CHAPTER XXXI

ORDER PEDICULATI: THE ANGLERS

=THE Angler-fishes.=—The few remaining fishes possess also jugular ventral fins, but in other regards they show so many peculiarities of structure that we may well consider them as forming a distinct order, _Pediculati_ (_pedicula_, a foot-stalk), although the relation of these forms to the _Batrachoididæ_ seems a very close one.

The most salient character of the group is the reduction and backward insertion of the gill-opening, which is behind the pectoral fins, not in front of them as in all other fishes. The hypocoracoid and hypercoracoid are much elongate and greatly changed in form, so that the pectoral fin is borne on the end of a sort of arm. The large ventrals are similarly more or less exserted. The spinous dorsal is much reduced, the first spine being modified to form a so-called fishing-rod, projecting over the mouth with a fleshy pad, lure, or bait at its tip. The form of the body varies much in the different families. The scales are lost or changed to prickles and the whole aspect is very singular, and in many cases distinctly frog-like. The species are mostly tropical, some living in tide-pools and about coral reefs, some on sandy shores, others in the oceanic abysses.

The nearest allies of the Pediculates among normal fishes are probably the _Batrachoididæ_. One species of _Lophiidæ_ is recorded among the fossils, _Lophius brachysomus_, from the Eocene of Monte Bolca. No fossil _Antennariidæ_ are known. Fossil teeth from the Cretaceous of Patagonia are doubtfully named "_Lophius patagonicus_."

=The Fishing-frogs: Lophiidæ.=—In the most generalized family, that of the fishing-frogs (_Lophiidæ_), the body is very much depressed, the head the largest part of it. The mouth is excessively wide, with strong jaw-muscles, and strong sharp teeth. The skin is smooth, with dermal flaps about the head. Over the mouth, like a fishing-rod, hangs the first dorsal spine with a lure at the tip. The fishes lie flat on the bottom with sluggish movements except for the convulsive snap of the jaws. It has been denied that the bait serves to attract small fishes to their destruction, but the current belief that it does so is certainly plausible. As to this Dr. Gill observes:

"The name 'angler' is derived from the supposition that by means of the foremost dorsal spine, which bears leaf-like tags, or appendages, at the end, it angles for fishes itself, lying upon the ground with its head somewhat upraised. According to Mr. S. Kent, however, this is at most only partly the case: 'That the fish deliberately uses this structure as a fisherman does his rod and line for the alluring and capture of other fish is a matter of tradition handed down to us from the time of Pliny and Aristotle, and which scarcely any authority since their time has ventured to gainsay. Nevertheless, like many of the delightful natural-history romances bequeathed to us by the ancient philosophers, this one of the angler-fish will have to be relegated to the limbo of disproved fiction. The plain and certain ground of facts, all the same, has frequently more startling revelations in store for us than the most fervid imaginations of philosophers, and that this assertion holds good in the case now under consideration must undoubtedly be admitted. It is here proposed to show, in fact, that the angler is one of the most interesting examples upon which Nature has exercised her handicraft, in the direction of concealing the identity of her protégé, such ingenuity being sometimes utilized with the object of protecting the organism from the attacks of other animals, or, as illustrated in the present instance, for the purpose of enabling it by stealth to obtain prey which it lacks the agility to hunt down after the manner of ordinary carnivorous fishes. To recognize the several details here described, it will not suffice to refer to examples simply, and usually most atrociously stuffed, nor even to those preserved in spirit, in which all the life colors are more or less completely obliterated and the various membranous appendages shrunk up and distorted. In place of this, a healthy, living example fresh from the sea, or, better still, acclimatized in the tanks of an aquarium, must be attentively examined, and whereupon it will be found that this singular fish, throughout the whole extent of its superficies, may be appropriately designated a living sham."

