CHAPTER XLIV.--HARDENING AND TEMPERING.

Hardening and tempering processes are performed upon steel for three purposes:

1st. To enable it to resist abrasion and wear.

2nd. To increase its elasticity.

3rd. To enable it to cut hard substances and increase the durability of the cutting edge.

Of these, the first is the simplest, because the precise degree of hardness imparted is not of vital importance.

The second is more difficult, because the quality of the steel employed for such purposes is variable, and hence the tempering process must be varied to suit the steel. The third is of the greatest importance, because the articles to be tempered are the most expensive to make, the duty obtained is of the greatest consequence to manufacturing pursuits, and the fine grade of steel employed renders it more liable to crack in the hardening process.

In those mechanical parts of machines which are hardened to resist abrasion and wear, the quality or grade of the steel is very often selected with a view to obtain strength in the parts and ease of mechanical manipulation in cutting them to the required shape, rather than to the capacity of the steel to harden. Hence, tougher and more fibrous grades of soft steel termed "Machine" steel, are employed, meaning that the steel is especially suitable for the working parts of machines. This class of steel is of a lower grade than that known as "tool" steel. It is softer, works, both on the anvil and in the lathe, more easily, and will bear heating to a higher temperature without deteriorating. It approaches more nearly to wrought iron, and is sometimes made of so low a grade as to be scarcely distinguishable therefrom.

The kinds of steel used where elasticity is desired are known as spring steel, blister steel, and shear or double-shear steel, although, for small springs, steel of the tool-steel class is often employed.

The word _temper_, as used by the manufacturer of steel, means the percentage of carbon it contains, the following being the most useful tempers of cast steel.

_Razor Temper_ (1-1/2 per cent. carbon).--This steel is so easily burnt by being overheated that it can only be placed in the hands of a very skilful workman. When properly treated it will do twice the work of ordinary tool steel for turning chilled rolls, &c.

_Saw-file Temper_ (1-3/8 per cent. carbon).--This steel requires careful treatment, and although it will stand more fire than the preceding temper should not be heated above a cherry red.

_Tool Temper_ (1-1/4 per cent. carbon).--The most useful temper for turning tools, drills, and planing-machine tools in the hands of ordinary workmen. It is possible to weld cast steel of this temper, but not without care and skill.

_Spindle Temper_ (1-1/8 per cent. carbon).--A very useful temper for mill picks, circular cutters, very large turning tools, taps, screwing dies, &c. This temper requires considerable care in welding.

_Chisel Temper_ (1 per cent. carbon).--An extremely useful temper, combining, as it does, great toughness in the unhardened state, with the capacity of hardening at a low heat. It may also be welded without much difficulty. It is, consequently, well adapted for tools, where the unhardened part is required to stand the blow of a hammer without snipping, and where a hard cutting edge is required, such as cold chisels, hot salts, &c.

_Set Temper_ (7/8 per cent. carbon).--This temper is adapted for tools where the chief punishment is on the unhardened part, such as cold sets, which have to stand the blows of a very heavy hammer.

_Die Temper_ (3/4 per cent. carbon).--The most suitable temper for tools where the surface only is required to be hard, and where the capacity to withstand great pressure is of importance, such as stamping or pressing dies, boiler cups, &c. Both the last two tempers may be easily welded by a mechanic accustomed to weld cast steel.

The preference of an expert temperer for a particular brand of steel is, by no means, to be taken as proof of the superiority of that steel for the specific purpose. It may be that, under his conditions of manipulation, it is the best, but it may also be that, under a slight variation of treatment, other brands would be equal or even superior. It may be accepted as a rule that the reputation of a steel for a particular purpose is a sufficient guarantee of its adaptability to that purpose, and all that is necessary to a practical man is to be guided by the reputation of the brand of steel, and only change when he finds defects in the results, or ascertains that others are using a different steel with superior results.

Where large quantities of steel are used the steel manufacturers in many cases request customers to state for what particular purposes the steel is required, their experience teaching them what special grade of their make of steel is most suitable.

To harden steel it is heated to what is termed a "cherry red" and then dipped into water and held there until its temperature is reduced to that of the water.

_Tempering_ steel as the blacksmith practises it consists in modifying, lowering, or tempering the degree of hardness obtained by hardening. The hardening of steel makes it brittle and weak in proportion as it is hardened, but this brittleness and weakness are removed and the steel recovers the strength and toughness due to its soft state in proportion as it is lowered or tempered.

When therefore a tool requires more strength than it possesses when hardened, it is strengthened by tempering it. Tempering proceeds in precise proportion as the temperature of the hardened steel is raised. When the steel is heated to redness the effects of the hardening are entirely removed, and the steel, if allowed to cool slowly, is softened or annealed. To distinguish maximum hardness from any lesser degree the terms to give the steel "all the water," or to harden it "right out" are employed, both signifying that the steel was heated to at least a clear red, was cooled off in the water before being removed from the same, and was not subsequently tempered or modified in its hardness. If a piece of steel has its surface bright and is slowly heated, that surface will assume various colors, beginning with a pale straw color (which begins when the steel is heated to about 430°) and proceeds as in the following table:--

Fahr. Very pale yellow 430° Straw yellow 460 Brown yellow 500 Light purple 530 Dark purple 550 Clear blue 570 Pale blue 610 Blue tinged with green 630

It happens that between the degree of hardness of hardened steel and the temper due to reheating it up to about 600° Fahr. lie all the degrees of hardness which experience has taught us are necessary for all steel-cutting tools. Hence we may use the appearance of colors as equivalent to a thermometer, and this is called color-tempering. The presence of these colors or of any one of the tints of color, however, is no guarantee that the steel has been tempered or possesses any degree of hardness above the normal condition, because they appear upon steel that is soft or has not been hardened. To obtain exact results by color tempering, therefore, the steel must first be thoroughly hardened, and this is known in practice by the whiteness of the hardened surface.

Any number of pieces hardened so as to have a white surface may be tempered to an equal degree of color, or heated to an equal thermometrical temperature, with the assurance that they will possess a degree of hardness sufficiently uniform for all practical purposes; but if their hardened surfaces have dark patches, tempering to an equal tint of color is no guide as to their degree of temper. Successful tempering, therefore, must be preceded by proper hardening.

The muffle should therefore bear such a proportion in size that when heated to a blood red, and taken from the fire, its temperature will be reduced to nearly that of the steel when it has acquired its proper degree of temper.

The shape of the bore of the muffle should always conform to that of the article tempered; for round work, a round muffle; for square work, a square one; and so on. The muffle should be shorter than the work, so that the tempering of either end of the work may be retarded, if it is proceeding too fast, by allowing that end to protrude through the muffle.

Color tempering, it will be observed, gives us no guide or idea of any of the degrees of temper which occur while the hardened steel is being heated up to about 430° Fahr.; and thus it leaves us in the dark as to all the ranges of hardness existing in steel thoroughly hardened and tempered to any degree less than that due to about 430° degrees of reheating. How wide this range may be can be appreciated when it is remembered that in the color test there are only 200° of heat between the hardness known as straw color, which is hard enough for almost all cutting purposes, and blue, tinged with green, which is almost normal softness.

It is for this reason (among others) that where very exact results are to be obtained and a large number of pieces are to be tempered, fluxes, heated to the required temperature, are very often employed.

Color tempering is conducted in different ways. In a muffle, in heated sand, with hot pieces of flat iron, and in boxes heated to the requisite temperature in an oven, the temperature being indicated by a pyrometer or heat-gauge. The articles to be tempered remain in the oven a length of time determined by experiment or experience, these being influenced by the size and substance, or thickness, of the pieces.

A muffle is a tube or cylinder receiving its heat from the outside and open at the end or ends to receive the steel. Where tempering is carried on continuously the muffle is kept in the fire, although it is claimed by many that better results are obtained by removing it from the fire when heated. It is obvious that if the muffle is heated evenly the steel will temper most evenly by being held in the centre of the muffle, or the piece may be revolved and moved endways in the muffle in order that the steel may heat evenly. The tempering should always proceed slowly, otherwise the heat may not have time to penetrate the steel to the centre, the outside tempering more quickly, thus the tool will be weak because of the undue hardness of the interior metal. Furthermore, protruding edges, or slight sections of the steel, may reduce to the required temper before the main body of the steel, which induces either serious weakness of the insufficiently tempered part, or softness in the thin sections, providing that the steel is kept long enough in the muffle to temper the main body to the proper degree.

In heating steel to harden it, especial care is necessary, particularly when the tool is one finished to size, if its form is slight or irregular, or if it is a very long one, because unless the conditions both of heating and cooling be such that the temperature is raised and lowered uniformly throughout the mass, a change of form known as _warping_ will ensue. If one part gets hotter than another it expands more, and the form of the steel undergoes the change necessary to accommodate this local expansion, and this alteration of shape becomes permanent. In work finished and fitted this is of very great consideration, and, in the case of tools, it often assumes sufficient importance to entirely destroy their value. If, then, an article has a thin side, it requires to be so manipulated in the fire that such side shall not become heated in advance of the rest of the body of the metal, or it will become locally distorted or warped, because, though there may exist but little difference in the temperature of the various parts, the more solid parts are too strong to give way to permit the expansion: hence the latter is accommodated at the expense of the form of the weakest part of the article.

Pieces, such as long taps, are very apt to warp both in the fire and in the water. In heating, they should rest upon an even bed of coked coal, and be revolved almost continuously while moved endways in the fire; or when the length is excessive, they may be rested in a heated tube, so that they may not bend of their own weight. So, likewise, spirals may be heated upon cylindrical pieces of iron or tubes to prevent their own weight from bending or disarranging the coils.

Experiments have demonstrated that the greater part of the hardness of steel depends upon the quickness with which its temperature is reduced from about 500° to a few degrees below 500°, and metal heated to 500° must be surrounded by a temperature which renders the existence of water under atmospheric pressure impossible; hence, so long as this temperature exists the steel cannot be in contact with the water, or, in other words, the heat from the steel vaporizes the immediately surrounding water. The vapour thus formed penetrates the surrounding water and is condensed, and from this action there is surrounding the steel a film of vapour separating the water from the steel, which continues so long as the heat from the steel is sufficiently great to maintain the film against the pressure of the water and the power of the water which rushes toward the steel to fill the spaces left vacant by the condensation of the vapour as it meets a cooler temperature and condenses. The thickness of the vapour film depends mainly upon the temperature of the steel; but here another consideration claims attention. As the heated steel enters the water the underneath side is constantly meeting water at its normal temperature, while the upper side is surrounded by water that the steel has passed by, and, to a certain extent, raised the temperature of. Hence, the vapour on the underneath side is the thinnest, because it is attacked with colder water and with greater force, because of the motion of the steel in dipping. For these reasons it is desirable, especially with thick pieces of steel, to inject the water in a full stream upon the article, as is done in the Brown & Sharpe hardening tanks.

In cases where a great many pieces are to be hardened and tempered to an even degree, the steel is heated for the hardening in a flue with the advantage that contact between the heated steel and the impurities (as sulphur or silicon) of ordinary fuels is avoided, and also that all the pieces may be heated, and therefore hardened, to a uniform degree. The capacity of this system is great, because a number of pieces can be heated without fear of any of them becoming overheated if not attended to immediately. Thus the Waltham Watch Co. heat their mainsprings for the hardening in a flux composed of melted salt and cyanide of potash, the latter serving to clean the surface of the steel; but as the latter wastes it requires to be added occasionally.

The Watch Company, however, find this mixture will not do for the hair springs, as it alters (to a very small degree, however) the nature of the steel; hence these springs are heated for hardening in melted glass.

The Pratt and Whitney Co. heat their taps, &c., for hardening in a composition of equal quantities of salt and cyanide of potash, adding the latter as it wastes, and temper them by the cold test.

The Morse Twist Drill Co. use a similar compound for heating to harden, and the following apparatus for dipping. In a large tank having a free water circulation, stand two pots of a capacity of about five gallons each, one of these contains cyanide of potash and salt, and another sperm oil. The heated work is dipped for an instant into the pot containing the potash and salt, which clean the surface of the steel, and then cooled in the main water tank; but if the work is, from its shape, liable to crack, it is at the final cooling dipped in the pot of sperm oil instead of in the water.

Before heating the steel it is dipped in soft soap to prevent oxidation, and on dipping it into the potash and salt pot it causes a cracking sound, the operator knowing from the sound if the mixture is proper, and how long to hold the steel therein.

This company first fill the heating pot with salt, and then add cyanide of potash until a trial of the tool gives quite satisfactory results, adding cyanide of potash as the work proceeds to make up for the evaporation and keep the mixture of the compound correct.

In many cases it is considered an advantage to harden the outside of an article, keeping the inside as soft as possible so as to increase the strength. In such case the article may be heated in red-hot lead, the surface of which may be covered with charcoal. Under these conditions the outside of the article, especially if thick, will get red hot in advance of the inside.

Articles having thick and thin sections may be heated in fluxes to great advantage, the thick side being immersed first, and the article being lowered very slowly into the pot of lead. If the shape of the article is such as to render it liable to crack in the water because of containing holes or sharp corners in weak parts, these holes and sharp corners may be filled with fire-clay, the dipping water may be heated to about 50°, and salt (1 lb. per gallon of water) added to it.

The Monitor Sewing Machine Company harden and temper their spiral springs at one operation, by heating them to a blood-red heat and quenching them in a mixture of milk and water, which will give an excellent result, providing that the springs are heated to precise uniformity and the mixture of milk and water is correct. For a process of this kind (which is very expeditious, because the hardening and tempering is performed at one operation), the steel should be heated to a very uniform temperature, and a mixture of, say, two-thirds milk and one-third water tried at first, more milk being added to lower the temper, or more water to increase it if necessary.

Saws are hardened in compositions of animal oil, such as whale-oil, with which resin, pitch, and tallow are sometimes mixed.

Resin hardens but somewhat crystallises the metal, but it is used because, on common saws, the scale will not strike properly without it. Tallow gives body to the liquid and causes it to extract the heat quickly from the steel (and the hardening is solely due to the rapid extraction of the heat). In addition to this, the saws hardened in oil and tallow show a very fine grain if fractured, and are tough. The effect of pitch is much the same as that of resin. In place of tallow, bees-wax is sometimes used, giving an excellent result. A very little spirits of turpentine mixed with the oil every time it is used (that is, for every batch) is an excellent ingredient to cause the scale to strike, but being very inflammable, it is somewhat dangerous. If none of these ingredients are used, and the scale does not strike, it acts as a fine separating lining, preventing the contact between the metal and the liquid, and hence retarding the cooling, and therefore the hardening.

Let us suppose some thin saws of the finest grade of steel are to be tempered. The liquid would be about half a barrel of tallow to a barrel of whale-oil (which will harden as hard as glass). After the temperature of the saw is reduced to that of the bath, it is removed, the adhering oil is removed, and the surface dried by an application of sawdust, and the tempering process may be proceeded with.

There are three methods of drawing the temper. One is with the saw lying in the open furnace; a second, an English plan, is with the saw stretched in a frame, so as to prevent its warping, and in fact, to cause the tempering to aid in straightening the saw; and the third is to temper between flat dies.

In the first, the temper is determined by the appearance of the saw in the furnace. The saw absorbs some of the liquid in which it was quenched to harden it; and as it is reheated to temper it, this oil passes off as a cloud, or rather as a breath passes off the surface of a window-pane. This action takes place first on the lower surface of the saw, nearest to the furnace bottom, the oil exuding in a mist-like form. The length of time the saw must remain in the furnace after the cloud has passed off is determined by the thickness of the saw and the heat of the furnace, the operator being guided entirely by experience; but when the saw is taken from the furnace, it will have a very dark-red glimmer, and must be laid flat and allowed to cool off in the air, for if again dipped it would be too hard. When cool, the saw thus tempered will be of a sky-blue color, and will spring from point to butt without bend or break. This process requires skilful management and good judgment, but will give most excellent results. The main objection to it is, that it is expensive, since it gives no aid to the straightening processes.

The straightening frame, or English tempering system, is as follows: The plates of steel are made of a size that will cut into four saws. The furnace front is provided with a tramway extending to the floor of the furnace, and on this runs the stretcher-frame. The plates are stretched in the frame, which is run into the furnace so that the plate is heated under a tension, which operates to straighten them. As the temper lowers, the screws of the stretcher are turned, increasing the tension; when the tempering is done, the screws are made to stretch the plates very tight just previous to taking it from the fire, and the plates are allowed partly to cool off while kept in the frame. In this process the indications of the temper are determined as in the first process. In the third process, the saws are placed between a stationary and a movable die provided in the body of the furnace, the movable one descending and pressing the saw to the other die; thus the tempering is accompanied by a flattening process (the dies being operated by pressure). The degree of temper is regulated by the temperature to which the saws are heated, which is ascertained by a pyrometer. The furnace is kept at a constant temperature, and the length of time the saw remains between the dies is varied to suit the thickness of the saw. The gain due to this system is, that less straightening is required and a determinate temperature is secured. Some makers claim that in this system the vapour of oil that exudes from the saw has no means of escape, and that a chemical effect injurious to the steel ensues; and furthermore that the temperature of the dies will be greatest at or near their circumference, and hence the teeth and back and the ends of the saw will be softer than the middle of the width and length of the saw, and that if two saws, one above the other, be placed on the dies at once, the contacting surfaces of the saws will be the hardest, and those surfaces will be black by reason of the oil burning into the steel, instead of exuding, as in the open furnace process.

The floor of the tempering furnace should be flat and even; for if any part of the saw-plate lies suspended, it will sag when heated, greatly increasing the amount of straightening required. The furnace must be so constructed as to heat evenly all over, otherwise the temper of the saw will not be even. The air must be carefully excluded to prevent the steel from decarbonizing, which being thin, it is very apt to do. Thin saws warp proportionally as they are heated more, and if they are allowed to remain longer in the furnace and not heated too quickly, existing buckles or bends will partly straighten themselves in the furnace. Care must be taken to keep the tongs clear of the teeth, and in taking the saws from the furnace the length of the saw must stand at a right angle to the operator (two pairs of tongs being used), so that the saw's own weight shall not cause it to bend. The saw must be transferred from the furnace to the bath very quickly, to prevent, as much as possible, its cooling in the air; for such cooling would take place unequally, causing the saw to warp, as well as impairing the temper. It should be dipped with the length horizontal, the teeth downward and the side faces vertical, and plunged quickly into the bath. On being dipped in the hardening liquid, they warp again, but the dipping may be manipulated to partly regulate the warping. From the moment the cold air strikes the plate a warping process sets in, hence quickness in transferring from the furnace to the bath is a great point. When the saw is hot enough to temper, the scale will begin to rise upon its surface, and if the furnace is unequally heated, the scale will arise first at the hottest part, instantly notifying the operator of the defect.

From the appearance of the surface of the saw after it comes from the hardening bath, the operator can see if it is properly hardened. If so, the scale will be what is termed "struck," that is, it has come off, leaving the surface from a grey to a white color; while if the scale remains in dark patches, the saw is too soft in those parts.

After the saws are tempered they are allowed to cool in the open air, and then require to be straightened by the hammer, and in this process the tempering has been interfered with, inasmuch as that the elasticity due to the tempering has been counterbalanced to some extent by the local condensation of the metal induced by the immediate effects of the hammer blows. The condensation of the metal has impaired the natural grain or fibre of the metal, and stiffens it so that if the saw be bent these stiffened hammer marks will cause it to remain set instead of springing back straight, as it should do. To remove this defect the saws are what is termed _stiffened_, that is, they are heated until the surface assumes a yellow color, when they are removed and allowed to cool. This causes the metal condensed by the hammer to assume its natural structural condition, and permits the tempering to spring the saw back straight, even though it be bent until the two ends touch, and the bend carried half way along the blade by carrying one end forward along the blade surface. The yellow color is subsequently removed by an application of a solution of muriatic acid.

The method employed by the Tomlinson Carriage Spring Company for carriage springs is as follows:--

The spring plates are heated to bend them to the _former_, which is a plate serving as a gauge whereby to bend the plate to its proper curve, which operation is performed quickly enough to leave the steel sufficiently hot for the hardening; hence the plates after bending are dipped edgeways and level into a tank of linseed oil which sets in a tank of circulating water, the latter serving to keep the oil at about a temperature of 70° when in constant use. About 3 inches from the bottom of the oil tank is a screw to prevent the plates from falling to the bottom among the refuse.

To draw the temper the hardened springs are placed in the furnace, which has the air-blast turned off, and when the scale begins to rise, showing that the adhering oil is about to take fire, they are turned end for end in the furnace so as to heat them equally all over. When the oil blazes and is freely blazed off, the springs are removed and allowed to cool in the open air, but if the heat of a plate, when dipped in the oil to harden is rather low, it is cooled, after blazing, in water. The cooling after blazing thus being employed to equalize any slight difference in the heat of the spring when hardened.

The furnace is about 10 inches wide and about 4 inches longer than the longest spring. The grate bars are arranged _across_ the furnace with a distance of 3/8 inch between them. The coal used is egg anthracite. It is first placed at the back of the furnace, and raked forward as it becomes ignited and burns clearly. For shorter springs the coal is kept banked at the back of the furnace, so that the full length of the furnace is not operative, which, of course, saves fuel. By feeding the fire at the back end of the furnace, the gases formed before the coal burns clearly pass up the chimney without passing over the plates, which heat over a clear fire.

For commoner brands of steel, what is termed a water-chill temper is given. This process is not as good as oil-tempering, but serves excellently for the quality of steel on which it is employed. The process is as follows: The springs are heated and bent to shape on the _former_ plate as before said; while at a clear red heat, and still held firmly to the _former_ plate, water is poured from a dipper passed along the plate. The dipper is filled four or five times, according to the heat of the plate, which is cooled down to a low or very deep red. The cooling process on a plate 1-1/2 × 1/4 inches occupies about 6 seconds on an average, but longer if the steel was not at a clear red, and less if of a brighter red, when the cooling began. Some brands of steel of the _Swede steel_ class will not temper by the water-chill process while yet other brands will not harden in oil, in which case water is used to dip the plates in for hardening, the tempering being blazing in oil as described. In all cases, however, steel that will not harden in oil will not temper by the water-chill process.

The Columbia Car Spring Company temper their springs as follows:--Using "Gregory crucible steel," heating is performed in a furnace consuming gas coke, but the furnace has a number of return enclosed flues, and between these flues (one over the other), are ovens, the heat passing through the brick-work forming the flues into the ovens. To facilitate renewing the ovens (which of course also renews the flues), the floor of each oven (which forms the ceiling of the oven below), is built on iron supports, protected by the brick-work and suitable fire clay, the bricks all being made to pattern, thus involving very little labor in building. The furnace doors are at the ends, and are kept closed as much as possible. In this way the steel has no contact with the products of combustion of the fuel, and the air is excluded as far as practicable (two valuable features). The furnaces are long and narrow, and not being connected with the flue there is but little disposition for the cold air to rush in when the furnace doors are opened.

The hardening and tempering of springs whose coils are of thick cross-section is performed at one operation as follows: The springs are heated in the furnace or oven described, and are first immersed for a certain period in a tank containing fish oil (obtained from the fish "_Moss Bunker_," and termed "_straights_"), and are then removed and cooled in a tank of water. The period of immersion in the oil is governed solely by the operator's judgment, depending upon the thickness of the cross-section of the spring coil, or, in other words, the diameter of the round steel of which the spring is made.

The table below gives examples of the hardening and tempering in this way of springs of the following dimensions:--

Number of coils in spring 5-3/4 Length of the spring 6 inches. Outside diameter of coils 4-3/4 Diameter of steel 1

+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | | Time of | Number of | | Examples. | Immersion | Swings in | | | in Oil. | Oil. | +-----------+-----------+-----------+ | | Seconds. | | |First | 28 | 35 | |Second | 36 | 46 | |Third | 27 | 36 | |Fourth | 38 | 40 | +-----------+-----------+-----------+

As will be seen, the spring in the first example was immersed in the oil and slowly swung back and forth for 28 seconds, having been given 35 swings during that time. Upon removal from the oil the spring took fire, was redipped for one second, and then put in the cold water tank to cool off.

The following are examples in hardening and tempering springs of the following dimensions:--

Number of coils in the springs 6 Length of the springs 9 inches. Inside diameter of coils 3-1/4 Size of steel 1 × 1-1/2 square.

+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | | Time of | Number of | | Examples. | Immersion | Swings in | | | in Oil. | Oil. | +-----------+-----------+-----------+ | | Seconds. | | |First | 9 | 12 | |Second | 8 | 12 | |Third | 8 | 12 | |Fourth | 9 | 12 | |Fifth | 9 | 12 | |Sixth | 9 | 12 | +-----------+-----------+-----------+

To keep the tempering oil cool and at an even temperature, the tank of fish oil was in a second or outer tank containing water, a circulation of the latter being maintained by a pump. The swinging of the coils causes a circulation of the oil, while at the same time it hastens the cooling of the spring. The water tank was kept cool by a constant stream and overflow. If a spring, upon being taken from the oil, took fire, it was again immersed as in the first example. Resin and pitch are sometimes added to the oil to increase its hardening capacity, if necessary.

The test to which these springs were subjected was to compress them until the coils touched each other, measuring the height of the spring after each test, and continuing the operation until at two consecutive tests the spring came back to its height before the two respective compressions. The amount of set under these conditions is found to vary from 3/8 inch, in comparatively weak, to 7/8 inch for large stiff ones.

The New Haven Clock Company heat their springs in a furnace burning wood, the springs being _kept in the flames only_, and quenched in a composition of the following proportions:--"To a barrel of oil 10 quarts of resin and 12 quarts of tallow are added."

If the springs "fly," that is, break, more tallow is added, but if the fracture indicates brittleness or granulation of the steel, rather than excessive hardness, a ball of yellow beeswax, of about 6 inches in diameter, is added to the above.

These springs are tempered, singly, to a reddish purple by being placed on a frame having horizontally radiating arms like a "star," which is attached at the end of a vertical rod. The spring is laid on the "star" and lowered into a pot of melted lead, being held there a length of time dictated by the judgment of the operator.

The star-shaped frame is termed a sinker, and if upon being lifted from the lead the colour of the spring is too high, a second immersion is given.

APPENDICES

APPENDIX--PART I.

TEST QUESTIONS FOR ENGINEERS.

An efficient engineer must certainly be able to determine any practical question that may arise in the management, not only of his engine and boiler, but also in that of such shafting, pulleys, gear wheels, etc., as may constitute the driving gear connected with the engine.

A very moderate examination of an engineer (whether to test his suitability for employment or for promotion) should therefore include questions tending to determine his capability to give such directions as may be necessary when the engine or shafting breaks down, or when alterations are to be made and he is consulted with reference to them. The following questions have been framed with a view to include such information as a first-class engineer, and even an assistant or night engineer, may be expected to possess, and a large proportion of these questions have been taken from actual engineers' examinations in various parts of the country.

In many cases engineers of manufactories are required to make, as far as possible, their own repairs and sometimes indeed also the repairs to the machinery the engine drives, but to give questions covering this ground would be to refer the reader to nearly every page in the two volumes, which is manifestly impracticable.

=Matching gear wheels.=--Suppose you were running a hoisting engine whose pinion had 15 teeth, driving a wheel with 150 teeth in it; if the pinion had teeth with radial flanks, what orders would you send to get another wheel that would work with the pair?--For answer, see Volume I., page 15.

=Radial flanks.=--If a pinion has radial flanks what information does that give to the engineer if at any time he requires to order another wheel to work with it? I. 15.

=Teeth of gear wheels.=--What is the difference between an epicycloidal tooth and an involute tooth of a gear wheel? I. 8, 13.

=Ordering bevel gears.=--Two lines of shafting are to be connected by a pair of bevel gears and one is to run twice as fast as the other; how would you find the bevel of the wheels so as to be able to tell the maker what was wanted, and what dimensions would you give, leaving the pitch and the shape of the teeth out of the question? I. 22.

=Ordering taps.=--Suppose you were ordering a set of taps for use in the engine room, what precautions would you be obliged to take as to the shape of the thread in order to get proper taps? I. 85.

=Fitting a nut.=--Will a nut having a United States standard thread fit a bolt having a common V thread, both threads having the same pitch and diameter, and how could you tell one bolt from the other? I. 85.

