PART II.

ELEMENTARY SCIENCE.—SYLLABUS NO. II.

(_You should answer_ SIX _questions._)

1. Describe with the aid of a drawing the various structures seen by means of a pocket lens in a section across the middle region of a grain of wheat.

2. How would you measure the rate of transpiration of water from a small plant or a leafy stem?

3. How can it be shown that the root responds to external influences of moisture, light and gravity?

4. Give a brief account of the function of the green leaf in the nutrition of plants.

5. Compare by drawings the leaves of broad bean and garden pea. Then discuss the means by which the two plants obtain mechanical support.

6. When the bulb of a thermometer is placed in a jar of soaked and germinating seeds, what temperature change is observed? Explain the cause of this.

7. Describe experiments which show in what respects the air is affected in composition by passing through the lungs.

8. Describe with the help of drawings the structure of the flowers of the hazel or willow and show how they are adapted for cross-pollination.

9. What is meant by root pressure, and how would you demonstrate it? Illustrate your answer by drawings.

10. What are the conditions of the soil which make it a suitable medium for healthy root-action and vigorous plant growth? Conversely under what conditions of soil would the plant fail to thrive or die?

Board of Education (South Kensington).

GENERAL BIOLOGY.

SECTION I. OF STAGE I.

(_You are permitted to answer only_ EIGHT _questions._)

1. Write what you can of the habits of the common House Fly and of the common Clothes Moth; draw figures of their appearance at different stages of the life-history.

2. Where and when do you find Frog’s eggs? Of what use is the jelly with which they are surrounded?

3. How does the Tadpole swim, and how does the Frog swim? How does the Frog jump, and how does it catch a fly?

4. Contrast the characters of the mouth (including teeth if present) in the Frog, Bird, Cat, Rabbit and Sheep.

5. Describe the characteristic modes of locomotion in the Bird, Dog, Rabbit and Bat, and point out any peculiarities of the skeleton which are related to these habits.

6. Describe the heart of the Sheep, and account so far as you can for any differences you can point out between the various chambers.

7. In what way are bees useful to flowers? Explain in any one example you choose what happens when a bee visits the flower.

8. Describe the roots of a pea or bean. What importance do you attach to the different parts you mention?

9. What is starch? How would you show whether or not it was present in a leaf? What conditions are necessary in order that the leaf may produce it?

10. Describe the fruit of _either_ the Sycamore _or_ the Poppy, and explain the uses of the different parts in dispersing the seed.

11. Describe how you would proceed in arranging an experiment to enable you to study the germination of a seed. Give a brief account of the process of germination of any seed you may select.

12. Describe and sketch the specimen provided, and explain, as far as you can, the use of the different parts.

INDEX.

Acorn, 141, 144, 146, 175, 177 Air, carbon dioxide in, 31, 33 Air-chamber of hen’s egg, 283, 285 Air sacs of birds, 279 Albumin, 285 Alder, 142, 149 Allantois, 289, 293 Alternation of generations, 189, 196 Amnion, 288, 290 Anemone, 97, 98 Animals and plants, resemblances and differences, 243 Annual, meadow grass, 135; rings, 73 Anterior, 217 Anther of stamen, 91 Aorta, 236, 238 Appendages of crayfish and lobster, 373, 375 Apple, 104, 106; fruit of, 176, 179 Apricot, 106 Aquarium, a simple, 340 Arachnids, 378 Arteries, 237, 238 Arteries, pulse in, 235, 239 Arthropods, 351 Arum, 122 Ash, 153, 156; fruit of, 171, 173; mountain, 157 Aspen, 152 Auricles of heart, 235, 237 Awn, 129, 130, 131 Axil of leaf, 45, 47

