Elementary Botany

=929. Species.=—It is not necessary for one to be a botanist in order to recognize, during a stroll in the woods where the trillium is flowering, that there are many individual...

=715. Columnar type.=—The columnar type of stem may be simple or branched. When branching occurs the branches are usually small and in general subordinate to the main axis. The...

plant food. Some suggestion as to the food substances is derived by a chemical analysis of various plants. In Chapter 8 it was noted that there are two principal kinds of compou...

=746. Influence of foliage leaves on the form of the stem.=—The marked effect which foliage has upon the aspect of the plant or upon the landscape is evident to all observers. P...

In order to show the general relationship of the algæ studied, the principal classes are here enumerated as well as some of the families. In some of the groups not represented b...

=689.= It is now generally conceded that the earliest plants to appear in the world were very simple in form and structure. Perhaps the earliest were mere bits of naked protopla...

=68.= We should now inquire if all the water which is taken up in excess of that which actually suffices for turgidity is used in the elaboration of new materials of constructio...

=121. Gas given off by green plants in the sunlight.=—Let us take some green alga, like spirogyra, which is in a fresh condition, and place one lot in a beaker or tall glass ves...

=804. The flower.=—The flower is best understood by an examination, first of one of the types known as a “complete” flower, as in the buttercup, the spring-beauty, the blood-roo...

In connection with the study of the means of absorption from the soil or water by plants, it will be found convenient to observe carefully the various forms of the plant. Withou...

=900.= All plants are subject to the influence of environment from the time the seed begins to germinate until the seed is formed again, or until the plant ceases to live. A sui...

=650. Male prothallium of angiosperms.=—The first division which takes place in the nucleus of the pollen grain occurs, in the case of trillium and many others of the angiosperm...

=152. Translocation of starch.=—It has been found that leaves of many plants grown in the sunlight contain starch when examined after being in the sunlight for several hours. Bu...

=1.= In the study of plant life and growth, it will be found convenient first to inquire into the nature of the substance which we call the living material of plants. For plant...

=835. Both kinds of sexual organs on the same prothallium.=—In the ferns, as we have seen, the sexual organs are borne on the prothallium, a small, leaf-like, heart-shaped body...

by many plants, but especially by many of the Leguminosæ, is brought about by the removal of the light stimulus at evening. In many leaves, when the light influence is removed,...

=259.= We should now examine the movements of plant parts in response to the influence of certain stimuli. By this time we have probably observed that the direction which the ro...

=529.= In taking up the study of the ferns we find plants which are very beautiful objects of nature and thus have always attracted the interest of those who love the beauties o...

=607. General aspect of the white pine.=—The white pine (Pinus strobus) is found in the Eastern United States. In favorable situations in the forest it reaches a height of about...

=93.= In our study of root pressure and transpiration we have seen that large quantities of water or solutions move upward through the stems of plants. We are now led to inquire...

=220.= One of the life processes in plants which is extremely interesting, and which is exactly the same as one of the life processes of animals, is easily demonstrated in sever...

=488. Sporogonium of marchantia.=—If we examine the plant shown in fig. 181 we shall see oval bodies which stand out between the rays of the female receptacle, supported on shor...

=29.= We may next endeavor to learn how plants absorb water or nutrient substances in solution. There are several very instructive experiments, which can be easily performed, an...

=429. Classification of the fungi.=—Those who believe that the fungi represent a natural group of plants arrange them in three large series related to each other somewhat as fol...

=513.= We are now ready to take up the more careful study of the moss plant. There are a great many kinds of mosses, and they differ greatly from each other in the finer details...

By growth is usually meant an increase in the bulk of the plant accompanied generally by an increase in plant substance. Among the lower plants growth is easily studied in some...

atmospheric nitrogen available for food, or shorten the path from humus to available food, or the humus plants feed on the humus directly. Nor should we leave out of account the...

=473.= We come now to the study of representatives of another group of plants, a few of which we examined in studying the organs of assimilation and nutrition. I refer to what a...

=676.= In the development of the spores of the liverworts, mosses, ferns, and their allies, as well as in the development of the microspores of the gymnosperms and angiosperms,...

=411. The series of the higher fungi.=—Of these there are two large series. One of these is represented by the sac fungi, and the other by the mushrooms, a good example of which...

=867. After the flower comes the fruit.=—With the perfection of the fruit the seed is usually formed. This is the end towards which the energies of the plant have been directed....

the point where the stalk is joined to the end of the ovule, best understood in a straight ovule. Upon the opposite side of the scar and close to it can be seen a minute depress...