It was, in the first place, observed by Mr. Kent "that the fish while quietly reclining upon the bottom of its tank presented a most astonishing resemblance to a piece of inert rock, the rugose prominences in the neighborhood of the head lending additional strength to this likeness. This resemblance being recognized, it was next found, on a little closer inspection, that the fish constituted, in connection with its color, ornamentations, and manifold organs and appendages, the most perfect facsimile of a submerged rock, with that natural clothing of sedentary animal and vegetable growths common to boulders lying beneath the water in what is known as the laminarian zone. In this manner the numerous simple or lobulated membranous structures dependent from the lower jaw and developed as a fringe along the lateral line of the body imitate with great fidelity the little flat calcareous sponges (_Grantia_), small compound ascidians, and other low organized zoophytic growths that hang in profusion from favorably situated submarine stones. That famous structure known as the angler's 'rod and bait' finds its precise counterpart in the early growing phase of certain sea-plants, such as the oarweed (_Laminaria_), while the more posterior dorsal fin-rays, having short lateral branchlets, counterfeit in a like manner the plant-like hydroid zoophytes known as _Sertulariæ_. One of the most extraordinary mimetic adaptations was, however, found in connection with the eyes, structures which, however perfectly the surrounding details may be concealed, serve, as a rule, to betray the animal's presence to a close observer. In the case of the angler, the eyes during life are raised on conical elevations the sides of which are separated by darker longitudinal stripes into symmetrical regions, the structure, as a whole, with its truncated summit upon which the pupil opens, reproducing with the most wonderful minuteness the multivalve shell of a rook barnacle (_Balanus_). To complete the simile the entire exposed surface of the body of the fish is mapped out by darker punctated lines into irregular polygonal areas, whose pattern is at once recognized by the student of marine zoology as corresponding with that of the flat, cushion-like expansions of the compound tunicate _Botryllus violaceus_. Thus disguised at every point, the angler has merely to lie prone, as is its wont, among the stones and débris at the bottom of the sea and to wait for the advent of its unsuspecting prey, which, approaching to browse from what it takes to be a flat rock—differing in no respect from that off which it obtained the last appetizing morsel of weed or worm— finds itself suddenly engulfed beyond recall within the merciless jaws of this marine impostor."

The great fishing-frog of the North Atlantic, _Lophius piscatorius_, is also known as angler, monkfish, goosefish, allmouth, wide-gape, kettleman, and bellows-fish. It is common in shallow water both in America and Europe, ranging southward to Cape Hatteras and to the Mediterranean. It reaches a length of three feet or more. A fisherman told Mr. Goode that "he once saw a struggle in the water, and found that a goosefish had swallowed the head and neck of a large loon, which had pulled it to the surface and was trying to escape. There is authentic record of seven wild ducks having been taken from the stomach of one of them. Slyly approaching from below, they seize birds as they float upon the surface."

"The angler, or goosefish, spawns in summer along the eastern Atlantic coast, and the result of its labor is quite remarkable. 'The eggs are very numerous, inclosed in a ribbon-shaped gelatinous mass, about a foot in width and thirty or forty feet long, which floats near the surface. One of these ribbons will weigh perhaps forty pounds, and is usually partially folded together and visible a foot or eighteen inches from the top of the water, its color being brownish purple. The number of eggs in one of these has been estimated to be from forty to fifty thousand.' The growth of the young after exclusion from the egg is rather rapid, and Professor Goode saw 'young fish two or three inches long' while others were yet spawning, and these young fish were presumably the fry of those that had spawned the same year, only somewhat earlier. In a few days after hatching they present a striking appearance on account of the enormous development of the pectoral and ventral fins."

Aristotle gives, according to Professor Horace A. Hoffman, this account of the angler: "'Inasmuch as the flat, front part is not fleshy, nature has compensated for this by adding to the rear and the tail as much fleshy substance as has been subtracted from the front.' The βάτραχος is called the angler. He fishes with the hair-like filaments hung before his eyes. On the end of each filament is a little knob, just as if it had been placed there for a bait. He makes a disturbance in sandy or muddy places, hides himself and raises these filaments. When the little fish strikes at them he leads them down with the filaments until he brings them to his mouth. The βάτραχος is one of the σελάχη. All the σελάχη are viviparous or ovoviviparous except the βάτραχος. The other flat σελάχη have their gills uncovered and underneath them, but the βάτραχος has its gills on the side and covered with skinny opercula, not with horny opercula like the fish which are not σελαχώδη. Some fishes have the gall-bladder upon the liver, others have it upon the intestine, more or less remote from the liver and attached to it by a duct. Such are βάτραχος, ἔλλοψ, συνάγρίς, σμύραινα, and ξιφίας. The βάτραχος is the only one of the σελάχη which is oviparous. This is on account of the nature of its body, for it has a head many times as large as the rest of its body, and spiny and very rough. For this same reason it does not afterwards admit its young into itself. The size and roughness of the head prevent them both from coming out (i.e., being born alive) and from going in (being taken into the mouth of the parent). The βάτραχος is the most prolific of the σελάχη, but it is scarce because the eggs are easily destroyed, for it lays them in a bunch near the shore."

