Modern Machine-Shop Practice, Volumes I and II

MODERN MACHINE-SHOP PRACTICE is presented to American mechanics as a complete guide to the operations of the best equipped and best managed workshops, and to the care and manage...

PAGE =Gear-Wheels.= Spur-wheels, bevel-wheels, mitre-wheels, crown-wheels, annular or internal wheels 1 Trundle-wheels, rack and pinion-wheel and tangent screw, or worm and worm...

=Worm and Worm-Wheel=, or wheel and tangent screw 28 to 31 General description of 28 Qualifications of 28 The wear of 28 =Worm-Wheel Teeth=, the sliding motion of 28 When straig...

=Gear Teeth=, revolving cutters for 37 Pantagraph engine for dressing the cutters for 38 Numbers of cutters used for a train of wheels 39 =Gear-Wheel Teeth.= Table of equidistan...

=Screw Threads=, the various forms of 85 The pitch of 85 Self-locking 85 The Whitworth 86 The United States standard 86 The Common V 86 The requirements of 86 Tools for cutting...

=Bolts=, classification of, from the shapes of their heads 112 Classification of, from the shapes of their bodies 112 Countersunk 112 Holes for, classification of 112 For founda...

=Lathe=, the importance and advantages of 129 Classification of lathes 129 Foot 130 Methods of designating the sizes of 130 Bench 130 Power 130 Hand 130 Slide Rest for 131 Ameri...

=Live Spindle= of a lathe, the fit of 157 With coned journals 157 Methods of taking up the end motion of 158 Arranging the swing frame for the change gears 158 Taking up the wea...

=Watchmaker's Lathes= 188 Construction of the headstock 188 Construction of chucks for 188 Expanding chucks for 188 Contracting chucks for 188 Construction of the tailblock 189...

=Drivers=, carriers, dogs, or clamps, and their defects 222 Lathe clamps 222 Equalizing drivers 223 The Clements driver 223 Driver and face plate for screw cutting 223 Forms of,...

=Principles= governing the shapes of lathe tools 254 =Diamond-pointed=, or front tool 254 =Principles= governing use of tools 254 Front rake and clearance of front tools 254 Inf...

=The Twist Drill= 274 Twist drill holders 274 The diametral clearance of twist drills 274 The front rake of twist drills 275 The variable clearance on twist drills as usually gr...

=Technical Terms= used in the work 296 =Lathe Centres= 296 Devices for truing 297 Tools for testing the truth of, for fine work 298 Shapes of, for light and heavy work 299 =Cent...

=Ball Turning= with tubular saw 325 With a single tooth on the end of a revolving tube 325 With a removable tool on an arbor 325 Tool holder with worm feed 325 By hand 325 =Cams...

=Standards of Measurements=, in various countries 341 Use of, by sight and by the sense of feeling 341 Variations in standard gauges 341 The necessity for accurate standards 341...

=End Measurements= of large lathe work 376 Template gauges for 376 Trammels or Trains 377 Adjustable gauges for 377 =Compasses=--Dividers 377 Compass calipers 378 =Key Seating=...

=General description= of a shaping machine 389 =Construction= of swivel head 389 Slide 390 Vice chuck 390 Feed motion 390 =Hand= shaping machine 392 =Quick Return Motion=, Whitw...

=The Sellers= planing machine 406 The belt shifting mechanism 406, 407 The automatic feed motions 408 =Sliding Head= 408 =Cross Bar= 409 =Slides of Planers=, the various forms o...

=Drilling Machines.= General description of a power drilling machine 428 Lever feed 428 With automatic and quick return feed motions 428 Improved, with simple belt and uniform m...

=Jigs or Fixtures= for drilling machines 439 Limits of error in 439 Examples of, for simple work, as for links, &c. 440 Considerations in designing 440 For drilling engine cylin...

=The Brad-awl= 452 =Bits.= The gimlet bit 452 The German bit 452 The nail bit 452 The spoon bit 452 The nose bit 453 The auger bit 453 Cook's auger bit 453 Principles governing...

=Pipe Threading=, die stock for, by hand 463 Die stock for, by power 463 Pipe threading machines, general construction of 463 =Bolt Threading= hand machine 464 With revolving he...

