Christianity and Islam in Spain, A.D. 756-1031

We have so far investigated the influence of Christianity on the social and intellectual character of Mohammedanism; let us now turn to the analogous influence of Mohammedanism...

With the death of Eulogius the series of voluntary martyrdoms comes to an end, and it will be convenient at this point to consider the whole question of the relation of the Chur...

The Gothic domination lasted 300 years, and in that comparatively short period we are asked by some writers to believe that the invaders quite lost their national characteristic...

The next candidates for martyrdom were two young and beautiful girls, whose history we learn from their patron, Eulogius, who seems to have regarded one of these maidens, Flora,...

Abdurrahman Ibn Muawiyah landed in Spain with 750 Berber horsemen in May 756. The Khalifate of Cordova may be said to begin with this date, though it was many years before the n...

Such mixtures of religions are by no means without example in history. The Sabians, for instance, were the followers of a religion, which may have been a cross between Judaism,...

Having considered the effects of Mohammedanism on doctrinal Christianity (there are no traces of similar effects on doctrinal Mohammedanism), it will fall within the scope of ou...

Abdurrahman III., Annasir Lidinillah (912-961), may be looked upon as the Solomon of the Spanish Sultans. Succeeding to the throne when quite a youth, to the exclusion of his un...

The death of Eulogius was a signal for the cessation of the dubious martyrdoms which had for some years become so common, though the spirit, which prompted the self-deluded vict...

Just about the time when the Romans withdrew from Britain, leaving so many of their possessions behind them, the Suevi, Alani, and Vandals, at the invitation of Gerontius, the R...

That the conversions from Christianity to Islam were very numerous at first we can sufficiently gather from the fact that the new converts formed a large and important party in...

In spite of the close contact into which the Christians and Mohammedans were brought in Spain, and the numerous conversions and frequent intermarriages between the two sections,...

angels in heaven, neither the Son, but the Father." Texts such as these can only be met by a reference to other texts, such as John iii. 16, where God is said to have given His...

[7] No reliance can be placed in the statement of the Pseudo-Luitprand, who, in a letter to Recemundus, speaking of Elipandus, says: "Postquam illius erroris sui de adoptione Ch...

(12.) "Histoire d'Afrique et de l'Espagne sous la domination des Arabes," par _M. Cardonne_. 3 vols., 1765. A history based chiefly on Arab writers, but not very trustworthy, as...

Influence of Mohammedanism--Circumcision of Christians--Even of a bishop--Customs retained for contrast--Cleanliness rejected as peculiar to Moslems--Celibacy of clergy--Chivalr...

Traces of amalgamation of religions--Instances elsewhere--Essential differences of Islam and Christianity--Compromise attempted--Influence of Islam, over Christianity--Innovatin...

Doubtful martyrs--No persecution raging--The Muzarabes--Churches in Cordova--Arab description of a church--Monasteries outside the city--Voluntary martyrs, chiefly from Cordova-...

National party--Revolt of Spaniards against Arabs--Martyrs in battle--Martyrdoms under Abdurrahman III.--Pelagius--Argentea--The monks of Cardena--Eugenia--No real persecution u...

Landing of Abdurrahman--Khalifate of Cordova--Condition of Christians--Proselytism--Apostates--Arabs and Spaniards--Evidence of Christian writers--Condition of the people--Serfs...

Khalifate saved by Abdurrahman III.--Commander of the Faithful--His character--Embassy to the Emperor of the West--Return embassy--John of Gorz--Detained in Cordova--Messengers...

Arab factions--Berbers--Spaniards--Muwallads--Despised by Arabs--Revolts at Cordova, &c.--Intrigues with the Franks--Letter of Louis--Revolt of Toledo--Christians and Muwallads...

Invasion of Spain by the barbarians--Its easy conquest--Quarrels among the conquerors--Departure of the Vandals--Visigoths gain the supremacy--Conflict with Eastern Empire--Redu...

Flora and Maria--Their adventures--Trial--Meet Eulogius in prison--Their execution--Other martyrs--Hidden Christians--Aurelius, Sabigotha, etc--Plan for procuring martyrdom--Mir...

Mutual influences of the two creeds--Socially and intellectually--"No monks in Islam"--Faquirs--The conventual system adopted by the Arabs--Arab account of a convent--Moslem nun...

Period of Gothic rule--Degeneracy of Goths--Causes of their fall--Battle of Guadalete--Resistance of towns--Theodomir--Remnant in the North--Mohammedanism--Its rise and progress...