CHAPTER XXV

Religion: Boissier, G., _La Fin du paganisme_; _Cambridge Medieval History_, i, chs. iv–vi, xvii–xviii; Geffcken, see ch. xx, religion; Flick, _Medieval Church_, chs. vii–ix, xiii–xiv; Walker, W., _Western Church_, period iii; Wissowa, _Religion und Kultur_, pp. 84–90. See also the historical works cited for the preceding chapters.

Literature and Art: Dalton, O. M., _Byzantine Art and Archaeology_; Diehl, Ch., _L’art byzantine_; Mackail, _Latin Literature_, pp. 260–286; Norden, _Römische Litteratur_; Krumbacher, K., _Byzantinische Litteraturgeschichte_; Schanz, _Geschichte der röm. Litteratur_, pt. iv; _Camb. Med. Hist._, i, xxi, _Early Christian Art_.

INDEX

Note: All Romans, except emperors and literary men, are to be found under their _gens_ name: _e. g._ for Cato see Porcius. All others are indexed under the name most commonly used in English: _e. g._ Trajan, Horace, Alaric.

A. = Aulus. _ A cognitionibus_, secretary for imperial inquest, 269. _ A cubiculo_, _see_ Chamberlain. _ A libellis_, secretary for petitions, 269. _ A rationibus_, secretary of the treasury, 269, 271; title changed, 272. _ A studiis_, secretary of the records, 269. _ Ab admissione_, chief usher, 294. _ Ab epistulis_, secretary for correspondence, 269. L. Accius, tragic poet, 121. Achæa, senatorial province of, 216. Achæan Confederacy, the, opposed to Macedonia, 69; allied with Macedonia, 75; supports Philip V, 83, 85; joins Rome, 91; loyal to Rome, 93; friction with Rome, 95; forced to send hostages to Rome, 96; asserts independence, 102–103; dissolved, 103. Acilian law (_lex Acilia de repetundis_), 129. Acilius Glabrio, consul, defeats Antiochus at Thermopylæ, 93. Actium, battle of, 195. Adherbal, joint ruler of Numidia, 132–133. Advocate of the fiscus (_advocatus fisci_), 248. Ædileship, the, and public games, 123, (1) the plebeian, 50, 54; becomes magistracy, 55; becomes magistracy, 55; (2) the curule, 51; opened to plebeians, 56; under the Principate, 294; (3) in municipalities, 284. Ædui, the, allies of Rome, 132, 168; desert Rome, 171; admitted to Roman Senate, 231. Ægates Islands, the, battle of, 74. S. Ælius Pætus, consul, juristic writer, 122. L. Ælius Seianus, prætorian prefect, 227; plot of, 228–229. M. Æmilius Lepidus, consul, 152; proconsul, revolt of, 152. M. Æmilius Lepidus, master of the horse, 185; pontifex maximus, 186; in Second Triumvirate, 188–189; deposed, 192. Æmilius Papinianus, jurist, prætorian prefect, 254. L. Æmilius Paullus, consul, at Cannæ, 82. L. Æmilius Paullus, consul, defeats Perseus, 96. Æneolithic Age, the, 9. Æqui, the, 15; wars of, with Rome, 33–34, 36; Roman allies, 39. _ Ærarium militare_, the, establishment of, 212, 271. _ Ærarium Saturni_, the, state treasury, under senatorial authority, 209; evolution of, under the Principate, 265. Aetius, Flavius, master of the soldiers, defeats Burgundians, 356; made count, 358; career of, 358–359; death, 360. Ætolian Confederacy, the, hostile to Macedonia, 69; joins Rome against Philip V, 83; concludes peace, 85; supports Rome again, 90; joins Antiochus against Rome, 92; subjugated by Rome, 94. Africa, Roman province of, organized, 102; rise of serfdom in, 289–290; conquered by Vandals, 355–356; reconquered by Justinian, 376–377. Agathocles, King of Syracuse, 40, 41. _ Agentes-in-rebus_, 340. _ Ager Gallicus_, 39. _ Ager publicus_, 39. _ Ager Romanus_, 43, 44. Agrarian laws, of the Gracchi, 126–128; failure of, 131; of Saturninus, 138; proposed —— of Rullus, 163. _ Agri Decumates_, the, annexed, 239. Agriculture, Italy adapted to, 4; changing conditions of, 115; development of, under the Principate, 297. Agrippa, _see_ M. Vipsanius Agrippa. Agrippina, granddaughter of Augustus, 224, 227; plots for the succession, 228; condemned to death, 229. Agrippina, niece and wife of Claudius, schemes of, 232; murdered, 233. _ Alæ_, 45. Alamanni, the, 256, 259; defeated by Gallienus, 260; by Aurelian, 265; by Julian, 326; by Valens, 329–330; by Narses, 378. Alans, the, invasions of, with the Vandals, 355. Alaric, prince of the Visigoths, invasion of Greece, 352–353; invasion of Italy, 353. Alba Longa, 29. Alban, Count, the, 26. Albinus (Decimus Clodius ——), saluted Imperator, 252; death, 253. Alexander, king of Epirus, 40. Alexander Severus, _see_ Severus Alexander. Alexandria, capital of Egypt, 67; Cæsar besieged in, 177; government of, 281. Alimentary system (_alimenta_), the, instituted, 244. Allia, the, battle of, 35. Allies, the, _see_ Italian allies. Allobroges, the, conquered by Rome, 132; betray Cataline’s conspiracy, 164. Ambrones, the, 135, 136. Ambrose, bishop of Milan, conflict with Theodosius I, 330–331; writings of, 399. _ Amicitia_, status of, 90. Ammianus Marcellinus, historical writer, 398. Anastasius, eastern emperor, 365–367. Ancyra, Monument of, 225. Andriscus, Macedonian pretender, 102. Animism, of early Roman religion, 61. L. Annæus Seneca, writer, 299; counsellor of Nero, 232, 233, 235. T. Annius Milo, tribune, 169, 172–173. Annona, the, 222. Anthemius, western emperor, 360. Anthenion, leader of slave rebellion, 137. Antinoöpolis, 281. Antioch, Seleucid capital, 69; depopulated by Persians, 379. Antiochus III, the Great, king of Syria, attacks Egypt, 89; war with Rome, 92–93. Antiochus IV, Epiphanes, king of Syria, forced to evacuate Egypt, 97. Antonine Constitution, the, 255. Antoninus Pius (Titus Ælius Aurelius ——), adopted by Hadrian, 249; principate of, 249. C. Antonius, consul, 162, 164. L. Antonius, brother of Mark Antony, 190–191. M. Antonius, prætor, command against pirates in 102 B. C., 137. M. Antonius, prætor, extraordinary command against pirates in 74 B. C., 154. M. Antonius (Mark Antony), master of the horse, 176, 177; consul, 185; takes charge after Cæsar’s death, 185–186; in Second Triumvirate, 188–190; in the East and Egypt, 190, 192–194; projects of Cleopatra and, 193–194; war with Octavian, 194–195; suicide of, 195. Appius Claudius, censor, 56. Appius Claudius, land commissioner, 127. L. Appuleius Saturninus, tribune, proposed legislation of, 138; overthrown, 139. L. Apuleius, writer, 300. Apulia, 38–39. Apulians, the, allies of Rome, 38. _ Aqua Appia_, 56. Aquæ Sextiæ, fortress, established, 132; Teutons annihilated at, 136. Aquileia, Latin colony, 97. M’. Aquillius, consul, subdues rebellious slaves, 137. Aquitania, administrative district of Gaul, 218; Roman province, 227; Visigothic kingdom in, 354. Aquitanians, the, conquered by Cæsar, 169. Arabia, Roman attempt to conquer, 221. Arabs, the Nabatæans, Roman allies, 221; kingdom of, made Roman province, 246. Arausio, defeat of Roman armies at, 135. Arbogast, general of Theodosius, 330; revolt of, 331. Arcadius (Flavius ——), co-emperor, 331; rules in East, 351, 362–363. Archelaus, general of Mithridates, 143, 144. Archidamus, king of Sparta, 40. Archimedes, physicist and mathematician, at Syracuse, 82. Architecture, Roman, 302–303; Christian, 402. Arianism 391–393. Arians, Justinian’s treatment of, 383. Aricia, battle at, 18; meetings of Latin League at, 26. Ariovistus, king of the Suevi, 168. Armenia, Lucullus’s invasion of, 154, 155; occupied by Antony, 193; Roman protectorate over, 221; struggle between Rome and the Parthians over, 234; conquered by Trajan, 246; Roman authority in, re-established, 250; won from Persians by Diocletian, 319; Roman claim to, abandoned, 328. Arminius, German chieftain, 220, 227–228. Army, Roman, primitive, 58; phalanx organization of, 58–59; manipular legion in, 59; composition of, 60; discipline of, 60; reformed by Marius, 136; by Augustus, 211–212; power of in naming princeps, 235; quartering of auxiliaries under Vespasian, 238; of legions under Domitian, 242; pay of, increased, 243; reformed by Sept. Severus, 254; attitude of, 258; barbarization of, 272, 275; struggle of under the Principate, 274; cultural influence of, 276–277; reformed by Diocletian, 319; by Constantine I, 323; of the late Empire, 335–339; of the Age of Justinian, 375–376; _ See also_ auxiliaries _and_ legion. Arnobius, Christian writer, 301. Art, Roman, 302–303; of the late Empire, 401–402. Artabanos V, king of the Parthians, 256. Arverni, the, conquered by Rome, 132. Asia, Roman province of, organized, 103–104; revenue of, auctioned off at Rome, 128; massacre of Romans in, 143; Sulla’s repression of, 145; Lucullus’s remedial measures in, 154; serfdom in, 289. Aspar, master of the soldiers, 364. Assemblies, the Roman, character of, 57; become antiquated, 109; dominated by urban proletariat, 110. Assembly of the Centuries, the, organization of, 49; powers of, 49, 54; compared with Assembly of the Tribes, 57; approves alliance with the Mamertini, 72; confers proconsular _imperium_ on Scipio, 84; induced to declare war on Philip V, 90; reform of, 109; loses right to elect magistrates, 227; confirms powers of princeps, 264. Assembly of the _Curiæ_, the, in regal period, 28; in early Republic, 48; superseded by Assembly of the Centuries, 49. Assembly of the Tribes, the, origin of, 53, 54; powers increased, 55; effect of Hortensian law on, 57; use of, by Ti. Gracchus, 126–127; C. Gracchus, 128; confers command of army upon Marius, 134; enrollment of Italians in, 142; creates extraordinary commands, 159–160; loses right to elect magistrates, 227. Assyria, made Roman province, 246; abandoned, 247. Astrology, fondness of Romans for, 307. Astures, the, 217. Ataulf, leader of the Visigoths, 353–354. Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria, 392, 400. Athens, friend of Rome, 90; aids Rome against Philip V, 91; ally of Rome, 103; joins Mithridates, 143; siege of, by Sulla, 144. M. Atilius Regulus, consul, invades Africa, 73. Atomic theory of Democritus, the, explained by Lucretius, 199. _ Atrium_, the, in Roman houses, 118. Attalus I, king of Pergamon, joins Rome against Macedonia, 83; appeals to Rome against Philip V, 89. Attalus III, king of Pergamon, wills kingdom to Rome, 103, 127. Attila, king of the Huns, 359; relations of, with eastern emperor, 363–364. Augurs, college of, 48; number increased, 57; functions of, 62; new members chosen by Tribes, 138. Augustales, 215, 226. Augustine, bishop of Hippo, writings of, 399–400. Augustus (C. Julius Caesar Octavianus, _q. v._), position of in 27 B. C., 206; receives _tribunicia potestas_ and other powers, 207; restores Senate, 209–210; puts equestrian order on definite basis, 210; attempts moral and religious revival, 213–215; cult of Rome and, 214; foreign policy of, 217, 222; conquests in the north, 217–220; in the east, 220–222; administration of Rome under, 222; policy of, regarding the succession, 223–224; death and estimate of, 225; deified, 226. Augustus, title of, 206; shared by two principes, 249. Aurelian (Lucius Domitius Aurelianus), principate and campaigns of, 261–262. Aurelian law (_lex Aurelia_), the, 156. Aurelius (princeps), _see_ Marcus Aurelius. M. Aurelius Cotta, consul, 154–155. Aurunci (Ausones), the, 13, 36. Ausculum, 41. Ausonius, poet, 397–398. _ Auspicium_, defined, 47. Auxiliaries (_auxilia_), of Augustan army, 212; denationalized, 238; territorial recruitment of, 273; strength of, 274; effect of permanent fortifications on, 276; of late Empire, 336. Avidius Cassius, general, Parthian victories of, 250; revolt of, 251. Avitus (Eparchius ——), western emperor, 360.