PLATE I. TEMPLATE-CUTTING MACHINES FOR GEAR TEETH. 34 " II. FORMS OF SCREW THREADS. 85 " III. MEASURING AND GAUGING SCREW THREADS. 93 " IV. END-ADJUSTMENT AND LOCKING DEVICES. 1...

A wheel that is provided with teeth to mesh, engage, or gear with similar teeth upon another wheel, so that the motion of one may be imparted to the other, is called, in general...

In Fig. 74 are shown a worm and worm gear partly in section on the line of centres. The worm or tangent screw W is simply one long tooth wound around a cylinder, and its form ma...

The revolving cutters employed in gear-cutting machines, gear-cutters, or cutting engines (as the machines for cutting the teeth of gear-wheels to shape are promiscuously termed...

Each of these parts is marked with the number of teeth the wheel is to contain, and with the pitch of the teeth as shown in Fig. 140, which represents part C full size. Now supp...

Screw threads are employed for two principal purposes--for holding or securing, and for transmitting motion. There are in use, in ordinary machine shop practice, four forms of s...

Bolts are usually designated for size by their diameters measured at the cylindrical stem or body, and by their lengths measured from the inner side of the head to the end of th...

Thus, suppose a stud to have been in place some time, the nut on end E being screwed firmly home on the work, and perhaps somewhat corroded on E. Then the wrench pressure applie...

The lathe may be justly termed the most important of all metal-cutting machine tools. Not only on account of the rapidity of its execution which is due to its cutting continuous...

Although in each class of lathe the requirements may be practically the same, yet there is a variety of different details of construction by means of which these requirements ma...

The lathe is made in many special or limited forms, to suit particular purposes, the object being to increase its efficiency for those purposes, which necessarily diminishes its...

They are termed lathe dogs, drivers, or carriers. It is to be observed, however, that since the term dog is also applied to a device for holding work to the lathe face plate, as...

The cutting tools for lathes are composed of a fine grain of cast steel termed "tool-steel," and are made hard, to enable them to cut, by heating them to a red heat and dipping...

For drilling in the lathe, the twist drill is employed not only on account of its capacity to drill true, straight, and smooth holes, but also because its flutes afford free egr...

TECHNICAL TERMS USED WITH REFERENCE TO LATHE WORK.--Work held between the lathe centres is said to run true, when a fixed point set to touch its perimeter will have an equal deg...

BALL TURNING.--One of the best methods of turning balls of the softer materials, such as wood, bone, or ivory, is shown in Figs. 1248 and 1249, in which are shown a blank piece...

Measurements are primarily derived in Great Britain and her colonies, and in the United States, from the English Imperial or standard yard. This yard is marked upon a bar of "Ba...

"To illustrate the practical importance of knowing the effects of reiterated heating and cooling on iron plates, one of the most obvious examples is the action of heat upon the...

For what may be termed the length measurements of lathe work it is obvious that caliper gauges, such as shown in Fig. 1402, may be employed. Since, however, these length measure...

The office of the shaping machine is to dress or cut to shape such surfaces as can be most conveniently cut by a tool moving across the work in a straight line.

Fig. 1565 represents a planer by William Sellers and Co., of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. This planer is provided with an automatic feed to the sliding head, both horizontally an...

POWER DRILLING MACHINES.--The drilling machine consists essentially of a rotating spindle to drive the drill, a work-holding table, and means of feeding the drill to its cut. Th...

DRILLING JIGS, GUIDES, OR FIXTURES.--When a large number of pieces are to be drilled alike, as in the case when work is done to special gauges, special chucking devices called j...

HAND DRILLING AND BORING TOOLS.--The tools used for piercing holes in wood are generally termed boring tools, while those for metal are termed drilling tools when they cut the h...

In Fig. 1809 is represented a front view of a patent die stock for threading pipe up to six inches in diameter. In the figure the three bits or chasers are shown locked in posit...

=The Milling Machine=; Advantages possessed by 1 The hand milling machine 1 Power milling machine 2 Universal milling machines 2, 3 The Brown and Sharpe Universal Milling Machin...

