The Economics of the Russian Village

[37] In reality, the deficit is far greater, inasmuch as a part of the receipts came from the produce raised on rented land. It must also be noticed that taxes are not included...

In the first place, the science of statistics is essentially a science of large numbers. There are many questions, by no means unimportant, which it has been impossible even to...

It is evident that if the reason given by the statistician is true for the bailiwick in question, it holds good _a fortiori_ for the region at large, where the average percentag...

It seems now to be a fairly well established fact in science that at the dawn of the evolution of mankind the individual had not yet differentiated from the social aggregate. Ar...

The bearing of the above discussion upon Middle Russia at large--The economic policy of the Government--Crédit Foncier for the peasants, and its failure--The famine a result of...

The peasantist ideas with regard to the village community found their necessary complement in an economic theory which gathered to itself a large following in Russia some ten ye...

The Russian village community, as has been stated above, was a compound integer of which the unit was the communistic household. The individualistic tendency of the economic evo...

It must be borne in mind, however, that the lines between the classes in the Russian village are as yet far from being as sharply drawn as in countries with developed capitalism...

The region which has been selected for the present discussion comprises two Districts: Dankoff and Ranenburg, (or Oranienburg) in the province (_Gubernia_) of Ryazañ. They are s...

The old laws governing the State peasants, before the reform of 1866, fixed the normal size of the plots at eight dessiatines (about 21 acres) to each male “of the revision” (_i...

Peasant Russia of the time of serfdom was a kind of a single tax realm. Land was treated by the peasantry as the only source of taxable income. Accordingly, the terms of the gen...

When the balance of a peasant farm is closed, year in, year out, with a deficit, it is only of secondary importance whether there be added to it a score of rubles or not, in tax...

Two economic features determined the further development of Russia, after the abolition of serfdom. Personal dependence of the serf was replaced, as above shown, by economic dep...

In Russia we have the case of the so called allotment system on a large scale. The influence of this system was picturesquely elucidated by John Stuart Mill when he stated that...

Thus far we have seen the changes which the parcelling of soil wrought in the constitution of the village population. We are now brought face to face with the question of how sm...

In the vast majority of cases tenure at will did but take the place of the old relations between master and serf.[67] The obligation of the serf toward his master was discharged...

+----------+--------------------------+------------------------+ | | |Ratio to the respective | | |Ratio to the population of|groups of the population| | | 1858. | of 1882. | |...

The Russian village community of historical times--Survivals of communal co-operation--The communistic peasant household--Origins of private property in land--Patrimony and fee-...

The vagueness of class distinctions at a primitive stage of economic development--The peasantist conception of class antagonism in the village--Results of statistical investigat...

The peasantist view of the matter--_The destinies of capitalism in Russia_, by V. V.--Large agriculture and peasant farming--Backwardness of large agriculture--The latter still...

The censuses for the assessment of the poll tax--Redivisions of land--General redivisions--Partial redivisions brought into disuse by the rise of rent--Lease of communal land a...

Normal size of a farm required by the present state of agriculture--Actual size of peasant farms--Legal discrimination--Want of fodder--Depressed condition of stock breeding--Wa...

The position of the peasantists and of the government in the question--Opinions of students of peasant life on the dissolution of the patriarchal family--The typical family of t...

The region selected for review with regard to geographical position and population--Forms of ownership in land--Agrarian communism--Community of land with shares fixed in perpet...

Economic relations arising from the lack of land--Tenure at will--Community as party to the agreement--Easements--Pasture--Tendency toward individualism produced by inequality o...

The taxes in inverse ratio to the income--The redemption tax paid by the former serf--Assessment _per capita_--Arrears in taxes--Bearing upon the peasant’s live stock--The fisca...