Bacchanalian association, dissolved, 106, 122, 123. Balearic Islands, the, occupied by Rome 132. Basil, founds Greek monasticism, 395, 400, 402. Basilica, Roman, 124; Christian, 402. Basiliscus, proclaimed emperor, 365. Bastarnæ, the, 219. Batavi, the, 219; revolt of, 237, 238. Belgæ, the, 168–169. _ Belgica (Gallia ——)_ administrative district of Gaul, 218; Roman province, 227. Belisarius, campaigns of, 375, 376, 377, 379. Benedict, monastic rule of, 395–396. Beneventum, 41. Bishops, of early Christian church, 312, 313; metropolitan, 313; temporal power of, under late Empire, 390, 391. Bithynia, occupied by Mithridates VI of Pontus, 143; surrendered, 145; made Roman province, 153. Bocchus, king of Mauretania, aids Jugurtha, then Rome, 134. Bœthius, Christian writer, 400. Boii, the, 39, 77, 81. Bonifacius, Count, governor of Africa, 355–356; master of the soldiers, 358. Bononia, Latin colony, 97. Boudicca, queen of a British tribe, 234. Bribery, laws against, 108. Britain, Cæsar’s invasions of, 170; conquests in, under Claudius, 231; revolt of, under Boudicca, 234; Agricola in, 242; Sept. Severus, 255; the Saxons invade, 357. Britannicus (Ti. Claudius Britannicus), son of Claudius, 232, 233. Bronze Age, the, 9–11. Brundisium, treaty of, 191. Bruttians, the, 38. Brutus, _see_ M. Junius Brutus _and_ D. Junius Brutus. _ Bucellarii_, 376. Bulgars, the, invade eastern empire, 366, 379; occupy Illyricum, 403. Bureaucratic system, Egyptian and Roman, 268–269; 282. Burgundians, the, invade Gaul, 356; treatment of Roman subjects, 371; religion of, 372. Burrus, Afranius, prætorian prefect, 232. Byzantine empire, 403, 404. Byzantium, punished by Sept. Severus, 253.

C. = Caius (Gaius). Q. Cæcilius Metellus Macedonicus, prætor, defeats Andriscus, 102; subdues central Greece, 103. Q. Cæcilius Metellus Numidicus, consul, commands against Jugurtha, 134. Cæsar, _see_ C. Julius Cæsar. Cæsar, imperial title, 237; title of imperial assistants, 318. Caius Cæsar (Caligula), principate of, 229–231. Calendar, the, Cæsar’s reform of, 180–181. Caligula, _see_ Caius Cæsar. Callæci, the, 217. Callistus, freedman of Claudius, 232. Calpurnian Law (_lex Calpurnia_), the, 114. M. Calpurnius Bibulus, consul, 165. C. Calpurnius Piso, senator, conspiracy of, 235. Camp, camps, Roman military, 60; on frontiers, 274. Campania, fertility of, 5; alliance of, with Rome, 39. Cannæ, battle of, 81–82. Cantabri, the, 217. Cappadocia, Mithridates, king of northern, 142; greater coveted by Mithridates, 142; surrendered, 145; conquered by Tigranes, 153. Capua, founded, 18; Roman ally, 37; deserts to Hannibal, 81; recovered by Rome, 82–83. Caracalla (Marcus Aurelius Antoninus = Bassianus), principate of, 255, 256; Edict of, 255. Carausius, proclaimed Augustus, 318, 319. Carbo, _see_ Cn. Papirius Carbo. Carinus (Marcus Aurelius ——), co-ruler, in West, 263. Carnuntum, legionary camp, 239. Carthage, gains foothold in Sicily and Sardinia, 15; attacks Sicilian Greeks, 20, 41; allied with Rome against Pyrrhus, 41; founding of, 70; government of, 70–71; commercial policy of, 71; resources of, 71; treaties with Rome, 70, 71; wars with Rome, _see_ Punic Wars; cedes Sicily to Rome, 74; loss of sea power of, 74; war with mercenaries, 74, 75; cedes Sardinia and Corsica to Rome, 75; cedes Spain and African possessions to Rome, 86; reasons for defeat of, in Second Punic War, 86; last struggle with Rome and destruction of, 100–102. Carus (Marcus Aurelius ——), princeps, campaign against Persians, 263. Cassian Law (_lex Cassia tabellaria_), the, 108. Cassiodorus, Christian writer, 400. C. Cassius, ex-prætor, 182, 185; war with Antony and Octavian, 189–190. Cassivellaunus, British chief, 170. Castra Vetera, 218. Cataphracti, in late Roman army, 376. Cato, _see_ M. Porcius Cato. Catullus, (Caius Valerius ——), poet, 199. Caudine Pass, battle of the, 38. Celtiberians, the, revolts of, 99–100. Cenomani the, Roman allies, 78. Censorship, the, origin and powers of, 50, 59; plebeians eligible to, 56; of Appius Claudius, 56; rendered unnecessary by Sullan reform of Senate, 149; assumed by Claudius, 231; by Vespasian, 240; by Domitian, 241. Census, instituted in Rome, 49; taken by censors, 50; basis of army organization, 59; lists of, in Second Punic War, 88; increase of, between 136 and 125 B. C., 131; of the empire under Augustus, 216; of 14 A. D., 224; of 47 A. D., 231; of 74 A. D., 240. _ Centenarii_, 270. Centurions, 217; disappearance of, 337. Chæronea, victory of Sulla at, 144. Chaldean astrologers, banished from Italy, 123; great vogue of, 307. Chamberlain, the, of imperial court, 294, 335. Chatti, the, 220. Cherusci, the, 220. Childeric, king of the Salian Franks, 357. Chosroes, king of the Parthians, 246. Chosroes I, king of the Persians, conflicts with Eastern Empire, 379, 381. Christianity, rise of, and connection with Judaism, 309; comes into conflict with Roman state, 310; effect of paganism on, 387; contribution of, to art, 402. Christians, the, first persecution of, 233; lose privileges of Jews, 310; accusations against, 310; imperial policy toward, in second century, 310–311; in third century, 311–312; persecutions of, 312; under Diocletian, 320, 322; treatment of, by Constantine I, 324–325; by Julian, 327–328. Chrysopolis, battle at, 323. Church, the early Christian, 311; organization of, 312–313; movement for primacy of Rome in, 313; Justinian’s reconciliation with western, 375; relation of, to the emperor, 388–389; councils of, 388–389; growth of the Papacy, 389; of the Patriarchate, 390; sectarian strife in, 391–394; architecture, 402. Cicero, _see_ M. Tullius Cicero. Cilicia, pirate stronghold, 137; made Roman province, 137; an imperial province, 216. Cimbri and Teutons, the, invade Gaul and Spain, 135; invade Italy, 136–137. L. Cincius Alimentus, historical writer, 121. Circus Flaminius, 129. Cirta, siege of, 133. Cisalpine Gaul, settled by Gauls, 34–35; occupied by Romans, 77–78; lost, 80; reconquered, 97; organized as province, 148. Citizenship, Roman, granted to Italians, 141; obtained by service in army, 211–212; extended by Caracalla, 255; given to barbarian officers, 337. City Prefect, 228, 341; judicial functions of, 267. _ Cives optimo iure_, 46. _ Cives sine suffragio_, 44, 45. Civil service, the imperial, first step in creation of, 149; growth of, 268–272; under Hadrian, 248; of late Empire, 340–342. Civil War, 174–178. Civilis, Julius, Batavian chieftain, 237. _ Civitates_, in provinces, 111, 280; in Gaul, 281. _ Clarissimi_, 268; under late Empire, 343. _ Classes_, in Roman army, 59. _ Classis_, _see_ levy. Claudian (Claudius Claudianus), poet, 398. Claudius (Tiberius Claudius Germanicus), principate of, 231, 232. C. Claudius, consul, at Metaurus, 85. Claudius Gothicus (Marcus Aurelius), principate of, 261. Cleonymus, of Sparta, 40. Clergy, the, power of, under late Empire, 390–391. Clients, early status of, 30; in the Principate, 295. P. Clodius, tribune, 167, 169, 172. Cleopatra, and Cæsar, 176, 177, 180; and Antony, 190, 193, 195; at Actium, 195; death, 195. Clovis, king of the Salian Franks, 357; conversion of, 372; conquests of, 375. Clusium, 33, 35. Cn. = Cnæus (Gnæus). Codification of Roman law by decemvirs under Justinian, 382. Cohorts (_cohortes_), (1) of regular army, 45; (2) urban, 222; command of, 228. Coinage, debasement of, 298. Colleges (_collegia_), character and types of, 285; regulation of, 286, 287–288; burdens of, 292; made hereditary, 347; of late Empire, 347–348. Colonate, the, _see_ serfdom. Coloni, free laborers, 289, 290; obligations of, in Africa, 290; in Italy, 291; under the late Empire, 348–349. Colonies, (1) Latin, 33, 37, 44, 45; loyal to Rome in Second Punic War, 82; grievances of, 110; loyal in Marsic War, 140; in provinces, 280; (2) Roman, 44; established by C. Gracchus, 130; in provinces, 280. _ Comitatenses_, 319, 336. Comites, (1) associates of provincial governors, 112; Augusti, 295; (2) titles of officials of late Empire, _see_ Counts. Comitia, (1) of Rome, under Augustus, 211; loses right to elect magistrates, 227; loses legislative powers, 266; (2) of municipalities, 285. _ See also_ Assemblies. _ Comitia centuriata_, _see_ Assembly of the Centuries. _ Comitia curiata_, _see_ Assembly of the Curiæ. _ Comitia tributa_, _see_ Assembly of the Tribes. Commagene, kingdom of, annexed, 240. Commerce, development of, under Principate, 297. _ Commercium_, 37, 45. Commodus (Lucius Ælius Aurelius ——), becomes co-ruler, 251; principate of, 251, 252. _ Connubium_, 37, 45. _ Conscripti_, 56. Consistory, the imperial, 341. Constans (Flavius Julius ——), Cæsar, 324; co-emperor, 325. Constantine I, the Great (Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus), Cæsar, 321; co-emperor, 322; sole emperor, 323–325; founds Constantinople, 323–324; —— and Christianity, 324–325; policy of, toward the Church, 388. Constantine II (Flavius Claudius Constantinus), Cæsar, 323; co-emperor, 325. Constantinople, founding of, 323–324. Constantius I (Caius Flavius Valerius ——), Cæsar, 318; emperor, 321. Constantius II (Flavius Julius ——), Cæsar, 324; co-emperor, 325–326; sole emperor, 325–327. Constantius, master of the soldiers, made co-emperor with Honorius, 358. _ Constitutio Antoniniana_, _see_ Antonine Constitution. _ Constitutiones principis_, 266. _ Consulares iuridici_, of Hadrian, 248; removal by Antoninus, 249; restored, 250. Consulate, consulship, the, established, 47; powers, 47; limited to patricians, 48; military duties of, 60; Senatorial control over, weakened, 129; held successively by Marius, 134; under the principate, 261, 294; of late Empire, 341; abolished, 383. _ Contiones_, 117. Contractors (_conductores_), 289–290. Corfinium, 140. Corinth, destroyed, 103. Corn doles, 197, 294. Corn Law, of C. Gracchus, 128; proposed —— of Saturninus, 138; of Drusus, 139. Cornelia, “mother of the Gracchi,” 126. L. Cornelius Cinna, consul, opposes Sulla and Senatorial party, 146. Cn. Cornelius Scipio, ex-consul, _legatus_ in Spain, 83; killed, 83. L. Cornelius Scipio, brother of Africanus, consul in war with Antiochus, 93. P. Cornelius Scipio, consul, sets out for Spain, 79; defeated at Ticinus, 81; at Trebia, 81; killed in Spain, 83. P. Cornelius Scipio Æmilianus, consul, takes Numantia, 100; destroys Carthage, 102; patron of letters, 120, 121, 123; aids Senate against Gracchus, 127; death, 127, 128. P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus, ex-aedile, given pro-consular _imperium_ in Spain, 84; takes New Carthage, 84; conquers Carthaginian Spain, 85; consul, invades Africa, 85; defeats Hannibal, surnamed Africanus, 86; extraordinary pro-consul in Asia, 93, 126. L. Cornelius Sulla, quæstor under Marius, 134; _ legatus_ in Marsic war, 141; consul, 144; wages war against Mithridates, 144, 145; return to Italy and dictatorship of, 146–149; reforms of, 148, 149; retirement and death of, 149, 150; character and achievements of, 150. _ Corporati_, of late Empire, 347. Corporations, _see_ colleges. _ Corpus juris civilis_, 382. Corruption, of officials in late Empire, 342. Corsica, geography of, 4; inhabitants of, 15; ceded to Rome, 75; a province, 111. Count, counts, (_comites_), of late Empire, 338, 343; of the sacred largesses, 340, 341; of the private purse, 341; of the consistory, 341. Court, the imperial, growth of, 294–295; of late Empire, 335. Court of extortion, the, 114; reorganized by Acilian law, 129; use of, in interest of financiers, 139. Crassus, _see_ M. Licinius Crassus. Cremona, 78; battles at, 236, 237. Crete, made Roman province, 159. Crispus (Flavius Julius ——), Cæsar, 323, 324. Crixus, leader of slaves, 155. Ctesiphon, captured by Trajan, 246; by Avidius Cassius, 250; sacked by Sept. Severus, 253; captured by Carus, 263. Cult, household, 62; of the fields, 63; state, 63; of Bacchus, 123; of the Great Mother, 123; decline of state, 198; of the Lares and Genius Augusti, 214; of Rome and Augustus (imperial), 214, 215, 304, 305; oriental cults (_q. v._). Culture, Greek influences on Italian, 21; on Roman, 119, 120, 198–199; decline of Roman, 303, 304. Curatorship, the, in senatorial career, 209, 265; for reorganizing finances, 286. _ Curia_, the, municipal council, 284, 285; obligations of, 287. _ Curiæ_, the, (1) in Rome, 28; (2) in municipalities, 284. _ Curiales_, of late Empire, 346–347; relieved from collections of taxes, 366. _ Cursus honorum_, of senatorial order, 209; of equestrian order, 210. Cyme, Greek colony of, 18, 19, 21. Cynoscephalæ, battle of, 91. Cyprian (Thascius Cæcilius Cyprianus), Christian writer, 301. Cyril, patriarch of Alexandria, 393. Cyzicus, siege of, 154.

