CHAPTER XVII.

COLEOCHÆTE.

=322.= Among the green algæ coleochæte is one of the most interesting. Several species are known in this country. One of these at least should be examined if it is possible to obtain it. It occurs in the water of fresh lakes and ponds, attached to aquatic plants.

=323. The shield-shaped coleochæte.=—This plant (C. scutata) is in the form of a flattened, circular, green plate, as shown in fig. 156. It is attached near the center on one side to rushes and other plants, and has been found quite abundantly for several years in the waters of Cayuga Lake at its southern extremity. As will be seen it consists of a single layer of green cells which radiate from the center in branched rows to the outside, the cells lying so close together as to form a continuous plate. The plant started its growth from a single cell at the central point, and grew at the margin in all directions. Sometimes they are quite irregular in outline, when they lie quite closely side by side and interfere with one another by pressure. If the surface is examined carefully there will be found long hairs, the base of which is enclosed in a narrow sheath. It is from this character that the genus takes its name of coleochæte (sheathed hair).

=324. Fruiting stage of coleochæte.=—It is possible at some seasons of the year to find rounded masses of cells situated near the margin of this green disk. These have developed from a fertilized egg which remained attached to the plant, and probably by this time the parent plant has lost its color.

=325. Zoospore stage.=—This mass of tissue does not develop directly into the circular green disk, but each of the cells forms a zoospore. Here then, as in œdogonium, we have another stage of the plant interpolated between the fertilized egg and that stage of the plant which bears the gametes. But in coleochæte we have a distinct advance in this stage upon what is present in œdogonium, for in coleochæte the fertilized egg develops first into a several-celled mass of tissue before the zoospores are formed, while in œdogonium only four zoospores are formed directly from the egg.

=326. Asexual reproduction.=—In asexual reproduction any of the green cells on the plant may form zoogonida. The contents of a cell round off and form a single zoogonidium which has two cilia at the smaller end of the oval body, fig. 157. After swimming around for a time they come to rest, germinate, and produce another plant.

=327. Sexual reproduction.—Oogonium.=—The oogonium is formed by the enlargement of a cell at the end of one of the threads, and then the end of the cell elongates into a slender tube which opens at the end to form a channel through which the spermatozoid may pass down to the egg. The egg is formed of the contents of the cell (fig. 159). Several oogonia are formed on one plant, and in such a plant as C. scutata they are formed in a ring near the margin of the disk.

=328. Antheridia.=—In C. scutata certain of the cells of the plant divide into four smaller cells, and each one of these becomes an antheridium. In C. soluta the antheridia grow out from the end of terminal cells in the form of short flasks, sometimes four in number or less (fig. 159). A single spermatozoid is formed from the contents. It is oval and possesses two long cilia. After swimming around it passes down the tube of the oogonium and fertilizes the egg.

=329. Sporocarp.=—After the egg is fertilized the cells of the threads near the egg grow up around it and form a firm covering one cell in thickness. This envelope becomes brown and hard, and serves to protect the egg. This is the “fruit” of the coleochæte, and is sometimes called a sporocarp (spore-fruit). The development of the cell mass and the zoospores from the egg has been described above.

Some of the species of coleochæte consist of branched threads, while others form circular cushions several layers in thickness. These forms together with the form of our plant C. scutata make an interesting series of transitional forms from filamentous structures to an expanded plant body formed of a mass of cells.

=330. COMPARATIVE TABLE FOR SPIROGYRA, VAUCHERIA, ŒDOGONIUM, COLEOCHÆTE.=

-----------+-------------------------------------------------------- | GAMETOPHYTE. (Bears the sexual organs and gonidia.) -----------+-----------+---------+------------+--------------------- |Vegetative | Growth. |Multipli- | Sexual Reproduction. | Phase. | | cation.+--------------------- | | | | Sexual Organs. -----------+-----------+---------+------------+--------------------- Spirogyra. |Simple |All |By breaking | Undifferentiated. |threads of |cells |up of | Any cell of thread. |cylindrical|divide |threads. | Conjugate by tube. |cells. |and | | | |grow. | | -----------+-----------+---------+------------+--------------------- |Branched |Limited |By | Differentiated. |threads, |to ends |multiciliate|Antheridia|Oogonium, Vaucheria. |continuous.|of |zoogonidia, |slender |large | |threads |and other |cells on |on special | |and |cells, from |special |rounded | |branches.|terminal |branches. |cell, | | |portions. | |branch, | | | | opens | | | | |and emits | | | | |bit of | | | | |protoplasm. -----------+-----------+---------+------------+----------+---------- |Simple |Limited |By oval | Differentiated. |threads of |to |zoogonidia, |Antheridia|Oogonium, Œdogonium. |cylindrical|certain |with crown |disk- |changed |cells. |portions |of cilia. | shaped, |vegetative | | of |Any cell |several |cell, opens | |thread. |may form a |from one |and emits | | |single |vegetative|bit of | | |zoogonidium.|cell. |protoplasm. | | | |Sometimes | | | | |on dwarf | | | | |males. | -----------+-----------+---------+------------+----------+---------- Coleochæte.|Branched |Terminal |By | Differentiated. |threads, | or |zoogonidia |Antheridia|Oogonium, |or compact |marginal.|with two |four or |enlarged |circular | |cilia. |several |veg. cell, |plates. | |Any cell |from |with long | | |may form |single |tube through | | |a single |veg. cell.|opening | | |zoogonidium.| |of which | | | | |spermatozoid | | | | |enters. | | | | |After | | | | |fertilization | | | | |wall of | | | | |enveloping | | | | |threads | | | | |surrounds | | | | |oogonium. -----------+-----------+---------+------------+----------+----------

-----------+------------------------+-------------+----------- | GAMETOPHYTE. | | | (Bears the sexual | | | organs and gonidia.) | SPOROPHYTE |How Veg. -----------+------------------------+ Bears |Phase of | Sexual Reproduction. | spores |Gametophyte +------------------------+-------------+ is | Gametes. | Fruit. |Developed. -----------+------------------------+-------------+----------- Spirogyra. | Undifferentiated. | Zygospore |Develops | Entire contents of | Rests. |veg. phase | conjugating cell. | |directly. -----------+------------------------+-------------+----------- | Differentiated. | Egg (or |Develops |Small | Large | oospore). |veg. phase Vaucheria. |two-ciliated | egg | Rests. |directly. |spermatozoids.| cell. | | -----------+--------------+---------+-------------+----------- | Differentiated. | Egg (or |Divides |Oval | Large | oospore). |into Œdogonium. |spermatozoids | egg | Rests. |four cells; |with | cell. | |each |crown of | | |forms |cilia. | | |zoospore |Two from each | | |which |antheridium. | | |develops | | | |veg. phase | | | |again. -----------+--------------+---------+-------------+----------- Coleochæte.| Differentiated. |Egg |Each forms |Oval, | Large |(surrounded |a zoospore. |biciliate | egg |by |Zoospore |spermatozoid, | cell. |wall from |develops |one from each | |gametophyte).|veg. phase |antheridium. | |Rests. |again. | | |Divides | | | |and | | | |grows to | | | |form a mass | | | |of cells. | -----------+--------------+---------+-------------+-----------