403 C...

Italy, ribbed by the Apennines, girdled by the Alps and the sea, juts out like a “long pier-head” from Europe towards the northern coast of Africa. It includes two regions of wi...

The Imperial Administration: In addition to the general historical works cited for the preceding chapters, see Boissier, G., _L’opposition sous les Caesars_; Bussell, F. W., _Th...

Social Conditions: Dill, S., _Roman Society from Nero to Marcus Aurelius_; Frank, _Economic History_, chs. xi–xvi; Friedländer, L., _Roman Life and Manners under the Early Empir...

For the Administration: Arnold, W. T., _The Roman System of Provincial Administration_, 3rd ed., chs. ii–iii, vi, pt. 1; Botsford, _Roman Assemblies_, chs. xiii–xv; Cavaignac, _...

Political History: Botsford, _Roman Assemblies_, as above; Drumann-Groebe, as above, and the art. on Octavianus; Gardthausen, V., _Augustus und Seine Zeit_, i, chs. i–v; Ferrero...

II. Origins of Rome. Carter, J. B., _Roma Quadrata and the Septimontium_, _Amer. Jour. of Arch._, 1908; id., _Evolution of the City of Rome_, _Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc._, 1909; Fra...

General: Bury, J. B., _A History of the Later Roman Empire_, bk. i, ch. iv; Bussell, _The Roman Empire_, bk. ii, chs. i–ii; Reid, J. S., _Camb. Med. Hist._, vol. i, ch. ii; Karl...

I. The Races of Italy. See the references for chapter ii, and De Sanctis, _Storia_, ii, ch. iii; Niese, _Geschichte_, p. 23 ff.; Pais, _Storia Critica_, i, ch. viii; Kretchmer,...

Beloch, _Der Italische Bund_; Cavaignac, E., _Histoire de l’Antiquité_ ii. pp. 378–88, 475–88, iii, pp. 61–92, 173–85; De Sanctis, _Storia_, ii, chs. xv, xvi, xviii–xxii; Frank,...

Arnold, W. T., _Studies in Roman Imperialism_, chs. i–ii; v. Domazewski, _Geschichte der römischen Kaiser_, i, pp. 1–250; Ferrero, _Greatness and Decline_, vol. v; Gardthausen,...

Von Domazewski, _Römische Kaiser_, i, pp. 251–305; ii, pp. 1–158; Niese, _Geschichte_, pp. 304–331; Pelham, _Essays_, iii, _The Early Roman Emperors_; Schiller, _Römische Kaiser...

Cavaignac, _Histoire_, bk. iv, chs. ii, iv; Drumann-Groebe, _Geschichte Roms in seiner Uebergange von der republicanischen zur monarchischen Verfassung_, vol. ii, art. L. Cornel...

I. Early Roman Religion: Bailey, C., _The Religion of Ancient Rome_; Carter, J. B., _The Religion of Numa_; _The Religious Life of Ancient Rome_, ch. i; Fowler, W. Warde, _The R...

Boak, A. E. R., _The Extraordinary Commands from 80–48 B. C._, _Amer. Hist. Rev._, xxiv, 1918; Botsford, _Assemblies_, as above; Cowles, F. H., _Gaius Verres_; Drumann-Groebe, _...

The view given in the text follows Jones, H. S., _Companion to Roman History_ (a brief synopsis); Grenier, A., _Bologne villanovienne et étrusque_; Modestov, B., _Introduction à...

THE EXPANSION OF ROME TO THE UNIFICATION OF THE ITALIAN 33 PENINSULA: _C._ 509–265 B. C. To the Conquest of Veii, _c._ 392 B. C.; the Gallic Invasion; the Disruption of the Lati...

THE STRUGGLE OF THE OPTIMATES AND THE POPULARES: 133–78 B. C. 125 The Agrarian Laws of Tiberius Gracchus; the Tribunate of Caius Gracchus; the War with Jugurtha and the Rise of...

Von Domazewski, _Römische Kaiser_, ii, pp. 168–318; Gibbon, E., _Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire_, ed. Bury, i, chs. i–xii; Niese, _Geschichte_, pp. 331–376; Schiller, _Röm...

THE RISE OF POMPEY THE GREAT: 78–59 B. C. 151 Pompey’s Command against Sertorius in Spain; the Command of Lucullus against Mithridates; the Revolt of the Gladiators; the Consula...

Bury, _Later Roman Empire_, i, bk. iv, chs. i–x; Bussell, _Roman Empire_, i. bk. iii, ch. ii; _Cambridge Medieval History_, ii, chs. i, ii, iv, vi; Diehl, Ch., _Justinien et la...