D. = Decimus. Dacia, made Roman province, 246; abandoned, and new province formed, 261. Dacians, the, 242; war with Domitian, 243; with Trajan, 245–246. Deacons, of early Christian church, 312. Decebalus, king of the Dacians, 243, 245. Decemvirs, the, for codifying laws, 54. Decius (Caius Messius Trajanus ——), princeps, persecution of the Christians under, 311–312. _ Decuma_, _see_ Taxes. _ Decuriones_, 285; obligations of, 287. _ Defensores civitatium_ or _plebis_, 346–347. Deification, of ruler, significance of, 180; of Julius Cæsar, 189; of Augustus, 226. Delos, Italian colony at, exterminated, 143. Dictator, appointment and powers of, 47; plebeians eligible to office of, 56; Cæsar permanent dictator, 178. Didius Julianus, principate of, 252. Dignities (_dignitates_), of late Empire, 343. Dioceses, 320; distribution of under late Empire, 339 _and note 1_. Diocletian (Caius Valerius Aurelius Diocletianus), assumes imperial title, 263; reign of, 317, 321; division of empire by, 318; reforms army, 319, 320; abdicates, 321. Dionysius I, tyrant of Syracuse, 20, 40, 41. Divus Julius, 189. _ Dominus_, title, 334. _ Dominus et deus_, title, 242. _ Dominus et deus natus_, title of Aurelian, 262. Domitian (Titus Flavius Domitianus), principate of, 241, 243. Domitian law (_lex Domitia_), the, 138; abrogated, 148; reënacted, 163. Cn. Domitius Corbulo, general, campaign of, 234; death of, 235. Drama, the Roman or Latin, of third and second centuries B. C., 120–121; of last century B. C., 199. Drepana, naval battle at, 74. Drusus, _see_ M. Livius Drusus. Drusus, Nero Claudius, step-son of Augustus, 217, 218; death, 219; surname Germanicus, 219. _ Ducenarii_, 270. _ Duces_, of late Empire, 338. C. Duilius, consul, 73. _ Duovirate_, the, in municipalities, 284. Dyarchy, the, 216.

Eburones, the, 171. Edict, (1) of the prætor, in Roman law, 122; final form of, 248; (2) of the princeps, 266. Edict, the, of Caracalla, 255; of Milan, 322; of Prices, 320. Education, in early Rome, 65; after the Punic Wars, 120. Egypt, the Ptolemaic monarchy in, 67, 69; loss of sea power of, 89; friendship of, with Rome, 90; Cæsar’s conquest of, 176, 177; added to Roman empire, 195; status of, 206; bureaucratic system of, 269, 282; late municipalization of, 281–283; serfdom in, 288, 289. Elagabalus (Marcus Aurelius Antoninus-Bassianus), selected Imperator, 256; principate of, 256, 257. Emperor, (1) early Roman, _see_ princeps; (2) late Roman, powers and titles of, 333, 334; regalia of, 334; elections and coöptation of, 334; court of, 335. Empire, the Roman, division of, under Diocletian, 318; partition of, after Theodosius I, 351; condition of, at death of Justinian, 384. Q. Ennius, poet, 121, 123. Epictetus, philosopher, 302. Epicureanism, in Rome, 198. Epirus, sacked by Romans, 96. Equestrian order, the, growth of, 117, 118; secures right to act as judges in courts, 129; effect on, 129; deserts Saturninus and Glaucia, 138; suffers from Sullan proscriptions, 147; debarred from juries by Sulla, 148; character of, 196; position and characteristics of, under Augustus, 210, 211; importance increased by Hadrian, 248; titles of, 271; merged with senatorial order, 342. Equites, (1) cavalry in Roman army, 59; (2) in Assembly of the Centuries, 49; (3) a propertied class, _see_ Equestrian order. _ Ergastula_, 116. Etruria, Iron age in, 11; location of, 15. Etruscans, the, location of, 13, 16; name of 15; origin of, 16; culture of, 16–17; in Latium and Campania, 18; in Po valley, 18; decline of power of, 18–19; historical significance of, 19; wars of, with Rome, 36, 38–39; Roman allies, 39. Eudocia, empress, 363. Eudoxia, empress, 362–363, Euganei, the, 13. Eugenius, revolt of, 331. Euhemerus, philosopher, 123, 180. Eumenes II, king of Pergamon, aids Rome against Antiochus, 93; enemy of Perseus, 95; suspected by Romans, 96. Euric, king of the Visigoths, 354, 369. Eusebius, historical writer, 400. Eutropius, grand chamberlain, 362. Extraordinary commands, origin and definition of, 151; created by Assembly, 159–160.

Q. Fabius Maximus, dictator, strategy of, 81. Q. Fabius Maximus, consul, defeats Gallic tribes, 132. Q. Fabius Pictor, historical writer, 121. Festivals, public, 123; Secular Games, 216; increase of, 294. _ Fetiales_, 43, 90. Finances, administration of, under the principate, 271–272. Fire, great, of Nero, 233; of 80 A. D., 241. _ Fiscus_, establishment of, 271. Flaccus, _see_ L. Valerius Flaccus. T. Flamininus, consul, defeats Philip V, 91; proclaims freedom of the Hellenes, 91. C. Flaminius, tribune, censor, killed at Trasimene Lake, 81; defies the Senate, 106; and the reform of the Centuries, 109. _ Flaviales_, college of, 242. C. Flavius Fimbria, _legatus_, in Mithridatic war, 145. Fleet, _see_ navy. _ Fœderati_, of late Empire, 337–338. _ Fœdus_, perpetual treaty, used by Romans in Italy, 45, 90. _ Fonde di capanne_, 8. Franks, the, 259; invade Roman empire, 260; Salian, allowed to settle, 326; kingdom of, in Gaul, 356–357; Roman subjects of, 371; religion of, 372; conquests of, 373; incursion of, into Italy, 378. Freedmen, of Sulla, 147; augment Roman plebs, 197; become Augustales, 215; rights of, restricted by Augustus, 215; influence of, under Claudius, 232, 269; influence of, in civil service, 269, 270, 272; increase of, under principate, 266; laws restricting increase of, 266; occupations of, 266. Frontier defense, system of, 274–276. Fulvia, wife of Mark Antony, 190. Cn. Fulvius, consul, killed, 84. P. Fulvius Plautianus, prætorian prefect, 254.

Gabii, 44. Gabinian Law (_lex Gabinia_), the, (1) on use of the ballot, 108; (2) on command against pirates, 159–160. A. Gabinius, tribune, 159. Gailimer (Gelimer), king of the Vandals, 375, 376. Gaïnas, master of the soldiers, 362. Gaiseric, king of the Vandals, 355–356. Gaius, the jurist, 301. Gaius and Lucius Cæsar, grandsons of Augustus, 224. Galatia, Celts of, defeated by Romans, 94; independence recognized, 96; made Roman province, 231. Galba (Servius Sulpicius ——), 235; principate of, 236. Galen (Claudius Galenus), student of medicine, 302. Galerius (Caius Galerius Valerius Maximianus), Cæsar, 318; emperor, 321; death, 322. _ Gallia Cisalpina_, _see_ Cisalpine Gaul. _ Gallia comata_, 168; divided, 218. _ Gallia Narbonensis_, _see_ Narbonese Gaul. Gallienus (Publius Licinius Egnatius ——), principate and campaigns of, 259, 261. Gallus (Flavius Claudius Constantius ——), Cæsar, 326. Gasatæ, the, invade Italy, 77. Gaul, peoples of 168; Cæsar’s campaigns in, 168–172; an imperial province, 206; administration of, under Augustus, 218; empire of Postumus in, 260; reconquered by Aurelian, 262; late municipalization of, 281; kingdom of Visigoths in, 354; Burgundian invasion of, 356; kingdom of Salian Franks in, 357; invaded by Attila and the Huns, 359. Gauls, the, invade Italy, 34; character of, 34–35; sack Rome, 35; wars with Rome, 35, 39; renew invasions of peninsula, 76–77; empire of the, 237, 260. Gelasius, Pope, 389. _ Gentes_, 29–30. Germanicus, _see_ Drusus, Nero Claudius. Germanicus Cæsar, son of Drusus, 224; campaigns of, 227–228; death, 228. Germany, Roman invasion of, 12 B. C., 218; revolt of, 220; administrative districts created in, 227; campaigns of Germanicus in, 227; Domitian in, 242; lost to Rome, 260. Geta (Publius Septimius ——), co-ruler, 255. Getæ, the, 219; invade eastern empire, 366. Gladiatorial combats, preferred by Roman public, 121, 123. Gladiators, revolt of the, 155–156. Glycerius, proclaimed emperor, 360. Gods, primitive Roman, 61; identified with Greek divinities, 122. Goths, the, 259; invade Roman empire, 259, 260, 261; invasion of, in 376 A. D., 329–330; relations between Romans and, 369, 370. _ See also_ Visigoths, Ostrogoths. Gracchi, the, _see_ Ti. Sempronius Gracchus, tribune, _and_ C. Sempronius Gracchus. Gratian (Gratianus), co-emperor, 329, 330; attitude toward paganism, 386. Great Mother, cult of the, introduced in Rome, 123. Greece, devastated by Mithridatic war, 145; Southern, becomes province of Achæa, 216. Greeks, the, location of, in the West, 15; colonization of, 19; lack of unity among, 20; decline of power of, 20–21; rôle of, 21; southern —— join Mithridates, 143; status of, in Rome and the empire, 301. _ See also the individual states._ Gregory of Nazianzus, Christian writer, 400, 401. Guilds, _see_ colleges. Gundobad, king of the Burgundians, 356, 371.