=Curing a pounding cam.=--Suppose some part of the machinery driven by an engine had a cam motion with a small roller which hammered and pounded on the cam, how would you cure the defect? I. 83.

=Ordering a new spur wheel.=--Suppose a spur wheel broke and you wanted to give the diameter for a new one, where would you measure the diameter of the old one? I. 1.

=Comparing screw threads.=--What is the difference between the common V thread and the United States standard thread? I. 85.

=Using two set screws.=--When two set screws are placed in a hub how should they be located? I. 127.

=Best lathe tool.=--What is the most useful turning tool for a hand lathe, such as is sometimes provided for an engineer to make repairs with? I. 331.

=Fitting a crank pin.=--How would you proceed to put in by a contraction fit a crank pin, the crank being on the engine? I. 366.

=Increasing strength of teeth.=--Suppose you had to order a new pair of wheels to replace a pair whose teeth frequently broke, what alterations in the dimensions of the wheels would you make so as to get stronger teeth in wheels of the same diameter? I. 65.

=Wear of a cam roller.=--If an engine had a valve motion worked by a parallel roller in a parallel cam groove, would the roller wear out quick, and why? I. 84.

=Altering the speed of a shaft.=--Do a pair of mitre wheels alter the speeds of the shaft they drive or not? I. 1.

=Driving out a key.=--In driving out a key is a quick or a slow hammer blow the most effective? II. 65.

=Riveting a crank pin.=--For riveting a crank pin what shape should the pene or pane of the hammer be? II. 73.

=Face of a cold chisel.=--What is the proper shape for the face of a cold chisel? II. 73.

=Key bearing.=--What is the effect upon a wheel if its key bears upon opposite corners? II. 107.

=Fitting a key.=--Should a key be driven lightly or not when fitting it, and why? II. 106.

=Angle Of wrench jaws.=--What angle should the jaws of a wrench be to its body in order to enable it to turn a nut in a corner with greatest advantage? I. 123.

=Chucking a crank.=--How should a crank be chucked in order to prevent the crank pin from being out of true, and the engine from beating and pounding? I. 247.

=Chucking a cross-head.=--How should a cross-head be chucked so as to have its piston rod and wrist pin at a true right angle? I. 252.

=Length of drill edges.=--Why should both edges of a drill be exactly equal in length and of equal angle? I. 277.

=Boring bar edges.=--Should a boring bar for an engine cylinder have one, two, three or four cutters? I. 289.

=Spiral spring.=--Give a method of making a spiral spring. I. 329.

=Expansion fit.=--What is meant by an expansion or a contraction fit, say for an engine crank pin? I. 366.

=Fitting brasses.=--Suppose the joint faces of a pair of brasses are not square with the sides of the box or strap in which the brasses fit, what will the effect be when the brasses are locked tight together by the key? II. 125.

=Wear of brasses.=--When an engineer is taking up the wear of connecting rod brasses, what must he do to keep the rod of the proper length? II. 124-127.

=Case hardening.=--Describe the simplest method of case hardening. II. 128.

=Fitting pillar block brasses.=--State the proper order of procedure in fitting in a new pair of main bearing or pillar block brasses for an engine. II. 130.

=Driving brasses.=--What will be the effect of driving a brass in and out with a hammer and without a block of wood to strike on? II. 72 and 132.

=Originating a true plane.=--How is a true plane or flat surface originated? II. 133.

=Cover joint.=--What is the best form of joint for an engine cylinder cover? II. 137.

=Grinding a cover.=--How must a cylinder cover be moved when grinding it? II. 137.

=Appearance Of a joint.=--What is the appearance of a finished ground joint? II. 137.

=Grade of emery.=--About what grade of emery would you use to make a ground joint? II. 137.

=Best heat joint.=--What is the best kind of joint to withstand great heat or flame? II. 138.

=Best water joint.=--What are the best kinds of joints for withstanding water pressure? II. 138.

=Fitting a flange.=--In fitting a flange to a boiler what part of the flange face should bed most? II. 140.

=Rust joint.=--How are rust joints made? II. 140.

=Leaky plug.=--How would you test the fit of a leaky plug in a cock? II. 144.

=Well-ground plug.=--What is the appearance of a well-ground plug? II. 145.

=Quick brass fitting.=--Describe the quickest method of fitting a new brass or bearing box to its journal. II. 147.

=Babbitt bearing.=--What is the principal advantage of a Babbitted bearing? II. 156.

=Adjusting guide bars.=--What two essential points are there in adjusting the bottom guide bars of an engine? II. 162.

=Setting guide bars.=--Describe roughly the method employed to set guide bars by means of a stretched line or cord? II. 163.

=Pounding journals.=--What are the two principal causes of the beating or pounding of the journals of an engine? II. 164.

=Locating a pound.=--How may the location of a pound be discovered? II. 164.

=Cause of pounding.=--What is the ordinary cause of beating and pounding in an engine? II. 164.

=Wearing down.=--What is the defect induced by letting the parts of an engine wear down to a bearing? II. 166.

=Testing alignment.=--What are the tests that should be made to find out what part of an engine is out of line? II. 166.

=Best test for alignment.=--What part of an engine can be used to form the best test of alignment to cure pounding? II. 167.

=Connecting rod alignment.=--State in a general way the method of using the connecting rod to place the engine in line, and thus prevent beating and pounding. II. 167 to 172.

=Difficult alignment.=--What error in the alignment of the parts of an engine is the most difficult to discover? II. 170.

=Alignment of crank pin.=--What is the general cause of a crank pin being out of line with the crank shaft? II. 170.

=Pound at quarter stroke.=--When a pound occurs in an engine at the time the crank pin is at quarter stroke, or thereabouts, where would you look for the cause? II. 170 to 172.

=Setting a slide valve.=--What are the three objects, either of which a slide valve may be so set as to accomplish? II. 173.

=Essentials of slide valve setting.=--What are the two operations essential to the setting of a slide valve? II. 173.

=Squaring a valve.=--Why is the common process of squaring the valve an improper proceeding? II. 173, 394.

=Crank pin on dead centre.=--How would you proceed to put an engine crank pin exactly on the dead centre for setting the valve? II. 173, 394.

=Direction of movement.=--What are the considerations that determine in which direction the engine should be moved when setting the valve? II. 173, 174, 394.

=Setting eccentrics.=--What tools are used to set eccentrics upon shafts before the shafts are upon the engine? II. 175.

=Patching a break.=--In patching a broken beam or frame, how may the bolts be made to serve to act as keys closing the crack? II. 178.

=Erecting shafting.=--Give a general or rough description of the method of adjusting or aligning or erecting shafting. II. 184 to 186.

=Kinds of shafting.=--What is the difference between bright and black shafting? II. 187.

=Fitting a pulley.=--If you had a pulley whose bore was 1-15/16 inches, what diameter of bright shafting would you order for it? II. 187.

=Locating collars.=--What is the best location for the collars that prevent end motion on a line shaft? II. 189.

=Ball and socket hangers.=--What are the advantages of hangers having a ball and socket adjustment? II. 192.

=Shaft couplings.=--What four objects should the couplings for line shafts accomplish? II. 194.

=Universal joint.=--What object does a universal joint accomplish? II. 199.

=Crowning a pulley.=--What is the object of crowning a pulley? II. 201.

=Pulley balance.=--Why should a pulley be balanced? What is a running and what a standing balance for a pulley? At what speed should a running balance be made? II. 202.

=Size of pulleys.=--If a shaft makes 150 revolutions per minute, and it is required to drive a pulley on a machine at 600 revolutions, what proportions must the diameter of the two pulleys have, and what determines the diameters of the pulleys? II. 205, 206.

=Testing belts.=--What appearance in leather belting indicates that it was cut from the spongy shoulder? II. 208.

=Stronger side of belts.=--Which is the stronger side of leather, the smooth or grain side or the rough or flesh side? II. 208.

=Placing a belt tightener.=--Should a belt tightener be placed on the tight or slack side of a belt? II. 210.

=Crossed vs. open belt.=--Which will transmit more power, an open or a crossed belt, and why? II. 210.

=Crossed belt.=--What are the objections to a crossed belt? II. 210.

=Shortening a round belt.=--Can a round twisted belt be shortened without removing either the hook or the eye and how? II. 216.

=Wide belt.=--How would you get a very wide belt on a pulley? II. 217.

=Mending an eccentric rod.=--Suppose an eccentric rod broke, and you were required to weld it again, what shape could you make the scarf for the weld? II. 234.

=Butt weld.=--What is a butt or pump weld? II. 236.

=Scarf weld.=--Describe roughly the means you would employ to make a scarf weld. II. 235.

=Tongue weld.=--What are the shapes of the two pieces that come together in a tongue weld? II. 235.

=Strain on boiler joint.=--How would you calculate the amount of stress there is upon the riveted joint of a boiler? II. 350.

=Shearing strain.=--What is meant by the terms, shearing, tearing and crushing strains of a steam boiler? II. 351.

=Lapped and butt joints.=--How does a lapped joint differ from a butt joint or seam in a boiler? II. 352.

=Chain and zigzag riveting.=--How does a chain riveted joint differ from a zigzag riveted joint? II. 352.

=Butt joint.=--What are the advantages of the butt joint? II. 352-353.

=Margin for holes.=--How would you find the proper distance the rivet holes should be from the edge of the plate in a boiler seam? II. 353.

=Spacing rows Of rivets.=--How would you find the distance apart for the rows of rivet holes in a double riveted joint? II. 353.

=High percentage joint.=--What is meant by a "high percentage" riveted joint? II. 353.

=Single and double shear.=--What is meant by a rivet being in single shear or double shear? II. 353.

=Allowance for shear.=--How much additional allowance is made in the shearing strength of a rivet in double shear over that of the same rivet if in single shear? II. 358.

=Taking charge of a boiler.=--What is the first thing you would do in taking charge of a boiler? II. 368, 400.

=First inspection.=--What part of the boiler would you inspect first? II. 368.

Safety valve defect.--To what defect is a safety valve most liable? II. 368, 400.

=Water supply.=--How much water should there be in the boiler when the fire is lit? II. 368.

=Reliability of gauge glass.=--Is a gauge glass always reliable for showing the height of the water in the boiler? II. 368, 402.

=Testing gauge glass.=--What would you do to find out if the gauge glass was showing the correct water level? II. 368.

=Condensation in boiler.=--What is likely to happen if the steam condenses in the boiler without any of the cocks being open? II. 368, 400.

=Cleaning a boiler.=--What parts of the boiler would you clean before lighting the fire? II. 368.

=Laying a fire.=--How would you lay the fire? II. 368.

=Quick combustion.=--Does bituminous (soft) or anthracite (hard) coal light more easily? II. 368.

=First coal.=--How soon would you put coal on after the fire is lit? How deep would you make the first layer of coal? II. 368, 401.

=Amount of coal.=--How much coal would you put on the fire at a time? II. 368, 401.

=Even heat.=--How can an even temperature be kept up in the fire box? Why is it necessary to keep an even temperature in the fire box? II. 368, 370.

=Shaking grate.=--What is the advantage possessed by shaking grate bars? II. 369.

=Before cleaning a fire.=--What preparations would you make before cleaning the fire? II. 369.

=Fire tools and their uses.=--What tools are used in cleaning a fire? And what is the use of each? II. 369.

=Draught while firing.=--How should the draught be regulated while the fire is being cleaned? II. 369.

=Temporary interruption.=--What should be done to prevent blowing off through the safety valve when the engine is stopped and no steam is being taken from the boiler? II. 369.

=Blue flame.=--What does blue flame in the fire box indicate? II. 369.

=Water supply at night.=--How much water would you have in a boiler when leaving it for all night? II. 369.

=Fire at night.=--How would you leave the fire for the night? II. 369.

=Banking.=--What is banking a fire? Give a safe method of banking a fire. II. 369, 401.

=Dampers at night.=--How should the dampers be left when the fire is banked? II. 369.

=Safety valve at night.=--How would you set the safety valve for a banked fire? II. 369.

=Opening a banked fire.=--What is the first thing to do in starting up a banked fire? II. 369, 401.

=Regulating boiler feed.=--How would you regulate the boiler feed? II. 369.

=Regulating a pump.=--How can a pump be regulated so as to be kept pumping without surcharging the boiler? II. 369.

=Even boiler injection.=--Can a continuous feed be maintained if injectors are used? II. 370.

=Stuck valve.=--How may a stuck valve or a check valve be released? II. 370.

=Hot feed water.=--What would you do if the feed water got so hot that the pump worked imperfectly or not at all? II. 370.

=Scale.=--What causes scale to form in the boiler and what effect does scale have on the boiler? II. 370.

=Preventing scale.=--What are the principal methods employed to prevent the formation of scale in the boiler? II. 370.

=Horizontal heater.=--What advantage does a horizontal heater possess? II. 370.

=Dirty gauge glass.=--What should be done to the gauge glass if the feed water is dirty? How many times a day should the gauge be blown out? II. 370.

=Priming.=--What is the priming or foaming of the water in a boiler? What are the known causes of priming? Why is priming wasteful? Can blowing off at the safety valve cause priming? What are other causes of priming? How can priming be detected? What would you do to stop priming? What would you do to prevent priming? What parts of the engine would you attend to if the boiler primes? II. 370.

=Low water.=--What would you do if the water got dangerously low in the boiler? In such a case how would you regulate the dampers? What do you consider dangerously low? What is blowing down a boiler? II. 370.

=Cleaning a boiler.=--How often would you clean a boiler? II. 371.

=Water falling.=--What would you suppose was going wrong if the pump was kept going and the water still fell in the boiler? II. 370.

=Empty pump.=--What causes a pump to fail? II. 370.

=Blowing down.=--How much would you blow down a boiler? How low should the pressure get before the water is let out? What would be the result if the boiler was blown off under a high pressure? What would you do after the water is all out of the boiler? II. 371.

=Special examination.=--What parts would you pay special attention to in examining the boiler after cleaning it? II. 371.

=Hammer test.=--What does the "hammer test" consist of? II. 371.

=Washing and scaling.=--What determines the periods at which a boiler should be washed out and scaled? II. 371.

=Regulating dampers.=--How would you regulate the dampers when letting the fire out? II. 371.

=Naming the parts.=--Name all the parts of a simple or plain D slide-valve engine, beginning with the cylinder. II. 372.

=Dividing the parts.=--Into what three divisions may the parts of a plain slide-valve engine be divided? II. 372.

=Defining clearance.=--What is the meaning of the word "clearance" as applied to an engine cylinder? II. 372.

=Finding equal clearance.=--How would you proceed to find if the clearance in the cylinder was equal at each end? II. 372, 404.

=Parts of valve motion.=--What parts constitute the valve motion or valve gear? II. 372.

=The driving parts.=--What parts constitute the driving or power-transmitting mechanism? II. 372.

=Lubricating attachments.=--Name the attachments used upon an engine cylinder to lubricate the piston and valves. II. 373.

=Pet cock.=--What is the difference between a cylinder pet cock and a cylinder relief valve? II. 373.

=Relief valves.=--What are cylinder relief valves used for? II. 373.

=Quick steam admission.=--Which gives the quickest steam admission, a long and narrow or a wide and short steam port, both having the same area? II. 373.

=Placing the piston-ring split.=--At what part of the cylinder bore should the split of a piston ring be placed? II. 374.

=Fitting a piston ring.=--How tight should a piston ring fit to the cylinder bore? II. 374.

=Testing steam tightness.=--How would you test the steam tightness of a piston? II. 374.

=Jacketed.=--What is a jacketed cylinder? II. 374.

=Valve gear.=--What is a releasing valve gear? What is a positive valve gear? II. 374.

=Packing a stuffing box.=--About how full of packing would you fill a stuffing box for a piston gland? II. 375.

=Connecting rods.=--What are the two principal kinds of connecting rods? What is meant by the angularity of a connecting rod? II. 375.

=Oiling guide bars.=--Which guide-bar is the most difficult to oil, the top or the bottom one? II. 375.

=Effect of angularity.=--What effect does the angularity of the connecting rod have on the piston motion? Is this effect increased or diminished by shortening the connecting rod? II. 375.

=Crank at full power.=--When the crank is at its point of full power, is the piston in the middle of the cylinder? Is it nearer to the crank-end or the head-end of the cylinder? II. 375.

=Piston motion irregular.=--What causes the piston to have irregular motion? II. 375.

=Live steam period.=--What constitutes the live steam period of a position? II. 376.

=Cut-off.=--What is the point of cut-off? II. 375.--What is a separate cut-off valve, and what event does it control in the supply of the steam to the cylinder? How is the point of cut-off varied when a cut-off valve is used? II. 378.

=Working expansively.=--What causes the steam to be worked expansively in an engine cylinder? II. 402.

=Follower.=--What is a piston follower? II. 374.

=Valve lead.=--What is the lead of valve? II. 376.

=Valve lap.=--What is the lap of a valve? II. 376.

=Admission.=--What is the point of admission? II. 376.

=Cushioning.=--At what point in the valve travel does cushioning begin? II. 376.

=Release and compression.=--What are the points of release and of compression? II. 376.

=Double-ported valve.=--What is a double-ported valve? II. 377.

=Valves.=--What is a griddle valve? What is a balanced valve? II. 377.--What is a piston valve? II. 378.

=Slide and piston valves.=--Is there any difference between the action of a plain slide valve and a piston valve if both have the same amount of lap, lead, and travel? II. 378.

=Cut-off diagram.=--Make a diagram to give the dimensions of a slide valve, to cut off at 3/4 stroke, the valve travel being 4 inches. II. 380.

=Reversing an engine.=--What is the ordinary means provided for reversing an engine? II. 383.

=Full gear.=--What is the meaning of the term full gear, with regard to a link motion? II. 383.

=Third use Of link motion.=--What does a link motion accomplish besides enabling the engine to run in either direction? II. 383.

=Slide valve for link motion.=--What are the two operations to be performed in setting the slide valve of an engine having a link motion? Describe these two operations. II. 383.

=Governors.=--What is a throttling governor? What is an isochronal governor? What is a dancing governor? II. 384.

=Forward.=--What is full gear forward? II. 383.

=Backward.=--What is full gear backward? II. 383.

=Starting.=--How would you proceed to start a plain slide valve? II. 384, 400.

=Crank position.=--What is the best position for the crank to be in to start the engine, and why is it the best position? II. 384.

=Taking charge.=--What is the first thing you would do in taking charge of an engine? II. 385.

=Length of connecting rod.=--How would you find out if the connecting rod was the right length to give an equal amount of clearance at each end of the cylinder? II. 385, 404.

=Order of examination.=--In what order should a thorough examination of the engine be made? II. 385.

=Least examination.=--What would constitute the least permissible examination of an engine, with a due regard to safety? II. 385.

=Thorough examination.=--What would constitute a complete examination of a plain slide-valve engine? In what order should such an examination be made? II. 385.

=Quick examination.=--What examination should an engineer make of a plain slide-valve engine, if called upon to start it as quickly as possible without knowing its condition? II. 385.

=Taking a lead.=--How would you take a lead for adjusting the fit of a bearing to its journal? II. 386.

=Set of slide valve.=--How would you test whether the slide valve was set properly? II. 386.

=Squaring a valve.=--Is it proper to square a plain slide valve? II. 386.

=Lead affected by wear.=--How does the wear of the parts affect the lead in vertical engines? II. 386.

=Heating of crank-shaft.=--What would you do if the crank-shaft bearings began to heat? II. 386.

=Hot crank-pins.=--What are the principal causes of hot crank-pins? II. 386.

=Heating.=--What part of the engine is the most likely to get hot from the friction of the fit? II. 386.

=Use of lead.=--What is a lead used for in adjusting the fit of a brass to its journal? II. 386.

=Fit of top brass.=--When a liner is used between the two brasses, what does the fit of the top brass depend upon? II. 386.

=Oiling.=--In oiling the engine, what precaution would you take to prevent the journals from heating? II. 401.

=Cold weather.=--What is liable to happen to an engine that is used out of doors in cold weather? II. 386.

=Leaky throttle valve.=--What damage might a leaky throttle valve do, and how would you prevent it? II. 386.

=Leaky check valve.=--What damage may a leaky check valve do, and how would you prevent it? II. 387.

=Freezing in the pump.=--How would you prevent the water from freezing in the pump? II. 387.

=Freezing oil.=--How would you prevent the oil from freezing? II. 387.

=Thawing oil.=--How would you thaw frozen oil? II. 387.

=Setting a portable engine.=--How should a portable engine stand when it is at work, and why should it stand so? II. 387.

=Natural supply of water.=--What precaution would you take when feed water is drawn from a stream, or other natural source of supply? II. 387.

=Pumps.=--Into what classes may pumps be divided? What is a force pump? What is a piston pump? What is a single-acting pump? What is a double-acting pump? II. 387.

="Suction."=--What causes the flow of water up the suction pipe of a pump? How high can a pump lift water, or cause it to lift or rise? II. 388.

=Regulating a pump.=--How can the quantity of water a pump will deliver be regulated? II. 388.

=Pump valves.=--What is the check valve of a pump? What is the foot valve of a pump? II. 388.

=Speed of pumping.=--What is the highest speed at which a pump should run? What is the consequence if a pump runs too fast? II. 388.

=Locating the air chamber.=--When should the air chamber be placed on a pump, and what is its use? II. 388.

=Belt pump.=--What is the advantage possessed by a belt pump? II. 388.

=Starting bar.=--What is a starting bar, and what is it used for? II. 389.

=Link sketch.=--Make a rough sketch of a locomotive link motion. II. 392.

=Link gear and eccentric.=--Does a link motion when in full gear operate the valve much different to what a simple eccentric motion would do? II. 393.

=Exchanging eccentric rods.=--If the forward eccentric rod was to break, could the backward eccentric be utilized to run the engine forward? If so, how? II. 393.

=Broken reach rod.=--How would you hold the tumbling shaft if the reach rod broke? II. 393.

=Eccentric and crank motions.=--Does the acting eccentric lead or follow the crank when the link is in full gear? II. 393.

=Setting a slide valve.=--In what position would you place the link motion when the slide valve is to be set? II. 394.

=Length of eccentric rod.=--What determines the length of the eccentric rods when setting the slide valve? II. 394.

=Setting an Allen valve.=--What difference is there between setting a common slide valve and another (an Allen) valve? II. 395.

=Injector.=--What is an injector? II. 395.

=Before firing.=--What should be done before laying the fire? II. 400.

=Kindling the fire.=--How long should the wood burn before putting on coal? II. 400.

=Oiling.=--What points require examination when oiling the engine? II. 401.

=After oiling.=--What points would you move after having oiled the engine? II. 401.

=Using tallow.=--Where would you place tallow in oiling the engine, and for what purpose would you use it? II. 401.

=Fire too hot.=--What would you do if steam was rising too rapidly? II. 401.

=Link position.=--Where should the link be when starting the engine? II. 402.

=Even steam pressure.=--Why should the steam pressure be kept up, and what difference does it make in the consumption of the fuel? II. 402.

=Quick steaming.=--Can steam be made quickest with a large or with a small quantity of water in the boiler? II. 402.

=Best boiler feed.=--Which is better, a constant or an intermittent boiler feed? II. 402.

=Best firing.=--Which is better, heavy firing at long intervals or light and frequent firing, and why? II. 402.

=Broken cylinder cover.=--What would you do if the cylinder cover got knocked out while on the road? II. 402.

=Hot piston rod.=--What would you do if the piston rod got hot? II. 403.

=Broken piston rod.=--What if the piston rod broke? II. 403.

=Broken crank-pin.=--What if the crank-pin broke? II. 403.

=Tire off.=--What if a wheel tire came off? II. 403.

=Driving wheel off.=--What if a driving wheel came off? II. 403.

=Broken lifting link.=--What if a lifting link or saddle-pin broke? II. 403.

=Slipping eccentric.=--What if an eccentric slipped? II. 403.

=Hot axle-box.=--What if an axle-box got hot? II. 403.

=Broken spring hanger.=--What if a spring or spring hanger broke? II. 403.

=Bursted tube.=--What if a tube bursted? II. 403.

=Fitting axle-box wedges.=--In what position should the engine be placed when the axle-box wedges are to be adjusted for fit to the pedestals? II. 404.

=Changing clearance.=--What is it that, as the engine wears, tends to alter the amount of clearance? II. 404.

=Crank-pin centres.=--How would you get the distance from centre to centre of the crank-pins when adjusting the axle-boxes and the side rods, parallel rods, or coupling rods, as they are promiscuously termed? II. 404.

=Adjusting Shoes.=--In what position would you place the crank when adjusting the shoes or wedges of the axle-boxes? Why is this adjustment important? II. 404.

=Force, pressure, and power.=--What is the difference between force or pressure and power? II. 405.

=Increase of power.=--Can we increase a given amount of power by means of mechanical appliances? II. 405, 406.

=Speed vs. power.=--Is a gain in speed a loss in power? II. 405.

=Lever.=--Explain the principle of the lever. II. 405.

=Elements of power.=--What are the three elements composing power? II. 407.

=Horse-power.=--What is a horse-power as applied to steam-engine calculations? How would you calculate the horse-power of a steam engine? II. 407.--Give a method of testing the effective horse-power of an engine. II. 408.

=Safety-valve problem.=--A safety valve is three inches in diameter; the lever is twenty-eight inches long from the point of suspension of the weight to the pivoted end of the lever; the valve pin is four inches from the pivot; the weight is twenty pounds. What is the greatest pressure of steam the valve will hold, leaving the weight of the valve and of the lever out of the question? II. 409.

=Thermal unit.=--What is the heat unit or thermal unit? II. 410.

=Latent heat.=--Is all the heat in steam or water shown by a thermometer? What is the latent heat of water? What is the latent heat of steam? II. 410.

=Sensible heat.=--What is the sensible heat of steam? II. 410.

=Total heat.=--What is the total heat of steam? II. 410.

=Heaviest water.=--At what temperature is water at its greatest density? What is the weight of a cubic foot of water when at its maximum density? II. 410.

=Heat of boiling water.=--What determines the temperature at which water will boil? II. 410.

=Heat of steam.=--Can steam be made hotter than the water while they are in contact? What is superheated steam? II. 410.

=Absolute pressure.=--What is meant by the absolute pressure of steam? II. 411, 416.

=Dry steam.=--What is meant by dry steam? II. 411.

=Weight of steam.=--Is there any difference between the weight of water and that of the steam it will evaporate into? II. 411.

=A perfect gas.=--What is Marriotte's law, or Boyle's law? Is steam a perfect gas? II. 411.

=Joule's equivalent.=--What is meant by the conversion of heat into work? What is Joule's equivalent? What is the mechanical equivalent of heat? II. 411.

=Indicator.=--What is a steam-engine indicator? II. 413.--How are indicators attached to an engine? II. 416.

=Indicator diagram.=--What are the names of the lines of a diagram? Why is a theoretical diagram not correct? II. 414.--What difference is there between the lines of a diagram of a condensing and those of a non-condensing engine? II. 415.--How is the expansion curve of a diagram tested? II. 417.

=Barometer.=--What is a barometer, and for what purpose is it used in connection with engine diagrams? II. 415.

=Horse-power by diagram.=--How do you calculate the horse-power of a steam engine from an indicator diagram? II. 418.

=Diagram vs. diagram.=--What difference is there between the diagram taken from one end and that taken from the other? II. 419.

=Consumption of steam by diagram.=--How would you calculate the consumption of steam or water of an engine from an indicator diagram? II. 420.

=Steam line.=--What would a fall in the steam line of a diagram indicate? II. 421.

=Expansion curve.=--If the expansion curve is above the true expansion curve, what defect in the engine does that indicate? If the expansion curve falls too low, what does it indicate? II. 421.

=Valve lead by diagram.=--How would insufficient valve lead be shown on a diagram? II. 421.

=Excessive lead.=--How is excessive lead shown on a diagram? II. 421.

=Automatic cut-off.=--What is an automatic cut-off engine? What are the principal forms of automatic cut-off engines? II. 423.

=Releasing valve governor.=--What kinds of governors do engines with releasing valves have? II. 423.

=Corliss engine valves.=--How many valves does a Corliss engine have? Explain the action of a Corliss valve gear. II. 423.

=Crab claw.=--What duty does the latch-link or crab-claw of a Corliss valve gear perform? II. 423.