The genus _Lophius_ of northern range has a vertebral column of about thirty vertebræ. _Lophius litulon_ occurs in Japan. In the North Pacific is found _Lophiomus_, similar in appearance but smaller in size, ranging southward to the equator, a southern fish having but eighteen vertebræ. _Lophiomus setigerus_ is the common anko of Japan, and other species are recorded from Hawaii, and the Galapagos.

=The Sea-devils: Ceratiidæ.=—The sea-devils, or _Ceratiidæ_, are degenerate anglers of various forms, found in the depths of the arctic seas. The body is compressed, the mouth vertical; the substance is very soft, and the color uniform black. Dr. Günther thus speaks of them:

"The bathybial sea-devils are degraded forms of _Lophius_; they descend to the greatest depths of the ocean. Their bones are of an extremely light and thin texture, and frequently other parts of their organization, their integuments, muscles, and intestines are equally loose in texture when the specimens are brought to the surface. In their habits they probably do not differ in any degree from their surface representative, _Lophius_. The number of the dorsal spines is always reduced, and at the end of the series of these species only one spine remains, with a simple, very small lamella at the extremity (_Melanocetus johnsonii_, _Melanocetus murrayi_). In other forms sometimes a second cephalic spine, sometimes a spine on the back of the trunk, is preserved. The first cephalic spine always retains the original function of a lure for other marine creatures, but to render it more effective a special luminous organ is sometimes developed in connection with the filaments with which its extremity is provided (_Ceratias bispinosus_, _Oneirodes eschrichtii_). So far as known at present these complicated tentacles attain to the highest degree of development in _Himantolophus_ and _Ægæonichthys_. In other species very peculiar dermal appendages are developed, either accompanying the spine on the back or replacing it. They may be paired or form a group of three, are pear-shaped, covered with common skin, and perforated at the top, a delicate tentacle sometimes issuing from the foramen."

Of the fifteen or twenty species of _Ceratiidæ_ described, none are common and all are rare catches of the deep-sea dredge. _Caulophryne jordani_ is remarkable for its large fins and the luminous filaments, _Linophryne lucifer_ for its large head, and _Corynolophus reinhardti_ (Fig. 143, Vol. I) for its luminous fishing-bulb.

=The Frogfishes: Antennariidæ.=—The frogfishes, _Antennariidæ_, belong to the tropical seas and rarely descend far below the surface. Most of them abound about sand-banks or coral reefs, especially along the shores of the East and West Indies, where they creep along the rocks like toads. Some are pelagic, drifting about in floating masses of seaweed. All are fantastic in form and color, usually closely imitating the objects about them. The body is compressed, the mouth nearly vertical, and the skin either prickly or provided with fleshy slips.

The species of _Pterophryne_ live in the open sea, drifting with the currents in masses of sargassum. Two species, _Pterophryne tumida_ and _Pterophryne gibba_, are found in the West Indies and Gulf Stream. Two others very similar, _Pterophryne histrio_ and _Pterophryne ranina_, live in the East Indies and drift in the Kuro Shiwo of Japan. All these are light olive-brown with fantastic black markings.

The genus _Antennarius_ contains species of the shoals and reefs, with markings which correspond to the colors of the rocks. These fishes are firm in texture with a velvety skin, and the prevailing color is brown and red. There are many species wherever reefs are found. _Antennarius ocellatus_, the pescador, is the commonest West Indian species. _Antennarius multiocellatus_, with many ocellated spots, is the Martin Pescador of Cuba, also common.