Hadrian (Publius Ælius Hadrianus), principate of, 247–249; Hellenism of, 247; reforms of civil service, 270; reforms army, 273, 274; improvement of _limes_ and frontier defense, 275. Hamilcar Barca, in Sicily, 74; conquers mercenaries, 75; in Spain, 78. Hannibal, son of Hamilcar Barca, Carthaginian commander in Spain, 79; takes Saguntum, 79; invades Italy, 80–81; withdraws from Italy, 86; defeated at Zama, 86; at court of Antiochus, 92, 93; exiled from Carthage, 101. Hasdrubal, son-in-law of Hamilcar Barca, in Spain, 78; treaty with Rome, 79. Hasdrubal, brother of Hannibal, commander in Spain, 80, 83–84; marches to Italy, 84; killed at Metaurus, 85. Helvetii, the, defeated by Cæsar, 168. Helvidius Priscus, senator, 240–241. Heraclea, 40. Hernici, the, 15, 33. Heruli, the, 259. Hiempsal, joint ruler of Numidia, 132–133. Hiero, king of Syracuse, 72–73. _ Honestiores_, 344. Honorius (Flavius ——), co-emperor, 331; rules in West, 351–356, 357. Horace (Q. Horatius Flaccus), poet, 215, 216, 299. Q. Hortensius, dictator, 57. Q. Hortensius Hortalus, consul, 157; orator, 200. Household, the Roman, 64. _ Humiliores_, 344. Huns, the, invade Gaul and Italy, 359–360; relations of Theodosius II with, 363–364.

Iapygians, the, 13. Iazyges, the, 242; defeat Domitian, 243; defeated by M. Aurelius, 251. Iberians, the, 15. _ Idia_, of Egyptian peasants, 288. Illus, master of the soldiers, revolt of, 365. Illyrians, the, allies of Macedonia, 75; pirates, 75; first war with Rome, 75, 76; second war with Rome, 76. Illyricum, an imperial province, 216; revolt of, 219–220. _ Imperator_, Julius Cæsar assumes title of, 179; title of Augustus, 206; change in use of title, 206; revived by Vespasian, 240; title of late emperors, 333. _ Imperium_, of consuls, 47, 60, 149; conferred by Assembly of the Curiæ, 49; proconsular, given to private citizen, 84; unlimited, 154; proconsular within and without Italy, 169; of Octavian, in 27 B. C., 206; valid within _pomerium_, 207; renewed successively, 208; conferred for life, 226; how bestowed, 264; of late Empire, 333. Indiction (_indictio_), 345. Industry, under the Principate, 297. _ Infra classem_, 59. Insubres, the, 77, 81. Iron Age, the, 11, 12. Isaurians, the, 364; rebellion of, 366. Isis and Serapis, cult of, in Rome, 306. _ Itali_, 6, 15, 20. _ Italia_, _see_ Italy. Italian allies, status of, 45, 46; loyal to Rome after Cannæ, 82; grievances of, 110; championed by C. Gracchus, 130; by Drusus, 139; revolt, war, and enfranchisement of, 140–142. Italian war, _see_ Marsic War. Italians, the, relations with _palafitte_ and _terramare_ peoples, 11; location and peoples, 13. _ Italici_, name of Italians, 46. Italy, location of, 3; continental, 3; peninsula, 3–4; coastline of, 4; climate of, 4; forests of, 4; minerals of, 5; effect of physical features, 5; name of, 5, 15, 46; external influences upon, 7; peoples of, 13–21; effect of Second Punic War on, 86–88; reduced to level of a province, 253; conquered by Ostrogoths, 361–362; reconquered, 377–379; Lombard invasion of, 403. _ Iugum_, unit of taxation, 345. _ Iuridici_, _see_ _consulares iuridici_.

Janiculum, secession of plebs to, 57. Jerome (Hieronymus), Christian writer, 399. Jerusalem, siege and destruction of, 239; Roman colony on site of, 248. Jews, the, conflict of Caligula with, 230; revolt of, 238; war with Rome, 239; rising of, in 115 A. D., 246; in 152 A. D., 248; status of, in Roman empire, 308–309. John Chrysostom, bishop of Constantinople, 362, 400. Jovian (Flavius Claudius Jovianus), emperor, 328. Juba I, king of Numidia, 177, 178. Juba II, king of Numidia, transferred to Mauretania, 221–222. Judæa, annexed to province of Syria, 161; made Roman province, 221; under imperial legate, 239. Judiciary law, of C. Gracchus, 129; of Drusus, 139; of Sulla, 149; of Pompey and Crassus, 156. Jugurtha, prince, later king of Numidia, intrigues and war with Rome, 132–135. Jugurthine War, 132–135. Julia, daughter of Julius Cæsar, 167; death, 172. Julia, daughter of Augustus, 223, 224. Julia Mæsa, grandmother of Elagabalus, 256. Julia Mamæa, mother of Severus Alexander, 257. Julian (Flavius Claudius Julianus), Cæsar, 326; campaigns of, 326–328; emperor, 327–328; —— and Christianity, 327–328. Julian, (Salvius Julianus), jurist, 301. Julian law (_lex Julia_), the, granting citizenship to the Italians, 141. Julian laws, of 19 and 18 B. C., 215. Julian Municipal law (_lex Julia Municipalis_), the, 181. C. Julius Cæsar, early life, 162; joins forces with Crassus, 162; pontifex maximus, 163; in First Triumvirate, 165; consul, 165–167; command in Gaul, 167–172; strife with Pompey, 173–176; conquers Italy and Spain, 175; dictator, 175, 177; in Egypt and Syria, 176–177; in Africa, 177; dictatorship for life, and other powers and honors, 178–179; reforms of, 180–181; aims at monarchy, 179–180; assassinated, 182–183; estimate of career of, 183–184; oratory and writings of, 200. C. Julius Cæsar Octavianus, heir of Julius Cæsar, 185; return to Rome, 186–188; in Triumvirate of 43 B. C., 188–190; strife with Antony, 190, 192–195; invasion of Egypt, and triumph, 195; restores the commonwealth, 205; granted titles of Augustus and Imperator, 206. (For subsequent acts, _see_ Augustus.) Julius Nepos, western emperor, 360. C. Julius Vindex, legate, rebellion of, 235. Junian law (_lex Junia_), 266. D. Junius Brutus, conspirator against Cæsar, 183, 185, 186; killed, 188. M. Junius Brutus, conspirator against Cæsar, 182–183, 185; war with Antony and Octavian, 189–190; exactions of, in Cyprus, 196. Junonia, Roman colony, 130; abandoned, 131. Jupiter, Latiaris, 26; Capitolinus, 63. Jurisprudence, Roman, in third and second centuries B. C., 121–122; in last century of Republic, 201; under the Principate, 301. Jurists, the Roman, 301. Jury courts, for trial of bribery, etc., established by Sulla, 149; composition of, reorganized 70 B. C., 156; _ tribuni ærarii_ removed from, 181. _ See also_ court of extortion. Justice, administration of, under the Principate, 266–267. Justin I (Justinus), eastern emperor, 374. Justinian (Justinianus), eastern emperor, character and policy of, 374–375; reign of, 375–384; Code of, 382. Juvenal (Decimus Junius Juvenalis), satirist, 300.

L. = Lucius. Lactantius, Christian writer, 399. Land commission, the Gracchan, 126, 127–128. Land laws, _see_ agrarian laws. _ Lares_ and _Genius Augusti_, cult of the, 214. _ Latifundia_, _see_ plantation system. Latin league, the, origin of, 25–26; alliance of, with Rome, 33; dissolution of, 36–37. Latins, the, 13, 25–26; wars with Rome, 36. _ See also_ Latin league _and_ Colonies, Latin. Latium, the Iron Age in, 11–12; location of, 25. Lautulæ, 36. Law, Roman, codification of, 54; extension through edict of prætor, 122; study of, 122; codification planned by Julius Cæsar, 181; introduction of equity and systematic form into, 249; forms of legislation, 266; writers on, 301; development of, under the Principate, 301; the Theodosian code, 364; Justinian’s codification of, 382. Laws, _see_ _Lex_. _ Legati_, provincial officials, 112, 278; —— _Augusti_, 278. Legion, legions, manipular, 59; men of no property admitted to, 136; probable increase in size of, by Marius, 136; of Augustus, 211; number increased, 212; quartering of, under Domitian, 242; Wars of the Legions (_q. v._); territorial recruitment of, 273; number of, 274; change in, under late Empire, 336. Legionaries, of Augustus, 211, 212. Leo I, Pope, 389. Leo I, eastern emperor, 360, 364. Leo II, eastern emperor, 364. Lepidus, _see_ M. Æmilius Lepidus. Leucopetra, 103. Levy, the, for the Roman army, 59, 60; tribunes interfere with, 100. _ Lex_, _ Acilia de repetundis_, 129; _ Ælia Sentia_, 266; _ Aurelia_, 156; _ Calpurnia_, 114; _ Canuleia_, 55; _ Cassia tabellaria_, 108; _ Domitia_, 138; abrogated, 148; re-enacted, 163; _ Fufia Caninia_, 266; _ Gabinia_, 108; _ Gabinia_, conferring command against pirates, 159; _ Hortensia_, 57; _ Julia_, granting citizenship, 141; _ Julia municipalis_, 181; _ leges Juliæ_, of 19 and 18 B. C., 215; _ Junia_, 266; _ Mænia_, 50; _ Manilia_, 160; _ Ogulnia_, 56, 57; _ Oppia_, 119; _ Papia Poppæa_, 215; _ Plautia Papiria_, 141; _ Pompeia_, granting citizenship, 141; _ Publilia_, 50; _ Titia_, 189; _ Trebonia_, 170; _ Vatinia_, 166; _ Villia annalis_, 108. _ Lex Romana Burgundionum_, 371. _ Lex Romana Visigothorum_, 369. Libyans, the, subjects of Carthage, 70. Licinianus Licinius, Cæsar, 323, 324. Licinius (Valerius Licinianus ——), Cæsar, 321; Augustus, 321; co-emperor with Constantine I, 322, 323. M. Licinius Crassus, prætor, command against Spartacus, 155, 156; consul, 156; creditor of Julius Cæsar, 162; in First Triumvirate, 165; campaign against the Parthians, and death, 172. L. Licinius Lucullus, quæstor of Sulla, 145; consul, commands against Mithridates, 154, 155. Ligurians, the, a neolithic people, 9; location of, 13; conquered by Rome, 97. Lilybæum, 41, 74. _ Limes_, _limites_, 274; fortification of, 274–275. _ Limitanei_, 276; organized, 319; of late Empire, 335–336. Literature, rise of Roman, 120–121; of last century of the Republic, 199–201; of the Principate, 298–302; of the late Empire, 396–402; Christian, 300–301, 396–397, 398–401. M. Livius, consul, at Metaurus, 85. Livius Andronicus, author, 120. M. Livius Drusus, tribune, opposes C. Gracchus, 130. M. Livius Drusus, tribune, legislative program of, 139; death, 140. Livy (Titus Livius), historical writer, 299. Lombards, the, invade Italy, 403. Lower Germany, administrative district, 227. Luca, conference at, 169. Lucan (M. Annæus Lucanus), poet, 299. Lucanians, the, 38–39. Lucian (Lucianus), Greek writer, 302, 308. C. Lucilius, satirist, 121. T. Lucretius Carus, poet, 199–200. Lucullus, _see_ L. Licinius Lucullus. Lugdunensis (Gallia ——), administrative district of Gaul, 218; Roman province, 227. Lugdunum, 218; victory of Sept. Severus at, 253. Lusitanians, the, Roman war with, 99–100. Q. Lutatius Catulus, consul, campaigns against the Cimbri, 136. Luxury, in Rome, 118; legislation against, 119.

