Chapter 11

Influence of Mohammedanism--Circumcision of Christians--Even of a bishop--Customs retained for contrast--Cleanliness rejected as peculiar to Moslems--Celibacy of clergy--Chivalry--Origin--Derived from Arabs--Favoured by state of Spain--Spain the cradle of chivalry--Arab chivalry--Qualifications for a knight--Rules of knighthood--The Cid--Almanzor--His generosity--Justice--Moslem military orders--Holy wars--Christianity Mohammedanized--The "Apotheosis of chivalry"--Chivalry a sort of religion--Social compromise--Culminates in the Crusades 149-156

APPENDICES.

APPENDIX A.

Jews persecuted by Goths--Help the Saracens--Numbers--Jews in France--Illtreated--Accusations against--Eleazar, an apostate--Incites the Spanish Moslems against the Christians--Intellectual development of Jews in Spain--Come to be disliked by Arabs--Jews and the Messiah--Judaism deteriorated--Contact with Islam--Civil position--Jews at Toledo--Christian persecution of Jews--Massacre--Expulsion--Conversion--The "Mala Sangre"--The Inquisition 156-161

APPENDIX B.

Spain and the papal power--Early independence--Early importance of Spanish Church--Arian Spain--Orthodox Spain--Increase of papal influence--Independent spirit of king and clergy--Quarrel with the pope--Arab invasion--Papal authority in the North--Crusade preached--Intervention of the pope--St James' relics--Claudius of Turin--Rejection of pope's claims--Increase of pope's power in Spain--Appealed to against Muzarabes--Errors of Migetius--Keeping of Easter--Eating of pork--Intermarriage with Jews and Moslems--Fasting on Sundays--Elipandus withstands the papal claims--Upholds intercourse with Arabs--Rejects papal supremacy--Advance of Christians in the North--Extension of power of the pope--Gothic liturgy suspected--Suppressed--Authority of pope over king--Appeals from the king to the pope--Rupture with the Roman See--Resistance of sovereign and barons to the pope--Inquisition established--Victims--Moriscoes persecuted--Reformation stamped out--Subjection of Spanish Church 161-173

LIST OF AUTHORITIES 175-182