An Introduction to Nature-study

1. =The song-thrush, mavis, or throstle.=—Throstles are to be seen throughout the year. Take every opportunity of observing their habits, and make careful notes of these at the...

=I. The wallflower.=—After noticing the general habit of growth of a wallflower plant (Fig. 57), and especially the shape and venation of the leaves, make out the following part...

1. =The examination of the bones.=—In a boiled rabbit clear away the flesh from the bones. Before separating a bone, notice carefully how it is attached to neighbouring bones. N...

1. =Preparation of the seeds.=—Obtain several seeds of the broad bean, pea, mustard, yellow lupine, vegetable marrow, and sycamore; soak them in cold or slightly warm water unti...

1. =Habits.=—In what places have you seen cockroaches? Are they often to be seen during the day, or do they, in general, come forth only at night? What is the colour of the body...

1. =The shapes of stems.=—Cut across a deadnettle stem and a wallflower stem and examine the shape of the sections. The former is square, the latter is five-ribbed. Is there any...

(_a_) _Hair._—What is the covering of the body like? Is the hair like that of a rabbit, _i.e._ fur (p. 216)? Are the whiskers very noticeable? On what parts of the head do they...

1. =The shapes.=—Make a collection of the leaves of a large number of different plants, for example, elm, beech, lime, oak, birch, ash, blackberry, pine, yew, horse chestnut, ro...

1. =External appearance.=—What is the _colour_ of the egg? What is its _shape_? How does the shape differ from that of a cricket ball or other sphere? The shape of an egg is sai...

1. =The oak.=—(_a_) _Habits of growth._—Examine an oak tree growing in an exposed situation. What is its approximate height? Estimate the diameter of the trunk at (_a_) the grou...

An animal or a plant must be studied from several points of view before its manner of life can be understood in any real sense. It must, for example, be regarded, first, as a co...

1. =Manner of life.=—Where have you found frogs? Are they commonest in dry or in damp situations? At what time of the year have you seen them actually in water? How do frogs mov...

1. =The fruit of the wallflower.=—Examine wallflower fruits and make out that each consists of the ripened pistil. Does the fruit open of itself? How many chambers does it consi...

1. =The crayfish and lobster.=—(_a_) _Habits._—Readers in limestone districts will probably be able to find crayfishes in the streams, and the habits of the animals in their nat...

1. =General observations upon the dovecote pigeon.=—Watch a group of pigeons. What is the shape of the body? With what is the body covered? What is the colour of the feathers? D...

1. Describe with the aid of a drawing the various structures seen by means of a pocket lens in a section across the middle region of a grain of wheat.

1. =The male-fern.=—(_a_) _Habit of growth._—In summer dig up a plant of the common male-fern (Fig. 146) and wash the soil from the roots. Make out the short, stumpy, creeping _...

1. =General features.=—Pull up a sod of couch grass or of Yorkshire fog and clear away the earth as well as possible. Notice the fibrous, creeping branches or _stolons_, and the...

1. =A plant cannot grow permanently in damp sawdust or clean sand.=—Notice that the seedlings which were grown in damp sawdust presently wither and die, while those which were g...

1. =A typical bud.=—Split a cabbage, or a lettuce “heart,” down the middle, and observe how the leaves are arranged round the conical end of the stalk. The leaves which are fixe...

1. =The habits of the wild rabbit.=—In what places have you known wild rabbits to have a _warren_? In what kind of ground is a rabbit warren generally found? How can you recogni...

The liverwort also gives rise to a spore-bearing generation, but in this case it consists merely of a small, round, spore-box, dark-green in colour, which is carried on the summ...

SIX LARGE CHARTS IN COLOURS FOR THE CLASS TEACHING OF COMPOSITION. (1) Sentence Structure and Anatomy (Diagram)—Synoptic and Analytic. (2) A Writer’s Guide and Danger Signal Cod...

1. =A common liverwort.=—Look along the sides of a brook or a well, and try to find a flat green plant with numerous lobed and overlapping branches. Each branch is perhaps half...

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11. Give an example in each case of a plant with—(_a_) Plumed fruits or seeds. (_b_) Winged fruits or seeds. (_c_) Climbing stem covered with hooks. (_d_) Flowers which come out...

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