On the Pacific coast of Mexico the commonest species is _Antennarius strigatus_. In Japan, _Antennarius tridens_ abounds everywhere on the muddy bottoms of the bays. _Antennarius_ _nox_ is a jet-black species of the Japanese reefs, and _Antennarius sanguifluus_ is spotted with blood-red in imitation of coralline patches. Many other species abound in the East Indies and in Polynesia. The genus _Chaunax_ is represented by several deep-water species of the West Indies, Japan, etc.

The _Gigactinidæ_ of the deep seas differ from the _Ogcocephalidæ_, according to Boulenger, in the absence of ventrals.

=The Batfishes: Ogcocephalidæ.=—The batfishes, _Ogcocephalidæ_, are anglers with the body depressed and covered with hard bony warts. The mouth is small and the bony bases of the pectoral and ventral fins are longer than in any other of the anglers. The species live in the warm seas, some in very shallow water, others descending to great depths, the deep-sea forms being small and more or less degenerate. These walk along like toads on the sea-bottoms; the ventrals, being jugular, act as fore legs and the pectorals extend behind them as hind legs.

The common sea-bat, or diablo, of the West Indies, _Ogcocephalus vespertilio_, is dusky in color with the belly coppery red. It reaches the length of a foot. The angling spine is very short, hidden under the long stiff process of the snout. Farther north occurs the short-nosed batfish, _Ogcocephalus radiatus_, very similar, but with the nostril process, or snout, blunt and short. _Zalieutes elater_, with a large black eye-like spot on each side of the back, is found on the west coast of Mexico. In deeper water are species of _Halieutichthys_ in the West Indies and of _Halieutæa_ in Japan. _Dibranchus atlanticus_ has the gills reduced to two pairs. _Malthopsis_ consists of small species, with the rostrum prominent, like a bishop's miter. Two species are found in the Pacific, _Malthopsis mitrata_ in Hawaii and _Malthopsis tiarella_ in Japan.

* * * * *

And with these dainty freaks of the sea, the results of centuries on centuries of specialization, degeneration, and adaptation, we close the long roll-call of the fishes, living and dead. And in their long genealogy is enfolded the genealogy of men and beasts and birds and reptiles and of all other back-boned animals of whom the fish-like forms are at once the ancestors, the cousins, and the younger brothers. When the fishes of the Devonian age came out upon the land, the potentiality of the higher methods of life first became manifest. With the new conditions, more varied and more exacting, higher and more varied specialization was demanded, and, in response to these new conditions, from a fish-like stock have arisen all the birds and beasts and men that have dwelt upon the earth.

THE END.

INDEX

aal-mutter, ii, 144

Abbott, i, 415, 419, 422; ii, 307, 534 on perch, ii, 307

abdominal fishes, ii, 39

Abdominales, i, 393; ii, 38, 39

Abeona, ii, 375

Abramis, ii, 167 figure of, ii, 168

Aboma, figure of, ii, 462

abundance of food-fish, i, 329

abura-ainame, ii, 440

abura-bodzu, ii, 323

aburazame, i, 524

Acantharchus, ii, 297

Acanthistius, ii, 323

Acanthobatis, i, 553

Acanthocephala, i, 344, 351

Acanthocepola, ii, 363

Acanthoclinidæ, ii, 516

Acanthoclinus, ii, 516

Acanthocybium, ii, 266

Acanthodei, i, 65, 437, 447, 513, 519, 545, 561 Dean on, i, 517 families of, i, 516 order of, i, 514 Woodward on, i, 514

Acanthoëssidæ, i, 515, 516

Acanthoëssus, i, 446, 510-513 figure of, i, 515 scales of, figured, i, 521

Acantholabrus, ii, 387

Acanthonemus, ii, 286

Acanthopteri, ii, 157

Acanthopterygian, ii, 39, 293

Acanthopterygii, i, 391; ii, 189, 208-214

Acanthostracion, i, 377

Acanthuridæ, i, 206; ii, 405, 407, 410, 411 family of, ii, 407

Acanthurus, i, 268, 271; ii, 407, 409

Acanus, ii, 330

Acara, ii, 381

Acentronura, ii, 236

Acerina, ii, 241, 309

Acentrophorus, ii, 23

Achirinæ, ii, 495

Achirus, figure of, ii, 496

Acipenser, i, 291, 332, 391, 452; ii, 18, 19, 20, 22 figure of, ii, 19, 20 larva of, figured, i, 141