Backbone, of pigeon, 269; of rabbit, 217, 222, 227 Bacteria, 209 Balancers of hen’s egg, 283, 285 Bark, 74 Bast, 71, 72 Bat, 255, 256 Bean seed, 1, 2, 5; germination of, 9, 13; starch in, 2 Beech, 142, 145, 147; fruit of, 175, 178 Beetle, a water, 357 Beetles, 362 Berries, 175, 179 Biennials, 31, 96 Bile, 232, 234 Birch, 142, 147, 148 Birds, 269 Bird’s foot trefoil, 102 Black bent, 135 Blackberry, 103, 105; fruit of, 175, 179; leaves, 38, 41, 105 Blackbird, 302, 307 Bleeding of stems, 67, 70 Blood, 233, 235, 242; circulation of, 235; red corpuscles of, 237, 242 Blue mould, 207, 208 Bone, structure of a long, 223, 228 Bones, of birds, 269; of pigeon, 274; of rabbit, 222 Box leaves, 44, 45 Bracken fern, 184, 189 Bracts of anemone, 97, 99; of daisy, 111; of dandelion, 113; of lime, 152, 154, 155, 174 Branches, position of, 45, 47 Breast bone, of pigeon, 269; of rabbit, 217, 223, 227 Breathing, definition of, 242; necessity for, 241; of cockroach, 355; of crustaceans, 376, 377; of fresh-water mussel, 381; of frog, 333, 337; of mammals, 242, 243; of snails, 382, 383; of tadpole, 344 Breathing organ of chick-embryo, 289, 294 Broad bean seed, 1, 2, 5 Broccoli, 96 Broom, 101 Brussels sprouts, 96 Bud, a typical, 55, 58 Buds, 55, 69; bursting of, 56, 61, 64; of ash, 153, 156; of horse chestnut, 57, 63; of sycamore, 56, 60; position of, 45, 50 Bulb, 81, 84 Burrows of earthworms, 384, 385 Buttercup, 96, 97; family, 96, 97 Butterflies, cabbage-white, 362, 365

Calamites, 196 Calceolaria, 116 Calyx, 90 Cambium, 72 Candytuft, 94 Canine teeth, 246, 248, 255 Capillaries, 237, 240 Capsule, 168 Carbon, contained in plants, 31, 33; contained in starch, 32 Carbon dioxide, formed by living body, 240, 241; formed when flesh burns, 240, 241; formed when wood burns, 31; in air, 31, 33 Carnivores, 254 Carpel, 96, 98 Carrot, 96, 108 Castings of earthworms, 384, 386 Cat, 246, 250, 252, 254 Catkin, 146 Catkins, of alder, 142, 149; of beech, 142, 148; of birch, 142, 148; of hazel, 142, 149; of oak, 141, 144, 145; of poplar, 151; of willow, 150, 151 Caterpillar, of cabbage-white butterfly, 362, 365; of tiger-moth, 364, 369; of vapourer-moth, 364, 370 Cauliflower, 96 Celery, 108 Centipedes, 378 Cephalothorax of crab, 373, 376; of crayfish and lobster, 373, 375 Cherry, 103, 105, 106; fruit of, 175, 179 Chestnut, horse, 38, 42, 47, 57, 63, 65, 157, 159; Spanish or sweet, 148 Chick, development of, 286, 289; education of, 295, 296; embryo of, 287, 289; hatching of, 294, 295 Chitin, 251 Chrysalis, 366 Claws of cat, 247, 251 Cleavers, 175, 177 Climbing stems, 75 Clitellum of earthworm, 383, 386 “Clock” of dandelion, 112, 171, 172 Clover, 101, 102 Cockroach, 349, 351; habits of, 356; life-history of, 356; position of in insect class, 357; structure of, 355 Cocoon of earthworm, 386; of tiger-moth, 364, 369 Coleoptera, 362 Collar of mushroom, 203, 205; of garden snail, 379 Collecting, 389, 390 Colour, of flowers, 93; of fruits, 182 Compositae, 114 Cone-bearing trees, 160, 161 Cones of alder, 149; of horsetail, 191, 192, 194, 195; of larch, 161, 163; of Scotch pine, 160, 162, 171, 174; of spruce fir, 163, 171, 174 Convolvulus, 76, 78, 79 Cork, 75 Corm, 81, 85 Corolla, 91 Corona, 120, 122 Cotyledons, 13, 16, 22, 23; of bean, 2, 6 Cowslip, 109, 110 Crayfish, 372, 374 Creeping stems, 80, 82 Cress, 94, 96 Crocus corm, 81, 85 Crop of pigeon, 271 Cross fertilisation, 92, 102, 110, 118, 122, 151 Crow, 312, 318, 320; family, 312, 320 Crucifers, 95 Crustaceans, 372, 377 Cuckoo, 322, 324; cuckoo-pint, 122 Currants, 176, 179 Cushion-feet of caterpillar, 365