=549. Sexual stage of ferns.=—We now wish to see what the sexual stage of the ferns is like. Judging from what we have found to take place in the liverworts and mosses we should...

=283.= In our study of protoplasm and some of the processes of plant life we became acquainted with the general appearance of the plant spirogyra. It is now a familiar object to...

=387.= In the chapter on growth, and in our study of protoplasm, we have become familiar with the vegetative condition of mucor. We now wish to learn how the plant multiplies an...

=202.= It is evident from some of the studies which we have made in connection with germination of seeds and nutrition of the plant that there is a period in the life of the see...

=596. Comparison of selaginella and isoetes with the ferns.=—On comparing selaginella and isoetes with the ferns, we see that the sporophyte is, as in the ferns, the prominent p...

=639. General appearance.=—As one of the plants to illustrate this group we may take the wake-robin, as it is sometimes called, or trillium. There are several species of this ge...

=401. Wheat rust (Puccinia graminis).=—The wheat rust is one of the best known of these fungi, since a great deal of study has been given to it. One form of the plant occurs in...

=627.= In such gymnosperms as cycas, illustrated in the frontispiece, there is a close resemblance to the members of the fern group, especially the ferns themselves. This is at...

=784.= The most obvious function of the roots of ordinary plants are two: 1st, To furnish anchorage and partial support, and 2d, absorption of liquid nutriment from the soil. Th...

=792.= (8) =The maintenance of the required balance between the environment and the increasing or changing requirements of the plant.=—In this matter the entire plant participat...

=309.= Œdogonium is also an alga. The plant is sometimes associated with spirogyra, and occurs in similar situations. Our attention was called to it in the study of chlorophyll...

=299.= The plant vaucheria we remember from our study in an earlier chapter. It usually occurs in dense mats floating on the water or lying on damp soil. The texture and feeling...

=578.= What are called the “club mosses” make up another group of interesting plants which rank as allies of the ferns. They are not of course true mosses, but the general habit...

=563.= In comparing the different members of the leaf series there are often striking illustrations of the transition from one form to another, as we have noted in the case of t...

=891. Means for dissemination of seeds.=—During late summer or autumn a walk in the woods or afield often convinces us of the perfection and variety of means with which plants a...

=111. Turgidity of plant parts.=—As we have seen by the experiments on the leaves, turgescence of the cells is one of the conditions which enables the leaves to stand out from t...

=571.= Among the relatives of the ferns are the horsetails, so called because of the supposed resemblance of the branched stems of some of the species to a horse’s tail, as one...

=322.= Among the green algæ coleochæte is one of the most interesting. Several species are known in this country. One of these at least should be examined if it is possible to o...

=589.= The quillworts, as they are popularly called, are very curious plants. They grow in wet marshy places. They receive their name from the supposed resemblance of the leaf t...

with the organization of the plant body as a whole in its relation to environment, the organization of plant tissues with a discussion of the principal tissues and a descriptive...

=219. Assimilation.=—In plant physiology the term assimilation has been chiefly used for the process of carbon dioxide assimilation (= photosynthesis). Some objections have been...

as absorption, transpiration, conduction, photosynthesis, nutrition, assimilation, digestion, respiration, growth, and irritability. Since protoplasm is fundamental to all the l...

includes a rather careful study of representative examples among the algæ, fungi, liverworts, mosses, ferns and their allies, gymnosperms and angiosperms, with especial emphasis...

THE FRUIT. 450 I. Parts of the Fruit. 450 II. Indehiscent Fruits. 451 III. Dehiscent Fruits. 452 IV. Fleshy and Juicy Fruits. 454 V. Reinforced, or Accessory, Fruits. 455 VI. Fr...

THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF STEMS. 365 I. Erect Stems. 365 II. Creeping, Climbing, and Floating Stems. 369 III. Specialized Shoots and Shoots for Storage of Food. 372 IV. Annual Grow...

HOW PLANTS OBTAIN THEIR FOOD, I. 81 1. Sources of Plant Food. 81 2. Parasites and Saprophytes. 83 3. How Fungi Obtain their Food. 86 4. Mycorhiza. 91 5. Nitrogen gatherers. 92 6...

FOLIAGE LEAVES. 383 I. General Form and Arrangement of Leaves. 383 II. Protective Modifications of Leaves. 392 III. Protective Positions. 395 IV. Relation of Leaves to Light. 39...