=Grinding Operations=; Classification of 38 The qualifications of emery wheels 38 Cements used in the manufacture of emery wheels 38 Grades of coarseness and fineness of emery w...

=Gear Cutters=--The Brainard Automatic 55 Plan view of the mechanism 55 Method of operating the cutter slide 55 The arrangement of the positive feed shipping motion 55 Arrangeme...

=Definition of Vise Work= 62 =The Vise= 62 The height of vise jaws 62 The wood-worker's vise 62 The Stephens vise 62 Swivelling vises 62 The Prentiss vise 62 Leg vise with paral...

=Examples in Vise Work= 100 to 113 The use of chisels 100 File cutting 100 Cutting key seats 101 Sinking feathers in shafts 101 Methods of securing feathers 102 Filing up a doub...

=Examples in Vise Work= 113 to 127 The various form of connecting rods 113 Solid ended connecting rods 113 Clip ended connecting rod 114 Strap ended connecting rod 115 Double gi...

=Spirit-level= 136 =Plumb-level= 136 =Joints= 136 to 141 Filing or making joints 137 Ground joints 137 Scraped joints 137 Cylinder covered joints 137 Making a scraped joint with...

=Engine Guide Bars= 162 Setting 162 The spring of 162 Testing 163 Setting by stretched lines 163 =Heating and Knocking of Engines= 164 The ordinary causes of 164, 166 =Aligning...

=Line Shafting= 187 to 190 Sizes of 187 Cold rolled shafting 187 Distance between bearings of line shafting 187 Tests of hot rolled and cold rolled shafting 188 Collars for shaf...

=Classification= 200, 201 Wood pulleys 200 Solid and split pulleys 200 Expansion pulleys 200 Self-oiling pulleys 200 Crowned pulleys 201 =Fastening= pulleys to their shafts 201...

=Hides= 207, 208 The parts of a hide used for belting 207 The thickness and stretch of the parts of a hide 207 Experiments on the strength of the parts of a hide 208 =Single and...

=Testing Iron= by bending it 226 Testing machines 227, 228 =Tools for Blacksmiths= 228 to 232 Forges 228, 229 Chisels, &c. 230 Anvils 230 Swages 230, 231 Spring swages 231 Swage...

=Pattern Making= 264, 267 Choice and preservation of wood for 264 =Bending Timber= 265, 266 The bending block 265, 266 Steaming wood for bending 266, 267 =Wood Working Tools= 26...

=Classification= 287 =Circular Saws= 287 to 305 Gauges for circular saws 287 Table of diameters 287 Thickness 287 Size of mandrel hole 287 Shingle saw 287, 288 Concave saw 287,...

=Strength of Boiler Shells= 350 =Strength of Boiler Plate= 351 Explanation of pressure in steam boilers 351 =Boiler Joints or Seams= 351 to 357 Forms of rivet joints 351 Single...

=Engine Cylinders= 372 to 374 The bores of 372 Sizes of 372 Wear of 372 Counterbore of 372 Clearance in 372 Lubrication of 373 The cocks of 373 Relief valves of 373 The steam po...

=Modern Freight Locomotive= 389, 390 General construction 389 Course of steam from boiler to smoke stack 389 Boiler feed 389 Position of parts for starting 389 Steam supply to i...

=Power= 405 =Lever= 405 The principles of 405 Wheels and pulleys considered as levers 405, 406 Power transmitted by gear wheels and pulleys combined 407 =Horse Power= 407 Calcul...

=Computations from Indicator Diagrams= 413 =Indicators= 413 Description of 413 Thompson indicator 413 Tabor indicator 413 Diagrams 414 Admission of steam to indicator 414 Expans...

=Definition= 423 =Corliss Automatic Cut-off Engine= 423, 424 Valve gear of 424, 425 Governor of 425, 426 Admission of steam into 426 Lap of valve of 426, 427 =High Speed Automat...

=Various Kinds of Marine Engines= 434 to 451 High pressure engines 434 Compound condensing engines 434, 435 Triple expansion engines 436 Donkey engines 442 Trunk engines 446 Osc...