M. = Marcus. M’. = Manius. Macedonia (Macedon), Antigonid kingdom, 69; hostile to Roman influence in Greece, 76; divided into four republics, 96; Roman province, 102. Macedonian Wars, first, 83–85; second, 90–91; third, 95–96; fourth, 102–103. _ See also_ Philip V _and_ Perseus. Macrinus (Marcus Opellius ——), principate of, 256. _ Magister_, _see_ master. Magistracy, the, expansion of Roman, 50, 51; characteristics of, 51, 52; controlled by Senate, 105; enhanced value of higher magistracies, 107; order regulated, 108; age limit set for each, 148; interval between tenures, 148; in senatorial career, 209; under the principate, 266, 267; changed character of, in municipalities, 286, 287. Magistrates, of early republic, 47; order of rank, 52; veto of, 52; tribunes gain practical status of, 58; committees of senators, 105. Magnentius (Magnus ——), proclaimed Augustus, 325; killed, 326. Magnesia, 93. Mago, Carthaginian writer, 121. _ Maior potestas_, 52. Majorian (Flavius Julianus Majorianus), western emperor, 360. Malaria, in Italy, 4. Mamertini, the, 41; defeated by Syracuse, 72; appeal to Rome, 72. Mancinus, consul, surrender to Numantines, 100. Manilian law (_lex Manilia_), 160. C. Manilius, tribune, 160. Maniple, unit of Roman army, 59. Manufactures, 297. M. Marcellus, consul, takes Syracuse, 82; killed, 84. M. Marcellus, ex-consul, 181. M. Marcellus, nephew of Augustus, 223. Marcian (Marcianus), eastern emperor, 364. Marcomanni, the, 219, 228; defeat Domitian, 243; defeated by M. Aurelius, 250, 251. Marcus Aurelius (M. Aurelius Antoninus = M. Annius Verus), adopted by Antoninus, 249; principate of, 249–251. C. Marius, consul, commands against Jugurtha, 134; re-elected consul, 134, 136; reforms army, 136; annihilates Cimbri and Teutons, 136, 137; sixth consulship of, 138, 139; _ legatus_, in Marsic war, 141; struggle with Sulla, 144; death, 146. C. Marius, the younger, consul, 147; suicide, 147. Marsi, the, 15, 39; in Italian War, 140. Marsic War, the, 140–142. Martial (Marcus Valerius Martialis), satirist, 299–300. Massinissa, Numidian chief, Roman ally, 85; made king of Numidia, 86; attacks of, on Carthage, 100, 101. Massalia, Greek colony, ally of Rome, 79; appeals for aid, 132; siege of, by Cæsar, 175. Master (_magister_), title of, 270. —— of the foot (_peditum_), 338. —— of the horse (_equitum_), (1) of the Republic, 47; —— (2) of the late Empire, 338. —— of the offices (_officiorum_), 338–339, 340. —— of the privy purse (_rei privatæ_), 272. —— of the soldiers (_militum_), 338, 352. Mauretania, made Roman province, 230. Maxentius (Marcus Aurelius ——), Cæsar, Augustus, 321; death, 322. Maximian (M. Aurelius Valerius Maximianus), co-emperor, 317; campaigns of, 319; abdication, 321. Maximinus (C. Julius Verus ——), proclaimed Augustus, 258. Maximinus Daia (Galerius Valerius ——), Cæsar, 321; _ filius Augusti_, 321; emperor, 322. Maximus (Magnus Clemens ——), revolt of, 330; co-emperor, 330. Maximus (Petronius ——), western emperor, 360. Mesopotamia, Trajan’s conquest of, 246; abandoned, 247; Romans regain upper, 250; made Roman province, 253; Persian invasion of, 257; Diocletian regains, 319. Messalina, wife of Claudius, plot of, 232. Messapians, the, 40. Metaurus, battle of the, 85. Metellus, _see_ Q. Cæcilius Metellus. Micipsa, king of Numidia, 132. Milan, becomes seat of government for West, 319. Military service, universal, 58; lower limit of, 60; length of, 60; under Augustus, 212; changes of Sept. Severus in, 254; under late Empire, 336–337. Military system, _see_ Army, Roman. Militia, Roman, _see_ levy. M. Minucius, master of the horse, 81. Minucius Felix, Christian writer, 301. Misenum, treaty of, 191; naval station, 212. Mithridates VI, Eupator, King of Pontus, war with Rome, 143; comes to terms, 145; alliance with Sartorius, 153; renews war with Rome, 153–155; attacked by Pompey, 161; death, 161. Mithraism, nature of, 306–307; in Rome, 307. Modestine, jurist, 301. Mœsi, the, 219. Mœsia, provinces of, 243. Mogontiacum, 218. Monasticism, rise and growth of, 394–396. Monophysite controversy, 393–394. Monophysites, Justinian’s treatment of, 383. Moors, the, revolts of, 376. _ Mos maiorum_, influence of, 65–66. Q. Mucius Scævola, proconsul of Asia, 139; legal writings of, 201. L. Mummius, consul, defeats Achæans, 103. Munda, battle of, 182. _ Munera_, of late Empire, 345. Municipalities (_municipia_), Roman, 44; Italian towns organized into, after Marsic war, 142; Julian law regulating, 181; under the Principate, 280, 288; of Gaul and Egypt, 281–283; Hellenic type, 283, 284; Latin type, 284, 285; decline of, 286–288; burden of curiales in, 346. Mutina, Roman colony, 97; battle at, 187. Mutiny, of army in Illyricum and on Rhine, 227. Mylæ, naval battle at, 73.

Cn. Nævius, author, 120. Naples, 20, 51. Narbo, established, 132. Narbonese Gaul, made a province, 132; extent of, 167; a senatorial province, 216. Narcissus, freedman of Claudius, 232. Narses, general, campaigns of, 377–378. Naucratis, 281. Navy, Roman, in first Punic War, 73, 74; of Augustus, 212–213. Neoplatonism, 307, 385. Neopythagoreanism, 307. Nepete, founded, 36. Nero (Nero Claudius Cæsar), parentage of, 232; principate of, 232–235. Nerva (Marcus Cocceius Nerva), principate of, 244, 245. Nestorius, patriarch of Constantinople, 393. New Carthage (Carthagena), founded, 78; taken by Romans, 84. Nicomedes III, king of Bithynia, wills kingdom to Rome, 153. Niger (C. Pescinnius ——), saluted Imperator, 252; death, 252. “Nika” riot, the, 381. Nisibis, Roman colony and fortress, 253. _ Nobilitas_, Senatorial aristocracy, 56, 196. Nola, 18. _ Nomen Latinum_, 45. Nomes (_nomoi_), in Egypt, 282. Norba, 35. Noricum, Roman province of, 218; abandoned, 361. Numantia, siege of, 100. _ Numeri_, the, 273, 274. Numidia, added to province of Africa, 221.

Oath of allegiance, exacted by Octavian, 194. Octavia, wife of Antony, 191, 192, 193; divorced, 194. Octavia, daughter of Claudius, 232, 233. Octavianus, _see_ C. Julius Cæsar Octavianus. C. Octavius, _see_ C. Julius Cæsar Octavianus. M. Octavius, tribune, deposed by Assembly of Tribes, 127. Odænathus, king of Palmyra, relations with Rome, 260. Odovacar, patrician and imperial regent, 361. Œnotrians, the, 13, 20. _ Officiales_, of the Principate, 272; of the late Empire, 341. Officials, equestrian, 270, 271; provincial, 278–280; of imperial household, 294; of late Empire, 340–342. L. Opimius, consul, leads attack on C. Gracchus, 130. Oppian Law (_lex Oppia_), the, 119. _ Oppida_, 25, 26. Optimates, the, struggle with the Populares, _chap._ XII, 125_f_; under Gracchan ascendancy, 126–130; under Marian ascendancy, 134, 136, 139, 146; under Sullan ascendancy, 147, 150; strengthened by overthrow of Cataline, 164; led by Cato the younger, 169, 170; side with Pompey against Cæsar, 173. _ Orationes principis_, 266. Oratory, in Rome, 121, 200. Orchomenus, victory of Sulla, at, 144. Orestes, master of the soldiers, 360–361. Oriental cults, rise and progress of, 305–307. Oscans (Opici), the, 13, 20. Ostia, founded, 29. Ostrogoths, the, conquer Italy, 361–362; Romans under régime of, 371; reconquest of Italy from, 377–379. Otho (Marcus Salvius ——), principate of, 236. Ovid (P. Ovidius Naso), poet, 299.