=Valve trip.=--What means are employed in a Corliss engine to trip the admission valve? II. 423, 424.

=Point of cut-off.=--What determines the point of cut-off in a Corliss engine, and how does it do so? II. 424.

=Valve closing.=--What closes the valve in a Corliss engine? II. 424.

=Dash-pot.=--What is a dash-pot? What enables the dash-pot of a Corliss engine to work noiselessly? II. 424.--How is the amount of air cushion in the Corliss dash-pot regulated? II. 425.

=Shape of Corliss valve.=--What shape is a Corliss valve, and how far would its lap, as ordinarily constructed, carry the live steam period, leaving the cut-off mechanism out of the question? II. 426.

=High-speed engines.=--What is meant by the term high-speed engines? II. 427.

=Adjusting for load.=--What adjustments would you make if the engine had been running a very light load, and required to be adjusted for a heavy load? II. 427.

=High-speed governor.=--What class of governor is generally used upon high-speed engines? II. 427.

=Varying the cut-off.=--What is the usual method of varying the point of cut-off on high-speed engines? II. 427.

=Wheel governor.=--State, in a general way, what a wheel governor consists of. II. 427.

=Even valve lead.=--Can the valve lead be kept equal when the point of cut-off is varied by shifting the eccentric across the shaft or crank-axle? II. 427.

=Marine engine.=--What forms of engine are used for marine purposes? II. 434.

=Inverted cylinder.=--What is an inverted cylinder engine? II. 434.

=Receiver.=--What is a receiver? II. 434, 453.

=Triple expansion.=--What is a triple-expansion engine? II. 436.

=Condensing engine.=--What is a condensing engine? II. 434.

=Compound engine.=--What is a compound engine? II. 434.

=Arranging compound cylinders.=--What are the two methods of arranging compound cylinders? II. 436.

=Condenser.=--What is a surface condenser? II. 440.

=Hot well.=--What is a hot well? II. 440.

=Steam condensation.=--Describe the means by which the steam is condensed after it is exhausted from the cylinder in a surface condensing engine, and state what becomes of the water of condensation and the injection, circulating, or condensing water. II. 440.

=Condenser tubes.=--How are condenser tubes made tight? II. 440.

=Blow-through valve.=--What is a blow-through valve? II. 440.

=Air pumps.=--What is a bucket air pump, and is it single or double acting? What is a piston air pump? What is a plunger air pump? What is a trunk air pump? When is a trunk air pump necessary? II. 441.

=Air-pump valves.=--Are a foot valve and a head valve always necessary to an air pump? II. 441.

=Pet cock.=--Why are bucket pumps provided with a valve or pet cock? II. 441.

=Bilge injection.=--What is a bilge injection? What fittings are necessary for a bilge injection? II. 441.

=Hot-well temperature.=--At what temperature is the water in the hot well usually kept? II. 441.

=Use of air chamber.=--What is an air vessel or air chamber used on a pump for? II. 441.

=Feed escape.=--What is a feed relief, or feed escape valve? II. 441.

=Checked boiler feed.=--What causes may act to stop the boiler feed? II. 441.

=Admitting the exhaust.=--When the exhaust steam is condensed for boiler-feeding purposes, how soon after the engine has started would you let the exhaust into the feed tank? II. 441.

=Ship's side discharge.=--What is a ship's side air pump discharge valve? II. 442.

=Course of water.=--What is the course of the main injection water of a jet condenser? What is the course of the main circulating water of a surface condenser? II. 442.

=Surface condensing.=--What are the advantages of surface condensing? How are surface condensers cleaned out? II. 442.

=Engine-room cocks and valves.=--What cocks and valves are there in the engine room of a condensing engine? II. 442.

=Donkey engine.=--What is a donkey engine? What pipes connect to a donkey engine, and what are their uses? II. 442.

=Pipes to the sea.=--What are the pipes that lead from or go to the sea? II. 442.

=Parts classified.=--What parts of a marine engine are generally made of wrought iron, of cast iron, of brass, and what of steel? II. 442.

=Use of Babbitt.=--What is Babbitt metal or white metal used for? II. 442.

=Use of Muntz.=--What is Muntz metal used for? II. 442.

=Breaking strain.=--About what is the breaking strain of wrought iron per square inch of section? II. 442.

=Tempering.=--How is steel tempered? II. 442, 460-463.

=Case-hardening.=--What is case-hardening? What parts of an engine are usually case-hardened? II. 442.

=Forging.=--What are the forgeable metals used in engine construction? II. 442.

=Welding.=--What is welding? II. 442.

=Metal expansion.=--What metals used in engine construction expand by heat, and what allowances are made in the construction on this account? II. 442.

=Composition of iron and steel.=--What is the difference in the composition of cast iron and steel? II. 442.

=Marine piston.=--Describe a marine engine piston. II. 442.

=Drain cocks.=--What are cylinder drain cocks? II. 442.

=Link motion.=--What is a link motion? What is a link motion used for? II. 443.

=Expansion valve.=--What is a separate expansion valve? II. 443.

=Top cylinders.=--What are the small cylinders on top of the steam chests used for? II. 443.

=The throw.=--What is the throw of an eccentric? II. 443.

=Double beat.=--What is a double-beat valve? II. 443.

=Expansion joint.=--What is an expansion joint? II. 141, 443.

=Oil cup.=--What is an oil cup? II. 443.

=Siphon.=--What is a siphon or worsted? II. 443.

=Impermeator.=--What is a steam lubricator or impermeator? II. 444.

=Hand-worked valves.=--What are the valves of a marine engine that are worked by hand? II. 444.

=Vacuum gauge.=--What is a vacuum gauge? What is a mercury vacuum gauge? II. 444.

=Total condenser pressure.=--How would you find the total pressure in a condenser? II. 444.

=Racing.=--What is meant by the racing of an engine? II. 444.

=Uniform paddle-wheel revolution.=--How may the speed of revolution of single crank paddle-wheels be made uniform? II. 444.

=Paddle-wheel construction.=--What is the construction of a common paddle wheel? What is a radial paddle wheel? What is a feathering paddle wheel? II. 445.

=Disconnecting engine.=--What is a disconnecting paddle engine? II. 445.

=Propeller thread.=--Where is the thread of a screw propeller measured? II. 445.

=Propeller pitch.=--What is the pitch of a propeller? II. 445.

=L. H. propeller.=--What is a left-hand propeller? II. 445.

=Thrust bearing.=--What is a thrust bearing? II. 445.

=Propeller fastening.=--How are screw propellers fastened to their shafts? II. 445.

=Marine engine pipes.=--What are the principal pipes of a marine engine and boiler? II. 445.

=Mud box.=--What is a mud box? II. 445.

=Course of steam.=--Describe the course of the steam from the boiler to the hot well. II. 445.

=Exposure to cold.=--What parts of an engine are exposed to danger in a cold climate? II. 446.

=Preventing freezing.=--What precautions are necessary to prevent the engine from freezing in cold climates? II. 446.

=Failure to start.=--Name all the reasons that may cause a marine engine to fail to start when it is expected to do so. II. 446.

=Pressure pieces.=--Name all the pieces of an engine through which the steam pressure is received and transmitted. II. 446.

=Horse-power.=--What is the unit or measure of horse-power? What is the meaning of nominal horse-power? II. 446.

=Lost vacuum.=--Name all the causes from which the vacuum may become defective or lost. II. 447.

=Hot journals.=--What are the principal causes of the heating of engine journals? II. 447.

=Stays.=--What is a boiler stay? What is a gusset stay? What is a tube stay or a stay tube? II. 452.

=Stress per square inch.=--How much stress is usually allowed per sectional square inch of boiler stay? II. 452.

=Breaking of tubes.=--What is the commonest cause of boiler tubes breaking? II. 452.

=Split tube.=--How is a split tube stopped up? II. 452.

=Uptake.=--What is the uptake of a marine boiler? What is a wet uptake? II. 453.

=Superheater.=--What is the superheater of a marine boiler? II. 453.

=Fittings.=--What fittings are essential to a marine boiler? II. 453.

=Safety valves.=--What is a dead-weight safety valve? What is a spring-loaded safety valve? What is a lock-up safety valve? II. 453.

=Test cocks.=--What do the three boiler test cocks show? How are boiler test cocks cleaned? II. 453.

=Steam gauges.=--What is a gauge glass or water-gauge glass? What is a Bourdon dial gauge? What pressure is shown by a boiler steam gauge? II. 453.

=Scum cocks.=--How many scum cocks are used in a marine boiler? II. 454.

=Sluice valves.=--What are sluice valves in steamships? II. 454.

=Removing scale.=--How is scale removed in boilers? II. 454.

=Salinometer.=--What is a salinometer? II. 455.

=Salt in sea water.=--About how much salt does sea water contain? II. 454.

=Division plates.=--What are division plates in boilers? II. 455.

=Intercepter.=--What is the separator or intercepter of a marine boiler? II. 455.

=Boiler draft.=--What causes the draft in a boiler? II. 455.

=Rapid wasting.=--Where does the most rapid wasting occur in marine boilers? II. 455.

=Coal consumption.=--About how much coal is consumed per square foot of grate in marine boilers? II. 455.

=Short of coal at sea.=--If at sea and short of coal, what course would you pursue in order to save coal and get into port? II. 455.

=Boiler relief in extreme danger.=--How would you relieve a marine boiler in case of the safety valve being locked down from some accidental cause, the engine also being disabled? II. 455.

=Pressure test.=--At what pressure should a new boiler be tested? II. 456.

=Boiler examination.=--State what you would consider a proper examination, inside and out, of a marine boiler that had been in sufficient service to require examining. II. 458.

APPENDIX--PART II.

DICTIONARY OF WORKSHOP TERMS.

A

=Addendum.= That part of a gear wheel tooth that extends beyond or outwards from the pitch line.

=Addendum-circle.= The circle representing the full or greatest circumference of a gear wheel.

=Adjustable reamer.= A reamer whose teeth may be adjusted to the required diameter.

=Angle-iron.= A shape of wrought iron or steel having two flanges at a right angle; thus, [L]

=Angle-plate.= A plate having surfaces at a right angle, one to bolt to the machine work-table, the work being bolted to the other.

=Angle-tooth.= A gear wheel tooth that runs across the face of the wheel in a line that envelops part of the wheel circumference.

=Angular cutters.= Cutters, whose teeth are on a circumferential surface, that is, at an angle to the cutter axis, such angle not being that of 90° to either the side face nor to the axis of the cutter.

=Angular-velocity.= Velocity measured in degrees of angle.

=Annular.= In the form of a ring.

=Apron.= 1. The piece that carries the tool port or clamp on an iron planing machine. 2. The front plate of a lathe carriage.

=Arbor.= 1. A mandrel used to drive work upon. 2. A spindle or shaft of a machine.

=Arc.= A portion of a circle.

=Archimedean drill= (är-k[)i]-m-[e.]-d[=e]'an) A drilling device in which a nut moved endwise on a stock or handle causes the drill to revolve back and forth.

=Arc of approach.= That part in the revolution of a pair of gear wheels in which the teeth in contact approach the line of centres of the two wheels.

=Arc of recess.= That part in the revolution of a pair of gear wheels in which the teeth in contact recede from the line of centres of the two wheels.

=Arc-pitch.= The pitch of gear wheel teeth when measured around the pitch circle.

=Attachment.= A work-holding device that may be attached to a machine.

=Auger.= A wood-boring tool having two spiral plates and a pointed screw to feed it, the cutting edge being at the end of the tool.

=Axle-box.= The bearing in which an axle revolves.

B

=Back-gear.= The toothed wheels on the spindle of a lathe and at the back of the lathe-head, by means of which the speed of the lathe is reduced.

=Back-geared lathe.= A lathe having a back gear to reduce its motion.

=Back-knife gauge-lathe.= A lathe in which the work is finished and cut to size and shape by a knife at the back of the lathe.

=Balanced pulley.= A pulley whose weight is so equally distributed that it will run steadily and smoothly at the speed for which it is balanced.

=Balanced valve.= A valve so constructed as to move with equal force in either direction.

=Ball and socket joint.= A universal joint consisting of a ball on the end of a shaft and in a casing that envelops it and yet permits it to be moved in its casing.

=Ball-cutter.= A tool for finishing metal balls.

=Ball-pene.= A spherical pene of a hammer.

=Band-saw.= A continuous ribbon of steel having saw teeth on one of its edges.

=Band-saw machine.= A machine for operating a band-saw.

=Bastard file.= A file whose teeth are one degree or grade coarser than a _second_ cut file and one degree finer than a _coarse_ cut file.

=Belt.= A leather band employed to drive pulleys, for transmitting motion.

=Belt-clamp.= A clamp for pulling the ends of a belt together, to lace it, while the belt is upon the pulleys.

=Belt-hook.= A hook employed to fasten the ends of belts together.

=Belt-pulley.= A wheel that drives or is driven by a belt.

=Belt-shipper.= A device for moving a belt from one pulley to another.

=Belt-tightener.= A pulley employed to cause a belt to tighten upon another pulley to enable it to transmit motion periodically instead of continuously.

=Bevel-sawing machine.= A wood-working machine in which the saw or the work table may be set to cut a surface at other than a right angle to the face of the work that rests against the work table or the fence as the case may be.

=Bevel-square.= A square whose blade may be set to any required angle to the stock that holds it.

=Bevel-wheel=, _or_ =bevel-gear.= A gear wheel with its teeth at an angle to its shaft.

=Bit.= 1. A boring tool. 2. A tool that is carried in a holder.

=Blank.= A piece of material roughly formed and ready to be formed into some definite shape.

=Blast-pipe.= 1. The pipe conveying the blast or air to a fire furnace or cupola. 2. A small pipe through which steam escapes up a locomotive chimney to increase the draught of the fires.

=Blob.= An extremely loose place in a plate or saw blade.

=Block-plane.= A short plane.

=Boiler-shell.= The outer casing of a steam-boiler.

=Bolt.= 1. A holding device having a head at one end and at the other a threaded stem to receive a nut. 2. A short piece of a round log.

=Bolt-cutter.= A machine for cutting screw threads upon bolts or similar work.

=Boring-bar.= A bar that carries boring tools.

=Boring-machine.= A machine for boring holes in metal or wood.

=Boring-mill.= A form of lathe used mainly for boring.

=Boring-tool.= A tool for cutting out and enlarging a bore or hole.

=Boss.= An enveloping piece on an axle or shaft and having upon it an arm, arms, or spokes.

=Bottoming-tap.= A tap having a full thread up to its very end so that it will cut a full thread to the bottom of a hole.

=Box-chuck.= A rectangular two-jawed chuck used by brass finishers.

=Box-tool.= A tool used in screw machines and turret heads, and which guides the work while it is being operated upon. A box tool in many cases carries more than one cutting tool.

=Box-wrench.= A wrench which fits over the head of the bolt and passes endways upon it.

=Brace.= 1. A rod, bar, or beam that braces or supports. 2. A device for revolving cutting tools.

=Bracket.= A projecting frame that is bolted to its supporting pieces or frame.

=Brad-awl.= An awl for piercing small holes in wood and having a wedge-shaped end.

=Branch-pipe.= A pipe leading out of another.

=Brass-and-brass.= A term used to denote that the two brasses or boxes of a bearing are locked together by the key, cap, or set-screw.

=Brasses.= Pieces fitted into a frame and intended to afford a bearing for a journal.

=Break-lathe= _or_ =gap-lathe.= A lathe having a break or gap in the bed and beneath the face plate to let chucked work of large diameter pass.

=Broach.= A toothed tool for cutting the walls of a hole.

=Broaching-press.= A machine that forces a broach to its cut.

=Bunter-dog.= A work-gripping device for a planing machine, and consisting of a piece having a hook end to engage in the T-slot of the table, and a set-screw to bind the work.

=Butt-joint.= A riveted joint in which the ends of the plate abut fair, one against the other.

=Butt-strap.= A strip or band of iron employed to hold the joint together in a butt-joint.

=Butt-weld.= A weld in which the end of one piece merely abuts against the other when the two pieces are put together to weld.

=Buzz-planer.= A wood-planing machine in which the work is fed by hand.

C

=Calender-roll.= A roll for calendering paper.

=Caliper-gauge.= A gauge in the form of a solid caliper.

=Calipers.= A hinged tool for measuring work.

=Cam.= A revolving disc whose actuating surface is not a true circle.

=Cam-motor.= A cam together with the rod it actuates.

=Cap.= The plate or upper part of a bearing that holds the top half of the box or brasses in place.

=Cape-chisel.= A narrow machinist's chisel.

=Caps.= The backward curves on the points of file teeth.

=Cap-screw.= A screw with a collar and a square head.

=Carrier.= A device for driving lathe work.

=Case hardening.= A process of hardening the surface of wrought iron, the hardening usually extending about 1/32 inch in depth.

=Cat-head.= A sleeve fastened by set-screws to slender lathe work and running in a bearing so as to steady the work.

=Caulking-tool.= A tool used for caulking riveted joints and in making rust-joints.

=Centre-bit.= A bit having a triangular conical point with its cutting edge on one-half of the end and a spur on the other half.

=Centre-punch.= A tool having a coned point for marking the centres to work.

=Chamfer.= A facet that removes the corner of a right angle.

=Change-gears= _or_ =change-wheels.= The gear wheels employed to change the revolutions of a lead screw or feed motion.

=Chaser.= A toothed tool for cutting threads by hand in a lathe.

=Check.= A crack.

=Check nut.= A second nut screwed against the first to check it from slackening back.

=Chip-break.= A piece that rests upon the work of a wood-working machine and prevents the cutter from splitting out the wood as the cut leaves the surface.

=Chipping-hammer.= A machinist's hand hammer.

=Chips.= 1. The cutting from a metal cutting machine tool. 2. The thick cuttings from a wedge-shaped wood-working tool, as from an axe or adz.

=Chisel.= A wedge-shaped tool.

=Chisel-tooth saw.= A saw having inserted teeth with a maximum of front rake.

=Chop= _or_ =hammer-sink.= A mark left on a plate by a sawmaker's or plate straightener's hammer.

=Chord-pitch.= The pitch of gear wheel teeth measured in a straight line.

=Chuck.= A work-holding or tool-holding device.

=Chucked.= Held in a chuck.

=Chucking-lathe.= A lathe having a large face plate for chucking purposes, and usually a short bed.

=Chuck-plate.= A large face plate on which work may be chucked.

=Circular saw.= A saw having its teeth arranged around its circumference.

=Clamp.= A device for fastening or holding work together or to some other part.

=Clearance.= 1. The amount to which one piece clears or escapes another. 2. On a lathe tool, clearance is the amount to which the back face of the tool escapes the metal it is cutting.

=Clements driver.= A device for driving work in a lathe, and that places an equal strain on each end of the lathe dog or carrier.

=Clutch.= A device for engaging or disengaging so as to cause the motion of one piece to be communicated to another, or to stop such communication.

=Cock.= A device for opening or closing the bore of a pipe.

=Cog.= A wooden tooth for a gear wheel.

=Collapsing-taps.= A tap that is so formed that its teeth close inwards when the thread is cut so that the tap can be withdrawn without winding it backwards.

=Collar.= 1. A disc-shaped enlargement on a cylindrical piece. 2. A hollow cylindrical piece containing a set screw, to prevent a shaft from end motion.

=Collet.= A casing for holding tools or drawers in position.

=Combination-chuck.= A chuck in which the jaws may be moved simultaneously or independently.

=Comparator.= A machine for comparing measurements, for testing them and originating sub-divisions.

=Compass-calipers.= A pair of calipers having one bent leg and one leg with compass joint.

=Compasses.= A tool answering the same purpose as dividers, but with longer legs and a set screw to secure the position of the legs.

=Compass-plane.= A plane whose sole or bottom is curved in its length.

=Compound gears.= A train of gear wheels in which there are two wheels fixed on the same shaft but of different diameters so as to vary the velocity.

=Compound slide-rest.= A slide-rest having two slides, one above the other.

=Cone-bearing.= A bearing (for a journal) that contains a coned sleeve that may be moved endways to take up wear.

=Cone-mandrel.= A mandrel that holds hollow work by means of two cones.

=Cone-plate.= A device for steadying work in the lathe by supporting one end in a coned mouth.

=Cone-pulley.= A pulley having steps of different diameters.

=Cone-shaft.= The shaft for a cone-pulley.

=Cook's auger.= An auger rounded at the end for cutting end-grain wood.

=Cope-cutter.= A cutter for under-cutting the shoulder of a tenon on wood-work.

=Cope-head.= A head for a cope-cutter in a tenoning machine.

=Core.= A body of sand that produces a hole or cavity in a casting.

=Core-box.= The box in which a core is made.

=Cored.= Containing a hole or recess.

=Cotter= _or_ =cottar.= A term applied to small keys that are very broad in proportion to their thickness.

=Cotter-drill.= A drill used in cutting out keyways in a machine.

=Cotter-file.= A file thin in proportion to its length, for filing out keyways or slots.

=Counterbore.= 1. A parallel recess at the mouth of a hole. 2. A tool for producing such a recess.

=Countershaft.= A shaft with pulleys upon it, employed to permit a machine to be started and stopped without stopping and starting the line shaft, also, to afford means for varying the speed of a machine.

=Countersink.= A tool for cutting a coned mouth to a hole.

=Countersunk.= Having a coned mouth.

=Coupling.= A piece used to connect two pieces together.

=Covering-plate.= A plate used to cover the seams of a boiler.

=Cow-mouth chisel.= A machinist's chisel shaped at the cutting end like a carpenter's gouge.

=Crank.= An arm that is fast to a shaft and is used as a lever wherewith to revolve the shaft.

=Crank-shaft.= A shaft having a crank.

=Cross-cut.= A narrow machinist's chisel.

=Cross-cut saw.= A saw whose teeth are shaped to cut across the fibre or grain of wood.

=Cross-face.= A plate straightener's or saw maker's hammer, having one face at a right angle to the other.

=Cross-feed.= That feed of a lathe which runs across the bed.

=Cross-filing.= That class of filing in which the file is pushed in the line of its length.

=Cross-head.= That part of an engine that connects the piston rod to the connecting rod.

=Cross-slide.= A slide that stands across a work-table.

=Crowning.= Highest in the middle when tested by a straight edge.

=Crown-wheel.= A gear wheel having its teeth upon its side face.

=Cup-chuck.= A chuck having a coned or cupped mouth.

=Cup-shape.= A crack of circular form in a piece of timber or a log.

=Cutter.= A tool that is held or carried in a stock bar or mandrel.

=Cutter-bar.= The bar or shaft that carries the cutting knives in a wood-planing machine.

=Cutter-grinder.= A machine for grinding cutters.

=Cutter-head.= 1. A head that carries cutters. 2. The head that carries the cutters in a wood-moulding machine.

=Cutting-off lathe.= A lathe used for cutting up rods into required lengths, and having a hollow spindle through which the rod passes.

=Cutting-off saw.= A sawing machine designed for cropping the ends of work and cutting it to length.

=Cutting-off tool.= A tool for cutting up rods or bars, and used in the common lathe and in the cutting-off lathe.

=Cycloid= (si'kloid). A curve generated by a pencil fixed in the perimeter of a circle that is rolled upon another circle.

=Cylinder.= 1. That part of a steam-engine in which the steam is utilized to drive the piston. 2. The shaft that carries the knives in a wood-planing machine.

=Cylinder-head=, _or_ =cylinder-cover.= A piece that encloses or seals the end of a cylinder.

D

=Dead centre.= The stationary centre of a lathe.

=Dead-smooth file=, _or_ =superfine file.= The finest or smoothest cut of file.

=Delivery-rolls.= Rolls that remove the work from a machine or from its cutters or knives.

=Describing-circle.= The circle or cylinder containing the pencil for rolling a curve.

=Diametral pitch.= A system of designating the pitches of gear wheels.

=Diamond-point.= A machinist's chisel, square in cross-section, having a diamond-shaped face at the end, and two cutting edges, one at a right angle to the other.

=Die.= 1. A tool for cutting threads upon external surfaces, such as bolts. 2. A chumpy sliding piece.

=Differential screw.= A screw having a coarse and a fine thread, the difference between the two pitches enabling a more powerful strain to be endured by the thread.

=Dimension planer.= A wood-planing machine, for planing accurately to size.

=Disk= _or_ =disc.= A cylinder whose length is very short in proportion to its diameter.

=Dividers.= A tool having two legs with sharp points at their ends for measuring distances or drawing circles.

=Dog.= A work holding device.

=Dog-chuck.= A chuck containing independent dogs or jaws.

=Dog-head.= A hammer used in plate or saw straightening.

=Double-eye= _or_ =knuckle-joint.= A joint in which one piece is forked at its end, to receive the other, and a pin passes through both.

=Double-thread.= A screw thread, having two spirals in the same bolt or body.

=Dovetail.= A groove that is wider at the bottom than at the top, or a projection thicker at the top than at the bottom.

=Draw-filing.= That class of filing in which the line of file motion is in the direction of the width of the file.

=Drawn-down.= Decreased in diameter, width or thickness, by forging or swaging.

=Drawn-out.= Increased in length, by forging or swaging.

=Drift.= A tool that cuts the walls of a hole while it is driven through by hammer blows.

=Drift-pin.= A taper pin that is used by boiler makers to drive through holes that do not come fair, or match properly.

=Drill.= A tool to pierce holes.

=Drill-chuck.= A chuck used to hold drills.

=Drilling-machine.= A machine for drilling holes in metal.

=Driver.= 1. A device for driving work in the lathe and sometimes called a dog or carrier. 2. A gear wheel which drives another.

=Drop-hammer.= A forging or stamping hammer which is lifted by power and let fall of its own weight.

=Drunken thread.= A screw thread that is not a true spiral, but is waved in its course.

=Duplex slide-rest.= A feed motion in which there are two slide-rests in one slide-way.

=Dutchman.= A piece let in to restore a worn part, or to hide a defect.

E

=Edge-moulding machine.= A machine for dressing the edges of wood-work to shape, and usually for forming a moulding thereon.

=Emery grinder=, _or_ =emery-grinding machine.= A machine in which emery wheels are used to grind the work.

=Emery wheel.= A wheel composed of emery cemented together under pressure.

=Endless screw.= A short length of screw formed to drive the teeth of a worm wheel.

=End-mill.= A milling-machine cutter, having teeth on its end face.

=Engine-lathe.= A lathe having a feed motor for the cutting tool.

=Epicycloid= ([)e]p-i-s[=i]'-kloid). A cycloidal curve in which the rolling circle is rolled outside the fixed or base circle.

=Equalizing-file.= A file that is slightly thicker in the middle than it is at either end.

=Expanding-chuck.= A chuck that is capable of expanding to accommodate a slight variation of work-diameter and usually holding the work from its bore.

=Expanding-mandrel.= A mandrel whose diameter may be varied, usually by means of moving jaws or pieces.

=Expansion-joint.= A joint capable of permitting the parts it connects to expand and contract under variations of temperature.

=Extension-bit.= A bit in which a cutter can be set so as to bore different sizes of holes.

=Extension-lathe.= A lathe whose bed is in two longitudinal divisions so that the upper one may be moved endways and thus form a gap to let chucked work of large diameter pass.

F

=Face.= 1. The broadest surface of a piece, or that having the largest area. 2. The circumferential surface of a wheel or pulley. 3. A surface on a gear-wheel tooth.

=Face-cam.= A cam in which the actuating surface is on its side or sides.

=Face-cutter.= A milling cutter having its teeth upon its circumferential surface.

=Face-plate.= A plate or table having a plain or flat surface for holding work.

=Facing-cutter.= A cutter for levelling a face or surface.

=Farrar planer.= A wood-planing machine in which a travelling bed is used to feed the work to the cutter head.

=Feather.= A key that is fast in one piece of the work, and an easy fit to the other, so that the latter may be moved along the feather.

=Feed-motor.= That part of a machine that feeds either the work or the tool, so as to put on the cut.

=Feed-rolls.= Rolls that move the work to machines or to cutting tools.

=Feed-screw.= A screw that is used to feed the cutting tool in a machine.

=Fence.= A plate in a wood-working machine, against which the work is set or moved to hold it in proper position for the cutting operations.

=Fiddle-drill.= A drill that is revolved back and forth by a device similar to a fiddle-bow.

