Category: History - European

The Economics of the Russian Village

The Russian village community of historical times--Survivals of communal co-operation--The communistic peasant household--Origins of private property in land--Patrimony and fee--Slavery resulting from the obligation of loan--Tenure in fee an institute of public law--Limitation...

Chapters

31. part I., pp. 106-109; Vol. VI., part I., pp. 144-146.

[37] In reality, the deficit is far greater, inasmuch as a part of the receipts came from the produce raised on rented land. It must also be noticed that taxes are not included...

29. CHAPTER XIV.

In the first place, the science of statistics is essentially a science of large numbers. There are many questions, by no means unimportant, which it has been impossible even to...

32. part II., p. 211.)

It is evident that if the reason given by the statistician is true for the bailiwick in question, it holds good _a fortiori_ for the region at large, where the average percentag...

16. CHAPTER I.

It seems now to be a fairly well established fact in science that at the dawn of the evolution of mankind the individual had not yet differentiated from the social aggregate. Ar...

15. CHAPTER XIV. CONCLUSION: THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE FAMINE 157

The bearing of the above discussion upon Middle Russia at large--The economic policy of the Government--Crédit Foncier for the peasants, and its failure--The famine a result of...

28. CHAPTER XIII.

The peasantist ideas with regard to the village community found their necessary complement in an economic theory which gathered to itself a large following in Russia some ten ye...

24. CHAPTER IX.

The Russian village community, as has been stated above, was a compound integer of which the unit was the communistic household. The individualistic tendency of the economic evo...

25. CHAPTER X.

It must be borne in mind, however, that the lines between the classes in the Russian village are as yet far from being as sharply drawn as in countries with developed capitalism...

17. CHAPTER II.

The region which has been selected for the present discussion comprises two Districts: Dankoff and Ranenburg, (or Oranienburg) in the province (_Gubernia_) of Ryazañ. They are s...

18. CHAPTER III.

The old laws governing the State peasants, before the reform of 1866, fixed the normal size of the plots at eight dessiatines (about 21 acres) to each male “of the revision” (_i...

27. CHAPTER XII.

Peasant Russia of the time of serfdom was a kind of a single tax realm. Land was treated by the peasantry as the only source of taxable income. Accordingly, the terms of the gen...

19. CHAPTER IV.

When the balance of a peasant farm is closed, year in, year out, with a deficit, it is only of secondary importance whether there be added to it a score of rubles or not, in tax...

20. CHAPTER V.

Two economic features determined the further development of Russia, after the abolition of serfdom. Personal dependence of the serf was replaced, as above shown, by economic dep...

22. CHAPTER VII.

In Russia we have the case of the so called allotment system on a large scale. The influence of this system was picturesquely elucidated by John Stuart Mill when he stated that...

26. CHAPTER XI.

Thus far we have seen the changes which the parcelling of soil wrought in the constitution of the village population. We are now brought face to face with the question of how sm...

21. CHAPTER VI.

In the vast majority of cases tenure at will did but take the place of the old relations between master and serf.[67] The obligation of the serf toward his master was discharged...

23. CHAPTER VIII.

+----------+--------------------------+------------------------+ | | |Ratio to the respective | | |Ratio to the population of|groups of the population| | | 1858. | of 1882. | |...

2. CHAPTER I. GENERAL SKETCH OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF LANDHOLDING IN

The Russian village community of historical times--Survivals of communal co-operation--The communistic peasant household--Origins of private property in land--Patrimony and fee-...

11. CHAPTER X. THE MODERN AGRICULTURAL CLASSES 104

The vagueness of class distinctions at a primitive stage of economic development--The peasantist conception of class antagonism in the village--Results of statistical investigat...

30. part II., pp. 166, 172; Report of the Secretary of Agriculture, 1890

14. CHAPTER XIII. AGRICULTURE ON A LARGE SCALE 138

The peasantist view of the matter--_The destinies of capitalism in Russia_, by V. V.--Large agriculture and peasant farming--Backwardness of large agriculture--The latter still...

13. CHAPTER XII. THE REDIVISION OF THE COMMUNAL LAND 130

The censuses for the assessment of the poll tax--Redivisions of land--General redivisions--Partial redivisions brought into disuse by the rise of rent--Lease of communal land a...

4. CHAPTER III. THE PRODUCTIVE FORCES OF THE PEASANTRY 47

Normal size of a farm required by the present state of agriculture--Actual size of peasant farms--Legal discrimination--Want of fodder--Depressed condition of stock breeding--Wa...

10. CHAPTER IX. THE DISSOLUTION OF THE PATRIARCHAL FAMILY 90

The position of the peasantists and of the government in the question--Opinions of students of peasant life on the dissolution of the patriarchal family--The typical family of t...

3. CHAPTER II. COMMUNITY OF LAND 37

The region selected for review with regard to geographical position and population--Forms of ownership in land--Agrarian communism--Community of land with shares fixed in perpet...

6. CHAPTER V. COMMUNAL TENURE AND SMALL HOLDINGS 67

Economic relations arising from the lack of land--Tenure at will--Community as party to the agreement--Easements--Pasture--Tendency toward individualism produced by inequality o...

1. Volume II.] [Number 1.

5. CHAPTER IV. TAXATION OF THE PEASANT 59

The taxes in inverse ratio to the income--The redemption tax paid by the former serf--Assessment _per capita_--Arrears in taxes--Bearing upon the peasant’s live stock--The fisca...

7. CHAPTER VI. THE EVOLUTION OF THE FARMER INTO THE AGRICULTURAL

8. CHAPTER VII. THE WAGES IN THE RURAL DISTRICTS 80

12. CHAPTER XI. INDIVIDUAL OWNERSHIP AND AGRARIAN COMMUNISM 123

9. CHAPTER VIII. THE RURAL SURPLUS POPULATION 85