P. = Publius. Pachomius, founds first monastery, 395. Pagan, origin of term, 387. Pagan cults, _see_ oriental cults. Paganism, in the late Empire, 385–386; persecution of, 386–387. _ Pagus_, 25. _ Palafitta_, 9–10. Palatini, 336. Pallas, freedman of Claudius, 232. Palmyra, kingdom of, 260; overthrown, 261–262. Panætius of Rhodes, philosopher, in Rome, 123. Pannonia, a Roman province, 220. Pannonians, the, 219. Panormus, captured by the Romans, 74. Papacy, growth of the, 389, 403. Papinian, _see_ Æmilius Papinianus. Cn. Papirius Carbo, consul, opposes Sulla, 146; executed, 149. Parma, Roman colony, 97. Parthians, the, campaign of Crassus against, 172; Antony’s campaign against, 192, 193; Augustus and, 221; struggle with Rome over Armenia, 234; Trajan’s campaign against, 246; war with, 161–165 A. D., 250; campaign of Sept. Severus against, 253; Caracalla and, 256. _ Pater patriæ_, title of Julius Cæsar, 179; title of Augustus, 208. _ Patres_, _see_ Patricians. _ Patria potestas_, 64. Patriarchate of Constantinople, the, growth of, 390. Patricians, the, definition of, 29; in regal period, 29–30; new families of, created, 181, 213; title under late Empire, 343. _ Patricii_, _see_ Patricians. _ Patrimonium_, evolution of the, 271–272. Patrons, in early Rome, 30. _ Patrum auctoritas_, exercised by patrician senators, 49; restricted for the Assembly of the Centuries, 49–50. Paul (Julius Paulus), jurist, 301. Peasantry, the, decline of, in Italy, 116; increase of, due to Gracchan laws, 131; reduced to serfdom, 288–292. Perfectissimate, the, 343. Pergamon, kingdom of, 70; enlarged by Romans, 94; willed to Rome, 103. M. Perperna, leader of Marian faction, 152, 153. Perseus, son of Philip V, and king of Macedonia, war with Rome, 95, 96. Persians, the, campaign of Severus Alexander against, 257; of Valerian, 259; of Carus, 263; of Diocletian, 319; of Constantius II and Julian, 326–328; of Valens, 329; wars with Eastern Empire, 363, 366; Justinian’s war with, 379, 381. Pertinax (Publius Helvius ——), principate of, 252. Perusia, 191. C. Petronius, writer, 299. Phalanx, the, in Roman army, 58–59. Pharisees, the, 238. Pharnaces, son of Mithridates, makes peace with Pompey, 161; defeated by Cæsar, 177. Pharsalus, battle of, 176. Philip V, king of Macedonia, at war with Ætolians, 76; becomes an ally of Carthage, 82; at war with Rome, Ætolians, and Pergamon, 83; concludes peace, 85; alliance with Antiochus III against Egypt, 89; second war with Rome, 90, 91; cedes Greek possession to Rome, 91; supports Rome against Antiochus, 93; later hostility to Rome, 95. Philippi, battle of, 190. Philosophy, under the Principate, 302, 307. Phœnicians, the, _see_ Carthaginians. Phraates IV, king of the Parthians, 221. Picentes, the, 15, 39, 44. _ Pietas_, Roman conception of, 65. Pilum, javelin, adopted in Roman army, 59. Piræus, Athens and, besieged by Sulla, 144. Pirates, depredations of, 137; Roman, 137; command of Marcus Antonius against, in 74 B. C., 154; command of Pompey against, 159, 160. Piso, _see_ C. Calpurnius Piso. Placidia, Roman princess, 354, 358. Placentia, 78. Plague, the, of 166 A. D., 250; of 252 A. D., 259. Plantation system, the, 115, 197; transformation of, under Principate, 291; growth of, under late Empire, 348. Plautus (Titus Maccius ——), dramatist, 120. Plebeians, the, definition of, and status in early Rome, 30; struggle for equality with patricians, 52–58; admitted to consulship, 55, 56; in Senate, 56; secession to Janiculum, 57. Plebiscites (_plebi scita_), 55; binding without Senate’s previous sanction, 57. Plebs, the, (1) _see_ Plebeians; (2) of later Republic, 197; under Augustus, 211, 222; colleges of, 285, 286. Pliny, (1) the elder (Caius Plinius Secundus), writer, 299; (2) the younger (C. Plinius Cæcilius Secundus), letters of, 300. Plotinus, philosopher, 302. Plutarch, Greek writer, 302. Poetry, (1) Roman, or Latin, of third and second centuries, B. C., 120–121; of last century of the Republic, 199–200; of the Principate, 298–300; of late Empire, 397–398. —— (2) Greek, of late Empire, 401. —— (3) Christian, 396–397; 399–401. Police, of Rome, the, under Augustus, 222. Polybius, Greek historian, view of Roman constitution, 106. _ Pomerium_, the, of Rome, 27. Pompeian law (_lex Pompeia_), granting citizenship and Latin rights, 141. Pompeii, 241. Cn. Pompeius (Pompey), raises army for Sulla, 146; receives honors from Sulla, and triumph, 149; command against Sertorius, 152, 153; consul, 70 B. C., 156; command against pirates, 159, 160; command against Mithridates, 160, 161; in First Triumvirate, 165; curator annonæ, 169; sole consul, and height of power, 173; strife with Cæsar, 173–176; defeat and death, 176. Cn. Pompeius (Pompey), son of Pompey the Great, 181–182. S. Pompeius (Pompey), son of Pompey the Great, 181–182; opposition to Antony and Octavian, 187–190; makes terms, 191; defeated, 192. _ Pontifex Maximus_, office of, 48. Pontiffs, the, number increased, 57; new members chosen by Tribes, 138. Pontus, kingdom of Mithridates VI, 142; subjugated and made a Roman province, 161. Popilius (Lænas), Roman ambassador, 96. Populares, the, struggle with the Optimates, _chap._ XII, 125_f_; under Gracchan ascendancy, 126–130; under Marian ascendancy, 134, 136–139, 146; led by Saturninus and Glaucia, 138–139; led by Sulpicius Rufus, 144; support Pompey and Crassus, 156. _ Populus_, 25. _ Populus Romanus_, 29. M. Porcius Cato, the Elder, hostility to Carthage, 101; opposes luxury, 119; writer of Latin prose, 121. M. Porcius Cato, the younger, 164, 165, 169; death, 177–179. _ Portoria_, customs dues, 113, 279. Posidonius, 198. Postumus, M. Cassius Latinius, general, forms empire in Gaul, 260, 262. Potestas, (1) _maior_, 52; (2) _tribunicia_, _see_ _tribunicia potestas_. _ Præfectus annonæ_, _see_ prefect of the grain supply. _ Præfectus morum_, Julius Cæsar appointed, 179. _ Præfectus urbi_, _see_ city prefect. _ Præfectus vigilum_, _see_ prefect of the watch. Præneste, 37. _ Præses_, _præsides_, title of, 278. _ Prætor __peregrinus__,_ _see_ Prætorship. Prætorian prefect, 211, 212; increase in power of, 254, 255, 257; of senatorial rank, 257; court of, 267; title, 271; deprived of military authority, 323; under late Empire, 339, 340. Prætorians, prætorian guard, under Augustus, 212; concentrated at Rome, 228; nominate Claudius princeps, 23; reconstituted, 240; disbanded and reconstituted by Sept. Severus, 254. Prætorship, the, city, 51; plebeians eligible to, 56; prætor peregrinus, 109; increased in number, for provinces, 109; effect of prætorian edict on Roman law, 122; increased in number by Sulla, 148; by Julius Cæsar, 181; decline of, 267, 294; of late Empire, 341. Prefect of Egypt, the, 278, 282. Prefect of the grain supply, the, 222; functions limited, 255. Prefect of the watch, the, 222. Prefectures, (1) of auxiliary corps, 210, 278; (2) the great, 222; titles of occupants of, 271; _ see also_ Prefects. Priesthoods, the, general characteristics of, 48; opened to plebeians, 56; enlarged by Julius Cæsar, 181; decline of, 198; reëstablishment of, 213. Princeps, Pompey considered as, 173; definition of, 208; powers of, increase at expense of Senate, 264–267; friction with Senate, 267–268; title of, in Egypt, 281. Principate, the, foreshadowed by Pompey’s position, 173; establishment of, _chap._ XVI, 205_f_; defined and explained, 208; weakness of, 225, 226; constitutional development of, _chap._ XIX, 264. _ Principes_, officials of late Empire, 338, 342. Probus (Marcus Aurelius ——), principate and campaigns of, 262–263. Proconsulship, the, instituted, 51; frequent in Second Punic War, 87; evolution of, under the Principate, 265. Procopius, historical writer, 401. Procuratorships, equestrians eligible to, 210, 265; freedmen admitted to, 270; increased, 270; classification, 270, 271; replace _publicani_, 279, 280. Proletariat, the urban, 117. Promagistracy, the, instituted, 51; reorganized by Sulla, 148; law of Pompey regulating, 174; in senatorial career, 209. Propertius, poet, 299. Propraetorship, the, use of, in second Punic War, 87; given to Pompey, 149; _ see also_ Promagistracy. Proscriptions, the, of Sulla, 147; of Second Triumvirate, 189. Prose, (1) Roman or Latin, of third and second centuries B. C., 121; of last century of Republic, 200, 201; of the Principate, 299–301; of late Empire, 397, 398; (2) Greek, of the Principate, 302; of late Empire, 401; (3) Christian, of late Empire, 396–398, 400. Provinces, the, organization and government of, 110–114; governors of, appointed on new basis, 148; imperial and senatorial, 216, 278; condition of, under the Principate, 277–285; officials of, 278–280; subdivision of, by Diocletian, 319; government of, under late Empire, 340. Provincial governors, under the Republic, 112; under the Principate, 278–279; under late Empire, 340. Ptolemais, 281. Ptolemy IV, Philopater, king of Egypt, supplies Rome with grain, 88; death of, 89. Ptolemy XIV, 176, 177. Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemæus), astronomer, 302. _ Publicani_, tax-farmers, 113; equestrians, 117, 118; under the Principate, 279, 280. Pulcheria, regent for Theodosius II, 363, 364. Punic Wars, the, first, 72–73; second, 78–88; effect of, on Italy, 86–88; third, 100–102. Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, 40–42.

Q. = Quintus. Quadi, the, 242; defeated by M. Aurelius, 250, 251. _ Quæstio rerum repetundarum_, _see_ Court of Extortion. Quæstorship, the, (1) Roman magistracy, 50; plebeians eligible to, 55; in provinces, 112; number increased by Sulla, 148; by Julius Cæsar, 181; in senatorial career, 209; of late Empire, 341; (2) in the provinces, 278; (3) in municipalities, 284; (4) at court of later Emperors, 340. P. Quinctilius Varus, defeat of, 220. _ Quinquennales_, 284. _ Quinquennium Neronis_, the, 232. Quintilian (Marcus Fabius Quintillianus), writer, 299. _ Quirites_, 29.

Ræti, the, 217. Rætia, Roman province of, 218; abandoned, 361. _ Rationalis_, secretary of the treasury, 272; superseded by count of the sacred largesses, 340. Ravenna, naval station, 212; Ostrogothic capital, 371; capture of, by Belisarius, 377. Recruitment, of legions, territorial, 272, 273; of army under late Empire, 336, 337. Religion, of early Rome, _chap._ VII, 61_f_; importance of ritual in, 61; foreign influences in, 63, 64; and morality, 64; adoption of Greek mythology by Rome, 122; increasing skepticism in, 123; in last century of Republic, 197, 198; revival under Augustus, 213–215; under the Principate, 304–313; oriental cults, 305–307; Judaism and Christianity, 303, 313; of the Germanic tribes, 371, 372. _ Res privata_, 272; of late Empire, 341. Rhegium, 20. Rhodes, island republic, 70; appeals to Rome against Philip V, 90; joins Rome against Antiochus, 93; territory enlarged, 94; punished by Rome, 96. Ricimer, master of the soldiers, career of, 360. Road system, of Italy, improved under C. Gracchus, 128. _ See also_ _Via Appia_, _etc._ Roma, worship of, 214. Roman confederacy in Italy, the, 42–46; military strength of, 77. Roman foreign policy, 42, 43; new field for, 67; towards the Greek states, 94; toward Macedonia, 95; in eastern Mediterranean, 96, 97; from 167–133 B. C., 99. Romans, the, a Latin people, 27, 29; name of, 29; under the Visigoths, 369; under the Vandals, 370; under the Ostrogoths, 370, 371; under the Burgundians and the Franks, 371. Romanus, poet, 401. Rome, the city of, site, 26; growth of, 26, 27; Etruscan influences, 28, 29; of the Four Regions, 26; sacked by Gauls, 35; Servian wall of, 35; change in appearance of, in third and second centuries B. C., 123, 124; administration of, under Augustus, 232; devastated by fire, 233; receives title of _sacra_, 253; similarity to provincial city, 283; under the Principate, 293; ceases to be capital, 319; plundered by Alaric, 353; by Vandals, 356; Belisarius besieged in, 377. Romulus Augustulus, western emperor, 361. _ Rorarii_, light troops, 59. Rufinus, master of the soldiers, 362. Rutilius Namatianus, poet, 398. P. Rutilius Rufus, ex-quæstor, trial of, 139.