Acipenseridæ, i, 290; ii, 18

Acipenseroidei, i, 382

Acraniata, i, 484

Acrocheilus, ii, 169

Acrogaster, ii, 252

Acrognathus, ii, 34

Acropoma, ii, 317

Acropomidæ, ii, 317

Acrotidæ, ii, 285

Acrotus, ii, 285

Actinistia, i, 602 order of, i, 604

Actinopteri, i, 451, 507, 599, 610; ii, 1, 2, 4, 5, 208

Actinopterygii, i, 462; ii, 1

Actinosts, ii, 1, 33

actinotrichia, i, 80

Adaptation of fishes, i, 177-225

adaptive radiation, law of, i, 296

adder-fish, ii, 501

Adelfisch, ii, 65

Adelochorda, i, 461

Adinia, ii, 199

adipose fin, i, 25

Ægæonichthys, ii, 549

Æoliscus, figure of, ii, 235

Ærolepis, ii, 14

Æthalion, ii, 41

Ætheospondyli, ii, 24, 29

Æthoprora, figure of, i, 188

Aëtobatis, i, 557 figure of, i, 558

African catfish, figure of, i, 457; ii, 185

Agassiz, A., i, 405

Agassiz, L., i, 419, 428, 614; ii, 1, 39, 183, 486 on dispersion, i, 284 on Embiotocidæ, ii, 378, 379 on embryology of garpike, ii, 31 on fish fauna of N. E., i, 302 on fossil fishes, i, 404 on ganoids, ii, 9 on high and low forms, i, 381 on Lepidosteus, ii, 5 on Onchus, i, 530 portrait of, i, 399 pupils of, i, 405 questions raised by, i, 284 sketch of, i, 404

Age of fishes, i, 144-146

agency of ocean currents, i, 243

Agnatha, i, 508

Agonidæ, i, 208; ii, 3, 185, 452, 453, 456 family of, ii, 449

Agonoid fish, figure of, i, 221; ii, 453

Agonostomus, ii, 107, 222

Agonus, i, 219; ii, 453

Agrammus, ii, 440

Ahl, i, 394

aholehole, ii, 304

air-bladder, i, 11 air-duct, i, 12 Aristotle on, 95 Borelli on, i, 95 of Carp, i, 93; ii, 159, 160 in Cœlacanthus, i, 604 defined, i, 92, 93 De Fosse on, i, 97 Delaroche on, i, 95 figure of, i, 93, 604 function of, i, 94 in ganoids, i, 101 gases in, i, 94 in Labyrinthici, i, 91 an organ of hearing, ii, 159 origin of, i, 98 position of, i, 35 Sörensen on, i, 97 Tower on, i, 95 use of, i, 12 wanting in sharks, i, 506 Weber on, i, 96

