A Guide to the Study of Fishes, Volume 2 (of 2)

=THE Angler-fishes.=—The few remaining fishes possess also jugular ventral fins, but in other regards they show so many peculiarities of structure that we may well consider them...

=SALMO, the Trout and Atlantic Salmon.=—The genus _Salmo_ comprises those forms of salmon which have been longest known. As in related genera, the mouth is large, and the jaws,...

=THE Salmon Family.=—The series or suborder _Salmonoidea_, or allies of the salmon and trout, are characterized as a whole by the presence of the adipose fin, a structure also r...

The chief characteristics of the family are the following: The ventral fins are thoracic in position, each having one spine and five soft rays, in some cases reduced to four, bu...

=CLASSIFICATION of Ganoids.=—The subdivision of the series of Ganoidei into orders offers great difficulty from the fact of the varying relationships of the members of the group...

=THE Mailed-cheek Fishes.=—The vast group of _Pareioplitæ_ (_Loricati_) or mailed-cheek fishes is characterized by the presence of a "bony stay" or backward-directed process fro...

The mass of apodal or eel-like fishes has been usually regarded as constituting a single order, the Apodes (ἄ, without; ποῦς, foot). The group as a whole is characterized by the...

=THE Cardinal-fishes. Apogonidæ.=—The _Apogonidæ_ or cardinal-fishes are perch-like fishes, mostly of small size, with two distinct short dorsal fins. They are found in the warm...

=THE Pampanos: Carangidæ.=—We next take up the great family of Pampanos, _Carangidæ_, distinguished from the _Scombridæ_ as a whole by the shorter, deeper body, the fewer and la...

THE great family of blennies, _Blenniidæ_, contains a vast number of species with elongate body, numerous dorsal spines, without suborbital stay or sucking-disk, and the ventral...

=ORDER Scyphophori.=—The _Scyphophori_ (σκύφος, cup; φορέω, to bear) constitutes a small order which lies apparently between the _Gymnonoti_ and the _Isospondyli_. Boulenger uni...

=PERCOID Fishes.=—We may now take up the long series of the _Percoidea_, the fishes built on the type of the perch or bass. This is a group of fishes of diverse habits and forms...

=THE Flatfishes.=—Perhaps the most remarkable offshoot from the order of spiny-rayed fishes is the great group of flounders and soles, called by Bonaparte _Heterosomata_ (ἔτερός...

=THE Subclass Teleostei, or Bony Fishes.=—The fishes which still remain for discussion constitute the great subclass or series of _Teleostei_ (τελεός, true; οστέον, bone), or bo...

=THE Grayling, or Thymallidæ.=—The small family of _Thymallidæ_, or grayling, is composed of finely organized fishes allied to the trout, but differing in having the frontal bon...

=THE Labyrinthine Fishes.=—An offshoot of the _Percomorphi_ is the group of _Labyrinthici_, composed of perch-like fishes which have a very peculiar structure to the pharyngeal...

=SUBORDER Percomorphi, the Mackerels and Perches.=—We may place in a single suborder the various groups of fishes which cluster about the perches, and the mackerels. The group i...

=OSTARIOPHYSI.=—A large group of orders, certainly of common descent, may be brought together under the general name of _Ostariophysi_ (ὀσταρίον, a small bone; θυσός, inflated)....

=SUBCLASS Actinopteri.=—In our glance over the taxonomy of the earlier Chordates, or fish-like vertebrates, we have detached from the main stem one after another a long series o...

=SUBORDER Hemibranchii.=—Still another transitional group, the _Hemibranchii_, is composed of spiny-rayed fishes with abdominal ventrals. In this suborder there are other points...

=THE Surmullets, or Goatfishes: Mullidæ.=—The _Mullidæ_ (Surmullets) are shore-fishes of the warm seas, of moderate size, with small mouth, large scales, and possessing the nota...

=SUBORDER Percesoces.=—In the line of direct ascending transition from the _Haplomi_ and _Synentognathi_, the pike and flying-fish, towards the typical perch-like forms, we find...

=THE Plectognaths.=—Derived directly from the _Acanthuridæ_, from which they differ by progressive steps of degeneration, are the three suborders of _Sclerodermi_, _Ostracodermi...

=THE Nematognathi.=—The _Nematognathi_ (νῆμα, thread; γνάθος, jaw), known collectively as catfishes, are recognized at once by the fact that the rudimentary and usually toothles...

=SUBORDER Chromides.=—The suborder _Chromides_ contains spiny-rayed fishes similar to the perch-like forms in most regards, but strikingly distinguished by the complete union of...

=The Squamipinnes.=—Very closely allied to the _Percomorphi_ is the great group called _Squamipinnes_ (_squama_, scale; _pinna_, fin) by Cuvier and _Epelasmia_ by Cope. With a g...

=ORDER Opisthomi.=—The order _Opisthomi_ (ὄπισθη, behind; ὤμος, shoulder) is characterized by the general traits of the blennies and other elongate, spiny-rayed fishes, but the...