S. = Sextus. St. Anthony, founds monastic colony, 395. St. Sophia, building of, 383. Sabellians, the, 15. Sabines, the, 15, 39. _ Sacrosanctitas_, of tribune, 179; granted to Octavian, 193. Saducees, the, 238. Saguntum, allied with Rome, 79; taken by Hannibal, 79; by Romans, 83. Salassi, the, 217. C. Sallustius Crispus, historical writer, 200. Salvius, leader of slave rebellion, 137. Salvius Julianus, jurist, 248. Salyes, the, tribe of Liguria, conquered by Rome, 132. Samnites, the, 15; wars of, with Rome, 37–39; Roman allies, 39; join Tarentum, 40; reconquered, 41. Sapor I, king of the Persians, 259, 260. Sapor II, king of Persia, war with Constantius II and Julian, 326–328. Saracens, the, invasion of, 404. Sardinia, geography of, 4; inhabitants of, 15; ceded to Rome by Carthage, 75; a Roman province, 111; placed under imperial procurator, 216. Satire, origin of name and form, 121. Satricum, 34. Saturninus and Glaucia, leaders of the Populares, 138. Saxons, the, 259; invade Britain, 357. Scævola, see Q. Mucius Scævola. Scholarians, the, 335, 336. Scipio, _see_ P. Cornelius Scipio. Scipionic circle, the, 120, 121. Scribonia, wife of Octavian, 191. _ Scutum_, shield, 59. Secretaryships, the Imperial, 269–270. Sectarianism, of the eastern church, 391; sectarian strife, 391–394. Secular Games, the, 216. Seianus (Sejanus), _see_ L. Ælius Seianus. Seleucia, 246, 250; sacked, 253. Sempronia, wife of Scipio Æmilianus, 127, 128. Ti. Sempronius, consul, in Sicily, 79; defeated at Trebia, 81. C. Sempronius Gracchus, land commissioner, 127; tribunate and legislation of, 128–130; overthrow, 130; oratory of, 200. Ti. Sempronius Gracchus, consul, killed by Hannibal, 82. Ti. Sempronius Gracchus, tribune, 126, 127. Senate, the Roman, in regal period, 28; limited to patricians, 29; directs foreign policy, 43, 45; represents wealthy proprietors, 45; supports propertied elements in Italy, 45; of early Republic, 47; appoints promagistrates, 51; plebeians admitted to, 56; revised by Appius Claudius, 56; supports Greeks against Philip V, 90; supports Greek aristocracies, 95; control of public policy, 105–107; dissolves Bacchanalian associations, 106; failure of foreign policy of, 108; and provincial government, 110–114; prerogatives attacked by Gracchi, 127–131; control over consuls restricted, 129; weakened as result of Gracchan disorders, 133; intrigues with Jugurtha, 133; alteration proposed by Drusus, 139; veto revived, 144; restoration of power of, by Sulla, 148, 149; membership increased, 149; and extraordinary commands, 151, 160; passes “last decree” against Cæsar, 174; membership and composition of, altered by Julius Cæsar, 181; treatment of, by Cæsar, 182; purged and restored by Augustus, 209, 210; takes over election of magistrates, 227; opposes Vespasian, 240, 241; strained relations with Domitian, 243; era of amiable relations with princeps begins, 244, 245; restored to influence by Severus Alexander, 257; loss of powers under Principate, résumé, 264–267; friction with Princeps, 267, 268; chief services, 268; of late Empire, 344; influence of under Theodoric, 371. Senatorial order, the, (1) an office-holding aristocracy, 107, 196; under Augustus, 209–210; expansion of, 268; burden of public spectacles on, 294. —— (2) new, of late Empire, 342–343; power and exemptions of, 349. _ See also_ Senators. Senators, appointed by consul, 47; by censors, 50; largely ex-magistrates and magistrates, 105; deprived of right to act as judges in courts, 129; right restored, 148; property qualifications of, under Augustus, 209; freedom from imperial jurisdiction, 244; exclusion of, from military commands, etc., 267; exemption from municipal control, 344; taxes on, 345. _ Senatus consultum ultimum_, defined, 106; passed against Cataline, 163; against Cæsar, 174. Seneca, _see_ L. Annæus Seneca. Senones, the, 39, 44. Sentinum, 39. L. Septimius Severus, saluted Imperator, 252; wars with rivals, 252, 253; principate of, 253–255; reforms civil service, 270, 272; fortification of frontiers by, 275, 276. Septimontium, festival of, 26. Serfdom, rise of, in Egypt and Asia Minor, 288, 289; in Africa, 289, 290; in Italy, 291; causes and results of, 291, 292; under late Empire, 348, 349. L. Sergius Catilina, 162; conspiracy of, 163, 164. Q. Sertorius, governor of Spain, 152–153. Q. Servilius Cæpio, consul, recovers Tolosa, tried by Senate, 135. C. Servilius Glaucia, prætor, leads populares, 138; overthrown, 139. Q. Servilius Rullus, tribune, proposes land bill, 163. Severus (Flavius Valerius ——), Cæsar, 321. Severus (Libius ——), western emperor, 360. Severus Alexander (Marcus Aurelius ——), adopted by Elagabalus, 256; principate of, 257, 258; grants lands to frontier forces, 276. Sexagenarii, 270. Sibylline Books, the, 122. Sicans, the, 15. Sicels, the, 15. Sicily, geography of, 4; peoples of, 15; Roman possession, 74; province, 111; rebellion of slaves in, 137; misgovernment of Verres in, 157, 158. Signia, 34. Silkworms, introduction of, into west, 384. Slaves, enrolled in Roman army, 87; rebellion of, in Sicily, 137; many freed by Sulla, 147; revolt of, under Spartacus, 155, 156; decrease of, under the Principate, 295; admitted to army, 336. Society, of early Rome, _chap._ VII, 61; of the third and second centuries B. C., 114–119; of the last century of the Republic, 196, 197; at beginning of Principate, 208–211; of the Principate, _chap._ XX, 293_f_; of the late Empire, 341–350. _ Socii_, federate allies, 45, 90. _ Socii Italici_, _see_ Italian allies. _ Socii navales_, 45. Sosigenes, astronomer, 180. Spain, coast of, controlled by Carthage, 72; Carthaginian expansion, 78; invaded by Romans, 80, 83, 84; Romans conquer Carthaginian territory in, 85; divided into provinces of Hither and Farther, 97; revolts in, 98; Latin colonies in, 98; further wars in, 99, 100; revolts in, 137; Sertorian rebellion, 152, 153; Cæsar reduces Pompeians in, 174, 181, 182; Hither, an imperial province, 206; Latin right extended to communities of, 240; occupied by Vandals, 355; Justinian’s intervention in, 378, 379. Sparta, appeals to Rome against Achæans, 95; hostilities with Achæans, 103; Roman ally, 103. Spartacus, rebellion of, 155–156. Spectacles, lavishness of, under the Principate, 294. Stilicho, master of the soldiers, 351, 352–353. _ Stipendium_, _see_ Taxes. Stoicism, in Rome, 123, 198. Stone Age, the new, 8; the old, 7. Suetonius (C. Suetonius Tranquillius), historical writer and biographer, 300. Suevi, the, invade Spain with Vandals, 355. Sugambri, the, 218. Sulla, _see_ L. Cornelius Sulla. Sulpician laws, the, 144, 146. P. Sulpicius Rufus, tribune, legislation and reign of terror, 143, 144. S. Sulpicius Rufus, legal writer, 201. Sun worship, introduced into Rome, 256, 262, 306, 307. Survey of empire, 216. Sutrium, 36. Symmachus (Quintus Aurelius ——), writings of, 398. Syphax, Numidian chief, 85. Syracuse, tyrants of, 18, 19, 20; kingdom of, 70; wars with Mamertini, 72; alliance with Rome, 73; goes over to Carthage, 82; taken by Romans, 82. Syria, Seleucid kingdom of, 69; conquered by Tigranes, 153; made Roman province, 161; Crassus in, 172; an imperial province, 206. Syrians, traders, 297.

T. = Titus. Tacitus (Marcus Claudius ——), princeps, 262. Tacitus (P. Cornelius ——), historical writer, 243; works of, 300. Tarentum, 20, 37; wars with Italians, 39–40; with Rome, 40, 41; Roman ally, 42; occupied by Hannibal, 82; treaty of, between Antony and Octavian, 192. Taxation, system of, under late Empire, 344–346. Taxes, (1) affecting Roman citizens, tax of 5% on emancipated slaves, 87, 279, 280; inheritance tax, 212, 279, 280; tax on sales, 212, 279; land tax of late Empire, 345; (2) provincial, _ decuma_, 113, 239; _ stipendium_, 112, 279; direct collection of, 270; _ tributa_, 279; _ vectigalia_, 279; (3) special, of Second Triumvirate, 189; head-tax on Jews, 239; of late Empire, 345. Telamon, 77. _ Tercenarii_, 270. Terence (P. Terentius), dramatic poet, 121. C. Terentius Varro, consul, at Cannæ, 82. M. Terentius Varro, writer and antiquarian, 200–201. _ Terramare_, 10–11. Tertullian (Q. Septimius Florens Tertullianus), Christian writer, 301. Teutoberg Forest, Roman disaster in the, 220. Teutons, the, _see_ Cimbri and Teutons. Thapsus, battle of, 177. Theodora, empress, 381, 382. Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths, invades Italy, 361, 362; receives imperial symbols, 370, 371; conflict with Arianism, 372; foreign alliances of, 372, 373. Theodoric, king of the Visigoths, 354. Theodoric, the Amal, conflict with Zeno, 365. Theodosian code, the, 364. Theodosius I, the Great, co-emperor, 330, 331; conflict with Ambrose, 330, 331; sole emperor, 381; suppression of paganism by, 387. Theodosius II, eastern emperor, 363–364. Theodosius, general of Valentinian I, campaign of, 328, 329. Thrace, made Roman province, 231. Thurii, 20, 40, 82. Ti. = Tiberius. Tiberius (Tiberius Claudius Nero), stepson of Augustus, campaigns of, 217, 219, 220; designated successor of Augustus, 223, 224; principate of, 226, 229; estimate of, 226, 228. Tiberius Gemellus, grandson of Tiberius Cæsar, 229. Tibullus (Albius ——), poet, 299. Tibur, 37. Ticinus, battle of the, 81. Tigellinus Ofonius, prætorian prefect, 233. Tigranes, king of Armenia, 153; ally of Rome, 161. Tigurini, the, Gallic tribe, 135, 136. Tiridates, king of Armenia, Roman vassal, 234. Titus (Titus Flavius Sabinus Vespasianus), besieges and destroys Jerusalem, 239; principate of, 241. Totila, leader of the Ostrogoths, 378. Toulouse, Gothic capital at, 370. Trajan (Marcus Ulpius Traianus), adopted by Nerva, 244; principate of, 245–247; column of, 246; attitude toward the Christians, 310, 311. Trasimene Lake, 81. Trebia, 81. Trebonian, jurist, 382. Trebonian law (_lex Trebonia_), the, 170. C. Trebonius, tribune, 170, 183. Treviri, the, 171; rebellion of, 237. Tribes, the Roman, 36, 43, 44; voting units in _comitia tributa_, 53; final number of, 109; enrollment of Italians in, 141, 142. Tribunate, the, (1) military, with consular powers, 50, 51; first plebeian elected to, 55; _and note_; (2) military, in legions, 60; in senatorial career, 209; in equestrian career, 210; (3) plebeian, origin and character of, 53; increased to ten members, 54; effect of Hortensian law on, 57; powers of, increased, 57, 58; interference of, with levy, 100; controlled by Senate, 105, 106; Ti. Gracchus attempts reëlection to, 127; reëlection to, legalized, 127; of C. Gracchus, 128, 130; weakened by reforms of Sulla, 148; privileges restored, 156. _ Tribuni ærarii_, share in jury service, 156; removed, 181. _ Tribunicia potestas_, granted to Julius Cæsar, 178, 179; to Augustus, 207. _ Tributum_, Roman citizens, 50; burden of, on plebeians, 53, 54; ceases to be levied, 97; _ capitis_, 279; _ soli_, 279. Triumvirate, (1) the First, 165. —— (2) the Second (43 B. C.), 188–192; renewed, 192; terminated, 194. _ Triumviri agris iudicandis assignandis_, the Gracchan land commission, 126. _ Triumviri rei publicæ constituendæ_, _see_ Triumvirate, (2) the Second. M. Tullius Cicero, ædile, prosecution of Verres, 156–159; prætor, supports Manilian law, 160; consul, 162; thwarts Cataline’s conspiracy, 163, 164; banished, 167; returns, 169; hostility to Antony, 187, 188; death, 189; oratory and writings of, 200. Tusculum, 34. Twelve Tables, Law of the, 54.