Daffodil, 84, 85, 120, 122 Daisy, 111, 112 Dandelion, 112, 113; fruit of, 171, 172 Deadnettle, 117 Deer, 261 Dentine, 219 Development of chick, 286, 289; of frog, 340 Diaphragm, 218 Diastase, 234 Dicotyledons, 23, 40, 72 Digestion, 231, 233; definition of, 233 Digestive canal of frog, 231; of rabbit, 232 Diptera, 370 Dispersal of insects, 370; of seeds, 165 Dissection, 214 Dog, 248, 251, 252, 254 Donkey, 261 Dorsal, 217 Down feathers, 273, 277 Dropwort, water, 108 Duck, 326, 327 Dytiscus, habits and structure of, 357, 358; life-history of, 361

Ear, of grass, 130 Ears, of rabbit, 218 Earthworms, 383, 384 Education of young animals, 248, 249, 262 Eggs, of cabbage-white butterfly, 362; of cockroach, 357; of Dytiscus, 361; of earthworm, 386; of frog, 339, 340, 341; of hen, 282, 284; of Limnaea, 380 Elm, 152, 153; fruit of, 171, 173 Embryo, 12; of chick, 287, 289; of fern, 188, 191; of horsetail, 195 Enamel, 219 Endosperm, 22 Evolution, a case of, 338 Extinct horsetails, 196 Eyes, of butterfly, 363, 367, 368; of cat, 246, 250; of cockroach, 348, 352; of crab, 373; of crayfish and lobster, 372; of dog, 248, 251; of pigeon, 271; of rabbit, 218; of snail, 379, 382

Falcon, 272, 330 Fantail pigeon, 280 Feathers of pigeon, 265, 266, 267, 270, 275, 276 Feelers, of butterfly, 363, 367; of cockroach, 349, 352; of crayfish and lobster, 372, 373, 374, 375; of Dytiscus, 358, 359; of moth, 364, 368, 369 Fehling’s solution, 230 Ferns, 183; bracken, 184, 189; hart’s tongue, 185, 190, 191; male fern, 183, 185 Fertilisation, 92; of ferns, 188; of forest trees, 146; of foxglove, 116; of grasses, 131; of horsetail, 195; of moss, 202; of oak, 145; of primrose, 109; of red clover, 101; of Scotch pine, 162 Fescues, 132, 134 Fieldfare, 303, 309 Field work, 388 Filament of stamen, 91 Fir, spruce, 161, 163 Flight of bird, 278 Flower, of a grass, 128, 129; of wallflower, 88, 89 Flowerless plants, 197 Flowers, work of, 89 Food, carbonaceous, of plants, 34, 35; mineral, of plants, 29; necessity of, 230; obtained from air, 31, 34; obtained from soil, 26, 29; of mushroom, 204, 206; of young seedling, 28 Fool’s parsley, 108 Fowls, 296, 299 Foxglove, 114, 115; family, 114, 115 Foxtails, 132, 134, 135 Frog, development of, 340; digestive canal of, 231; life of, 332, 334 Fronds of ferns, 65, 183, 184, 186, 189 Fruit, 166 of apple, 176, 179; of ash, 171, 173; of beech, 175, 178; of blackberry, 175, 179; of buttercup, 98; of cherry, 175, 179; of dandelion, 171, 172; of elm, 171, 173; of field geranium, 165, 168; of gooseberry, 175, 179; of hazel, 175, 177; of herb bennet, 174, 177; of lime, 174; of oak, 175, 177; of pansy, 166, 169; of pea, 7, 165, 168; of pear, 176, 180; of penny-cress, 165, 168; of plum, 175, 179; of poppy 166, 168; of raspberry, 175, 179; of rose, 176, 180; of shepherd’s purse, 165; of strawberry, 176, 180, 181; of sycamore, 3, 171, 173; of vegetable marrow, 176, 179; of violet, 166, 169; of wallflower, 165, 167; of willow, 171, 173; of wood avens, 174, 177 Fruits, colour of, 182; hooked, 174, 177 Funaria, 199, 202 Fungi, 206, 244 Fur, of bat, 256; of cat, 246, 250; of rabbit, 212, 216