=Fifth wheel.= The circular slideway that enables the front axle of a vehicle to turn horizontally.

=File.= A hand tool for cutting metal, wood, ivory, bone and all other hard substances except stone.

=File-card.= A wire-brush for cleaning files.

=Fillet.= A curved piece for filling in a corner.

=Fillister-head.= A screw-head that is cylindrical and contains a screw slot.

=Firmer-chisel.= A stout carpenter's chisel that is used for cutting out mortises and similar heavy work.

=Fit-strip.= A projection usually about an inch wide that is intended to be fitted to bed the piece properly and save bedding the whole surface of the piece.

=Fixture.= A device for holding work in an exact position, true with some one face, hole, or pin, as the case may be.

=Flat-chisel.= A wedge-shaped machinist's chisel.

=Flat-drill.= A drill whose body is rectangular in cross-section.

=Flatter.= A swage for flat surfaces.

=Fleam.= Acuteness given to saw teeth by filing their front faces at an acute angle to the plane of the saw blade.

=Flexible shaft.= A shaft composed of wire, similar to a wire rope, for transmitting rotary motion, notwithstanding that the shaft may be an arc of a circle.

=Flooring-machine.= A machine for planing and matching at the same time, and generally used for floor boards.

=Flute.= A groove.

=Fly-cutter.= A cutting tool fastened in an arbor or spindle, and used for producing irregular shapes.

=Follower.= A gear wheel that receives motion from another gear wheel.

=Follower-rest.= A rest that steadies work on the lathe and travels with the slide rest.

=Foot-block.= A work-holding device containing a dead centre, used upon a milling machine.

=Foot-lathe.= A lathe operated by foot-power.

=Fore-plane= _or_ =jack-plane.= A roughing out plane.

=Forging.= A piece or part that has been forged into shape.

=Fork-centre.= A centre used to drive woodwork in the lathe.

=Fork-scriber.= A double pointed tool used by boiler-makers to mark small circles.

=Former.= 1. A piece that acts as a guide to control the movement of a cutting tool. 2. A template or block on which a piece is bent or shaped.

=Fox-lathe.= A brass finisher's lathe, having a turret head and spiral thread-cutting devices that obviate the use of a lead screw or change gears.

=Friction-clutch.= A clutch that operates by frictional contact.

=Friction-gearing.= Wheels that transmit motion by the frictional contact of their circumferences.

=Friction-rollers.= Rollers employed to reduce the friction of the parts.

=Friction-wheel.= A wheel that drives by the frictional contact of its surface.

=Friezing-machine= _or_ =edge-moulding-machine.= A machine for cutting mouldings on the edge of wood work.

=Front-tool.= A tool having its cutting edge in front, and used for plain surfacing work.

=Fuller.= A blacksmith's tool for spreading the metal in any particular direction.

G

=Gang-drill.= A drilling machine on which a number of drills may be used simultaneously.

=Gang-edger= _or_ =gang-edging machine.= A machine in which a gang of saws are employed to trim the edges of boards or cut them to width.

=Gang-mills.= Milling machine cutters that are placed in gangs and side by side on the same arbor.

=Gap-lathe= _or_ =break-lathe.= A lathe having a gap in its bed to enable the chucking of work that would not otherwise pass over the bed.

=Gauge.= 1. A standard of measurement. 2. A standard of shape.

=Gear.= A term applied to a piece of mechanism that accomplishes a single object: thus a valve-gear operates a valve; a steering-gear steers the vessel.

=Geared.= Placed in gear or connected together.

=Gear-wheel.= A wheel provided with teeth to engage with similar teeth upon another wheel.

=Generating-circle.= The circle that is supposed to move in the construction of cycloidal curves.

=Gib.= 1. A piece that may be set up to take up the wear. 2. A piece for holding a strap, and forming an abutting piece for a key.

=Gimlet.= A wood-boring hand tool, having a threaded conical end to pull it to its cut.

=Gimlet-bit.= A fluted gimlet having no thread at its end, but a spiral flute so shaped as to pull the bit forward to its cut.

=Gland.= A piece enveloping a stem and used to make a tight working joint.

=Globe-valve.= A valve, having a spherical body, used in pipe-work.

=Goose-neck.= A frame affording a fulcrum for a ratchet brace.

=Gouge.= A wood-cutting hand tool that is curved in its cross-section.

=Gravis.= A hand tool, rectangular in cross-section and having cutting edges at its end that are formed by grinding the end face at an acute angle to the body of the tool.

=Groove-cam.= A cam in which the actuating surface is in the form of a groove.

=Ground joint.= A joint that is finished by grinding the parts together, usually with oil and emery.

=Guide-bar= _or_ =slide-bar.= A bar that forms a guide for the crosshead of an engine or other moving piece.

=Gum.= 1. The bottom of the space between saw teeth. 2. A rubber-like substance formed of oil that has dried.

H

=Hack.= A tool used for cutting iron in two under a steam hammer.

=Hack-saw.= A saw held in a frame and used by hand for cutting metal.

=Half-check joint.= A joint in which a piece is let into the other, so that the surfaces come level.

=Half-round file.= A file that is half round in cross-section.

=Hand-file.= A superior class of file that is parallel in width and thickest in the middle of its length.

=Hand-hammer.= A hammer that can be used in one hand.

=Hand-lathe.= A lathe with which hand cutting tools are used.

=Hand-nut.= A nut that may be screwed up by hand without the aid of a wrench.

=Hand-planer.= A wood-planing machine in which the work is fed by hand.

=Hand-rest.= The rest on which hand-turning tools are supported in a lathe.

=Hand-tap.= A tap that is used by hand.

=Hand-vise.= A small vise for use in the hand.

=Hanger.= A frame that is bolted to another frame or part, and carries another piece, usually a shaft of some kind.

=Hardened.= Hardened steel is that which has been made hard by heating to a cherry red and suddenly cooling it, usually by quenching it in water.

=Hardy.= A blacksmith's chisel that fits into the anvil.

=Heading-block.= A block used in upsetting the heads of bolts or pins.

=Heart-shake.= A split radiating from the centre of a log.

=Heating-surface.= That part of the surface of a steam-boiler that receives heat on one side and has water on the other.

=Heel-tool.= A hand turning tool having a projecting heel to cross the tool rest, and usually held in a wooden stock or handle.

=Herring-bone tooth.= A form of gear wheel tooth in which the tooth, instead of passing direct across the wheel face, curves partly around the circumference and then back again, so that the two ends of the tooth only are opposite to each other.

=Hindley's-screw.= A short length of screw used to drive a worm wheel, and sometimes termed an endless screw.

=Hob= _or_ =hub.= A tool for cutting the threads on screw cutting tools, such as chaser dies.

=Hour-glass screw.= A worm or tangent screw which is formed to envelop part of the arc of circumference of a worm wheel, and therefore assumes in outline the form of a sand hour-glass.

=Hunting-tooth.= An extra tooth put into a pair of gear wheels that would otherwise contain the same number of teeth, the object being to prevent the same teeth from always falling together.

=Hypocycloid= (h[=i]-po-s[=i]'kloid). A cycloidal curve in which the rolling circle is rolled within the fixed or base circle.

I

=Idle pulley= _or_ =guide pulley.= A pulley employed to guide a belt.

=Independent chuck.= A chuck in which each jaw is operated separately.

=Index-plate.= A plate having holes or notches accurately dividing a circle into equal divisions.

=Inserted-tooth cutter.= A cutter in which the teeth are inserted in a disc or head.

=Inside calipers.= Calipers used to measure inside dimensions, as boxes, recesses, etc.

=Intermediates.= The wheels that are between the front driver and last follower of a train of gear wheels.

=Involute.= A curve generated by the path of a given point in a straight line, as the line is rolled upon a circle. (Vol. I. p. 31.)

J

=Jack-plane.= A plane employed to rough out the work.

=Jig.= A device for holding work and guiding the operating tool.

=Jointing-machine.= A machine for truing the surfaces of wood-work that are to form a joint.

=Journal.= That part of a shaft that runs in a bearing which guides or limits the motion of the shaft.

=Jump= _or_ =upset.= To enlarge at the end by a forging process.

K

=Kerf.= The passageway or slot cut by a saw.

=Key.= A rectangular wedge for locking two pieces together.

=Knife.= The cutting tool used on a wood-planing or wood-splitting machine.

=Knurling-tool= _or_ =milling-tool.= A tool used to press indentations into the edges or upon the surface of metal, in order to increase the hand grip of it.

L

=Land.= That part of a tap or a reamer that lies between its plates and carries the cutting edges or teeth.

=Lantern.= A primitive form of gear in which rungs are used instead of teeth.

=Lap.= A grinding device consisting of a lead or other soft metal surface, on which emery and oil is used.

=Lap-joint.= A joint in which one piece overlaps the other.

=Lap-weld.= A weld in which both pieces are beveled at the ends and one end overlaps the other where the two are put together to weld.

=Lathe.= A machine that revolves work to be operated by cutting tools.

=Lathe-bed.= The frame that carries the head and tail stock of a lathe, and that rests upon a solid foundation.

=Lathe-carriage.= The sliding piece that carries the tool rest of a lathe.

=Lathe-centre.= The piece or part of a lathe that enters the coned recess of lathe work that is held between centres.

=Lathe-saddle.= The sliding piece that carries the tool rest of a lathe.

=Lathe-shears.= The frame of a lathe that carries the head and tail stocks, and that rests on legs.

=Lead-screw.= A screw for a lathe that is used for screw cutting only.

=Left-hand thread.= A screw thread in which the nut must be revolved in a direction opposite to that in which the hands of a watch move, in order that the nut may screw upon the bolt.

=Leg-vise.= A machinist's or blacksmith's vise having legs.

=Line of centres.= A line, real or imaginary, passing from one centre to another.

=Line out.= To mark on work lines denoting the depth of surface that is to be cut away.

=Liner.= A piece of iron put behind or upon a piece to take up its wear.

Line-shaft. A shaft employed to transmit motion from an engine or motor to distant points.

=Link.= A piece having holes or pins at its end to connect two other pieces together.

=Live centre.= The centre of the live spindle of a lathe.

=Live spindle.= The revolving spindle of a lathe.

=Loose.= A term used to denote a part of a plate or saw that is not under tension.

=Lost motion.= Motion that is not transmitted on account of the looseness of the parts.

=Lug.= A small projection.

M

=Machine-bolt.= A bolt and nut of the sizes kept in stock by machinery dealers, the bolt usually being black or unturned.

=Machine-screw.= A small screw made to the Birmingham wire gauge.

=Machine-tap.= A long taper tap used in threading nuts in a machine.

=Machine-tool.= A machine that performs work by means of cutting tools.

=Mandrel.= 1. A cylindrical piece which is driven into hollow work and holds it while it is turned in the lathe. 2. A piece or bar on which work is driven or forced. 3. A shaft running in bearings.

=Mangle-wheel.= A gear wheel whose teeth are so arranged that the wheel is reciprocated back and forth on its centre, and does not make a full revolution.

=Marking-gauge.= A tool used by wood-workers to draw a line upon work.

=Master-tap.= A standard tap used for producing thread-cutting tools, or kept as a standard of size.

=Matched.= A board that has a tongue on one edge and a groove on the other so that the edges of the boards will match or be fitted together.

=Matching-machine= _or_ =matcher.= A wood-working machine which cuts a groove on one edge and a tongue on the other edge of a board or piece of work.

=Measuring-machine.= A machine for determining the measurement of a piece.

=Micrometer.= (m[=i]-kr[)o]m'e-ter). A tool for measuring to minute fractions of an inch.

=Mill-file.= A single cut file used for filing sheet steel, saw teeth, etc.

=Milling-cutter= _or_ =mill.= The cutter or cutting tool used in a milling-machine.

=Milling-machine.= A machine in which revolving cutters are used to dress the surfaces of metal and cut them to size and shape.

=Mitre-cutting machine.= A machine for cutting mitre joints.

=Mitre-joint.= A joint at an angle of 45 degrees to the plane of the pieces it joins.

=Mitre-wheel.= A bevel gear having its teeth at an angle of 45 degrees to its shaft.

=Mortise.= A recess slot usually square or rectangular, and employed to receive a tenon from another piece.

=Moulding-cutters.= The cutters employed to produce mouldings on wood.

=Multiple-drilling machine.= A drilling-machine in which more than one drilling-tool may be used, and separate and successive operations may be performed upon the work, carrying it from one drill-spindle to another.

=Mute-pulley.= A belt-guiding pulley that can be adjusted to various positions upon its stand.

N

=Nail-bit.= A boring tool for wood, used for cutting across the grain of wood.

=Nut.= A threaded piece for receiving a screw.

O

=Odontograph= ([=o]-d[)o]n'-to-gr[)a]f). An instrument employed in making or drawing gear-wheel teeth.

=Oliver.= A foot-power hammer used by blacksmiths, mainly for forging bolts or studs.

=Outside-calipers.= Calipers used to measure external surfaces.

P

=Panelling-machine.= A machine for cutting mouldings upon panels.

=Parallel-file.= A file whose thickness is equal from end to end.

=Parallel-vise.= A vise in which the gripping face of the movable jaw is maintained parallel to that of the fixed jaw.

=Paring-chisel.= A wood-worker's chisel that is pushed to its cut by hand pressure.

=Pattern-lathe.= A lathe designed for the use of pattern-makers.

=Pawl.= A tongue that engages with a ratchet.

=Pene= (p[=e]n) _or_ =pane.= The lightest end of a hammer.

=Pening= (p[=e]n'ing). The hammering of the surface of metal in order to stretch it and alter the shape of the piece.

=Pillow-block=, =pillar-block= _or_ =plumber-block.= A piece that affords a bearing for a shaft and is bolted to a pillar or frame.

=Pin-block.= A wooden block used to steady small pins when filed in the vise.

=Pinion.= The smallest wheel in a pair of wheels or in a train of gearing.

=Pin-wrench.= A wrench having a pin to enter holes in the nut.

=Pipe-cutter.= A hand tool for cutting pipe into lengths.

=Pipe-die.= A tool for cutting threads on pipes.

=Pipe-tongs.= A hand tool for gripping pipes.

=Piston.= 1. That part of a steam-engine that moves under steam pressure. 2. A disc that fits a bore and slides therein.

=Pitch.= The distance apart of two pieces.

=Pitch-circle.= A circle drawn through these parts in a gear wheel where the face of the tooth meets the flank, this circle representing the diameter of the wheel for calculations involving its velocity.

=Pitch-line.= A part of a pitch circle.

=Pitman.= A name sometimes given to a connecting rod.

=Planer-shaper.= A metal-cutting machine in which the ram or slide carrying the tool is moved after the manner of a planing machine.

=Planimeter= (pla-n[)i]m'-e-ter). An instrument for finding the area of irregularly shaped plane surfaces.

=Planing-machine.= 1. For iron. A machine having a travelling work-table sliding in guideways, the tool being carried in a slideway that spans the table, two or more slide-rests are used in the larger-sized machines. 2. Wood-planing machine. A machine in which the work is fed to a revolving shaft or head carrying long planing knives.

=Platen.= 1. A work-holding table. 2. The plane surfaced plate which presses on the type in printing.

=Play.= Looseness of fit.

=Plug.= The interior piece of a cock.

=Plug-and-collar gauge.= A pair of gauges for the same size, the plug being sometimes termed the male and the collar the female gauge.

=Plug-tap.= A tap that follows the taper taps and has but two or three of its teeth eased off at the end.

=Plumb-level.= A levelling tool depending for its accuracy on a weighted line and an edge that is straight.

=Plumb-rule.= A straight edge containing a plumb-bob.

=Pod-bit= _or_ =nose-bit.= A wood-boring tool, having a cutting lip at its end.

=Point.= The surface or the extremity of a gear-wheel tooth.

=Polishing-lathe.= A lathe that is used for polishing and therefore requires no tool-carrying devices.

=Poppet-head.= The main head of a lathe.

=Porter-bar.= A bar for handling heavy forgings, which is welded to the forging and afterwards cut off.

=Pressure-bar.= A bar or piece that presses the work to the table in a wood-planing machine.

=Protractor.= A tool having a blade which may be set to the degrees of a circle which are marked upon the back or stock of the protractor.

=Pulley.= A wheel that receives or drives a band, belt or rope.

=Pulley= _or_ =belt-pulley.= A wheel that drives or is driven by a belt.

Q

=Quadrant.= 1. A piece forming one-fourth of a circle. 2. A piece forming the segment of a circle.

=Quick return.= A motion by means of which a head ram or work-table is moved faster during its return traverse than during its cutting traverse.

R

=Rabbet.= A step at the end of a piece of wood.

=Rabbeting-plane.= A plane for rabbeting.

=Rack.= A straight body, having on it, (1) teeth corresponding to the teeth in the wheel that drives it or that it drives; (2) notches to engage a pawl or ratchet.

=Rack-feed.= A feed motor in which the work-table has a rack driven by a gear-wheel.

=Rake.= The inclination of the front face of a cutting tool to the body of the steel of which it is made.

=Ratchet.= A pawl or tongue one end of which engages in notches in a rack or wheel.

=Ratchet-brace.= A hand-drilling device, in which a lever carries a pawl that engages with a ratchet-wheel, which drives the drill.

=Rat-tail file.= A taper round file of small diameter or less than one-fourth of an inch.

=Reamer=, =rymer=, _or_ =rimer.= A tool for smoothing and enlarging bores or holes.

=Recut-file.= A file whose original teeth have been ground off and new teeth have been cut.

=Red-marking.= A mixture of Venetian red and common oil, used to put on a piece of work when trying its fit, and serving to denote the fit.

=Return-cam.= A secondary cam used to move a piece back, after the main cam has moved it forward.

=Reverse-keys.= An arrangement of keys or wedges, that releases two pieces that have been keyed together.

=Rib.= A projecting strip usually employed to strengthen a piece, as the arm of a wheel.

=Right-hand thread.= A screw thread in which, with the end of the bolt towards you, the top of the nut must revolve from left to right like the hands of a watch in order to cause it to screw upon the bolt.

=Rip-saw.= A saw whose teeth are shaped to cut lengthways of the grain of the wood.

=Rod-feed.= A feed motion that is operated by a rod.

=Roll-feed.= A feed motion in which the work is fed to the cutting tool by revolving rolls.

=Rope-socket.= A socket in which the ends of a wire rope are secured.

=Rose-bit.= A reamer that cuts at the end only.

=Rotary planer.= An iron planing machine in which a number of cutters are set in a revolving face plate that is fed to the cut by a head on a slide.

=Round-nosed chisel.= A machinist's chisel whose cutting edge is shaped so as to cut a groove circular in cross-section.

=Round-nosed tool.= A tool whose cutting edge is circular in its course or length.

=Routing-machine.= A machine using a revolving cutter to cut away some parts of a surface and leave the rest in relief.

=Rust-joint.= A joint that is made by being filled with cast-iron cuttings mixed with sal-ammoniac and sulphur to cause the cuttings to rust and form a solid body.

S

=Safe-edge file.= A file having no teeth upon one of its edges.

=Sanding= _or_ =sand-papering machine.= A machine in which sand-paper-covered rollers or wheels are used for finishing wood-work.

=Saw-arbor.= The arbor or mandrel on which a circular saw is driven.

=Saw-bench.= A circular saw machine.

=Saw-gummer.= A machine for deepening the spaces between saw teeth.

=Saw-packing.= Plaited hemp that is packed on both sides of a circular saw to warm it and equalize its tension when it is running.

=Scale.= 1. A rule or measuring device having lines of division upon it. 2. Proportion of size.

=Scarf.= The bevel of a piece of metal that is to be lap welded.

=Scraper.= A hand tool that scrapes rather than cuts the metal.

=Screw-cutting lathe.= A lathe that has a screw feed with change gears to enable it to cut threads or screws upon the work.

=Screw-cutting lathe with independent feed.= A lathe that has a lead screw for cutting threads and a separate feed motion for ordinary tool traverse.

=Screwing-machine.= A machine used to cut screw threads.

=Screw-machine.= A form of lathe in which the spindle is hollow and a revolving head or turret is employed to carry the cutting tools.

=Screw-plate.= A tool for cutting external threads on small work.

=Screw-thread.= The thread upon a screw or other piece of work.

=Screw-tool.= Another name for a chaser.

=Scribing-block= _or_ =surface-gauge.= A tool that carries a needle or scriber for marking on work lines denoting its finished size or the amount of metal that is to be cut off, and that is also used for setting work.

=Second-cut file.= A file whose teeth are coarser than a _smooth_ file and finer than a bastard file.

=Sector.= A device used in connection with an index plate to denote the holes to be used in any particular division of a circle.

=Segment.= A piece having the shape of a segment of a circle, used for building up a hollow cylinder.

=Segmental saw.= A saw that is composed of parts secured to a frame or disc.

=Self-acting lathe.= A lathe having an automatic feed motion for the cutting tool.

=Set.= 1. The bend to one side of the body of the blade of the teeth of saws. 2. Adjustment or alignment. 3. Binding two pieces together.

=Set-screw.= A screw that binds or secures two pieces together by being screwed through one piece and against the other.

=Shafting-rest.= A slide rest carrying several cutting tools and usually employed for turning shafting in the lathe.

=Shake.= A crack in timber.

=Shank-mill.= A milling machine cutter that is provided with a shank or stem.

=Shaper-centres.= A chuck in which the work is held between centres.

=Shaper= _or_ =shaping-machine.= 1. A machine for cutting such surfaces on iron work as can be cut by a tool travelling in a straight line. 2. A woodworking machine in which cutting tools are revolved on an upright spindle projecting above a work table.

=Shavings.= The cuttings from a paring tool.

=Shell.= 1. The body of a steam-boiler. 2. An outer casing.

=Shell-reamer.= A short reamer that is driven by fitting to a coned mandrel.

=Shimer-heads.= A form of cutter head for woodworking machines, in which circular cutters are used.

=Shingle saw.= A saw thick in the body and beveled off for about two or three inches of its outer diameter.

=Shooting-board.= A device upon which pieces are held when required to have their ends dressed to exact shape or angle.

=Shrinkage-fit= _or_ =contraction-fit.= A means of securing two pieces together by leaving the hole of one too small to receive the other, and then expanding the piece containing the hole so that it will go on and bind fast as it cools and contracts.

=Side-chisel.= A machinist's chisel shaped to cut on the sides of slots or keyways, and having its cutting edge on one side of the end facet.

=Side-tool.= A tool used to cut the ends of lathe work that is held between the lathe centres.

=Single-geared lathe.= A lathe in which there is no back gear.

=Single-riveted joint.= A joint having but one row of rivets in a lap joint and one row of rivets on each side of the plate joint in a butt joint.

=Single-thread.= A screw thread having a single spiral.

=Skew-bevel.= A bevel gear wheel in which the teeth sides do not form lines radiating from the wheel centre, but point to one side of it.

=Skew-chisel.= A carpenter's chisel in which the cutting edge is not at a right angle to the body of the tool.

=Skew-cutter.= A cutter in which the cutting edge does not stand parallel to the axis of the shaft that drives it.

=Slab.= 1. A rough square piece of iron forged from scrap. 2. The first piece cut from the side of a log of wood.

=Sleeve.= An enveloping piece that is usually cylindrical and too long to be termed a ring.

=Slide-valve.= The valve that governs the admission of steam into and its exhaust out of a cylinder.

=Slot.= A rectangular passage or hole passing entirely through the material.

=Slotting-machine.= A machine having a vertical bar or ram that carries the cutting tool on its lower end and has a vertical reciprocating motion.

=Smooth-file.= The finest cut of file that is made for ordinary use.

=Smoothing-plane.= A carpenter's short plane for producing a smooth surface.

=Socket.= A piece that is hollow and receives another.

=Socket-wrench.= A wrench that envelops the whole of the head of a bolt.

=Solid milled cutters.= Cutters for woodwork, in which an irregular shaped cutting edge is obtained by recesses cut in the flat face of the cutter.

=Space= _or_ =spaces.= The opening between the teeth of gear wheels.

=Spanner.= A form of wrench.

=Spindle.= A shaft that is used to transmit purely rotary motion, and that is usually of small diameter in proportion to its length.

=Spiral cutter.= A milling cutter having its teeth cut spirally and not parallel to the axis of its bore.

=Spiral head.= A device for holding work and revolving it in a milling machine.

=Spirit-level.= An instrument in which an air-space or bubble is utilized to disclose whether the surface upon which the spirit level is laid is horizontal.

=Spline.= A long feather-way.

=Split-pin.= A pin that is split so that its end can be opened out to prevent its coming out of place.

=Spoke.= The arm that connects the hub of a wheel to its rim or felloe.

=Spoon-bit.= A wood-boring tool that is shaped somewhat like a gouge.

=Spring.= 1. A piece of elastic metal. 2. The movement or deflection of a piece of metal on a tool, by its own weight or from the strain placed on it.

=Spring-tool.= A tool so formed as to have a slight give or spring to it.

=Spur.= A sharp cutting edge placed on some kind of wood-cutting tools to sever the fibre before the cutting edge removes the wood cuttings.

=Spur-wheel.= A gear-wheel having its teeth upon its circumferential surface.

=Square-centre.= A lathe centre having four cutting edges at its coned end.

=Square thread.= A screw-thread that is rectangular in cross-section.

=Stanchion= (st[)a]n'shun). A vertical frame.

=Standard.= An upright piece.

=Standing-bolt.= A bolt that screws into the work, and does not therefore require a nut.

=Stave.= 1. A piece that forms part of a hollow wooden casing. 2. A pin on a gear-wheel that has pins instead of teeth.

=Steady-rest= _or_ =back-rest.= A device for steadying work in the lathe.

=Steam-boiler.= A boiler used to generate steam and hold it at a pressure above that of the atmosphere.

=Steam-hammer.= A forging machine in which the hammer is raised or lifted by steam, and is sometimes also forced downwards by steam.

=Steam-space.= That part of the boiler that is above the level of the water.

=Sticker.= A machine that operates on wood of small cross-sectional area in proportion to its length, such as picture frame moulding.

=Stock.= Material.

=Stocks-and-dies.= Tools for cutting external threads by hand.

=Stop.= 1. A piece that arrests the motion of another piece. 2. A part of a gauge, against which the work abuts.

=Stop-motion.= A device for preventing the overwinding of clocks and watches.

=Straddle-mills.= Milling-machine cutters that are used in pairs and straddle the work, both cutters being of the same diameter.

=Straight edge.= A piece or strip having one or both edges made straight to use as a guide in testing work.

=Stub end.= The end of a connecting rod.

=Stud.= 1. A bolt that screws into the work at one end and receives a nut at the other. 2. A piece that screws into the work at one end.

=Stuffing-box.= The box in which a gland fits.

=Surface-plate.= A plate having a true flat surface to test the flatness of work by.

=Swage.= A blacksmith's tool for smoothing and shaping surfaces.

=Swing-frame.= A frame having a movable stud for carrying the change gears of a lathe.

=Swing-saw.= A saw that is suspended in a swinging frame.

=Swivel-vise.= A vise that may be swiveled or revolved upon its base plate.

T

=[T]= or =tee=. A pipe fitting having two bores at a right angle, one to the other.

=Tailstock= _or_ =tailblock.= That part of a lathe that carries the dead centre.

=Tangent-wheel.= A wheel whose teeth are formed to work with a screw or worm.

=Tap.= 1. A tool for cutting threads in holes or bores. 2. A device for shutting off or turning on the flow of water through a pipe.

=Taper-tap.= A tap that has part of the thread turned off in order that it may enter the hole easily and start to cut the thread. It is sometimes termed the first tap.

=Tapped.= 1. Threaded internally. 2. Having a connection that branches from the main pipe or flow.

=Target.= A frame used in setting shafting in line.

=Temper.= 1. The degree of hardness that has been imparted to steel by heating and suddenly cooling it. 2. A term employed by steel makers with reference to the percentage of carbon contained in steel.

=Tempering.= Tempering consists in reheating hardened steel and thus modifying or reducing its degree of hardness.

=Template= _or_ =Templet.= A piece of metal made to shape, to serve as a pattern for one or more of the work surfaces.

=Thread-gauge.= A threaded cylinder or bore that serves as a standard of reference for the shape and diameter of a screw thread.

=Threading-tool.= A tool for cutting screws in the lathe.