Botsford, _Assemblies_, as above; Drumann-Groebe, as above; Ferrero, _Greatness and Decline_, vol. 1, chs. xvii–xviii, vol. ii; Frank, _Roman Imperialism_, ch. xvii; Fowler, W.,...

Cavaignac, _Histoire_, vol. iii, bk. iii, chs. i, iv–vi; De Sanctis, _Storia_, iii, 1–2; Frank, _Roman Imperialism_, chs. vi–vii; Ferguson, W. S., _Greek Imperialism_, chs. v–vi...

THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE PRINCIPATE: 27 B. C.–14 A. D. 205 The Princeps; the Senate, the Equestrians and the Plebs; the Military Establishment; the Revival of Religion and Moral...

Botsford, _Roman Assemblies_, chs. iii–xiii; Cavaignac, _Histoire_, ii, pp. 478–83; De Sanctis, _Storia_, ii, chs. xii, xiv, xvii; Frank, _Economic History_, chs. iii–iv; Heitla...

ROMAN DOMINATION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN: THE FIRST PHASE—THE 67 STRUGGLE WITH CARTHAGE, 265–201 B. C. The Mediterranean World in 265 B. C.; the First Punic War; the Illyrian and G...

THE GERMANIC OCCUPATION OF ITALY AND THE WESTERN PROVINCES: 351 395–493 A. D. General Characteristics of the Period; the Visigothic Migrations; the Vandals; the Burgundians, Fra...

Bury, _Later Roman Empire_, i, chs. ii–vi; Bussell, _Roman Empire_, i, bk. ii, chs. ii–iv; bk. iii, ch. i; _Cambridge Medieval History_, i, chs. ix–xvi; Gelzer, H., _Abriss der...

_Cambridge Medieval History_, vol. i, chs. i–iii, vii, viii, with exhaustive bibliography; Gibbon, _Decline and Fall_, ed. Bury, chs. xiii–xxvii; Niese, _Geschichte_, pp. 376–40...

THE PASSING OF THE REPUBLIC: 44–27 B. C. 185 The Rise of Octavian; the Triumvirate of 43 B. C.; the victory of Octavian over Antony and Cleopatra; Society and Intellectual Life...

ROMAN DOMINATION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN: THE SECOND PHASE—ROME 89 AND THE GREEK EAST The Second Macedonian War; the War with Antiochus the Great and the Ætolians; the Third Macedo...

THE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION UNDER THE PRINCIPATE 264 The Victory of Autocracy; the Growth of the Civil Service; the Army and the Defence of the Frontiers; the Provinces under the...

THE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION OF THE LATE EMPIRE 333 The Autocrat and his Court; the Military Organization; the Perfection of the Bureaucracy; the Nobility and the Senate; the Syste...

THE CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF ROME TO 287 B. C. 47 The Early Republic; the Assembly of the Centuries and the Development of the Magistracy; the Plebeian Struggle for Politic...

FROM DIOCLETIAN TO THEODOSIUS THE GREAT: THE INTEGRITY OF THE 317 EMPIRE MAINTAINED: 285–395 A. D. Diocletian; Constantine I, the Great; the Dynasty of Constantine; the House of...

THE AGE OF JUSTINIAN: 518–565 A. D. 369 The Germanic Kingdoms in the West to 533 A. D.; the Restoration of the Imperial Power in the West; Justinian’s Frontier Problems and Inte...

Cavaignac, _Histoire_, vol. iii, bk. iii, chs. vii–viii; Colin, G., _Rome et la Grèce_; Frank, _Roman Imperialism_, chs. viii, ix, x; Heitland, _Roman Republic_, vol. ii, chs. x...

THE JULIO-CLAUDIAN LINE AND THE FLAVIANS: 14–96 A. D. 226 Tiberius; Caius Caligula; Claudius; Nero; the First War of the Legions or the Year of the Four Emperors; Vespasian and...

FROM NERVA TO DIOCLETIAN: 96–285 A. D. 244 Nerva and Trajan; Hadrian; the Antonines; the Second War of the Legions; the Dynasty of the Severi; the Dissolution and Restoration of...

THE RIVALRY OF POMPEY AND CAESAR: CAESAR’S DICTATORSHIP: 59–44 166 B. C. Cæsar, Consul; Cæsar’s Conquest of Gaul; the Civil War between Cæsar and the Senate; the Dictatorship of...