Galls, 141, 146 Gastric juice, 232, 233 Geranium, fruit of, 165, 168 Germinal disc, 285, 287, 289 Germination, 12, 21 Gills, of crab, 374; of crayfish and lobster, 373, 376; of fresh-water mussel, 379, 381; of mushroom, 203, 205; of tadpole, 341, 344, 346 Gizzard of pigeon, 271 Gloxinia, 116 Glumes, 129, 130 Goats, 261 Gooseberry, 175, 179 Goose grass, 175, 177 Gorse, 101 Grapes, 176, 179 Grasses, 125 Grass, flowers of, 128, 129; reproduction of, 128 Grass stems, 72, 75 Grinding teeth of rabbit, 219 Gullet, 231, 232 Gymnosperms, 72, 163

Hair, of cat, 246, 250; of dog, 248, 251; of sheep, 258 Hart’s tongue fern, 185, 190, 191 Hatching, of chick, 294, 295; of tadpole, 340, 344 Haulms, of grasses, 125, 127; of horsetail, 191, 192, 193, 194 Hawks, 329 Hawthorn, 106 Hazel, 142, 149; fruit of, 175, 177 Head, of clover, 101, 102; of daisy, 113; of dandelion, 113 Heart, beats of, 235, 239; of chick-embryo, 288, 291; of cockroach, 350, 355, 356; sheep’s, structure of, 235, 237; valves of, 236, 238, 239 Hemiptera, 370 Hemlock, poison, 106, 107; water, 108 Hen, eggs of, 282, 284 Herb-bennet, fruit of, 174, 177 Heredity, 217, 339 Hip bones of rabbit, 223, 228 Hip of rose, 176, 180 Honey-dew, 158 Honeysuckle, 78 Hoofed mammals, 257 Hoofs, 258, 259, 261 Hooked fruits, 174, 177 Hooking stems, 75 Horns, 257, 259 Horse, limbs of, 261 Horse chestnut, 157, 159; buds of, 57, 63; leaves of, 38, 42, 47, 64 Horsetail, 191 House-martin, 311, 315 House-sparrows, 315, 320 Hovering, 279, 331 Hyacinth, 84, 119, 120 Hymenoptera, 370 Hypha of mushroom, 205 Hyphae of moulds, 208, 209

Imago, 363 Incisor teeth of rabbit, 213, 219 Incubator, a simple, 286 Insect, definition of, 351 Insects, 349 Instinct, 252, 296 Internodes, 45 Intestines, 231, 232 Iodine solution, 2 Irritability, 116 Ivy, leaves, 38, 43; stem, 75, 77, 78

Jacobin pigeon, 280 Jaws, of cockroach, 349, 352, 354; of crayfish, 375; of rabbit, 222, 226; of sheep, 257, 259

Keel, of bird’s breast-bone, 274; of pea flower, 100, 102 Kestrel, 329, 330 Keys, of ash, 153, 156; of sycamore, 159 Kittens, 248

Labial palps, of cockroach, 353; of Lepidoptera, 367 Labiates, 117 Labium, of caterpillar, 363, 365; of cockroach, 349, 353 Labrum of cockroach, 349, 352 Laburnum, 101, 102 Lambs, 258, 262 Lark, 311, 316 Larva, of cabbage-white butterfly, 362, 365; of Dytiscus, 361; of tiger-moth, 364, 369; of vapourer-moth, 364, 370 Leaf fall, 55, 59 Leaf of a grass, 127 Leaves, arrangement of, 44; of blackberry, 38, 41, 105; of box, 44, 45; of ferns, 65, 183, 184, 185, 186, 189, 191; of horse chestnut, 38, 42, 47, 64; of ivy, 38, 43; of rose, 38, 42; of sweet pea, 39, 43; of sycamore, 38, 42, 58, 157, 158; shapes of, 37, 40; simple and compound, 41; skeleton, 37, 39; veins of, 37, 39; work of, 48 Legume, 165, 168 Ligule, 125, 127 Lily family, 119, 120 Limbs, movement of, 225; of cat, 246; of chick-embryo, 288, 292; of dog, 248; of pigeon, 266, 270; of rabbit, 216, 223, 228; of sheep, 259, 261 Lime, 152, 154, 155; fruit of, 174 Limnaea, 379, 382 Liver, 232, 233 Liverwort, 199, 200 Lobster, 372, 374 Locomotion, of cat, 247, 251; of crab, 377; of dog, 249, 251; of earthworm, 383, 385; of fresh-water mussel, 380; of garden snail, 379, 382; of insects, 353, 360, 368; of rabbit, 216 Lombardy poplar, 150, 152 “Lords and Ladies,” 122 Lupine seed, 3, 7, 11, 14