akadai, ii, 344

Alaska blackfish, i, 51, 147, 290 figure of, i, 149; ii, 206

Alaska cod, ii, 536

Alaska grayling, figure of, i, 328; ii, 120

Alaskan rivers, fishes of, i, 304, 305

Albacore, i, 210; ii, 136 figure of, ii, 263 Goode on, ii, 263 long fin, ii, 263

Albatross, the i, 263, 408; ii, 60, 130, 138

Albatrossia, ii, 541

Albula, i, 142, 205; ii, 29, 46, 148 figure of, i, 147; ii, 44

Albulidæ, ii, 41, 44

Alburnus, ii, 167

Alcock, i, 244, 408; ii, 290

Aldrich, photograph by, i, 303

Aldrovandi, i, 388

Aldrovandia, figure of, ii, 138

Alectis, i, 202; ii, 276

aleihi, ii, 253

Alepisauridæ, i, 134

Alepocephalidæ, ii, 60

Alepocephalus, figure of, ii, 60

alewife, ii, 49 figure of, ii, 50

alfonsinos, ii, 251

alimentary canal, i, 31

alkaloid poisons, i, 182, 184, 185; ii, 411, 412

allantiasis, i, 183

alligator-fish, ii, 449, 453

alligator-gar, figure of, ii, 31

allmouth, ii, 545

Alopiidæ, family of, i, 536

Alosa, i, 204, 291; ii, 50

Alticus, figure of, i, 230; ii, 509

Alutera, i, 206; ii, 414, 415

amadai, ii, 363

Amanses, ii, 415 figure of, ii, 414

Amaræcium, i, 477

Ambassis, ii, 317

Ambassidæ, ii, 317

amber-fish, ii, 272 figure of, i, 458; ii, 273

amber-jack, ii, 274

Amblodon, i, 302

Ambloplites, figure of, ii, 299 skull of, figured, ii, 296

Amblyopsidæ, 290; ii, 204 family of, ii, 200

Amblyopsis, i, 220, 314 figure of, i, 221, 222; ii, 203

Amblypterus, ii, 14

Amblystoma, i, 78

Ameiurus, i, 283, 293, 310, 356; ii, 35, 183, 185, 186, 299 figure of, i, 344, 358; ii, 180, 181 parasites of, i, 344

American charr, ii, 110

American fishes, Goode on, i, 335

Amia, i, 33, 101, 102, 204, 291, 344, 391, 612, 623; ii, 8, 9, 11, 31, 33, 36, 41, 160 figure of, ii, 33, 35 lower jaw of, ii, 33 shoulder-girdle in, i, 86 tail of, i, 82

Amiatus, i, 394

Amiidæ, i, 290; ii, 4, 34, 35, 36

Amioidei, Lütken on, ii, 33

Amiopsis, ii, 36

Amitra, ii, 454

Ammocœtes, i, 142

Ammocrypta, ii, 306 figure of, i, 158; ii, 313

Ammodytes, ii, 224, 391, 514, 522 figure of, ii, 521

Ammodytidæ, ii, 215, 520, 521

Amphacanthi, suborder of, ii, 409

Ampheristus, ii, 436

Amphibia, i, 393, 600, 606

Amphibians, ii, 9 origin of, i, 600

Amphicœlian, i, 49

Amphiodon, i, 394

Amphioxides, i, 483

Amphioxus, i, 482, 495

Amphiplaga, ii, 243

Amphipnoidæ, 11, 141

Amphipnous, ii, 141

Amphiprion, ii, 384

Amphisile, ii, 235

Amphisticus, ii, 375

Amphistiidæ, family of, ii, 245, 247

Amphistium, ii, 485 figure of, ii, 247

Amyzon, ii, 175

Anabantidæ, ii, 215, 370 Gill on, i, 366

Anabas, i, 91, 103, 163 figure of, ii, 366

Anableps, i, 117, 391; ii, 131 eye of, ii, 194 figure of, i, 117 Marsh on, ii, 194 Nelson on, ii, 196

Anacanthini, i, 405; ii, 484, 485, 499, 501, 532, 533, 538 order of, ii, 532, 533

anadromous fishes, i, 291

anadromous salmon, ii, 68

anal fin, i, 10 in Embiotocidæ, i, 125 as intromittent organ, i, 124 in Pœciliidæ, i, 125 in sword-tail minnow, i, 124

analogy and homology, i, 368, 369 Coues on, i, 369

Anampses, ii, 390

Anarhichadidæ, ii, 517

Anarhichas, i, 208, 391; ii, 518 figure of, ii, 517 food of, ii, 518

Anarchias, ii, 153

Anarrhichthys, i, 208, 364; ii, 518 skull of, ii, 517

Anarthri, i, 509

Anarthrodira, i, 584, 585, 590

Anaspida, i, 573, 622 order of, i, 579

anatomy of tunicates, figure showing, i, 472

Anchovia, i, 199, 205 figure of, ii, 54

anchovy, figure of, ii, 54

anchovy, silvery, figure of, ii, 54

ancient outlet of Lake Bonneville, photograph of, i, 303

Ancylostylos, ii, 45

Andaman Islands, fishes of, i, 166

Andrews, i, 428

Anema, ii, 504

angel-fishes, i, 547, 549 figure of, ii, 401, 404

angler-fishes, i, 189, 206; ii, 542-553 carpels of, i, 51 figure of, i, 52 Gill on, ii, 543 habits of, ii, 543-545 Kent on, ii, 543