=Throw-line.= The travel of a piece, moved by an eccentric.

=Thumb-nut.= A nut so shaped that it may be screwed up or unscrewed by hand.

=Tight.= A term used to denote those parts of a plate or saw that are under undue tension, and prevent the other parts of the plate from lying flat.

=Timber-planer.= A wood-planing machine for thick work, usually having side heads as well as cutter bars.

=Tire.= The iron band surrounding a wheel rim.

=Tit-drill.= A drill having a point or teat, and employed to cut flat-bottomed holes.

=Tool-post.= The device employed in a slide-rest to grip the cutting tool.

=Train.= An arrangement of gear wheels in which there are more than two gear wheels employed.

=Trammels= _or_ =tram.= A device for measuring distances too great to be measured by ordinary compasses.

=Trip-hammer.= A forging machine in which the helve or hammer holding beam is tripped by a revolving cam.

=Trundle.= A gear-wheel having rungs in place of teeth.

=Trying-up.= A term usually employed to indicate that the work is accurately done or fitted.

=Try-square.= A tool having a rectangular back, and a blade whose edges are a right angle to the edges of the back.

=[T] Slot.= A slot or groove, shaped to receive a bolt head and prevent it from turning when the nut is screwed up.

=Turnbuckle.= A socket that receives and holds the ends of two rods and permits either to be revolved independently of the other or the socket to be revolved without revolving either rod.

=Turret-lathe.= A lathe in which a revolving head or turret carries the cutting tools.

=Tuyère= (tw[=e]'ar). The nozzle through which air is forced into a blacksmith's fire, a furnace or a cupola.

=Twin-mills.= Milling cutters that are used in pairs, and have teeth on their side faces as well as upon the circumference.

=Twist-drill.= A drill having a spiral flute along it.

=Twist-hammer.= A sawmaker's hammer having its two faces parallel, so that by turning it over in the hand its marks will be in opposite directions.

=Two-jawed chuck.= A chuck having two jaws.

U

=Universal chuck.= A chuck in which the jaws move simultaneously.

=Universal joint.= A joint or connection that permits a piece to be moved about in any required direction.

=Universal milling-machine.= A milling-machine that is capable of cutting spirals, and is provided with an index head.

=Upright.= A vertical post or frame.

=U. S. standard thread.= A V-shaped thread having a flat place at the top and bottom.

V

=Vernier= (vër'ni-er). A measuring device in which two sets of lines of division are employed, one set being narrower spaced than the other, but so spaced that in a certain number of divisions the two end lines of each piece measure exactly alike: this provides a means of making a minute measurement.

=Vise.= A work-holding device in which one jaw is movable and the other stationary.

=Vise-clamp.= A piece of metal placed on the vise jaw and passing between it and the work to prevent the jaw teeth from indenting the work.

=[V]-thread.= A V-shaped thread, sharp at the top and bottom.

W

=Warding file.= A thin file suitable for filing out the wards of the keys of door locks, etc.

=Washer.= A perforated disc of metal, usually forming a seating for some other piece as a rest or a pin.

=Wheel lathe.= A lathe for turning wheels.

=Whitworth's quick-return motion.= A mechanism employed to move a cutting tool faster on its return than on its cutting stroke.

=Whitworth's thread.= A screw thread designed by Sir Joseph Whitworth, and having a rounded top and bottom.

=Winding strips.= A pair of straight edges, used to detect any wind or twist in surfaces that ought to be parallel.

=Wing-nut.= A nut having wings so that it may be screwed up with the fingers.

=Wire-gauge.= A gauge having notches in it that are standards of size for wire, for the thickness of sheet metal, for screws, etc., etc.

=Worm-wheel.= A wheel whose teeth are formed to work with a worm or screw.

=Wrench.= A tool for turning nuts, etc.

Y

=Yoke.= A piece that embraces two other pieces to hold them together, or adjust their distance apart.

INDEX TO THE TWO VOLUMES.

A

Absolute steam pressure, ii, 411. Accidents to locomotives, ii, 402. Accurate standards, i, 341. Admission of steam to indicator, ii, 414. point of, ii, 376. Adjustable centre rest, ii, 14. chucks for true work, i, 235. cutters, i, 448. with half-round bit, i, 281. die stock, i, 448. drivers for bolt-heads, i, 224. end measurement gauges, i, 377. or jamb dies, i, 98. planes, ii, 269. reamers, i, 189, 284, ii, 99. shell reamers, i, 284. tap wrenches, i, 110. taps, i, 104. wrenches, various forms of, i, 125. Adjusting connecting rod brasses, ii, 385. length of connecting rods, ii, 126. main bearings, ii, 386. parts of a locomotive, ii, 404. Adjustment of band saws, ii, 309. by differential screw, i, 119. Advantages of face cutters, i, 108. of involute gear teeth, i, 34. Air brake for locomotives, ii, 398. Air chambers, ii, 388, 441. Air pumps, ii, 441. Aligning connecting rods, ii, 119, 124. Alignment in crank pins, errors, ii, 169. of cranks, testing the, ii, 167. of lathe tail stocks, i, 145. Allen valve, ii, 377. Allowance, for contraction fits, i, 366. for hydraulic fits, i, 365. Alteration of shape of threads from the wear of tools, i, 89. Angle irons, welding of, ii, 236. of clearance in lathe tools, i, 257. plate chucking, examples of, i, 251. plates for planer tables, i, 418. valve patterns, ii, 283, 284. Angles for the facets of scrapers, ii, 97. of cutting edges of chisels, ii, 74. of thread cutting tools, i, 91. Angular advance of eccentrics, ii, 380. cutters, ii, 19. cutters for groove cutting, ii, 27. of helical teeth, i, 69. teeth, and thrust of, i, 69. herring-bone, i, 69. velocity of gear-wheels, i, 6. Angularity of connecting rods, ii, 375. Annular emery wheels, ii, 47. wheels, i, 1. compared with spur, i, 32. Anvils, ii, 230. Apparatus for oiling, ii, 439, 440. Appliances for bending timber, ii, 265. for tapping standard work, i, 111. Aprons, lathe, feed motion for, i, 168. Apron tools for planers, i, 411. Arbors, adjustable, i, 227. cutter, ii, 25. emery wheel, construction of, i, 198. expanding, i, 227. for eccentric work, i, 229. shell reamers, i, 283. threaded work, i, 228. lathe, i, 227. Arc of approach of gear-wheels, i, 13, 16. of contact of gear-wheels, i, 17, 25. of recess of gear-wheels, i, 13, 16, 20. Area of the indicator diagram, ii, 419. Arms for pulleys, ii, 279. pivoted, for tooth templates, i, 44. Atmosphere, influence of, on oils, ii, 153. Auger bit, i, 453. Augers for end-grain wood, i, 454. Augers for wood boring, ii, 342. Automatic air brake, ii, 398. cut-off engines, ii, 423. engine, high speed, ii, 427. engine, straight line, ii, 428. wheel governors, ii, 427. feed motions, i, 408; ii, 8. gear cutter, ii, 54. nut tapping machine socket, ii, 475. grindstone traversing device, ii, 53. Auxiliary valve, ii, 438, 439. Ax handle lathes, i, 210. Axle boxes, hot, ii, 403. locomotive, ii, 148. brasses, testing, i, 366. Axles, crank, lathes for turning, i, 152. forging, ii, 259.

B

Babbitting boxes, methods of, ii, 155. Babbitt metal-lined boxes, ii, 155. Back-gear of lathe, i, 135, 145. throwing in and out, i, 165. treble, i, 143. Back-knife gauge lathe, i, 211. Back rest, i, 233. Balanced valves, ii, 377. Balancing cutter heads, ii, 324, 326. emery wheels, ii, 39. pulleys, ii, 202. Ball turning, i, 325. Banking fires, ii, 401. Band saw machines, ii, 308, 311, 312. Band saw guides, ii, 311. teeth, ii, 308-310. pitch of, ii, 309. tension, ii, 310, 311. Bar cutters, boring, i, 289. the shapes of, i, 291. Bar iron, straightening, i, 305. Barometer, graduation of, ii, 416. construction of, ii, 415. Bars, boring, i, 289. boring, with fixed heads, i, 290. Bar steel, forms of, for chisels, ii, 73. Beading bits, ii, 270, 271. Bearings, adjusting, ii, 386. for lead screw, i, 139. of engine lathes, i, 134. of line shafting, ii, 166. surfaces of keys, i, 126. thrust of, ii, 445. various forms of, ii, 147. wear of, i, 158. Beating and pounding, causes of, ii, 168. Bedding brasses in their boxes, ii, 132. Beds, planer, flat guideways for, i, 414. planer, oiling devices for, i, 415. Belt stretching clamps, ii, 210. lacings, covers for, ii, 215. forms of, ii, 214. Belt pumps, ii, 388. shifting mechanism, i, 406, 407. Belts, bevelled joints for, ii, 215. changing or shipping, ii, 217. driving power of, ii, 208-225. friction, coefficient of, ii, 222. grain side, weak, ii, 208. to pulley, ii, 209. guide pulleys for, ii, 211. lap joints for, ii, 215. length of, ii, 209. line of motion of, ii, 217. parts of hide used for, ii, 207. pegged, ii, 215. single and double, ii, 208. stretch of, parts of hide, ii, 208. the creep of, ii, 222. length of, ii, 209. sag of, ii, 210. tension of, ii, 211, 224. torsional moment, ii, 223. [V] or angular, ii, 217. Bench lathes, i, 130. Bending appliances, ii, 226, 265. block for wood, ii, 265, 266. iron, ii, 226, 240. timber, ii, 265, 266. wood, modern methods, ii, 265. Bent files, use of, ii, 93. Bevel gear teeth, originating, i, 22. pinion, drawings for, i, 59. protractors, i, 380. squares, i, 380. wheel, body pattern, i, 59. Bevel wheels, i, 1, 21, 61. formation of the teeth of, i, 22. testing the angle of, i, 60. Bilge injection marine engines, ii, 441. Billiard cues, steady rest for, i, 233. Birmingham wire gauge for gold and silver, i, 387. Bit, half round, i, 281. Bits for wood working, ii, 342. Blacksmith's anvils, ii, 230. drilling levers, i, 456. fire, side blast for, ii, 228. forges, ii, 228, 229. swages, ii, 230, 231. temper, ii, 460. tools, ii, 229, 230. work, swaging, ii, 232. Blade, form of, necessary to produce a given shape of moulding, ii, 77. Block planes, ii, 269. Blocks for filing pins, ii, 104. pillow for shafting, ii, 194. or pillar, patterns for, ii, 277. swage, ii, 232. Blotting paper, oil test, ii, 154. Blowing down boilers, ii, 370. Blows upon plates, effects of, ii, 69. Blow through valve, ii, 440. Boiler fitting joints, ii, 140. Boilermakers, drilling machine, i, 435. drilling machine, feed motion, i, 436. Boilermakers' turning machine, i, 435. Boiler, blowing down, ii, 370. cleaning, ii, 370. evaporative efficiency of, ii, 366. examining, ii, 458. factors of safety of, ii, 355. feed water, ii, 370. feeding, instruction upon, ii, 370. fire cleaning, ii, 369. cleaning tools, ii, 369. for stationary engine, ii, 350. gauge cocks, ii, 368. grate bars, ii, 369. bars, shaking, ii, 369. horizontal, return tubes, ii, 361. lighting the fire under, ii, 368. internally fired, ii, 358. plate, the strength of, ii, 351. settings, ii, 364-366. seams, diameter of rivets, ii, 356. treble riveted, ii, 353. shells, drilling machines for, i, 436. the strains on, ii, 351. the strength of, ii, 350. strains on, ii, 355. the care and management of, ii, 368. tubes, for fire engines, ii, 431. vertical, ii, 359. external uptakes, ii, 361. water gauge glass of, ii, 368. with Field tubes, ii, 359. Boilers, low water in, ii, 370. of marine engines, ii, 436, 437. of steam fire engines, ii, 431. priming in, ii, 370. Bolt-cutting machine, head of, i, 466. dies, i, 473. rapid, i, 467. the construction of dies for, i, 473. with automatic stop motion, i, 466. back gear, i, 467. Bolt-forging, ii, 238. Bolt-threading machinery, i, 468. capacity of, i, 471. construction of, i, 468-472. Bolted connecting-rod straps, ii, 116. Bolt-heads, adjustable drivers for, i, 224. bedding, i, 117. filing, ii, 105. Bolt-holes, classification of, i, 112. Bolts and nuts, table for, i, 114. Bolts, classification of, i, 112. countersunk, i, 112. devices for forging, ii, 238. for foundations, forms of, i, 113. planer tables, forms of, i, 417. quick removal, i, 116. forms of drivers for, i, 224. hook, i, 113. not passing through the work, i, 117. rapid construction of, i, 468. removing corroded, i, 122. self-locking, i, 117. Bore gauge, i, 387. Boring and turning mill or lathe, i, 211. bar, centres for, i, 293. cutters, i, 289. cutters, shapes of, i, 291. bars, i, 289. for taper work, forms of, i, 292. three or four cutters for, i, 290. with fixed heads, i, 290. with sliding heads, i, 290. double-coned work, i, 293. end grain wood, augers for, i, 453. head with nut feed, i, 291. heads, i, 288. lathe for engine cylinders, i, 219. with double heads, i, 220. with traversing spindle, i, 218. mill, i, 211. purposes, chucking lathe for, i, 152. tool holders, i, 287. tools for brass, lathe, and small work, i, 285-287. octagon, holders for, i, 175. the spring of, i, 286. Boring-machine, i, 431. for car wheels, i, 438. wood, ii, 342. horizontal, i, 433. pulley, i, 438. the feed motion of, i, 432. Box wrenches, i, 124. body chucks, i, 237. tools for screw machines, i, 208. Brace drill, i, 455. with multiplying gear, i, 456. ratchet motion, i, 456. Brad awl, i, 452. Brake for lathe pulley, i, 149. for pattern lathe, i, 149. lathe, i, 151. Branch pipe core boxes, ii, 286. Brasses, fitting to their journals, ii, 145. Brasses, for connecting rods, adjusting, ii, 120-127, 130-132. lead lined, ii, 148. oil cavities for, ii, 150. open, ii, 149. various forms of, ii, 127, 147. Brass work, boring tools for, i, 286. front tools for, i, 264. hand tool for roughing out, i, 332. side tools for, i, 264. special lathes for, i, 217. Breast drill with double gear, i, 456. Broaches, construction of, i, 479. Broaching press, i, 478. Broken frames, repairing, ii, 178. Brush wheels, for polishing, ii, 50. speed of, ii, 50. Built-up gearwheels, i, 61. Burnishing lathe work, i, 311. Butt joints, boiler, ii, 352. Butt welds, ii, 236. Buzz planer, ii, 315. By-pass valve, ii, 438.

C

Calculating the horse power of engines, ii, 407, 419. revolutions of, and power transmitted by, gear wheels, i, 5. speeds of pulleys, ii, 204. strength of gear teeth, i, 65. strength of riveted seams, ii, 354. horse power by indicator diagrams, ii, 418, 419. Calculations, safety-valve, ii, 409. Calendar roll lathe, i, 195, 215. Caliper, the micrometer, i, 354. Calipers, compass, i, 378. holding and using, i, 361, 362. inside, i, 360. spring, i, 360. with locking devices, i, 360. Cam chuck for irregular work, i, 328. motion for an engine slide-valve without steam lap, i, 83. motions, applications of, i, 327. for engines, i, 83. return or backing, i, 82. Cams, finding the pitch line of, i, 80. finding the working face of, i, 80. originating in the lathe, i, 326. return, finding the shapes of, i, 82. Capacity of pumps, ii, 388. of thread cutting machine, i, 471. Cape chisels or cross-cut chisels, ii, 74. Car axle lathe, i, 147. the feed motions of, i, 148. Carpenter's chisel, ii, 77. Carriages, lathe, testing, ii, 182. for lathes, i, 137, 145. Carriers, lathe, i, 222. Car wheels, boring machine for, i, 438. Case-hardening, ii, 128, 442. finished work, ii, 129. preparing work for, ii, 129. Casting pillow blocks, ii, 277. Cast gear, contact of the teeth of, i, 67. iron, internal strains, i, 306. teeth, contact of, i, 67. scale for curves of, i, 51. side clearance, i, 53. Cat head, i, 233. steady rest, i, 233. Caulking tools, ii, 141. Cement chuck, i, 242. Cements used in the manufacture of emery wheels, ii, 38. Centre bit, i, 454. dead, methods of removing, i, 159. drill and countersink, i, 300. chuck, i, 302. drilling lathe attachment, i, 300. chucks for, i, 303. machine, i, 300. live, removing, i, 159. of rough work, i, 301. planer, i, 408. punch, i, 300. guide, i, 301. Centres for boring bars, i, 293. for hollow work, i, 226. lathe, i, 296. shaping machines, i, 397. taper work, i, 226. live, tapers for, i, 159. Centring devices for crank axles, i, 230. square, i, 300. work with the scribing block, i, 301. Chain riveted joints, ii, 352. Chambering or gumming, ii, 290. Change gears, arrangement of, i, 319. gears, compounded, i, 321. table for finding, for screw cutting, i, 180. hanging, i, 158. wheels, pitches of teeth, i, 182, 321. Changing or slipping belts, ii, 217. Chasers, errors in applying, i, 336. forms of, i, 268. holders, i, 268. improved form of, i, 90. outside and inside, i, 335. setting, i, 268. Check valves, ii, 388. Chisels, angle of presentation, ii, 77. angles of cutting edges, ii, 74. blacksmith's, ii, 230. cape or cross-cut, ii, 74. carpenter's, ii, 77. cow-mouthed, ii, 75. curved or oil groove, ii, 76. cutting ends of, ii, 74. diamond point, ii, 76. dimensions of, ii, 74. for wood, ii, 271. handles for, ii, 271. holders, ii, 74. machinist's application of, ii, 76. round-nosed, ii, 76. shapes of cutting edges, ii, 74. the use of, ii, 76. Chucking device for pulleys, i, 318. devices for planer tables, i, 408. errors in, i, 250. lathe for boring purposes, i, 152. machine beds, on a planer, i, 421. on angle plates, i, 251. reamers, for true work, i, 283. the halves of large pulleys on a planer, i, 422. Chucks and chucking, i, 234. Chucks, box body, i, 237. cement, i, 242. combination, i, 237. cone, i, 232. contracting, for lathes, i, 188. drill, i, 446. drill-holding, construction of, ii, 41. expanding, i, 188. for centre-drilling and countersinking, i, 303. large planing machines, i, 422. milling machines, ii, 31. screw machine, i, 205. straightening wire, i, 305. true work, adjustable, i, 235. wood-working lathes, i, 242. independent, i, 238. planer, for curved work, i, 420. planer, for grooved work, i, 419. reversible jawed, i, 237. special forms of, i, 234-241. swivelling, i, 395. tailstock for drilled work, i, 279. the wear of, i, 240. three and four-jawed, i, 237. two-jawed, i, 236. universal, i, 238. various forms of, i, 394. vise, for vise work, i, 396. vise, holding taper work in, i, 394. vise, rapid motion, i, 396. Circle, dividing the, i, 348. rolling, for change gears, i, 16. Circular cutters, i, 272; ii, 22. cutters, tool holders for, i, 272. cutting tools, i, 267. plane, ii, 268. saw gauges, ii, 287. inserting teeth, ii, 290, 291. machine, roll feed, ii, 298, 300. mandrel hole, size of, ii, 287. segmental, ii, 300. stretching by heat, ii, 288. tension, ii, 288. Circular slide valves, ii, 377. Circulating pumps, ii, 440. Circumferential seam strength, ii, 356. grindstone speed, ii, 52. Clamp couplings, ii, 197. Clamping work on face plates, i, 245. Clamps, belt, ii, 210. chucking, i, 245. for steady rests, i, 233. polishing for lathe-work, i, 311. steady rest, i, 233. vise, various forms of, ii, 64. Classification of bolts, i, 112. of bolt heads, i, 112. of lathes, i, 129. of measuring tools, i, 354. Cleaning boilers, ii, 370. files, ii, 94. Clearance in cast gear teeth, i, 53. of front tools, i, 254. of planer tools, i, 424. of taps, i, 102. of tools for square threads, i, 269. of twist drills, i, 274, 275. on cutter, ii, 35. Clements driver, i, 223. Clinker hook, ii, 369. Clip-ended connecting-rod, ii, 115. Clock wheels, i, 21. Clutches, friction, ii, 192. Cocks and plugs, grinding, ii, 144. leaky, ii, 145. Cogged gear-wheels, i, 63. Cogs, durability of, i, 66. strength of, i, 66. thickness of, i, 66. methods of fastening, i, 63. Cold-rolled shafting, ii, 187. Collapsing tap, screw machine, i, 107. taps, tapping machine, i, 107. Collar gauges and standard plug, i, 356. for threads, i, 91. testing, i, 356. Collars for shafting, ii, 189. Color tempering, ii, 460. Combination chucks, i, 237. Combination planes, ii, 269, 270. Combined centre-drill and countersink, i, 300. cutting off tools and holders, i, 273. drilling machine and lathe, i, 433. Compass planes, ii, 268, 269. Compasses, i, 377. Compound engines, ii, 434, 435. slide rest, i, 140. tool holders for, i, 174. Compounded gears, i, 320. Compounds for welding, ii, 234. Compression curve of engines, ii, 422. Compression curve, ii, 415. line, ii, 415. the point of, ii, 376. Concave saw, ii, 287, 288. Condenser, total pressure in, ii, 444. Condensing engine diagram, ii, 415. Cone chuck, i, 232. Connecting-rods, adjusting the length of, ii, 126. angularity of, ii, 375. brasses, adjusting, ii, 385. joint faces of, ii, 122. lining up, ii, 126. double gibbed, ii, 116. ends, tapered, ii, 117. fitting up, ii, 118. keys, ii, 375. keyways, filing out, ii, 120. locomotive, ii, 115. length of, ii, 123. marine engine, ii, 116. marking length of, ii, 123. repairing, ii, 125. setting up keys of, ii, 126. solid-ended, ii, 114. strap-ended, ii, 115. straps, ii, 120. bolted, ii, 116. stepped, ii, 117. trammelling the length of, ii, 122. various forms of, ii, 117. welding up stub ends of, ii, 119. Construction of gland patterns, ii, 276. of groove cams, i, 84. of lathe carriages, i, 137. of emery wheel arbors, i, 198. of tailstock of engine lathe, i, 135. of reciprocating cross-cut saw, ii, 312. of scroll sawing machines, ii, 306, 307. of the barometer, ii, 415. Contact of cast teeth, i, 67. Contracting chucks for lathes, i, 188. Contraction or shrinking fits, i, 366. Convection, ii, 412. Conversion of heat into work, ii, 411. Cope cutters, ii, 344. Core boxes for branch pipes, ii, 286. Core box plane, i, 269. Cored work, drivers for, i, 225. Corliss engine, ii, 423, 424. valve, lap of, ii, 426, 427. valve gear, ii, 424, 425. Correcting the errors of thread pitch caused by hardening, i, 109. Corroded bolts, removing, i, 122. nuts, removing, i, 122. Cotter or keyway drilling machine, i, 438. drills, i, 446. Counterbore and drill, i, 449. Countershafts, ii, 191. Countersink cutters, i, 449. Countersink, for hardened work, i, 303. for lathe work, i, 302. with adjustable drill, i, 300. Countersinking, chucks for, i, 303. Countersinks, i, 285. Countersunk bolt heads, i, 112. Coupling for light shafting, ii, 198. plate, ii, 196. universal, ii, 199. Couplings, clamp, ii, 197. for line shafting, ii, 194. for split sleeves, ii, 195. self-adjusting, ii, 196. Covers for belt lacings, ii, 215. Cow mouthed chisel, ii, 75. Crank, application of slide-rest, i, 152. axles, centring devices, i, 230. axles, lathe for turning, i, 152. drill, i, 457. lathe for turning, i, 154. motion for shaping machines, i, 401. simple, i, 13. placing at right angles, ii, 156. Crank-pin aligning, errors, ii, 158, 170. remedying errors of, ii, 171. riveting, ii, 73. Crank-pins, hot, ii, 386. Crank position, engine starting, ii, 384. Crank-shaft, forging, ii, 248, 249. setting eccentrics on, ii, 174. Cranks, placing at right angles, ii, 156. special lathe chuck for, i, 248. testing the alignment of, ii, 167. Creep of belts, ii, 211. Cropping gauge, ii, 296. Cross-bar, construction of, i, 409. Cross-cut, or cape chisels, ii, 74. saws, ii, 272, 273, 312. Cross-cutting or gaining machine, ii, 305. Cross-feed motion, construction of, i, 138. Cross-files, ii, 91. Crossfiling, ii, 92, 93. Cross-head chucking, i, 251, 253. Cross-heads of steam engines, ii, 375. Crowding of cutters, to avoid, ii, 27. Crowned pulleys, ii, 200. Crowns of brasses, shapes of, ii, 127. Crown wheels, i, 1. Curve of expansion of indicator diagrams, ii, 414. of gear wheel teeth, variation of, i, 12. Curved or oil groove chisel, ii, 76. work, planer chuck for, i, 410. work, turning, i, 314, 315. Curves, compression, ii, 415. marking, by hand, i, 45. of gear teeth for bevel gear, i, 22. templates for, i, 384. Cushioned hammers, ii, 252, 253. Cut, and kinds of rasps, ii, 87. of files, ii, 86. gear-wheel teeth, strength of, i, 65. Cut-off engines, ii, 423. the point of, ii, 376. valves, ii, 378. Cutter, adjustable, i, 448. adjustable on half-round bit, i, 281. angle for worm wheels, i, 43. angle of, for spiral grooves, ii, 29. arbors, ii, 25. boring-bar, the shapes of, i, 291. clearance of, ii, 35. grinding taper, thin edge, ii, 33. heads, ii, 337. heads for planing machines, ii, 320. revolving, for gear teeth, i, 37. Cutters, angular, ii, 18. angular, grooving, setting of, ii, 28. circular, ii, 22. countersink, i, 449. crowding, to avoid, ii, 27. face, ii, 17. fly, ii, 21. for drilling machines, i, 442. edge moulding, ii, 341. friezing machines, ii, 340. moulding machines, ii, 340. mouldings, ii, 336, 337. standard shapes, i, 111. gang or composite, ii, 23. holders for fly, ii, 22. matched, ii, 73. milling, ii, 16. milling, errors in grinding, ii, 32. parallel, fixture for grinding, ii, 32. right and left-hand, ii, 18. rotary, for all kinds of work, ii, 341. shank, ii, 19. sizes of, ii, 17. slide of gear-cutter, operating, ii, 55. spiral, grinding teeth of, ii, 36. tube-plate, i, 448. twin, ii, 18. with inserted teeth, ii, 24. with spiral teeth, ii, 17. Cutting cams in the lathe, i, 326. coarse pitch square threads, i, 269. double threads, i, 322. edge of chisels, angles of, ii, 74. of chisels, shapes of, ii, 74. on drills, clearance, ii, 43, 44. edges for dies, number of, i, 471. for taps, number of, i, 105. ends of chisels, ii, 74. feeds for wrought iron, i, 294. files, ii, 101. gauge, ii, 274. grooves in cylindrical work, ii, 27. helical teeth in the lathe, i, 69. iron when hot, ii, 263. keyways by hand, ii, 108. left-hand threads, i, 322. out keyways by drifts, ii, 109. steam ports, jigs for, i, 441. right and left-hand grooves, ii, 29. right or left-hand thread, single, double, or treble, with same dies, i, 99. screws by the metric system, i, 322. screw thread by hand, i, 62. speeds, examples of, i, 295. for threading dies, i, 474. for wrought iron, i, 294. taper threads, i, 338. threads, multiple, i, 322. on taper work, i, 324. tools, circular, i, 267. producing gauges for, i, 92. power required to drive, i, 273. the utmost duty of, i, 258. wheels, angle of cutter for, i, 43. wood slips, ii, 271. worm-wheel teeth in the lathe, i, 42. Cutting-off machine, i, 193. tool for screw machines, i, 208. tools, i, 262, 273. Cycloidal curves for gear teeth, i, 8. Cylinder boring lathe with facing slide rests, i, 219. cover joints, ii, 137. cover, turning a, i, 318. ends, scraping out, ii, 161. Cylinder heads, knocking out, ii, 402. Cylinders, bores of, ii, 372. clearance in, ii, 372. counterbore of, ii, 372. for steam engines, ii, 372. jacketed, ii, 374. lagging, ii, 374. lubricating, ii, 373. reboring in place, ii, 160. relief valves for, ii, 373. steam, ports of, ii, 373. waste water cocks of, ii, 373. wear of, ii, 372. Cylindrical work, cutting grooves, ii, 27.