Maize seed, 18, 19; germination of, 21 Male fern, 183, 185 Mammals, 220 Mandibles, of caterpillar, 365; of cockroach, 349, 352; of crayfish and lobster, 373, 375 Mantle of fresh-water mussel, 378, 381; of garden snail, 379, 381 Maps, use of, in Nature-study, 389 Marjoram, 118 Marsh marigold, 97, 98 Martin, house, 311, 315; sand, 311, 315 Mast of beech, 142 Mastication, 219 Mavis, 301, 303 Maxillae, of cockroach, 350, 353; of crayfish and lobster, 373, 375; of Lepidoptera, 367 Maxillary palps of cockroach, 353 Maxillipedes of crayfish and lobster, 373, 375 Meadow, catstail, 132, 136; fescue, 132, 134; flower of, 131; foxtail, 132, 134, 135; grasses, 132, 135; vetchling, 101 Medullary rays, 74 Metamorphosis of frog, 346 Mineral matter in plants, 26, 28, 29 Mint, 118 Missel-thrush, 302, 306 Molluscs, 378 Monkshood, 99 Monocotyledons, 23, 40 Mosses, 199, 201 Moth, 368; tiger-moth, 364, 369; vapourer-moth, 364, 369 Moulds, 207, 208 Moulting of birds, 277, 327, 329 Mountain ash, 157 Mucor, 207, 208 Mullein, 116 Muscles, action of, 224, 225 Mushroom, 203 Musk, 115, 116 Mussel, fresh-water, 378, 380 Mustard, 94, 96; seed, 3, 7, 11 Mycelium, of moulds, 208, 209; of mushroom, 203, 205 Myriapods, 378

Narcissus, 120 Natural selection, 217, 338 Nectary, 90 Neuroptera, 370 Nodes, 45 Nuts, 175, 177

Oak, 140, 142; family, 140; fruit of, 175, 177 Oat, 133, 136 Oranges, 176, 179 Orthoptera, 357 Ovary, 92 Ovule, 92 Oxen, 261 Oxygen, liberated by leaves, 48, 51

Pales, 129, 130 Pancreas, 232, 233 Pancreatic juice, 232, 234 Panicle, 130 Pansy, fruit of, 166, 169 Parsley, 108; family, 106, 107; fool’s, 108; hedge, 107 Parsnip, 108 Passerine order of birds, 320 Pea, 99; family, 99, 101; fruit of, 7, 165, 168; leaves of, 39, 43; seed, 2, 7; seed, germination of, 9, 13 Pear, 104, 106; fruit of, 176, 180 Pellia, 199, 200 Penicillium, 207, 208 Perching of pigeon, 271 Perennial rye grass, 133, 137 Perianth, 119, 121 Pericarp, 167 Petal, 91 Pets, 214 Pigeon, 265, 270 Pigeons, different breeds of, 279 Pine cones, 160, 162, 171, 174 Pine, Scotch, 160, 161 Pistil, 91 Plane, 157, 159 Plants and animals, resemblances and differences, 243 Plants, respiration of, 243 Play of young animals, 248, 249, 258, 262 Plough-share bone of pigeon, 269 Plum, 106; fruit of, 175, 179 Plumule of bean, 2, 6 Pod, 103 Poison hemlock, 106, 107, 108 Pollen, 91 Pond-life, 340, 357, 378, 379, 390 Pond-snails, 379, 382 Pouter pigeon, 280 Poplar, 150, 151 Poppy, fruit of, 166, 168 Posterior, 217 Potato, 81, 84 Poultry, 296, 299 Precocious birds, 296, 329 Prickles, 75, 77 Primrose, 108, 109; fertilisation of, 109 Proboscis of butterfly, 367 Pro-legs of caterpillar, 365 Protective colouration, of frog, 332; of rabbit, 217 Prothallus, of ferns, 184, 185, 188, 191; of horsetail, 192, 195 Pupa, of cabbage-white butterfly, 363, 366; of Dytiscus, 361; of tiger-moth, 364, 369