Ulpian (Domitius Ulpianus), jurist, 301. Umbrians, the, location of, 13; migration of, 11; Roman allies, 39. Upper Germany, administration district, 227. Urban cohorts, the, _see_ _cohortes_. _ Urbs_, Rome, an, 27.

Vaballathus, king of Palmyra, 261. Vadimonian Lake, battle at the, 39. Valens (Flavius ——), co-emperor, 328–329. Valentinian I (Flavius Valentinianus), emperor, 328, 329. Valentinian II (Flavius Valentinianus), co-emperor, 329–331. Valentinian III (Flavius Valentinianus), western emperor, 358–360. Valerian (Publius Licinius Valerianus), principate and campaigns of, 259; persecution of the Christians, 312. L. Valerius Flaccus, consul, in Mithridatic war, 144, 145, 146. Vandals, the, invade Gaul and Spain, 354, 355; kingdom of, in Africa, 355, 356, 370; relations between Romans and, 370; conquered by Eastern Empire, 375–377. Varro, _see_ C. Terentius Varro, _and_ M. Terentius Varro. Vatinian law (_lex Vatinia_), the, 166. Veii, capture of, 34. Veneti, the, (1) of Italy, 13, 35; Roman allies, 77; (2) of Gaul, 173. Vercellæ, Marius destroys the Cimbri near, 136. Vercingetorix, Gallic leader, 171. C. Verres, ex-proprætor of Sicily, trial of, 156, 159. Verus (Lucius Aurelius ——), principate of, 249, 250. Vespasian (Titus Flavius Vespasianus), proclaimed Imperator, 236; principate of, 237–241; campaign against the Jews, 239. Vesuvius, eruption of, 241. _ Via Æmilia_, 97; _ Appia_, 38; constructed, 56; _ Cassia_, 97; _ Domitia_, 132; _ Flaminia_, 97; _ see also_, Road system. Vicars (_vicarii_), governors of dioceses, 320. _ Vigiles_, 222. _ Viginti-virate_, in senatorial career, 209. Villa, change in meaning of word, 196. Villanova, 11. Villian Law (_lex Villia annalis_), the, 108. Vindelici, the, 217. Vindex, _see_ C. Julius Vindex. Vindobona, legionary camp, 239. Vindonissa, 218. M. Vipsanius Agrippa, general of Octavian, 192; conducts survey of empire, 216; in Spain, 217; as successor to Augustus, 223. Virgil (P. Virgilius Maro), poet, 190, 298. Viriathus, Spanish chief, at war with Rome, 100. Visigoths, the, invasions of, under Alaric and Ataulf, 353–354; kingdom of, in Gaul, 354, 369, 370; treatment of Roman subjects, 369, 370; religion of, 371, 372. Vitalian, master of the soldiers, 374. Vitellius (Aulus ——), principate of, 236–237. Vologases I, king of the Parthians, war with Rome, 234. Vologases IV, king of the Parthians, 253. Vologases V, king of the Parthians, 256. Volsci, the, 15; wars with Rome, 33–34, 36.

Wallia, leader of the Visigoths, 354, 355. War of the Legions, (1) First, 235–237. —— (2) Second, 252–253. Women, position of, in Rome, 196, 197; in _collegia_, 286.

Zama, 86. Zealots, the, in Judæa, 238. Zeno, master of the soldiers, 364; eastern emperor, 361, 364, 365. Zenobia, queen of Palmyra, 261–262.

FOOTNOTES

1 The several elements in the Roman military federation may be seen at a glance from the following scheme:

I. Roman citizens— (a) with full civic rights (_optimo iure_). (b) with private rights only (_sine suffragio_). II. Roman allies— (a) Latins. (b) Federate peoples of Italy.

2 Another, but apparently later, Roman tradition placed the establishment of the tribunate in 494, when two tribunes were elected, and merely attributes an increase in their number to 466.

3 One explanation of the origin of this tribunate offered in antiquity and still held in some quarters is that it was created to take the place of the consulship as an office to which plebeians might be admitted while they were still excluded from the regular presidency. Against this view, besides the existence of another explanation equally old which has been adopted above, it may be urged that although the military tribunate first appeared in 436 B. C. it was not until 40 years later that plebeians were elected to it. And further, plebeians only appear in six of the fifty-one colleges of military tribunes elected between 436 and 362.

4 To the Romans the Carthaginians were known as _Poeni_, _i. e._, Phoenicians, whence comes the adjective “Punic,” used in such phrases as the “Punic Wars.”

5 This alliance was renewed in 248 B. C.

6 See W. W. Tarn, “The Fleets of the First Punic War,” _Journal of Hellenic Studies_, 1907, p. 51, n. 19.

7 Authorities differ as to the pass which Hannibal used in crossing the Alps, arguing variously for the Little St. Bernard, Mont Genèvre or Mont Cenis. Polybius, our best authority, seems to indicate the Little St. Bernard. A recent discussion of the problem is Spencer Wilkinson’s _Hannibal’s March across the Alps_, London, 1917.

8 See Kromeyer und Veith, _Antike Schlachtfelder_, iii. 2.

9 The details of this re-organization are uncertain. From our sources it is clear that each of the first two classes had 70 centuries, one of seniors and one of juniors from each of the 35 tribes. But we are left in the dark with regard to the other classes. Botsford, in his _Roman Assemblies_, would assign 70 centuries to each class; making a total of 350, plus the 18 equestrian and 5 supernumerary centuries, in all 373. Cavaignac, _Histoire dé l’Antiquité_, vol. III, gives 10 centuries to each of the three lower classes, thus keeping the old number of 193 centuries in all.

10 Seymour, P. A., _English Historical Review_, 1914, pp. 417 ff.

11 The details of this arrangement have not been preserved; for a suggestion see Heitland, _Roman Republic_, II, pp. 447 ff.

12 On the much disputed date of the end of Caesar’s second term, see Hardy, E. G., _Journal of Philology_, 1918, pp. 161 ff.

13 After the adoption his full name was Caius Julius Caesar Octavianus. Although he was known as Caesar by his contemporaries, it is more convenient to refer to him henceforth as Octavian, to distinguish him from his adoptive father.

_ 14 Laudandum adulescentem, ornandum, tolendum_, Cicero, _Fam._, xi, 20, 1.

15 In this I follow Dio. xlix, 15, 6; li, 19, 6 and liii, 32, 5 and 6.

_ 16 Provinces of the Roman Empire_, I, 5, trans. Dickson, Scribner’s, 1906.

17 The distribution of the dioceses among the prefectures was as follows:

Prefecture of Gaul—dioceses of Britain, Gaul, Spain; Prefecture of Italy—suburban diocese of the city of Rome, and the dioceses of Italy, Africa, Illyricum; Prefecture of Illyricum—dioceses of Eastern Illyricum, Thrace, Macedonia; Prefecture of the Orient—dioceses of Asia, Pontus, the Orient and Egypt.

_ 18 ἀρχίερευς βασιλεύς_. The title Basileus (King) was in common use in the eastern part of the empire from the fourth century, but was not assumed officially by the emperors till 629 A. D.

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE

The following changes have been made to the text:

page 9, “terramara” changed to “terramare” page 21, “ascendency” changed to “ascendancy” page 49, period added after “units” page 54, “plebians” changed to “plebeians” page 55, “wthout” changed to “without” page 60, comma added after “attacks” page 71, “militry” changed to “military” page 85, “Cathaginians” changed to “Carthaginians” page 89, “sieze” changed to “seize” page 94, “forcd” changed to “forced”, “B. C.” added in heading page 97, “Perma” changed to “Parma” page 104, period added after “129” page 114, comma changed to period after “plantations” page 131, “Balaeric” changed to “Balearic” page 134, “Arpimum” changed to “Arpinum” page 137, “Aequilius” changed to “Aquillius” page 138, period removed after heading “V. Saturninus and Glaucia” page 163, period changed to comma after “Optimates”, “Pontifix” chanted to “Pontifex” (twice) page 167, “Narbonesis” changed to “Narbonensis” page 169, “preconsular” changed to “proconsular” page 176, “beseiged” changed to “besieged” page 177, “Pharanaces” changed to “Pharnaces” page 188, “constituandae” changed to “constituendae” page 213, “dieties” changed to “deities” page 215, “freedom” changed to “freedmen” page 217, “harrassed” changed to “harassed” page 228, “Marcomani” changed to “Marcomanni”, comma removed after “now” page 231, comma added after “Plautius” page 234, “Seutonius” changed to “Suetonius” page 237, period added after “princeps” page 242, “dominius” changed to “dominus” page 253, “victorius” changed to “victorious”, “beleagured” changed to “beleaguered” page 256, “Carcalla” changed to “Caracalla” page 263, “advancd” changed to “advanced” page 266, “superceded” changed to “superseded” page 269, “cognitionibius” changed to “cognitionibus” (twice) page 289, “argricultural” changed to “agricultural” page 299, “elegaic” changed to “elegiac” page 302, period added after heading “Plutarch (c. 50–120 A. D.) and Lucian (c. 125–200 A. D.)” page 325, period added after “(350 A. D.)”, “th” changed to “the” page 329, “o” changed to “or” page 330, “Aequileia” changed to “Aquileia” page 343, “prefectissimate” changed to “perfectissimate” page 344, period changed to comma after “coin” page 346, “civatatium” changed to “civitatium” page 360, “Valetinian” changed to “Valentinian” page 366, comma changed to period after “_status quo ante_” page 376, “Tignitana” changed to “Tingitana” page 387, “Chistianity” changed to “Christianity” page 389, “of” added after “embodiment” page 392, “Theododius” changed to “Theodosius” page 402, “represenation” changed to “representation” page 406, “Trasemene” changed to “Trasimene”, “Flaminius” changed to “Flamininus” page 409, period removed after “March” and “79” page 410, period removed after “June”, smallcaps added to “Gallus” and “Volusianus” page 416, italics added to “Hermes” page 417, comma added after “Mommsen” page 418, comma added after “1” and “_Religion und Kultur_” page 419, italics added to “Bonner Jahrbücher” page 424, “Selucid” changed to “Seleucid”, “M.” changed to “M’.” page 430, “Ptolemic” changed to “Ptolemaic” page 431, “Contantius” changed to “Constantius” page 432, “Catigula” changed to “Caligula”, “Elogabalus” changed to “Elagabalus” page 435, “Majoriamus” changed to “Majorianus”, “Numentines” changed to “Numantines” page 437, “excuted” changed to “executed”, “Antoninus” changed to “Antonius” page 438, “peregrinius” changed to “peregrinus” (twice) page 439, “Proprietorship” changed to “Propraetorship”, “231” changed to “213” page 441, “Achæns” changed to “Achæans” page 442, “P” changed to “P.” page 443, “Q.” changed to “L.”

The capitalization of headings has been normalized on page 4, 5, 57, 129, 138, 139 (twice), 142, 182, 192, 245, 251, 252, 253, 384. The formatting of the index has been normalized in several places.

Variations in hyphenation (e. g. “body-guard” and “bodyguard”; “taxgatherers” and “tax gatherers”; “re-establish” and “reëstablish”), capitalization (“Senate” and “senate”) and the spelling of names (“Cataline” and “Catiline”: “Gaius” and “Caius”; “Mithridates” and “Mithradates”; “Perpena”, “Perperna” and “Perpenna”; “Theoderic” and “Theodoric”) and some other words (e. g. “centurion” and “centurian”; “dispatch” and “despatch”; “manœuver” and “maneuver”; “praetor(ian)” and “pretorian”) have not been changed. Both “ae” (predominantly in the main text) and the ligature “æ” (mostly in the index) are used. Errors in quotations from foreign languages and names have not been corrected.