D

Dancing governors, ii, 384. Dead-centre, finding the, ii, 174. methods of removing, i, 159. of the crank, finding the, ii, 172. Deflection of surface plates, ii, 135. Depth of gear wheel teeth, i, 42. Designing slide valves, ii, 380. Detachable slide rest, i, 143. Determining the pitches of the teeth for change wheels, i, 182. Diagram, theoretical, ii, 414. the uses of, ii, 413. Diagrams for condensing engine, ii, 415. indicator, ii, 414. defective, ii, 421. Diameter at the roots of threads, i, 269. of circle for generating curves of gear teeth, i, 10. of the pitch circle of wheels, i, 1. Diameters of line shafting, ii, 189. Diametral clearance of twist drills, i, 274. Diamond point chisel, ii, 76. Diamond pointed tool for lathe work, i, 254. Dictionary of work-shop terms, ii, 473. Die stock for pipe-threading by hand, i, 463. by power, i, 463. Dies, adjustable, i, 98. for finishing square threads, i, 269. for forging eye-bars, ii, 260. for gas and steam pipes, i, 101. or chasers in the heads of bolt-cutting machines, i, 463. the wear of, i, 89. with four cutting edges, i, 100. Differential threads for locking, i, 119. Displacement of pumps, ii, 387. Distance between bearings of line-shafting, ii, 186. Dividers, i, 377. Dividing device for circle, i, 352. engine, i, 349. mechanism for gear cutting, ii, 57. Division of the circle, i, 348. Dog-head hammer, ii, 69. Dogs, lathe, various kinds of, i, 222. movable for face-plate work, i, 250. Donkey engines, ii, 442. Double beat valves, ii, 443. eye, filing up a, ii, 103. forging of, ii, 240. eyes, fitting pins in, i, 121. gibbed connecting rod, ii, 115. head panel raiser and sticker, ii, 335. heads for planing machines, i, 404. ported side valves, ii, 377. rapid bolt threading machine, i, 467. riveted lap joint, ii, 352. saw machine, ii, 294, 295. spindle milling machine, ii, 16. threads, cutting, i, 322. tool holder for slide rest, i, 169. wheel sanding machines, ii, 348. Double-coned work, boring, i, 293. Dovetail joint, ii, 275. Draught of keys, i, 127. Draw filing, ii, 93. Drawing the temper, ii, 462. Drawings for bevel pinion, i, 59. for gear wheels, i, 59. Drifts, forms of, ii, 109. methods of using, ii, 160. Drill, and counter-bore, i, 449. brace, i, 445. universal joint for, i, 456. with multiplying gear, i, 456. with ratchet motion, i, 456. chucks, i, 446; ii, 41. cranks, i, 457. for stone, i, 454. for wood work, i, 449. grinding, varied for diameter, ii, 41. conditions for all diameters, ii, 41. holders, flat, for lathe work, i, 281. holders, twist, i, 274. machine, grinding, ii, 41. position, for all drills, ii, 41. shanks, i, 445. shank, improved form of, i, 446. sockets, i, 445. with cord, i, 455. with spring motion, i, 455. Drilled work, tailstock chucks for, i, 279. Drilling and boring machine, i, 431. feed motion of, i, 432. device for lock work, i, 459. engine cylinders, jigs for, i, 440, 441. hard metal, i, 445. Drilling holes true to location with flat drills, i, 442. levers for blacksmith, i, 457. square holes, device for, i, 450. taper holes, i, 451. and turning machine for boiler makers, i, 435. machine, and lathe combined, i, 433. cotter or keyway, i, 438. feed motion of, i, 432. feed motions of, i, 436. for boiler shells, i, 436. four-spindle, i, 434. hand, i, 459. lever feed, i, 428. power, i, 428. three-spindle, i, 434. with automatic motions, i, 428. with quick return, i, 428. machines, counterbores for, i, 449. cutters for, i, 447. drills for, i, 442. fixtures for, i, 439. flat drills for, i, 442. jigs for, i, 439. radial, i, 430, 431. stocks for, i, 447. Drills and cutters, i, 442, 447. cotter or keyway, i, 446. flat, errors in grinding, i, 443. flat, for drilling machines, i, 442. flat, for lathe work, i, 280. for wood work, i, 279. square-shanked, i, 446. disadvantages of, i, 446. stock, with spiral grooves, i, 445. twist, diametral clearance of, i, 274. fluting, ii, 29. front rake of, i, 275; ii, 44. grinding by hand, i, 279. large, grinding, ii, 41. speeds and feeds for, i, 277. Driver, and face plate, i, 223. Drivers, equalizing, i, 223. for bolt heads, i, 224. coned work, i, 225. lathe mandrels or arbors, i, 227. steady rest work, i, 22. threaded work, i, 225. wood, i, 225. lathe, i, 222. the elements, i, 223. Driving cones, steps of, i, 159-164. drills, flexible shaft for, i, 458. gear of universal milling machine, ii, 15. gear table, i, 404. Drop hammers, ii, 255, 256. Duration of a hammer blow, experiments on, ii, 65, 66. Duplex slide-rests, i, 143.

E

Eccentrics, fixed and shifting, ii, 378. slipping, ii, 403. turning in the lathe, i, 317. Eccentric work, lathe mandrels for, i, 229. Edge tools, oilstoning, ii, 54. Effects of hammer blows, ii, 69. of speed of a hammer blow, ii, 65. Elevating slide rests, i, 168. Elliptical gears, tooth curves of, i, 73. gear wheels, i, 70. gears, the pitch lines of, i, 70. taps, in cross section, i, 109. Emery belt grinding machine, ii, 47. grinder for car axle boxes, ii, 45. for engine guide bars, ii, 45. machine knives, ii, 46. rough work, ii, 46. true surfaces, ii, 45. with revolving emery wheel, ii, 40. machines, grinding, ii, 40. charging, polishing wheels, ii, 50. paper, use on lathe work, i, 308. wheel arbors, i, 198. arbors, positions of, ii, 35. swing frame for dressing large castings, ii, 46. wheels, annular, ii, 48. balancing, ii, 39. cements used in the manufacture of, ii, 38. clearance of, ii, 39. coarseness and fineness of, ii, 38. positions of, i, 282; ii, 36, 37. presenting to work, ii, 47. qualifications of, ii, 38. recessed, ii, 47. speeds of, ii, 39. wear of, ii, 48. End, face and twin milling, ii, 25. grain wood boring, i, 453. measurements of lathe work, i, 376. milling, advantages of, ii, 25. thrust of angular teeth, i, 69. Endless screw thread, cutting, i, 62. Engine, alignment, errors in, ii, 166. calculating the power of, ii, 407. connecting rods, ii, 375. crank turning, i, 247. crossheads, ii, 375. crosshead turning, i, 252. cylinder covers, turning, i, 318. cylinders, bores of, ii, 372. boring lathe for, i, 219. clearance in, ii, 372-404. counterbore of, ii, 372. fitting, ii, 158. jacketed, ii, 374. lagging, ii, 374. lubricating, ii, 373. relief valves for, ii, 373. steam ports, ii, 373. waste water cocks of, ii, 373. wear of, ii, 372. eccentrics, ii, 378. turning a cover, i, 318. gear cutting, ii, 56. glands, turning, i, 316. guide bars, ii, 375. setting, ii, 162. spring of, ii, 162. testing, ii, 163. lathe, i, 129, 147. construction of carriage, i, 137. of the back gear, i, 135. of the bearings, i, 134. of the head stock, i, 134. general construction of, i, 133. lead screw and change wheels of, i, 139. shears of, i, 134. link motion, designing, ii, 389. plain slide valve, starting, ii, 384. valves, ii, 376-378. balanced, ii, 377. circular, ii, 377. cut-off, ii, 378. double ported, ii, 377. exhaust lap of, ii, 376. lead of, ii, 376. point of admission, ii, 376. slide and piston, ii, 378. slide, designing, ii, 380. testing horse power of, ii, 408. the Allen, ii, 377. the D, ii, 376. tracing the action of, ii, 376. Webb's, ii, 377. Engines, compound, ii, 434, 435. donkey, ii, 442. heating and knocking of, ii, 164. subject to freezing, ii, 386. Engineers, test questions for, ii, 467. Engraver's plates, polishing, ii, 51. Epicycloidal gear teeth, curves, i, 8. teeth, the strength of, i, 64. filleting the roots of, i, 53. Equalizing drivers for lathe work, i, 223. Erecting, ii, 137. a lathe, ii, 181. an iron planer, ii, 179. pipe-work, ii, 143. the framework of machinery, ii, 176. Errors in alignment, determining, ii, 158-167. in chucking, i, 250. crank pin alignment, ii, 169. cutting threads on taper work, i, 324. cutting up inside chasers, i, 337. drill-grinding machines, ii, 41. grinding flat drills, i, 443. grinding milling cutters, ii, 32. jigs, limits of, i, 439. shafting couplings, ii, 196. Evaporative efficiency of boilers, ii, 366. Examining a boiler, ii, 368. a locomotive, ii, 401. Excessive lead of engines, ii, 421. Exhaust lap, ii, 376. Expanding bit, i, 454. chucks for lathes, i, 188. for ring work, i, 241. for large work, i, 228. laps, i, 311. mandrels, i, 227. taps, i, 107. Expansion, ii, 376. curve of indicator, ii, 417, 418. testing of indicator, ii, 417, 418. joint, ii, 141. line of diagrams, ii, 414, 415. of steam, ii, 411. pulleys, ii, 200. valves, separate, ii, 443. Experiments on duration of a blow, ii, 65, 66. on the strength of the parts of a hide, ii, 208. Extension lathe, i, 151. Eye-bar dyes, ii, 260. Eyes, hammer, shapes of, ii, 66.

F

Face and taper cutters, fixture, ii, 34. cutters, ii, 17. advantages of, ii, 18. disadvantages of, ii, 18. fixtures for, ii, 34. milling, advantages of, ii, 26. length of feed, ii, 26. plate, clamping work on, i, 245. clamps, i, 245. errors in, and their effects, i, 243. for wood-work, i, 247. work, examples of, i, 249. work, movable dogs for, i, 250. Facets of scrapers, angles for, ii, 97. Facing and countersink cutters, i, 449. cutters, i, 449. rests, boring lathe with, i, 220. tool with reamer-pin, i, 449. Facing tools or knife tools, i, 262. Factors of safety, boiler seams, ii, 355. Fastening cogs, i, 63. pulleys to their shafts, ii, 201. Feather-edge, removing, ii, 54. Feathers and their applications, i, 127. methods of securing, ii, 102. sinking into shafts, ii, 101. Feed, direction, for shank cutters, ii, 20. for spiral grooves, ii, 27. escape valve, ii, 441. gear, i, 197. for screw machine, i, 205. in cutting spiral grooves, ii, 28. length, in face milling, ii, 26. motions, automatic, i, 408. construction of, i, 390. examples of, i, 170. for boiler-maker's drilling and turning machine, i, 436. for boring machine, i, 432. boring mills, i, 215. cam turning, i, 326. car-axle lathe, i, 148. carriage or saddle, i, 137. chucking lathe, i, 150. drilling machine, i, 432. grinding lathe, i, 200. lathe aprons, i, 168. milling machine, ii, 13. planer heads, i, 413. reversing traverse, i, 168. special lathe, i, 146. weighted slide rest, i, 168. wood-working, i, 209. friction wheels for, i, 78. nut, position of, i, 177. ratchet, i, 173. regulators for screw cutting, i, 171. spindle bearings, i, 139. spindle for lathe, i, 139. spindle, giving motion to, i, 135. water, heating, ii, 370. Feeds, cutting, for wrought iron, i, 294. for roughing cuts, i, 306. for twist drills, i, 277. Feed-water, ii, 370. from natural supply, ii, 387. Fiddle drill with feeding device, i, 455. Field tube for boilers, ii, 359. Fifth wheel, forging of, ii, 239. File cutters' hammers, ii, 71. cutting, ii, 101. teeth, shapes of, ii, 85. Files, ii, 85. bent, using, ii, 93. cleaning of, ii, 94. cross, ii, 91. cut of, ii, 86. flat sizes and kinds, ii, 86, 87. for soft metals, ii, 95. Groubet, ii, 87. half-round, ii, 90. instruction on holding, ii, 92. knife, ii, 91. names of, ii, 88. putting handles on, ii, 92. reaper, ii, 91. resharpening, ii, 95. round, ii, 90. selection of, ii, 91. thin, ii, 93. three square, ii, 90. tumbler, ii, 91. warping, ii, 93. Filing bolt heads, ii, 105. cross, ii, 93. draw, ii, 93. fixture for lathes, i, 189. lathe work, i, 308. nuts, ii, 105. out connecting rod keyways, ii, 120. out round corners, ii, 95. pins, ii, 105. pins, blocks for, ii, 104. the link slot, template for, ii, 127. the teeth of band saws, ii, 309. Filleting the roots of gear teeth, i, 53. Finishing cast iron with water, i, 307. cast iron work, specks in, i, 307. cuts, rates of feeds for, i, 307. horseshoes, machines for, ii, 262. internal work, laps for, i, 311. lathe work, scrapers for, i, 307. Fire cleaning, ii, 369. cleaning tools, ii, 369. engine boiler tubes, ii, 431. engine heaters, ii, 432, 433. engines, steering gear for, i, 75. Firing boilers, ii, 368. methods of, ii, 402. Firmer chisels, ii, 272. Fits, shrinkage or contraction, i, 366. Fitting brasses to connecting rod straps, ii, 121. brasses to journals, ii, 146. engine cylinders, ii, 158. keys, ii, 107. keys, examples of, ii, 107. straps, ii, 120. taper pins, i, 122. taper work, i, 313. the keys and gibs, ii, 120. up connecting rods, ii, 118. a double eye, ii, 103. a fork end connecting rod, ii, 123. a lathe, ii, 181. a link motion, ii, 127. Fixed pins, i, 122. Fixture for grinding cutters, ii, 32, 33. for grinding taper work, ii, 33. Fixtures for drilling machines, ii, 439. Flank contact of gear teeth, i, 28. Flat drill holders, i, 281. drills, drilling with, i, 444. errors in grinding, i, 443, 444. for lathe work, i, 280. files, sizes and kinds, ii, 86, 87. guideways for planer beds, i, 414. side lathe shears, i, 183. Flexible shaft for driving drills, i, 458. Flue boiler, ii, 358. Flutes, shapes of taps, i, 105. the number of, i, 107. Fluting twist drills, ii, 29. Fluxes, heating in, ii, 462. Fly ball governors, ii, 384. cutters, ii, 21. holders for, ii, 22. making, ii, 21. methods of originating, ii, 21. Follower rests, i, 234. Foot lathe, i, 130. Foot-power hammers, ii, 252, 253. Foot valves, ii, 388. Forges for blacksmiths, ii, 228, 229. side blast for, ii, 228. Forging bolts, ii, 238. crank shafts, ii, 248, 249. hydraulic, ii, 260. machine thread, ii, 261. nails by machinery, ii, 261. of bolts, ii, 238. press, ii, 260. rope sockets, ii, 243, 244. rudder frames, ii, 245, 246. steel forks, ii, 241. threads on rods, ii, 261, 262. turn buckles, ii, 239, 240. under the hammer, ii, 242, 243. under a steam hammer, ii, 241. wheels, ii, 244, 245. Fork end connecting rod, fitting, ii, 123. aligning, ii, 124. Fork forging, ii, 241. Former of Corliss bevel gear-wheel engine, i, 45. Form of lead screw threads, i, 177. worm to give a period of rest, i, 74. Forms of lathe shears, i, 183. of outside calipers, i, 360. pin wrenches, i, 126. riveted joint, ii, 352. taps, i, 102. templates for gear teeth, i, 44. wrenches, i, 125. Foundations for an iron planer, ii, 179. Four-jawed chucks, i, 237. Four-spindle drilling machine, i, 434. Fractional pitch change gears, i, 34. Frames for rudders, forging, ii, 245, 246. of machinery, erecting, ii, 176. Freezing, preventing an engine from, ii, 386. French gear-cutting machine, ii, 56-61. Friction clutches, ii, 192. experiments on, ii, 154. of jamb dies, i, 98. plane surfaces, ii, 135. slide valves, ii, 443. taper taps, i, 103. tap threads, i, 108. wheels, i, 77. for feed motion, i, 78. materials for, i, 77. paper, i, 78. to reduce journal strain, i, 79. Friezing machines, cutters for, ii, 340. or moulding machines, ii, 334, 339. Front rake of twist drills, ii, 44. tools for brass work, i, 264. rake and clearance of, i, 254. Fullers, blacksmith's, ii, 230. Furnaces for scrap iron, ii, 247.

G

Galvanized iron, gauge for, i, 387. Gang edging machines, ii, 301. Gang or composite cutters, ii, 23. Gap, or break lathe, i, 151. Gas pipe, dies for, i, 101. Gauge cocks for boiler, ii, 368. Gauges, i, 356-359. adjustable, i, 377. cropping, use of, ii, 296. cutting, ii, 274. for American sheet zinc, i, 387. circular saws, ii, 287. cutting tools, i, 92. galvanized iron, i, 387. lathe work, i, 359. marking wood, ii, 274. music wire, i, 386. planer tools, i, 423. planing V-guideways, i, 421. Russian sheet iron, i, 387. setting over taper work, i, 313. shrinkage fits, i, 367. threading tools, i, 266. woodworking machine, ii, 295. forms of laps for, i, 310. hexagon, i, 381. instrument, standard, i, 96. mitre, use of, ii, 294. mortise, ii, 274. notch wire, i, 384. plug and collar, comparing, i, 356. screw thread, producing, i, 92. standard for taper work, i, 316. standard, comparing, i, 356. surface, i, 378. vacuum, i, 444. wire, i, 387. Gauging the pitch of threads, after hardening, i, 108. Gear cutter, automatic, ii, 55. cutting engine, vertical spindle, ii, 56. machine, half-automatic, ii, 56. machine, French, ii, 56-61. table of index holes for, i, 417. racks, i, 77. Gear-teeth, i, 73. arc of approaching contact, i, 16. of receding contact, i, 16. pitch of, i, 2. calculating strength of, i, 65. chord pitch of, i, 2. curve of, for bevel gear, i, 22. curves, templates for rolling, i, 43. cutting by hand, i, 62. cutting templates for, i, 35. elliptical, i, 70. depth or height of, i, 1. errors produced by wear, i, 18. faces of, i, 1. factors of safety for, i, 64. flank contact of, i, 18. depth or height, i, 1. flanks of, i, 1. forms of template for, i, 44. generating involute curves, i, 31. helical, i, 69. line of centres of, i, 2. pitch line of, i, 2. point of, i, 2. requirements of curves, i, 7. revolving cutters for, i, 37. rolling and sliding motion of, i, 16. curves for, i, 43. strength of, i, 65. table of cutters for, i, 41. variation of curve, i, 12. of shape, i, 16. Gear-wheels, i, 1. angular velocity of, i, 6. bevel, i, 21. drawing for built-up, i, 61. pinion, drawings for, i, 59. calculating revolutions of, i, 5. chord pitch, i, 3. cogged, i, 63. cogs, i, 67. durability of, i, 66. diameters of pitch circles of, i, 4. drawings for, i, 59. driver and follower, i, 3. for rapid increase of motion, i, 75. reciprocating motion, i, 77. reversing motion, i, 75. steering steam fire engines, i, 75. variable motion, i, 74. generating curves for, i, 11. hunting tooth in, i, 7. interchangeable gearing, i, 16. internal, compared with spur, i, 25. or annular, i, 23 to 27. making cogs for, i, 63. mortised, i, 63. motion at a right angle, i, 69. patterns, i, 54-61. power of, ii, 406. transmitted by, i, 5. skew bevel, i, 61. spacing teeth on, i, 58. stop motion of, i, 7. strength of, i, 66. table of pitches, i, 3. table giving strength of, i, 67. thickness of, i, 66. tracing path of contact, i, 13. value of cutters, table, i, 41. various applications of, i, 74. velocity of, uniform, i, 16. with dovetail teeth, i, 60. involute teeth, i, 31-34. stepped teeth, i, 69. Gear-worm or endless screw, i, 62. Gears, for screw cutting, i, 320. Generating the involute curve, i, 31. German bit, i, 452. Gibbed elevating slide-rest, i, 169. Gimlet bit, i, 452. Gland patterns, ii, 275. Globe valve patterns, ii, 281, 282. Gonzenback's cut-off valve, ii, 378. Gouge for wood, ii, 272. use of, i, 338. Governors, dancing, ii, 384. fly ball or throttling, ii, 384. for automatic engines, ii, 427, 428. for stationary engines, ii, 425, 426. isochronal, ii, 384. Sawyer's valve for, ii, 384. speed of, ii, 384. speeders for, ii, 384. spring, adjustment of, ii, 386. Grate bars, cleaning, ii, 368. Grades of emery wheels, ii, 38. Graduations of planer heads, i, 412. Grain side of leather, weakness of, ii, 208. Graver, i, 330. Grinder, emery, for axle boxes, ii, 45. for engine guide bars, ii, 45. Grinder for planing machine cutters, ii, 46. for rough work, ii, 46. for true surfaces, ii, 45. Grinding clamps for lathe work, i, 311. cocks and plugs, ii, 145. operations, ii, 38. taper cutters, ii, 33. taper work, i, 313. teeth of reamers, i, 282. teeth of spiral cutters, ii, 36. thin cutters, ii, 33. twist drills by hand, i, 279. universal, i, 195. with elevating rest, i, 194. with traversing wheel, ii, 46. Grinding-lathes, i, 193. for calendar rolls, i, 199. construction of tailstock, i, 200. special chuck for, i, 196. Grinding-machine, drill, ii, 41. emery belt, ii, 47. for milling cutters, ii, 32. errors in construction, ii, 41. Grindstones and tool grinding, ii, 51. application of work to, ii, 53. for saws or iron plates, ii, 52. wood-working tools, ii, 52. hacking, ii, 53. speeds of, ii, 52. traversing device for, ii, 53. truing device for, ii, 53. various kinds of, ii, 51, 52. Gripping devices, ii, 227. Groove cams, i, 84. proper construction of, i, 84. wear of, i, 84. with double roller, i, 84. Groove cutting, angular cutters, ii, 27. Grooved friction wheels, wear of, i, 79. Grooves, producing different shapes with same cutter, ii, 29, 30. right and left-hand, ii, 29. Groubet files, ii, 87. Ground joint, ii, 137. Guide-bars, ii, 375. setting by stretched lines, ii, 163. Guide pulleys for belts, ii, 211. Guide for centre punches, i, 301. Guide-ways, flat, i, 414. planing, i, 422. Guides for band saws, ii, 311. Gumming or gulleting, ii, 290.

H

Hacking grindstones, ii, 53. Hack saw, ii, 97. Half-round bit for true work, i, 281. for wrought iron or steel, i, 281. or pod auger, i, 281. reamers, ii, 99. with adjustable cutter, i, 281. Hammer, ii, 64. blow, effects of, ii, 65, 69. coopers', ii, 71, 72. cushioned, ii, 252. dog-head, ii, 69. drop, ii, 255. eyes, shapes of, ii, 66. foot power, ii, 252. forging, methods, ii, 242. file cutters', ii, 71. handles, putting in, ii, 67. machinists' hand, ii, 66. paning or pening, ii, 68. plate and saw makers', ii, 68. power, ii, 252. riveters', ii, 71. sledge, machinists', ii, 71. steam, ii, 256-259. trip, ii, 254. Hand bolt threading machine, i, 97. device to straighten lathe work, i, 305. drilling machine, i, 459. finishing tool, i, 331. hammers, machinists', ii, 66. lathe, i, 130. watch manufacturers', i, 191. milling machine, ii, 1. planer, i, 391. reamers, ii, 98. shaping machine, i, 392. side tools, i, 331. tools for brass-work, i, 332. round nosed, for iron, i, 331. screw cutting, i, 96. threading machine, head, i, 465. turning, i, 330. vise, ii, 104. work, swages for, ii, 230. Handles for chisels, ii, 271. of files, putting on, ii, 92. of hammers, putting in, ii, 67. Hangers, shafting, forms of, ii, 192. wall, ii, 194. Hardening, case, ii, 128, 442. outside, ii, 462. saws, ii, 462. to resist wear, ii, 460. increase elasticity, ii, 460. provide a cutting edge, ii, 460. Hard metal, drilling, i, 444. Head boring, i, 288. with nut feed, i, 291. Heads, construction of, i, 408. double for planing machines, i, 404. Heads for match board grooves, ii, 337, 338. for tenoning machines, ii, 345. of the rapid machines, i, 468. planer, feed motions for, i, 414. safety devices for, i, 413. V-guideways for, i, 414. Headstock lathe, construction, i, 153. of engine lathes, i, 134. grinding lathes, i, 200. special lathe, i, 144. Heat, ii, 410. conversion of, into work, ii, 411. latent, ii, 410. radiation of, ii, 412. Heaters for fire engines, ii, 432, 433. Heating and knocking, ii, 164. feed-water, ii, 370. showing the causes of, ii, 168. Heavy oil for hot bearings, ii, 386. Heel tool, i, 330. Height of lathe tools, ii, 260. of vise jaws, i, 62. Helical teeth, cutting in the lathe, i, 69. Herring-bone gear-teeth, i, 69. Hexagon gauge, i, 381. Hide, parts of, used for belting, ii, 208. High pressure steam engine, ii, 372. High speed automatic engines, ii, 427. Hobbing dies, methods of, i, 473. Hob for threading dies, i, 474. Hobs and their uses, i, 335. for cutting up dies, i, 99. threading dies, i, 474. Hoe, ii, 369. Holders, for chasers, i, 268. for fly cutters, ii, 22. octagon boring tools, i, 175. Holding chisels, ii, 74. Hollow work, centres for, i, 226. Hook bolts, i, 113. Hooks, belt, ii, 216. Horizontal boring machine, i, 433. Horse-power, from diagram, ii, 418. of an engine, calculating, ii, 407, 419. testing, ii, 408. Horseshoes, finishing, machine for, ii, 262, 263. Horizontal tubular boiler, ii, 361-366. saw frame, ii, 312. Hydraulic fits, allowance for, i, 365. parallel holes and taper plugs for, i, 365. forging, ii, 260. press, ii, 260. pressure, i, 366. Hypocycloidal curves, i, 8.

I

Inclination of skew bevel teeth, i, 61. Index plate of milling machine, ii, 7. Index wheel, originating, i, 342, 353. Indicator, ii, 413. attachment of, to engine, ii, 416. diagram, area of the, ii, 419. diagrams, ii, 414. defective, ii, 421. expansion curve, ii, 417, 418. springs, ii, 416. vacuum line, ii, 415. Injector, feed, ii, 370. for locomotives, ii, 395. Inside calipers, i, 360. chasers, i, 335. errors in cutting up, i, 337. Interchangeable gearing, i, 16. Intermediate gears, i, 3. wheels, i, 319. rolling circle, i, 24. Internal gear wheels, i, 23-27. strains in cast iron work, i, 306. threading tools, i, 264. wheels, i, 23. Involute curves for gear teeth, i, 8. teeth, advantages of, i, 34. Iron and steel welding, ii, 234. bending, ii, 240. devices, ii, 240. galvanized, gauge for, i, 387. planer, erecting an, ii, 179. foundation for, ii, 180. plates, grindstones for, ii, 52. testing, ii, 226. Irregular forms, lathes for, i, 210. motion, cams for, i, 80. work, turning, i, 326. Isochronal governors, ii, 384.