Rabbit, 211; digestion in, 233 Radicle, of bean, 2, 6; of lupine, 7; of pea, 2, 7; of sycamore, 4 Radish, 94, 95 Raspberry, 105, 175, 179 Receptacle, 90 Red, clover, 101; fertilisation of, 101; corpuscles of blood, 237, 242 Reproduction, of a grass, 128; of a moss, 201; of ferns, 187, 188; of flowering plants, 89; of horsetail, 195; of liverwort, 201; of moulds, 208, 209; of mushroom, 205 Respiration, 240; definition of, 242; of chick-embryo, 294; of cockroach, 355; of crustaceans, 376, 377; of fresh-water mussel, 381; of frog, 337; of mammals, 242, 243; of pigeon, 279; of snail, 379, 382, 383; of tadpole, 344 Resting stage, of butterfly, 363, 366; of Dytiscus, 361 Ribs of rabbit, 217, 223, 227 Rock pigeon, 280 Rodents, 220 Rook, 312, 318 Root cap, 17 Root, hairs, 17, 28, 30; lengthening of, 16 Rootlets, 17 Roots, 17, 21, 28; as storehouses of food, 28, 30; climbing, 75, 78; work of, 28, 30 Rose, 103, 104; family, 103; fruit of, 176, 180; leaves of, 38, 42 Rowan tree, 157 Ruminants, 261 Runner, 80, 82 Rushes, 133, 138 Rye grass, 133, 137

Saliva, 233, 234 Sallow willow, 150 Sand-martin, 311, 315 Saugh tree, 150 Scales of Lepidoptera, 364, 367 Scotch pine, 160, 161 Secondary thickening, 73 Sedges, 133, 138 Seeds, germination of, 9, 12; of broad bean, 1, 5, 9, 13; of maize, 18, 19; of mustard, 3, 7, 11; of pea, 2, 7; of sycamore, 3, 8, 11, 13; of vegetable marrow, 3, 7, 11; of wheat, 18, 19; of yellow lupine, 3, 7, 11 Sepal, 90 Sheep, 257, 258 Sheep’s, fescue, 132, 133, 134; heart, structure of, 235, 237 Shell of hen’s egg, 282, 284 Shell, of fresh-water mussel, 378, 381; of garden snail, 379, 382; of slug, 382 Shepherd’s purse, 93, 95; fruit of, 165 Shoot, 69 Shoulder blade of rabbit, 223, 228 Silicula, 165, 168 Siliqua, 165, 168 Skeleton, leaves, 37, 39; of arthropods, 351; of pigeon, 268; of rabbit, 217, 222, 226; uses of, 224 Skin of frog, 334, 338 Skull, of pigeon, 268; of rabbit, 217, 222, 226 Skylark, 311, 316 Slender foxtail, 134, 135 Smell-sense of moths, 369; of rabbit, 218 Snapdragon, 116 Snowdrop, 120, 122 Soaring, 278 Song-thrush, 301, 303 Sounds of heart, 238 Spanish chestnut, 148 Sparrow, 315, 320 Sparrow hawk, 329, 330 Spawn, of frog, 339, 340, 341; of Limnaea, 380 Speedwell, 115, 116 Spiders, 378 Spikelet, 128, 130 Spinneret of caterpillar, 363, 365 Spiracles, of cabbage-white caterpillar, 363, 365; of cockroach, 350, 355 Spores, of ferns, 184, 185, 187, 190, 191; of horsetail, 195; of liverwort, 199, 201; of moss, 200, 202; of Mucor, 207, 208; of mushroom, 203, 205; of Penicillium, 207, 209 Spruce fir, 161, 163; cones, 171, 174 Squirrels, 178, 220 Stamen, 91 Standard, 100, 102 Starch, 229; action of saliva on, 230, 234; formation of, in leaves, 32, 34; in cotyledons, 2, 6; in leaves, 48, 50; in twigs, 56; test for, 2, 32 Stem, lengthening of, 16 Stems, bleeding of, 67, 70; climbing, 75; creeping, 80, 82; duties of, 68; food channels in, 67, 68, 69, 71; hooking, 75; of grasses, 72, 75; of ivy, 75, 77, 78; strengthening of, 71, 72, 75; thickening of, 72; twining, 76, 79; underground, 80, 83 Sternum, of pigeon, 269; of rabbit, 217, 223, 227 Stigma, 91 Stipules, 39, 43 Stock, 94 Stolon, 81, 83, 125, 126 Stomach, 231, 232; of ruminant, 260 Stomata, 53 Stone fruits, 175, 179 Storm-cock, 302, 307 Strawberry, 105; fruit of, 176, 180, 181 Style of flower, 91 Sugar, 230 Sugar, formation of, in germinating pea, 33; in grasses, 126 Swallow, 310, 313; family, 310, 312 Sweet chestnut, 148 Sweet-scented vernal grass, 133, 137 Swift, 321, 322 Swimmerets of crayfish and lobster, 373, 375 Sycamore, 157, 158; buds of, 56, 60; fruit of, 3, 8, 171, 173; leaves of, 38, 42, 58, 157, 158; seeds of, 3, 8, 11, 13