=Plates for Marine Boilers= 452 Iron 452 Steel 452 Strength of 452 =Boiler Stays= 452 Methods of securing 452 =Boiler Tubes= 452 Methods of securing 452 Causes of leaks 452 Repa...

=Purposes= 460 To resist wear 460 To increase elasticity 460 To provide a cutting edge 460 =Manufacturer's Temper= 460 =Blacksmith's Temper= 460 =Color Tempering= 460 =Practical...

_Frontispiece._ COMPOUND MARINE ENGINE. TITLE PAGE PLATE I. EXAMPLE OF MILLING MACHINE. 10 " II. EXAMPLES OF MILLING MACHINES. 12 " III. EXAMPLES OF MILLING MACHINES. 16 " IV. E...

THE MILLING MACHINE.--The advantages of the milling machine lie first in its capacity to produce work as true and uniform as the wear of cutting edges will permit (which is of e...

1st. Tool or cutter grinding, in which the emery wheel is used to sharpen tools which, from their shape, were formerly softened and sharpened by the file, already largely treate...

The Brainard automatic gear cutter, Figs. 2069, 2070, 2071 and 2072 is arranged to cut spur, bevel, and worm-wheels, and is of that class where the manipulations required in gea...

Vice work may be said to include all those operations performed by the machinist that are not included in the work done by machine tools. In England vice work is divided into tw...

In most of the operations of the machine-shop, the work of the chisel is followed by that of the file; hence, as an example in the use of the chisel independent of that of the f...

There are two principal kinds of connecting rods, first those in which the brasses fit in spaces provided in the solid rod, and which are known as solid-ended connecting rods, a...

ERECTING.--The term erecting is applied in large work to the operations involved in fitting the parts to their places on the engine or machine, as well as to placing them upon t...

In engines having suspended guide bars, it is not uncommon to set those bars by the working parts of the engine, instead of by lines. This is an advantage when the parts of the...

LINE SHAFTING.--A line of shafting is one continuous run or length composed of lengths joined together by couplings. The main line of shafting is that which receives the power f...

Pulleys for the transmission of power by belt may be divided into two principal classes, the solid and the split pulley. The former is either cast in one entire piece, or the hu...

In Fig. 2656 the oblong portion between the two belly parts marked G G is known as the "butt," and when split down the ridge, as shown by the dotted line down the centre, the tw...

FORGING.--The operation of forging consists in beating or compressing metal into shape, and may be divided into five classes, viz., hand-forging, drop-forging, machine-forging,...

PATTERN-MAKING.--Of the different kinds of wood serviceable to the pattern-maker, pine is, for many reasons, usually employed. It should be of the best quality, straight-grained...

The thicknesses of circular saws is designated in terms of the Birmingham wire gauge, whose numbers and thicknesses are shown in Fig. 3078, where a Birmingham wire gauge is show...

The boiler for a steam engine requires the most careful usage and inspection, in the first case because a good boiler may be destroyed very rapidly by careless usage, and in the...

The high pressure steam engine, in whatever form it exists, consists of a frame or bed plate carrying two distinct mechanisms, first, the driving or power-transmitting mechanism...

For generating the steam we have the boiler, which at the front end is firmly bolted to the engine cylinders, which are in turn bolted to the frames, while at the back end the b...

Power is distinguishable from force or pressure in that the term power means force or pressure in motion, and since this motion cannot occur without the expenditure of the force...

The indicator is an instrument which marks or draws a figure, or diagram as it is called, which shows the pressure there is in the cylinder at every point in the piston stroke,...

An automatic cut off engine is one in which the valve gear is so acted upon by the governor as to keep the speed of the engine uniform under variations of the load the engine dr...

1. With a single or with two cylinders receiving live steam from the boilers, and exhausting into the atmosphere. These are termed high pressure engines, let the steam pressure...

Boilers for marine engines are, in England, made of special qualities of plate, the best being termed Yorkshire, and a nearly equal grade, Staffordshire. The plates for the shel...

The second is more difficult, because the quality of the steel employed for such purposes is variable, and hence the tempering process must be varied to suit the steel. The thir...