J

Jacketed cylinders, ii, 374. Jam dies, i, 98. nuts, i, 119. Jeweller's rests for lathes, i, 189. Jigs, designing, i, 440. errors in, limit of, i, 439. for cutting out steam ports, i, 441. drilling engine cylinders, i, 440. drilling machines, i, 439. simple work, i, 440. Jointing machines, ii, 338. Joints, boiler fitting, ii, 140. butt, boiler, ii, 352. cylinder cover, ii, 137. dovetail, ii, 275. easily removable, ii, 141. expansion, ii, 140. for boiler work, ii, 352. rough surfaces, ii, 138. gauze, ii, 138. ground, ii, 137. half check, ii, 275. lap, boiler, ii, 352. mitre, ii, 275. mortise, ii, 274. open, for wear, ii, 121. riveted, proportioning, ii, 355, 356. rubber, ii, 139. rust or caulked, ii, 141. scraped, ii, 137. tenon, ii, 274. thimble, ii, 141. to withstand great heat, ii, 138. water, ii, 138. Joule's equivalent, ii, 411.

K

Key seats, cutting, ii, 101. Keys and gibs, fitting, ii, 120. bearing surfaces of, i, 126. draught of, i, 127. forms of, i, 126. for parallel rods, i, 128. seating rule, i, 378; ii, 101. with set-screws, i, 127. Keyway calipers, i, 363. Keyways, cutting by hand, ii, 101, 108. cutting out by drifts, ii, 109. Knife blade rolls, ii, 261. files, ii, 91. Knives for balanced heads, ii, 324-326. for jointing machines, ii, 338. moulding machines, ii, 336-340. moulding, scale for shapes of, ii, 83. Knurling tool, improved forms of, i, 328.

L

Lap joint, boiler, ii, 352. of Corliss engine valve, ii, 426. Latent heat, ii, 410. Lathe, advantages of, i, 129. apron, i, 138. feed motion for, i, 168. back gear, i, 144. bench, i, 130. boring devices for, i, 288. tools, shapes of, i, 285. break, i, 151. capacity, i, 130. carriage, i, 145. feed motion for, i, 37. testing, ii, 182. carriers, i, 222. centre drilling attachment, i, 300. centres, i, 290. removing, i, 159. shapes of, i, 299. testing, i, 298. change wheels for, i, 139. chucks for, i, 188. chucking for boring purposes, i, 152. clamps, i, 223. classification of, i, 129. cutting fractional threads on, i, 181. helical teeth in the, i, 69. screws in the, i, 319. cutting-off machine, i, 193. cylinder boring, i, 219. dogs, various kinds of simple, i, 222. drivers, i, 222. English chucking, i, 149, 150. erecting a, ii, 180. extension, i, 151. face-plates, i, 243. chucking, i, 246. clamps for, i, 245. errors in, i, 143. for wood work, i, 247. feed-motions, i, 144. feed-screw, i, 175. feed, spindle for, i, 139. filing, fixtures for, i, 189. fit of the live spindle of a, i, 157. fitting up, ii, 180. foot, i, 130. for axe handles, i, 210. engine cylinders, i, 219. irregular forms, i, 210. taper turning, i, 142. turning crank shafts, i, 152, 154. turning wheel hubs, i, 221. gap, i, 151. grinding, i, 193. universal, i, 195. with elevating rest, i, 194. hand, i, 130. headstock, construction of, i, 153. importance and advantages of, i, 129. jewellers', rest for, i, 189. locking spindles of, i, 186. lead-screw, i, 175. bearings for, i, 139. nuts for, i, 140. supporting long, i, 176. mandrels, drivers for, i, 227. expanding, i, 227. for eccentric work, i, 229. nuts, i, 229. threaded work, i, 228. tubular work, i, 227. forms of, i, 229. with expanding cones, i, 278. with expanding pieces, i, 228. motions for turning cams, i, 326. open spindle, tailstocks for, i, 189. pattern makers', i, 148. pulley, i, 150. screws, errors of pitch, i, 79. screw slotting, i, 192. self-acting, English, i, 148. shears, the legs of, i, 184. various forms of, i, 183. methods of ribbing, i, 184. or beds, i, 182. with flat slides, i, 183. [V] and flat slides, i, 183. [V] slides, i, 183. sizes of, i, 130. slide-rest for, i, 131, 145. lost motion of, i, 133. special chucks for, i, 190. swing frames, i, 158. tailblock, i, 185. setting over, for tapers, i, 136. various methods of testing, i, 187. wear of the spindles of, i, 185. with rapid spindle motion, i, 185. releasing devices, i, 185. testing, i, 186. instruments for, ii, 182. tool-holders for outside work, i, 270. with clamp, i, 271. tools, angle of clearance of, i, 257. height of, i, 260. shapes of, i, 254. watchmakers', i, 188. with compound slide-rest, i, 140-143. elevating rest, i, 194. flat chucking surface, i, 143. rapid spindle motion, i, 185. sliding heads, i, 290. variable speed, i, 192. wooden bed, i, 149. work, boring tools for, i, 285. burnishing, i, 311. chisels for, i, 339. countersinks for, i, 302. end measurements of, i, 376. filing, i, 308. flat drills for, i, 280. holders for, i, 281. forms of countersink for, i, 302. gauge for, i, 359. grinding clamps for, i, 311. holding straps for, i, 244. mandrels or arbors for, i, 227. method of polishing, i, 308. polishing clamps for, i, 311. side tools for, i, 261. technical terms used in, i, 296. use of emery paper on, i, 308. Lead-lined brasses, ii, 149, 386. Lead of a valve, adjusting the, ii, 386. Lead of slide valves, ii, 376. Lead-screw, bearings for, i, 139. conveying motion to the, i, 147. nuts, i, 180. for lathes, i, 175. forms of threads of, i, 177. long supporting, i, 176. swing frame for, i, 139. with three threads per inch, i, 177. five threads per inch, i, 178. Leather, grain side, weak, ii, 208. Left-hand threads, cutting, i, 322. Leg vise with parallel motion, ii, 63. Lever feed drilling machine, i, 428. drilling, for blacksmiths, i, 457. principles of, ii, 405. Lift and force pumps, ii, 387. Line of contact of skew bevel gear wheels, i, 61. Line shafts, couplings for, ii, 194. Line shafting, diameters of, ii, 189. ordinary, ii, 186. setting in line, ii, 184, 185. sizes of, ii, 186. the strength of, ii, 189. Lined boxes, babbitt metal, ii, 155. Lining connecting rod brasses, ii, 126. Link-motion, gear, ii, 383. fitting up, ii, 127. for expansion engines, ii, 438. for marine engines, ii, 443. quick return shaper, i, 399. setting the valves for, ii, 383. the action of, ii, 383. Link slot, templates for filing, ii, 127. Lip drill, i, 443. Live centres, tapers for, i, 159. spindle, end adjustment of, i, 158. wear of bearings, i, 158. with coned journals, i, 157. Locking, differential threads for, i, 119. Lock work, drilling device for, i, 459. Locomotive ash pan, ii, 390. automatic air brake, ii, 390, 398. axle boxes, ii, 147. blower, ii, 390. boiler and frames, ii, 389. connecting-rod, ii, 116. freight engine, ii, 389-404. injector, ii, 395. link motion, ii, 391-393. passenger engine, ii, 390. reversing gear, ii, 391. sand valves, ii, 390. safety and pop valves, ii, 389. Locomotive wheel forging, ii, 244. yoke and guide bars, ii, 389. Longevity of lubricants, ii, 153. Lost motion in valve setting, ii, 174. Low water in boilers, ii, 370. Lubricants, longevity of, ii, 153. qualities of, ii, 152. testing, ii, 152. Lubricators, steam, ii, 444.

M

Machine centre drilling, i, 300. cross cutting or gaining, ii, 305, 306. for cutting mitre joint, ii, 338. finishing horseshoes, ii, 262. forging threads, ii, 261, 262. gang edging, ii, 301. gumming or gulleting, ii, 290. horizontal saw frame, ii, 313. moulding, ii, 334. scroll sawing, ii, 306. Machinery for wood working, ii, 287. Machinists' chisels, applications, ii, 76. hand hammers, ii, 66. sledge hammer, ii, 71. Main bearings, adjusting, ii, 386. Mallet, ii, 72. Mandrels, expanding, i, 227. for threaded work, i, 228. lathe, i, 227. expanding, i, 228. for eccentric work, i, 229. for nuts, forms of, i, 229. with expanding cones, i, 228. with expanding pieces, i, 228. or arbors for lathe work, i, 227. Mangle gearing, various forms of, i, 76. Manufacturers' temper, ii, 460. Marine-engine boilers, ii, 436, 437. connecting-rod, ii, 116. link motion, ii, 443. pumps, ii, 436. valves, ii, 444. Marine engines, pipes of, ii, 445. various, ii, 434. Marriotte's law, ii, 411. Matched cutters, ii, 23. Matching and planing machines, ii, 326. Mean effective steam pressure, ii, 420. Measurements, the standards of, in various countries, i, 341. Measuring by sight, and feeling, i, 341. machine for sheet metal, i, 348. special, i, 342-346. tools, classification of, i, 354. valve lead, ii, 173. Mechanical equivalent of heat, ii, 411. powers, ii, 405. Metal, soft, files for, ii, 95. Metric pitch screws, i, 322. Meyer's cut-off valve, ii, 378. Micrometer caliper, i, 354. gauge for thread angles, i, 91. Mill boring, i, 211. turning, i, 211. Milling-cutters, grinding, ii, 32. or mills, ii, 16. with inserted teeth, ii, 24. Milling-machine, ii, 1-16. advantages of, ii, 1. chucks for, ii, 31. cam cutting attachment, ii, 12. cutters, ii, 17-31. double-spindle, ii, 16. fixtures for, ii, 10. hand, i, 410. head for spiral cutting, ii, 12. holding work on, ii, 30. power, ii, 2. rotary vise for, ii, 10. universal, ii, 2, 4, 12, 15. head and back centre, ii, 10. head for gear cutting, ii, 11. vertical, ii, 31. Milling or knurling tools, i, 328. Milling taper work, ii, 30. Mitre gauge, use of, ii, 295. joint, ii, 275. machine, ii, 338. wheels, i, 1. Monkey wrench, i, 125. Mortise gauge, ii, 274. Mortised gear-wheels, i, 63. Mortising machines, ii, 344. Moulding knives, scale for marking out the necessary shapes of, ii, 83. Moulding-machines, ii, 334, 339. cutters for, ii, 336, 337, 341. Muffle, ii, 461. Mule pulleys for belts, ii, 211. Music wire, gauge for, i, 386.

N

Nail bit, i, 452. Nail forging machines, ii, 261. Non-condensing engine, ii, 372. Nose bit, i, 453. Notch wire gauges, i, 384. Number of cutters used for a train of wheels, i, 41. of cutters on boring bars, i, 290. of cutting edges on taps, i, 105. of cutting edges on reamers, i, 282. Nut-tapping-machine, i, 475. automatic socket for, i, 475. rotary, i, 475. three-spindle, i, 475. Nuts, filing, ii, 105. jam, i, 119. lock, i, 119. lost motion in, i, 120. removing corroded, i, 122. securing by cotters, i, 121. by notched plates, i, 121. by taper pins, i, 121. devices, i, 120. steam tight, the forms of, i, 118. taking up the wear of, i, 120.

O

Odontograph, using, i, 47, 49. Oil and lubrication, ii, 151. cavities for brasses, ii, 150. groove or curved chisel, ii, 76. for brasses, ii, 150. heavy, for hot bearings, ii, 386. stones, truing, ii, 54. various kinds of, ii, 54. test, Swiss, ii, 153. Oiling apparatus, ii, 439, 440. devices for planer beds, i, 416. true surfaces, ii, 135. Oils, testing for acids, ii, 153. testing for salts, ii, 153. Oilstoning edge tools, ii, 54. Olivers, ii, 252, 253. Open brasses, ii, 149. sided shafting hangers, ii, 193. spindle lathes, tailstocks for, i, 187. Originating angles for screw threads, i, 92. cams, i, 326. fly cutters, ii, 21. gear teeth, i, chaps. I, II, III. index wheels, i, 345. surface plates, ii, 135. templates for screw threads, i, 92. Outside and inside chasers, i, 335. calipers, making, ii, 105. the various forms of, i, 360. threads, starting, i, 338.

P

Paddle wheels, ii, 444, 445. Panel planing, ii, 332, 333. Paning or pening, ii, 72. hammers, ii, 68. Pantagraph engine for dressing the cutters for gear teeth, i, 38. motions, ii, 417. Paper friction wheel, i, 78. Parallel cutters, grinding, ii, 32. holes and taper plugs for hydraulic fits, i, 365. rods, keys for, i, 128. Paring chisels, ii, 271. Patching broken frames, ii, 178. Path of gear tooth contact, i, 13, 16. Pattern lathe, brake for, i, 149. slide-rest for, i, 149. with wooden bed, i, 149. Pattern-makers' lathe, i, 148. pipe gauge, i, 379. Pattern-making, woods for, ii, 264. Patterns, building up, ii, 278. brasses, proper shape for, ii, 132. choice of wood for, ii, 264, 265. for angle pipe, ii, 284, 285. glands, ii, 275. globe valves, ii, 281, 282. pillow blocks, ii, 277. pipes, ii, 280, 281. pulleys, ii, 278, 279. spacing gear-wheel teeth on, i, 58. Pattern-wheel scale, i, 51. Pening or paning, ii, 72. Piat's gear cutting machine, ii, 56-61. Pillow-block casting, ii, 277. fitting brasses to, ii, 131. for shafting, ii, 194. patterns, ii, 277. Pinion bevel, drawings for, i, 59. with dovetail teeth, i, 60. Pins, securing, for adjustment, i, 121. filing, ii, 103. fitting in double eyes, i, 121. fixed, i, 122. taper, i, 128. working, i, 122. wrench, i, 126. Pipe cutters, ii, 142. gauge, pattern-makers', i, 379. patterns, ii, 280, 281. threads, taper for, i, 95. tongs, ii, 143. vises, ii, 142. work, erecting, ii, 144. Pipe-threading by hand, i, 463. by power, i, 463. machine, i, 475-477. machines, construction of, i, 463. Piston valves, ii, 378. Pitch, alteration in hardening, i, 108. circle, the diameter of, i, 1. correcting the errors of, i, 109. gauging the, after hardening, i, 108. line of cams, i, 80. lines of elliptical gear-teeth, i, 70. number of teeth, and pitch diameter, i, 68. of screw threads, i, 85. Pitch of teeth for band saws, ii, 305. Pivoted arms for tooth templates, i, 44. Plane blades, ii, 77. blades, finding shapes of, for mouldings, ii, 78-83. Planer beds, flat guideways for, i, 414. beds, oiling devices for, i, 416. centres, i, 408. chuck, for curved work, i, 420. chucking halves of pulleys on, i, 423. chucks, i, 419. for spiral grooved work, i, 419. for timber, ii, 330, 331. head slides, wear of, i, 410. or iron planing machine, i, 402. shapers, reversing, i, 398, 399. swivel heads for, i, 411. swivelling tool holder, i, 411. tool, aprons for, i, 411. heads, feed motions for, i, 414. graduations of, i, 390. safety devices for, i, 413. [V]-guideways for, i, 414. tables, angle plates for, i, 418. chucking devices for, i, 422. chucking machine beds on, i, 421. forms of bolts for, i, 417. supplementary tables for, i, 417. tool-holder, applications of, i, 425. with tool post, i, 425. examples of application of, i, 426. simple form of, i, 426. tools for coarse finishing feeds, i, 423. for slotted work, i, 424. clearance of, i, 424. shapes of, i, 423. gauge for, i, 423. Planes, ii, 267-270. circular, ii, 268. combination, ii, 269. compass, ii, 268. core-box, ii, 269. for pattern making, ii, 268, 269. fore, ii, 268. grinding of, ii, 267. jack, ii, 267. oilstoning of, ii, 267. rabbeting, ii, 268. Plane surfaces, friction of, ii, 135. Planet motion, i, 75. Planimeter, ii, 420. Planing and matching machine, ii, 326. curved work, i, 420. guideways, i, 421. Planing-machine, i, 406-426. gear, ii, 56. large, chucks for, i, 423. motions of, i, 402, 403. tables, i, 414. tables, slots and holes in, i, 415. with double heads, i, 404. wood, ii, 326. Plate couplings, ii, 196. straightener's hammers, ii, 68. Plates, angle, for planer tables, i, 418. iron, grindstones for, ii, 52. saw, grindstones for, ii, 52. straightening, ii, 69. Plug and collar gauges, i, 357. Plug gauges for threads, i, 91. Plumb level, ii, 136. rule, ii, 136. Plunger pumps, ii, 370, 387. Point of compression, ii, 376. cut off, ii, 376. release, ii, 376. Poker, ii, 369. Polishing clamps, i, 311. device for engraver's plates, ii, 51. materials, for brush wheels, ii, 50. for polishing wheels, ii, 50. for rag wheels, ii, 51. wheels, ii, 49-51. construction of, ii, 49. emery charging, ii, 50. for brass work, ii, 50. lapping leather on, ii, 49. large, keeping true, ii, 50. materials for, ii, 50. rag, ii, 51. speed of, ii, 50. Polygons, measuring sides, ii, 283. Pony planer, ii, 323. Position of emery wheel, ii, 35-37. of dies in bolt cutting, i, 473. of taper pins for locking, i, 128. Positive feed, gear cutter, ii, 55. Pounding, the causes of, ii, 168. Power drilling machine, i, 428. hammer, ii, 252. lathes, i, 130. milling machine, i, 470. of an engine, testing, ii, 408. threading machine, i, 465. Powers, mechanical, ii, 405. Preserving wood, ii, 264. Press for forging, ii, 260. Pressure and volume of steam, ii, 411. Priming, its causes and prevention, ii, 370. Profiling machine, ii, 31, 32. Protractors, bevel, i, 380. Propeller, screw, ii, 445. Pulley arms, ii, 280. Pulley balancing, device for, ii, 203. boring machine, i, 438. considered as a lever, ii, 405. diameter, change for grindstone speed, ii, 52. crowned, ii, 201. expansion, ii, 200. lathe, i, 150. patterns for, ii, 278. self-oiling, ii, 200. solid and split, ii, 200. calculating speeds of, ii, 204. transmitting power of, ii, 204. turning, i, 318. turning, special lathe for, i, 211. wood, ii, 200. Pump air chambers, ii, 388. capacity of, ii, 388. displacement, ii, 387. plunger, ii, 387. principles of action of, ii, 387. Pumps belt, ii, 388. for circulating, ii, 440. double acting, ii, 387. lift and force, ii, 387. for marine engines, ii, 436. regulating, ii, 388. rotary, ii, 387. single acting, ii, 387.

Q

Quartering machine, i, 434. Questions for Engineers, ii, 467. Quick removal, bolts for, i, 116. Quick-return motion, Whitworth's, i, 401. shapers, link motion for, i, 399.

R

Rabbet planes, ii, 269. Rack and pinion wheel, i, 1. Rack feed saw bench, ii, 301. Radial drilling machines, i, 430, 431. Radiation of heat, ii, 412. Rag polishing wheels, ii, 51. wheel, polishing materials for, ii, 51. Raised [V]-guideways, lathes with, i, 182. Rake, ii, 369. Ramsden's dividing engine, i, 349. Rasps, kinds and cut of, ii, 87. Ratchet brace, i, 457. feeds, i, 173. Rates of feed for finishing cuts, i, 307. Reamers, adjustable, ii, 99. chucking, i, 280. chucking for true work, i, 283. for framing, ii, 99. grinding the teeth of, i, 282. half-round, ii, 99. hand, ii, 98. number of teeth for, i, 282. rose-bit or rose, i, 283. shell, i, 283. shell rose, i, 284. spacing the teeth of, i, 282. spiral teeth for, i, 282. square, ii, 99. taper, ii, 99. Reamer-pin, with facing tool, i, 449. Reamer-teeth, odd or even, i, 282. spacing of, i, 282. Reaper-files, ii, 91. Reboring cylinders in place, ii, 160. Recentring turned work, i, 304. Recessed emery wheels, ii, 47. Reciprocating motion, gear for, i, 77. Red marking for vise work, ii, 96. Reducing knife, i, 209. Reduction of temper, ii, 461. Refitting leaky cocks and plugs, ii, 144. Regulating pumps, ii, 388. Release, the point of, ii, 376. Releasing devices, tailblock with, i, 185. Relief feed valve, ii, 441. Removing corroded bolts, i, 122. corroded nuts, i, 122. feather-edge, ii, 54. Repairing broken frames, ii, 178. connecting rods, ii, 124. Resharpening files, ii, 95. Rests, follower, i, 234. Return cams, designing, i, 82. motions compared, i, 401. Reversible jawed chucks, i, 237. Revolving cutters for gear teeth, i, 37. Ribbing lathe shears, i, 184. Right and left angular cutters, ii, 18. and left hand cutters, ii, 18. Ring work, expanding chucks for, i, 241. Rings, welding, ii, 235. Rip saws, ii, 272, 273. Rivet diameters, ii, 356. Riveter's hammer, ii, 71. Riveting crank pins, ii, 73. Riveted-joints, forms of, ii, 352. proportioning, ii, 354-356. strength of, ii, 354. unevenly spaced rivets, ii, 353. Rivets, diagonal pitch of, ii, 353. spacing of, ii, 353. Rod-feed for screw machines, i, 206. Roll-feed circular saw, ii, 298-300. wood planing machine, ii, 317. Rolling motion of gear teeth, i, 16, 27. Rolling-circles, by using two, the pinion may contain but one tooth less than the wheel, i, 26. circles for internal gearing, i, 25. curves for gear teeth, i, 43. Roll-turning lathe, i, 215. lathe, tools for, i, 216. calender, method of driving, i, 200. Rolls for knife blades, ii, 261. Rope socket, forging, ii, 243. Rose-bit or rose reamers, i, 283. Rotary nut tapping machine, i, 475. planing machine, i, 395. pumps, ii, 387. Roughing cuts, feeds for, i, 306. Rough surfaces, joints for, ii, 138. Round corners, filing out, ii, 95. files, using of, ii, 95. half-round, three-square files, ii, 90. Round-nosed chisels, ii, 75. tools, i, 258. Rudder frame, forging, ii, 245. Rule for finding horse-power, ii, 418. for locating pitch line of worm, i, 29. for finding the chord pitch, diametral pitch, and arc pitch, i, 3. for proportioning the steps of the driving cone, i, 159, 161. Russian sheet iron, gauge for, i, 387. Rust or caulked joints, ii, 140.