=ORDER Acanthopterygii, the Spiny-rayed Fishes.=—The most of the remaining bony fishes constitute a natural group for which the name _Acanthopterygii_ (ἄκανθα, spine; πτερύξ, πτ...

=THE Jugular-fishes.=—In all the families of spiny-rayed fishes, as ranged in order in the present work, from the _Berycidæ_ to the _Soleidæ_, the ventrals are thoracic in posit...

=SUBORDER Salmopercæ, the Trout-perches: Percopsidæ.=—More ancient than the _Hemibranchii_, and still more distinctly in the line of transition from soft-rayed to spiny-rayed fi...

=THE Berycoid Fishes.=—We may place in a separate order a group of fishes, mostly spiny-rayed, which appeared earlier in geological time than any other of the spinous forms, and...

The Eels.—Order Symbranchia.—Order Apodes, or True Eels.—Suborder 139 Archencheli.—Suborder Enchelycephali.—Family Anguillidæ.— Reproduction of the Eel.—Food of the Eel.—Larva o...

The Cardinal-fishes: Apogonidæ.—The Anomalopidæ.—The Asineopidæ— 316 The Robalos: Oxylabracidæ.—The Sea-bass: Serranidæ.—The Jewfishes.—The Groupers.—The Serranos.—The Flashers:...

The Mailed-cheek Fishes.—The Scorpion-fishes: Scorpænidæ.—The 426 Skilfishes: Anoplopomidæ.—The Greenlings: Hexagrammidæ.—The Flatheads or Kochi: Platycephalidæ.—The Sculpins: C...

The Subclass Teleostei, or Bony Fishes.—Order Isospondyli.—The 37 Classification of the Bony Fishes.—Relationships of Isospondyli.—The Clupeoidea.—The Leptolepidæ.—The Elopidæ.—...

The Nematognathi.—Families of Nematognathi.—The Siluridæ.—The Sea 177 Catfish.—The Channel Cats.—Horned Pout.—The Mad-toms.—The Old World Catfishes.—The Sisoridæ.—The Plotosidæ....

Salmo, the Trout and Atlantic Salmon.—The Atlantic Salmon.—The 89 Ouananiche.—The Black-spotted Trout.—The Trout of Western America.—Cutthroat or Red-throated Trout.—Hucho, the...

The Surmullets, or Goatfishes: Mullidæ.—The Croakers: Sciænidæ.— 351 The Sillaginidæ, etc.—The Jawfishes: Opisthognathidæ, etc.—The Stone-wall Perch: Oplegnathidæ.—The Swallower...

Classification of Ganoids.—Order Lysopteri.—The Palæoniscidæ.—The 13 Platysomidæ.—The Dorypteridæ.—The Dictyopygidæ.—Order Chondrostei.—Order Selachostomi: the Paddle-fishes.—Or...

The Northern Blennies: Xiphidiinæ, Stichæiniæ, etc.—The 507 Quillfishes: Ptilichthyidæ.—The Blochiidæ.—The Patæcidæ, etc.— The Gadopsidæ, etc.—The Wolf-fishes: Anarhichadidæ.—Th...

Percoid Fishes.—The Pirate-perches: Aphredoderidæ.—The Pigmy 293 Sunfishes: Elassomidæ.—The Sunfishes: Centrarchidæ.—Crappies and Rock Bass.—The Black Bass.—The Saleles: Kuhliid...

The Flatfishes.—Optic Nerves of Flounders.—Ancestry of Flounders.— 481 The Flounders: Pleuronectidæ.—The Turbot Tribe: Bothinæ.—The Halibut Tribe: Hippoglossinæ.—The Plaice Trib...

The Pampanos: Carangidæ.—The Papagallos: Nematistiidæ.—The 272 Bluefishes: Cheilodipteridæ.—The Sergeant-fishes: Rachycentridæ.—The Butter-fishes: Stromateidæ.—The Rag-fishes: I...

The Grayling, or Thymallidæ.—The Argentinidæ.—The Microstomidæ.— 120 The Salangidæ, or Icefishes.—The Haplochitonidæ.—Stomiatidæ.— Suborder Iniomi, the Lantern-fishes.—Aulopidæ....

Suborder Hemibranchii.—The Sticklebacks: Gasterosteidæ.—The 227 Aulorhynchidæ.—Cornet-fishes: Fistulariidæ.—The Trumpet-fishes: Aulostomidæ.—The Snipefishes: Macrorhamphosidæ.—T...

The Squamipinnes.—The Scorpididæ.—The Boarfishes: Antigoniidæ.—The 397 Arches: Toxotidæ.—The Ephippidæ.—The Spadefishes: Ilarchidæ.—The Platacidæ.—The Butterfly-fishes: Chætodon...

Suborder Percomorphi, the Mackerels and Perches.—The Mackerel 258 Tribe: Scombroidea.—The True Mackerels: Scombridæ.—The Escolars: Gempylidæ.—Scabbard and Cutlass-fishes: Lepido...