Tadpoles, 341, 344 Tail, of rabbit, 215; of tadpole, 346, 347 Teeth, of cat, 246, 255; of dog, 248, 255; of frog, 333, 336; of rabbit, 219; of sheep, 257, 259 Tendrils, 43, 76, 79 Tentacles of snail, 379, 382 Thistle, 112, 114 Thorax, of cockroach, 350, 353; of rabbit, 218 Thorns, 75, 78 Throstle, 301, 303 Thrush, 301, 303; family, 301, 303; missel, 302, 306 Thyme, 118 Tiger-moth, 364, 369 Timothy grass, 132, 135, 136 Toadstools, 204, 206 Tongue, of cat, 246, 252; of frog, 333, 336 Tuber, 81, 84, 191, 194 Tumbler pigeon, 279 Turnip, 94, 95 Twining stems, 76, 79, 80

Valves, of heart, 236, 238, 239; of veins, 235, 239 Vapourer-moth, 364, 369 Vegetable marrow, seed of, 3, 7, 11, 14; fruit of, 176, 179 Vegetable mould, formation of, by earthworms, 384, 386 Veins, of leaves, 37, 39; valves of, 235, 239 Ventral, 217 Ventricles of heart, 235, 237 Vertebrae, of pigeon, 269; of rabbit, 223, 227 Vertebral column, 217, 222, 227 Vertebrates, 220, 355 Vetch, 100 Violet, fruit of, 166, 169

Wallflower, 88, 89; family, 93, 94; fruit of, 165, 167 Warren of rabbit, 211, 214 Water, amount of, in plants, 26; culture, 27; dropwort, 108; hemlock, 108 Wheat seed, 18, 19; germination of, 21 Whiskers, of bat, 256; of cat, 246, 250; of rabbit, 217 White, mould, 207, 208; of egg, 283, 285 Wild oat, 133, 136 Willow, 150; fruit of, 171, 173 Windhover, 329, 331 Wind-sown seed, 172 Wing-covers, of cockroach, 350, 354; of beetles, 358, 359, 362 Winged seeds, 174 Wings, of bat, 257; of cockroach, 350, 353; of pea flower, 100, 102; of pigeon, 266, 270, 273 Wood 70, 71, 72; avens, fruit of, 174, 177; louse, 377 Wool, 257, 258 “Woolly bear,” 364, 369 Worm castings, 384, 386 Worms, 383

Yellowoat Grass, 137 Yolk of hen’s egg, 283, 285 Yorkshire fog, 125, 132, 136

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