S

Safety devices for planer heads, i, 413. Safety-valve, the inspection of, ii, 368. calculations for, ii, 409. Sag of belts, ii, 210. Salts and acids, testing oils for, ii, 153. Sand blast process, ii, 96. Sand-papering machines, ii, 347-349. Saturated steam, ii, 410. Saw bench, rack feed, ii, 301. frame, horizontal, ii, 312. hack, ii, 97. hammering, ii, 70, 71. machine, tubular, ii, 305. machines, re-sawing band, ii, 310. maker's hammer, ii, 68. plates, grindstones for, ii, 52. straightening, ii, 70, 71. teeth, shapes of, ii, 273, 287. Sawing hot iron, ii, 263. Saws, chisel teeth for, ii, 290. concave, ii, 287, 288. cross-cut, ii, 272, 273. for swing frame, ii, 292. grindstones for, ii, 52. hardening, ii, 462. heating of circular, ii, 288. insertion of teeth in, ii, 290. rip, ii, 272, 273. sharpening the teeth of, ii, 290. shingle, ii, 287, 288. stiffening, ii, 463. tension of, ii, 288. truth of circular, ii, 288. Sawyer's valve for governors, ii, 384. Scale for moulding knives, ii, 83. of tooth proportions, i, 54. Scraped joint making, ii, 137. Scrapers, angles for facets of, ii, 97. applications of, i, 332. for finishing, i, 307. for true surfaces, ii, 97. various forms of, ii, 97. Scraping out cylinder heads, ii, 160. Scrap iron, furnaces, ii, 247. welding, ii, 247. Screw-cutting, driver for, i, 223. face plate for, i, 223. feed regulators for, i, 171. hand tools, i, 96. pitches, metric system, i, 322. reversing tool traverse in, i, 168. with hand tools, i, 334. Screw-driver, and shape, ii, 97. Screw-machine, box tools for, i, 208. chuck for, i, 205. cross-slide for, i, 205. feed gear for, i, 205. cutting off tool for, i, 208. examples of use of, i, 203. for heavy work, i, 201. light work, i, 203, 204. or screw making lathe, i, 200. stop motion for, i, 206. threading tool for, i, 208. tool holders and tools for, i, 202. turret of, i, 205. with special wire feed, i, 206. Screw-propeller, ii, 445. Screw-slotting lathe, i, 192. Screw-thread angles, gauge for, i, 91. cutting tools, the wear of, i, 89. standard forms of, i, 85, 86. Screw-threads, alteration of shape, i, 89. pitch of, i, 85. requirements of, i, 86. self-locking, i, 85. tools for cutting, i, 87. variation of pitch, i, 87. Screws, i, 115. belt, ii, 216. set, i, 127. variation of pitch, i, 87. Scroll chucks, i, 238. chuck threads, wear of, i, 238. sawing machine, ii, 306. Seams for boilers, forms of, ii, 352. Securing feathers, methods of, i, 120. devices, nut, i, 120. pins for exact adjustments, i, 121. Segmental circular saws, ii, 300. Segments, for patterns, ii, 278, 279. saw, fastening to discs, ii, 301. Self-acting lathe, English form of, i, 148. locking bolts, i, 117. nuts, i, 85. screw threads, i, 85. Self-adjusting couplings, ii, 198. Self-oiling pulleys, ii, 201. Set-screws, i, 115. application to hubs, i, 127. Setting angular grooving cutters, ii, 28. brasses to pillow-blocks or axle-boxes, ii, 131. double eccentric by lines, ii, 175. connecting-rod brasses, ii, 125. eccentrics on crank shafts, ii, 174. engine cylinders, ii, 159. engine guide bars, ii, 162. guide-bars by stretched line, ii, 163. line shafting in line, ii, 184, 185. locomotive slide valves, ii, 394. numbers and tabular values for odontograph, i, 50. over tailstock to turn tapers, i, 312. slide valves, ii, 173. threading tools, i, 266. up or aligning new engines, ii, 165. up axle box wedges, ii, 404. up keys of connecting rods, ii, 127. work after case hardening, ii, 129. Settings for boilers, ii, 364. Shaft, flexible, for driving drills, i, 459. forging, ii, 249-252. Shafting, collars for, ii, 189. couplings, errors in, ii, 196. pillow blocks for, ii, 194. speeds for, ii, 190. tests of, ii, 188. turning, three-tool slide-rest, i, 143. hangers, open-sided, ii, 193. various forms of, ii, 192. Shafts, sinking feathers in, ii, 101. welding to exact lengths, ii, 234. Shaking grate bars, ii, 369. Shank cutters, ii, 19. cutters, applications of, ii, 20. feed for, ii, 20. sizes of, ii, 21. drill, improved form of, i, 446. Shanks, drill, i, 445. Shapes of boring bar cutters, i, 291. of centres for large work, i, 299. crowns of brasses, ii, 127. cutting edges of chisels, ii, 74. file teeth, ii, 85. hammer eyes, ii, 66. lathe boring tools, i, 285. lathe tools, i, 254. planer tools, i, 423. Shaping-machine, centres for, i, 397. crank motions for, i, 401. general description of, i, 389. or planer shaper, with tappet motion for reversing, i, 399. quick return link motion, i, 399. with traveling head, i, 397. Shears, lathe, i, 182. Sheet iron, gauge for, i, 387. metal, measuring, machine for, i, 348. zinc, gauge for, i, 387. Shell reamers, i, 283. reamers, arbor for, i, 283. rose reamers, i, 284. Shimer heads, ii, 337. Shingle saw, ii, 287, 288. Shrinkage fits, i, 366. gauge for, i, 367. of iron, i, 368, 374. system at the royal gun factory at Woolwich, i, 367. Shrinking work, to refit it, i, 374. Side rake in lathe tools, i, 256. tools for lathe work, i, 261. Siphon, ii, 443. Size of mandrel holes for saws, ii, 287. Sizes of lathes, i, 130. Skew bevel gear-wheels, i, 61. cutters, ii, 316. knives, ii, 316. Sledge hammer, machinist's, ii, 71. Slice bar, ii, 369. Slide, construction of, i, 390. Slide-rest, American form of, i, 132. application of, to a crank, i, 155. compound tool-holder for, i, 174. detachable, i, 143. double tool-holder for, i, 169. English form of, i, 132. for lathe crank turning, i, 154. lathes, i, 131. pattern lathe, i, 149. special lathe, i, 145. spherical-work, i, 133. gibbed, elevating, i, 169. various forms of, i, 132. Slides of planers, construction of, i, 410. of planer heads, wear of, i, 410. Sliding motion of gear teeth, i, 16, 27. motion of worm-wheel teeth, i, 28. Slide-valve, exhaust lap of, ii, 376. lead adjusting, ii, 386. setting a, ii, 386, 394. squaring, ii, 386. the Allen, ii, 377. the D, ii, 376. Webb's, ii, 377. Slide-valves, balanced, ii, 377. circular, ii, 377. designing, ii, 380. double ported, ii, 377. Slide-valves, steam lap of, ii, 376. the lead of, ii, 376. Slots and holes in planing-machine tables, i, 417. Slotted work, tools for, i, 424. Slotting-machine, i, 459. sectional view of, i, 460. tool-holders, i, 460, 461. tools, i, 461. Snifting valve, ii, 440. Socket forging, ii, 243, 244. wrench, i, 125. Sockets, drill, i, 445. Solid and split pulleys, ii, 200. ended connecting rods, ii, 114. leather wheels, ii, 51. tap wrenches, i, 110. Spacing gear-wheel teeth, i, 57, 58. reamer teeth, i, 282, ii, 98. rivets in boiler seams, ii, 353. Special chucks for watchmakers' lathes, i, 190. index plate for gear cutting, ii, 7. forms of chucks, i, 241. lathe for pulley turning, i, 211. for wood working, i, 208. for brass work, i, 216. Specks in cast-iron work, i, 307. Speeders for governors, ii, 384. Speed of a hammer blow, effects of, ii, 65. of automatic engines, ii, 427. brush-wheels, ii, 50. cutter heads or discs, ii, 338. emery-wheels, ii, 39. governors, ii, 384. grindstones, ii, 52. pulleys, calculating, ii, 204. polishing wheels, ii, 50. shafting, ii, 190. Speeds and feeds for twist drills, i, 277. for cutting wrought iron, i, 294. Spherical work, slide-rest for, i, 133. Spindles live, with coned journals, i, 157. various methods of locking, i, 186. Spiral cutters, grinding teeth of, ii, 36. feed in cutting, ii, 27. grooves, drill stock with, i, 445. planer chucks for, i, 419. springs, winding in the lathe, i, 329. teeth for reamers, i, 282. Spirit levels, ii, 136. Spoon bit, i, 452. Spring adjustment of governors, ii, 384. calipers, i, 360. of engine guide-bars, ii, 162. swages for blacksmiths, ii, 231. tools, i, 263. Springs for indicators, ii, 416. Spur-wheel, annular, i, 23. compared with annular, i, 32. construction of pattern for, i, 54. Square work, steady rest for, i, 233. centre, advantage of, i, 303. various forms of, i, 303. centring, i, 300. holes, device for drilling, i, 450. reamers, ii, 99. bevel, i, 380. shanked drills, i, 446. the T, i, 379. the try, i, 379. Squaring a valve, ii, 386. Square-threads, clearance of tools, i, 269. cutting, i, 269. dies for finishing, i, 270. worms to work with, i, 29. Stable fork, forging of, ii, 241. Standard-cutters, ii, 17. Standard bar for the United States standard of measurement, i, 341. gauges, diameter of work limits the application of, i, 363. for taper work, i, 316. for wire, etc., i, 384. plug and collar gauges, i, 91. screw threads, i, 91. sizes of washers, i, 123. taps, i, 104. variations in, i, 341. Starting a slide valve engine, ii, 384. a locomotive, ii, 400. Stationary engine boilers, ii, 350-371. Steady-rest, cat-head, i, 233. clamps, i, 233. for square and taper work, i, 232. improved form of, i, 233. or back rest, i, 231. work, drivers for, i, 225. Steam, ii, 410. admitted to indicator, ii, 414. amount of, used in engines, ii, 420. engine high pressure, ii, 372. expansion of, ii, 411. fire engine, ii, 430, 431. hammer forging, examples in, ii, 241. hammers, ii, 252-259. laps of slide valves, ii, 376. lubricators, ii, 444. pipe thread, tapping machine, i, 477. pipes, dies for, i, 101. ports, jigs for cutting out, i, 431. pressure absolute, ii, 411. reversing gear, locomotive, ii, 390. saturated, ii, 410. superheated, ii, 410. tight nuts, i, 118. volume and pressure of, ii, 411. weight of, ii, 411. Steaming, wood for bending, ii, 266, 267. Steel and iron welding, ii, 233, 234. plates, engraver's, polishing, ii, 51. Steering gear for fire engines, i, 75. Stepped connecting-rod straps, ii, 117. reamers for taper work, i, 285. Stiffening saws, ii, 463. Stock, adjustable, i, 448. Stocks and dies, i, 97, 101. for drilling machines, i, 449. forms of, i, 101. Stone drill, i, 454. Stop motion for gear-wheels, i, 7. for screw machines, i, 206. Straight-edge and applications, i, 381. Straightening saws, ii, 70, 71. lathe work, device for, i, 305. machine for bar iron, i, 304. plates, ii, 69. wire, check for, i, 305. work by pening, ii, 72. Straight-line-engine, automatic, ii, 428. important details of, ii, 429, 430. Strains on boiler shells, ii, 351. Strap ended connecting rod, ii, 116. Straps, connecting rod, ii, 115. connecting rod, fitting, ii, 120. Strength of boiler plate, ii, 350. boiler shells, ii, 350. gear-wheel cogs, i, 66. gear-wheel teeth, i, 64. line shafting, ii, 190. wire, experiments on the, i, 387. Stroke jointers, ii, 338, 339. Studs, i, 115. Sun-and-planet motion, i, 75. Superheated steam, ii, 410. Supplementary planer tables, i, 417. Surface condensers, ii, 440, 442. condensing engine valves, ii, 442. Surface gauge, i, 378. Surface plates, originating, i, 383; ii, 132. Surfaces, rough, joints for, ii, 138. true, scrapers for, ii, 97. Swage blocks, ii, 232. Swages, spring, ii, 232. for blacksmiths, ii, 230, 231. Swaging, blacksmiths' work, ii, 232, 233. Swing-frame, i, 158. attaching, i, 166. for lead screw, i, 139. saws, ii, 290, 291. Swing machine with fixed table, ii, 294. Swing machine bevel or mitre, ii, 296. Swiveled tool-holding devices, i, 411. Swiveling vise chucks, i, 395. vises, ii, 63. Swivel-heads, construction of, i, 389. for planers, i, 411. Swiveling tool-rest, i, 174.

T

Table of arc and diametral pitches, i, 3. change wheels, screw cutting, i, 180. circular saw diameters, ii, 287. feeds for twist-drills, i, 277. index holes for gear cutting, ii, 7. natural sines, i, 3. of wrought iron tubes, i, 95. pitch-diameter, pitch, and number of teeth in gear-wheels, i, 68. pressure, temperature and volume of steam, ii, 367. screw threads, i, 95, 96, 107. sizes of, bolts and nuts, i, 114. milling-machine cutters, ii, 17. tapping drills, i, 445. twist drills and shanks, i, 442. speeds for twist drills, i, 277. spring for indicators, ii, 416. standard for the V-thread, i, 95. Tabular values and setting numbers for odontograph, i, 51. Tail-block lathe, i, 185. Tailstock, adjustments of, i, 245. chucks, i, 135, 145. construction of, i, 209. for drilled work, i, 279. engine lathe, i, 135. open spindle lathes, i, 189. securing and releasing, i, 136. Tangent screw, i, 1. Tap-wrenches, adjustable, i, 110. Taper bolts, standards, i, 359. cutters, fixtures for, ii, 34. for pipe threads, i, 95. grinding, ii, 33. holes, device for drilling, i, 451. milling, ii, 30. pins, fitting, i, 128. position for locking, i, 128. plugs for hydraulic fits, i, 365. reamers, ii, 99. taps for blacksmiths, i, 106. threads, cutting, i, 338. turning attachments, i, 143. lathe, i, 142. Tapered connecting-rod ends, ii, 117. Taper-work, centres for, i, 226. chucking, i, 394. fitting, i, 313. fixture for grinding, ii, 33. gauge for setting over, i, 313. grinding, i, 313. plug and collar gauges for, i, 357. standard gauges for, i, 316. Taper-work, steady rest for, i, 233. stepped reamers for, i, 285. turning, i, 312, 313. wear of lathe centres in, i, 312. Tapers for live centres, i, 159. Tapping, i, 111. drills, table of sizes of, i, 445. machine for steam pipe thread, i, 477. Taps, clearance on, i, 102. collapsing, machine, i, 107. for lead, i, 109. for very straight holes, i, 109. form of, i, 103, 104. improved forms of, i, 103. number of cutting edges, i, 106, 471. taper, for blacksmiths, i, 106. taper, the friction of, i, 102. wear of, i, 89. Technical terms in lathe work, i, 296. Tees, patterns for, ii, 284. Teeth, angular, end thrust of, i, 69. angular or herring bone, i, 69. band saw, ii, 308, 309. cast, the contact of, i, 67. curves of elliptical, i, 73. file, shapes of, ii, 85. gear-wheel, factors of safety, i, 64. for variable motion, i, 74. requirements of curves, i, 7. helical, i, 69. reamer, number of, i, 282. spacing of, ii, 98. saw, ii, 273, 287. Temper, blacksmiths', ii, 460. drawing, the, ii, 462. manufacturers', ii, 460. reduction of, ii, 461. Tempering, ii, 460-464. color, ii, 460. heating in fluxes, ii, 462. methods of, special, ii, 461-464. outside, ii, 462. using a muffle, ii, 461. warping in, ii, 461. Template, ii, 110-112. of Corliss bevel-gear-engine, i, 45. for curves, i, 384. marking division lines on the face of a gear wheel, i, 59. filing a link slot, ii, 129. gear-teeth, i, 43, 44. involute curves, i, 32. planing teeth to shape, i, 54. rolling gear-tooth curves, i, 43. gauges for end measurements, i, 376. Tenoning machines, ii, 344. Tenon joints, ii, 274. Tension of band saws, ii, 310, 311. belts, ii, 211. circular saws, ii, 288. Testing angle of bevel wheels while in the lathe, i, 60. boilers, strength of, ii, 456. engine alignment, ii, 166-172. engine guide-bars, ii, 163. indicator expansion curves, ii, 417. iron, ii, 226-228. lathe carriages, ii, 182. lathe tailblock, i, 187. lathes, i, 180, 181. lubricants, ii, 152. machines for iron, ii, 227, 228. oils, ii, 153, 154. shafting, ii, 188. squares, various methods of, i, 379. the power of an engine, ii, 408. various methods of, i, 187. Theoretical compression curve, ii, 421. diagram, ii, 415. expansion curve, ii, 417, 418. Thimble joints, ii, 141. Thinning twist-drill points, ii, 44. Thread angles, gauge for, i, 91. cutting, i, 111. avoiding friction in, i, 474. dies, i, 97. taps, i, 102. tools, angles of, i, 91. wear of, i, 88. pitch varied by hardening, i, 87. screw, forms of, i, 85. Threaded work, drivers for, i, 225. Threading dies, cutting speeds for, i, 474. dies, hob for, i, 474. machine, hand bolt, i, 464. hand, revolving head, i, 465. pipe, i, 463, 475-477. power, i, 466. tools, circular, i, 264, 267. for gauges, i, 266. screw machine, i, 203. holders, i, 267. internal, i, 264. setting, i, 266. the level of, i, 265. Threads, diameter at the roots of, i, 269. left-hand cutting, i, 322. square, clearance of tools for, i, 269. Three and four-jawed chucks, i, 237. Three-spindle drilling machine, i, 434. nut tapping machine, i, 475. Three-tool slide-rest for shafting, i, 143. Three or four boring bar cutters, i, 290. Throttle valves leaky, ii, 386. Throttling governors, ii, 384. Thrust bearings, ii, 445. Thrust on wheel shafts, i, 16. Timber, bending, ii, 265, 266. Timber, shakes or cracks in, ii, 264. shrinkage of, ii, 264. steaming to bend it, ii, 266. Timber-planer, ii, 330, 331. Tit drill, i, 443. Tongs, blacksmith's, ii, 229. Tool aprons for planers, i, 411. edge, oilstoning, ii, 54. front for lathe work, i, 254. facing with reamer pin, i, 449. grinding and grindstones, ii, 51. holders, boring, i, 287. combined, i, 273. for compound slide-rests, i, 174. circular cutters, i, 272. octagon boring tools, i, 175. screw machine, i, 202. lathe for outside work, i, 270. planer, i, 426. slotting machine, i, 460, 461. swiveled, i, 273. threading, i, 267. holding devices, i, 173. swiveled for planers, i, 411. rest, swiveling, i, 174. taps, improved, i, 103. Tools, caulking, ii, 141. bolt heading, ii, 237. box for screw machine, i, 208. circular cutting, i, 267. cutting-off or grooving, i, 262. cutting, the utmost duty of, i, 258. diamond-pointed, i, 254. facing or knife, i, 262. for blacksmiths, ii, 229, 230. cutting rods in pieces, i, 305. screw threads, i, 87. wood slips, ii, 271. a worm in a lathe, i, 62. mortising machines, ii, 344. roll turning, i, 215. screw machine, i, 202. standard shapes, i, 111. testing lathe centres, i, 298. planer, clearance of, i, 424. for coarse finishing feeds, i, 423. slotted work, i, 424. gauge for, i, 423. shapes of, i, 423. round-nosed, i, 258. spring, i, 263. square-nosed, i, 260. thread-cutting, i, 97. threading for screw machine, i, 264. wood working, grindstones for, ii, 52. with side rake, i, 256. Tooth form, variation of, i, 15. proportions, scale of, i, 54. templates, pivoted arms for, i, 44. Trammeling connecting rods, ii, 122. Trams or trammels, i, 377. Traversing grindstones, automatic, ii, 53. spindle lathe, i, 218. Triple riveted joints, ii, 353. Triple-expansion-engine, ii, 436. link motions of, ii, 438. valves of, ii, 438, 439. Trip-hammers, ii, 254. swages for, ii, 231. Trying-up machines, ii, 332. Try-squares, i, 379. True surfaces, scrapers for, ii, 97. surfaces, oiling, ii, 135. plane, originating, ii, 132. Truing grindstones, ii, 53. lathe centres, devices for, i, 297. oilstones, ii, 54. Trundle-wheels, i, 1. T-squares, i, 379. Tube plate cutters, i, 448. Tubular saw machine, ii, 305. Tubular work, lathe mandrels for, i, 227. Tubes, boiler, arrangement of, ii, 364. bursted, ii, 403. Tumbler-files, ii, 91. Turn-buckle, forging, ii, 239. Turned work, recentring, i, 304. Turning a cylinder cover, i, 318. calendar rolls, i, 215. crank axles, lathe for, i, 152. crank, lathe for, i, 154. irregular shapes, i, 210. machine, feed motions of, i, 436. for boiler makers, i, 435. mill, i, 211. outside threads, i, 338. pulleys, i, 318. shafting, three tool slide rest, i, 143. tapers, i, 136, 312. Turret for screw machine, i, 205. Twin cutters, ii, 18. milling, advantages, ii, 25. Twist-drills, i, 274. clearance of, i, 274; ii, 41-44. effect of improper grinding, i, 276. fluting, ii, 29. feeds and speeds for, i, 277. front rake of, i, 275; ii, 44. grinding, i, 276. large, thinning the points of, ii, 44. table of sizes of, i, 442. Two-jawed chucks, i, 236.

U

United States standard for gas pipe, i, 93. for finished bolts and nuts, i, 113. rough bolts and nuts, i, 114. United States standard for screw thread, i, 86. Universal chucks, i, 238. coupling, ii, 199. grinding lathes, i, 195. joint for drill brace, i, 456. milling-machines, ii, 2-15. for heavy work, ii, 15.

V

Vacuum gauge, ii, 444. line of indicator diagram, ii, 415. Valve, cut off, ii, 378. expansion, ii, 443. for marine engines, ii, 444. for triple expansion engines, ii, 439. gear, principles of the Corliss, ii, 424. globe, pattern for, ii, 281. Kingston, ii, 440. lead adjusting, ii, 386. measuring, ii, 173. motion, designing, ii, 381. of surface condensing engines, ii, 442. snifting, ii, 440. squaring a, ii, 386. throttle freezing, ii, 386, 387. Velocity, uniform for gear wheels, i, 16. Vertical boilers, ii, 359, 361. milling machine, ii, 31. water tube boiler, ii, 360. V-guideways for planer heads, i, 414. Vise, ii, 62, 63. chucks for vise work, i, 396. construction of, i, 393. chucking work in, i, 393. holding taper work in, i, 394. rapid motion, i, 396. swiveling, i, 395. various forms of, i, 394. clamps, various forms of, ii, 64. hand, ii, 104. jaws, heights of, ii, 62. leg, with parallel motion, ii, 63. wood workers', ii, 62. work, classification of, ii, 62. examples in, ii, 102-135. red marking for, ii, 96. Vises, swiveling, ii, 63. Volume and pressure of steam, ii, 411. V-slide lathe shears, i, 182. V-thread standard, i, 93. V-tool for starting threads, i, 337.

W

Wall hangers, ii, 193. Warping, ii, 461. Warping of files, ii, 93. Washers, i, 123. standard sizes of, i, 123. Watchmakers' lathes, i, 188. Watch manufacturers' hand lathe, i, 191. lathe, details of, i, 190. Water, ii, 410. evaporation, calculation of, ii, 420. gauge glass, ii, 368. joints, ii, 139. tube boiler, vertical, ii, 360. Wear of dies, i, 89. of back bearings, i, 158. emery wheels, ii, 48. groove cams, i, 84. nuts, i, 120. planer head slides, i, 410. scroll chuck threads, i, 238. spindles of lathe tailblock, i, 185. taps, i, 89. worm and worm-wheel, i, 28. upon grooved friction wheels, i, 79. Weight of steam, ii, 411. Weighted elevated slide rest, i, 168. slide-rest, feed motion for, i, 168. Weld, butt, ii, 234. lap, ii, 234. split, ii, 235. Welded connecting rods, aligning, ii, 118. Welding iron and steel, ii, 233, 234. scrap iron, ii, 247. stub ends of connecting rods, ii, 118. theory of, ii, 233. Wheel, emery, position of, ii, 35. forging of fifth, ii, 239. hubs, lathe for turning, i, 221. lathe, i, 151. rack and pinion, i, 1. rim, spacing the teeth on, i, 56, 58. shafts thrust on, i, 16. tire, throwing off, ii, 403. worm, i, 1. Wheels, bevel line of faces, i, 22. brush, for polishing, ii, 50. speed of, ii, 50. clock, i, 21. considered as levers, ii, 405. emery, annular, ii, 47. balancing, ii, 39. grades of, ii, 39. presenting, to work, ii, 47. qualifications of, ii, 38. recessed, ii, 47. swing frame, large work, ii, 46. speeds of, ii, 39. wear of, ii, 48. work suitable for, ii, 39. friction, i, 77. material for, i, 77. for transmitting motion, i, 21. gear drawings for, i, 59. intermediate, i, 319. locomotive, forging, ii, 244. number of cutters for a train of, i, 39. paddle, ii, 444. polishing, construction of, ii, 49. charging with emery, ii, 50. for brass work, ii, 50. large, method of truing, ii, 50. polishing materials for, ii, 50. rag, ii, 51. speed of, ii, 50. solid leather, ii, 51. trundle, i, 1. White-metal lined boxes, ii, 155. Width and thickness of chisels, ii, 74. Winding spiral springs, i, 329. strips and their use, i, 382. Wire-feed for screw machines, i, 206. gauge, i, 387. Wire, strength of, experiments on, i, 387. Wood bending block, ii, 265, 266. boring machines, ii, 343. for patterns, ii, 264. gouges, ii, 272. moulding machines, knives of, ii, 84. planing machine, ii, 317-341. pulleys, ii, 200. steaming, ii, 266. turning, hand tools for, i, 338. work, chisels for, ii, 271. counterbore for, i, 449. drill for, i, 449. drivers for, i, 225. forms of joints for, ii, 275. lathe, face plates for, i, 247. on swing frame machine, ii, 292. twist drills for, i, 279. worker's vise, ii, 62. Wood-working, circular-saw gauges for, ii, 295. lathes, chucks for, i, 242. machinery, ii, 287-349. special lathe for, i, 208. tools, grindstones for, ii, 52. Woods for patterns, ii, 264. Work, cored, drivers for, i, 225. face plate, examples of, i, 249. holding straps, i, 244. hollow centres for, i, 226. shrinking, to refit, i, 374. Worm and worm-wheel, i, 28. gears, i, 62. wheel, application of, i, 30. cutting teeth of, i, 42. enveloping teeth, i, 28. number of teeth in, i, 29. teeth, sliding motion of, i, 28. Worm to work with a square thread, i, 29. Wrench, adjustable, i, 125. for carriage bolts, i, 125. jaws, angle for, i, 123. monkey, i, 125. pin, i, 126. sockets, i, 125. various forms of, i, 125. Wrought iron, cutting speeds for, i, 294.

Y

Yoke and guide-bars, ii, 389.

Z

Zigzag riveted seams, ii, 352. Zinc gauge, the American sheet, i, 387. gauge, the Belgian sheet, i, 387.

THE END.

+------------------------------------------------------------------+ | TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES | | Text: | | * Minor obvious typographical errors (including punctuation) have| | been corrected silently. | | * Footnotes have been moved to directly under the paragraph or | | table they belong to. | | * Mid-dots (·, inconsistently used as decimal points) have been | | replaced with periods (.). | | * Calculations and rounding of results have not been changed, | | except when they contained obvious errors (see below). | | * Inconsistent spelling has not been changed, except as mentioned| | below (see "Changes made"). Inconsistencies that occur in the | | original work include variants such as vice/vise, colour/color,| | gray/grey, ...er/...re (center/centre, fiber/fibre, etc.) adze/| | adz, axe/ax, draft/draught, cotter/cottar, ...ise/...ize | | (crystallise/crystallize, equalize/equalise, etc.), mould/mold,| | intercepter/interceptor, mandrel/mandril, planimeter/ | | planometer, l/ll inconsistencies (jeweller/jeweler, travelling/| | traveling, etc.), Beltiline/Beltilene, Stubb/Stub, and Swasey/ | | Swayzey. The plural of [V] is sometimes written [V]s, sometimes| | [V]'s. | | * Inconsistent hyphenation has not been changed either, except as| | listed below under "Changes made". Many compound words are | | variously spelled hyphenated, spaced or as a single word. | | * Volume I, Page 61: let the Fig. 166 ...: part of sentence | | appears to be missing. | | * Volume I, Page 369: heading PART I. There does not appear to | | be a PART II (or further). | | * Volume I, Page 370, Fig. 1430: 995 and 598 should probably be | | .995 and .598. | | | | Illustrations: | | * Illustrations and plates are given in the order in which they | | are found in the original work. In some cases, the plates | | contain illustrations that are out of their numerical order. | | * In Volume II the numbering of illustrations is as expected up | | to Fig. 2705, after which follow Figs. 2824 through 3077, | | followed by Figs. 2706-2823, after which the numbering | | continues as expected. This has been maintained in this e-text.| | * Similarly in Volume II, plates are numbered I-XII, followed by | | Plates XV-XVII, then XIII-XIV, followed by Plate XVIII et seq. | | This has not been changed either. | | | | Tables: | | * Many tables have been split or otherwise re-arranged. In | | several tables the headings have been changed to legends [A], | | [B], etc.; these are explained directly above the table. In | | other tables, remarks have been changed to [A], [B], etc.; | | these are explained directly underneath the tables. | | | | Changes made to the text: | | | | Volume I: | | Page number Original work Changed to | | ----------- -------------------------- ------------------------- | | page xi Machine 309 Machine 300 | | page 7 under wear undue wear | | page 30 Hindleys' Hindley's | | page 37 Fig. 106 Fig. 109 | | page 40: (for 97 bears... (for 96 bears... | | page 47, table in fig. 135: row 16 teeth, 2nd last value: | | 191 119 | | page 49: 1/2 = 500 1/2 = .500 | | page 67: After very few blows After every few blows | | page 84: maintained a close fit maintained in a close fit | | page 87: second reference to Fig. Fig. 259 (description | | 258 clearly refers to 259) | | page 95: apt to have a waver apt to have a wave | | page 95: closing " added (after 'a single operation.') | | page 96: Whitworth table, Hydraulic Piping, 1" ID, row 2: | | 1-3/8 1-5/8 | | page 107, table: | | 5-12/16 5-13/16 | | page 127: .937/1000 937/1000 | | page 136: in figure : in Fig. 498: | | page 162, column 1, row ending in 0.00: | | unclear .0594 | | column 1: column 2 moved to between columns 1 and 3 | | column 33, row ending in 0.72: | | 1.22 0 1.2200 | | column 31, row ending in 0.96: | | .8 94 .8994 | | page 186: gibbs gibs | | page 234: out if true out of true | | page 274, table, first row: | | 1/6 1/8 | | page 307: Fig. 1029 Fig. 1209 | | page 312: smoothes smooths | | page 321: 66 ÷ 36 = 2-3/4 99 ÷ 36 = 2-3/4 | | page 322: as at J in Fig. 1241 as at I in Fig. 1241 | | page 335: Fig. 1334 Fig. 1324 | | page 344: Fig. 1532 Fig. 1352 | | page 356: Lloyd's Lloyds' (as elsewhere) | | page 366: if it is found possible if it is found impossible | | page 367: will expend will expand | | page 370, Fig. 1430: | | smart quotes " (inches) | | x × | | page 373, third table: | | 0.2 .02 (twice) | | page 388: reamless seamless | | page 388, table, row 2" column 3: | | 1/5 1/8 | | page 406: Fig. 1669 Fig. 1569 | | page 442 first table, row 11/16, column 2: | | 8-1/4 9-1/4 | | | | Volume II: | | page x: Mariotte's law Marriotte's law (as in | | text) | | page 7, table, row 25 teeth, column 3: | | 12/0 12/20 | | page 7/8, table: rearranged to become continuous, repeat headings| | removed | | page 17: a length of 3 inches a length of 3 feet | | page 88: Figs. 2211, 2212 and 2213 Figs. 2210, 2211 and 2212 | | page 132, footnote [33]: | | p. 162 p. 68 | | page 151: Figs. 2405 and 2500 Figs. 2495 and 2500 | | page 154, first table, row Smooth metal surfaces, occasionally | | greased, second column: | | 4 to 1-1/2 4 to 4-1/2 (as in Bourne's| | book (Rose's source) at | | archive.org) | | page 208, table in illustration, row 7, column 5: | | 9.32 9/32 | | all fractions transcribed as x/y for consistency | | within table | | page 224, second formula: | | 11. .11 | | page 311: Ortow Orton (as elsewhere) | | page 319: Fig. 3260 Fig. 3160 | | page 348: 4' 4" (thickness) | | page 354, first formula: | | by 2 2 | | page 354: formula resulting in 116-2/3 lbs.: | | + × | | page 356: found the required pitch found the required pitch | to to be | | page 367, table row Total pressure 33, column 3: | | 225.2 252.2 | | table row Total pressure 44, column 6: | | 595 585 | | table row Total pressure 61, column 6: | | 403 430 | | page 401: colters cotters | | page 407, first calculation: | | line added under 5 (third row) | | page 471: Marriott's Marriotte's | | page 476: Tuyere Tuyère (as in text) | | Verneer Vernier (as in text) | | page 479: featheredge feather-edge (as in text) | | page 480: Gimblet Gimlet (as in text) | | doghead dog-head (as in text) | | Guideways Guide-ways (as in text) | | page 481: Marriott's Mariotte's | | rabbetting rabetting (as in text) | | Piaté Piat's as in Table of | | Contents (word does not | | occur in text) | | page 482: featheredge feather-edge (as in text) | +------------------------------------------------------------------+