anglers, dorsal fin in, i, 202

angling, i, 336 Young on, i, 337-339

Anguilla, i, 127, 162, 211; ii, 143 figure of, ii, 142, 148

Anguillidæ, i, 290; ii, 148 family of, ii, 142

angular, i, 606

Anisotremus, i, 271; ii, 341

Anomalopidæ, family of, ii, 317

anko, figure of, ii, 545

Anomalops, ii, 317

Anoplogaster, ii, 252

Anoplopoma, figure of, ii, 438

Anoplopomidæ, family of, ii, 438

Anoplus, i, 260; ii, 333

Antechinomys, ii, 471

Antennariidæ, i, 52; ii, 542, 549, 553 Aristotle on, ii, 546 deep-sea, ii, 548 Goode on, ii, 545 habits of, ii, 544-546 Hoffmann on, ii, 546 spawning of, ii, 546

Antennarius, i, 197, 206 figure of, ii, 550, 553

Anthias, ii, 328

Antiarcha, i, 573, 581, 590, 622 order of, i, 576

Antigonia, i, 262

Anyperodon, ii, 328

ao, ii, 274

Apeltes, figure of, ii, 232

Aphanopus, i, 210

Aphareus, figure of, ii, 339

Aphredoderidæ, i, 290; ii, 243, 294

Aphredoderus, ii, 204, 252, 291, 294, 296 figure of, ii, 295

Apia, coral reef of, figured, i, 234

Apichthys, ii, 278

Aplidiopsis, figure of, i, 479

Aploactis, i, 202

Aplodactylidæ, ii, 363

Aplodactylus, ii, 364

Aplodinotus, i, 291, 302; ii, 354, 357

Apocopodon, i, 558

Apodes, i, 393, 611; ii, 40, 139-158, 532 order of, ii, 141

Apodichthys, i, 227; ii, 512

Apogon, figure of, i, 455; ii, 316, 319

Apogonidæ, family of, ii, 316

Apomotis, i, 26, 310; ii, 301 figure of, i, 27; ii, 350

Apostasis, ii, 406

Apostolides, i, 412

Appendicularia, i, 466 Brooks on, i, 480

Appendiculariidæ, i, 474

Aprion, i, 325; ii, 338

Apsilus, ii, 338

aquatic worms, ii, 143

Aracana, ii, 417

Arapaima, ii, 11, 56

Arbaciosa, species of, ii, 531

Archæomænidæ, ii, 29

Archæus, ii, 278

Archencheli, suborder of, ii, 141, 142

archers, ii, 400

archicercal tail, i, 81, 83

archipterygium, i, 59-61, 68, 69, 73, 446, 459, 511, 512, 522, 598, 600, 601 Boulenger on, i, 79 Gegenbaur on, i, 60 Günther on, i, 60

archnoid membrane, i, 109

Archoplites, i, 179, 240; ii, 297 figure of, i, 258

Archosargus, i, 324; ii, 346 figure of, i, 31; ii, 347

Archoteuthis, ii, 410

Arctic codling, ii, 537

Arctic species, in lakes, i, 316 Loven on, i, 317 Malmgren on, i, 317 Smith on, i, 317

Arctoscopus, ii, 364

Argentina, i, 391

Argentinidæ, ii, 122, 124

Argidæ, ii, 185

Argyropelecus, figure of, i, 190; ii, 137

Argyrosomus, i, 315; ii, 62, 65, 67 figure of, ii, 66

Ariscopus, i, 257 figure of, ii, 504

Aristotle, ii, 146 on fishes of Greece, i, 387 on noises of fish, i, 95

Arius, ii, 178, 186

arm of frog, i, 601 figure of, i, 71

ama-ama, ii, 221

armado, i, 169

arnillo, ii, 338

Arnoglossus, ii, 488

arrow-toothed halibut, ii, 491

Artedi, i, 374, 390 on genera, i, 391

Artediellus, ii, 442

Artedius, ii, 442

Arthrodira, i, 573, 584, 585, 590, 612 Dean on, i, 581 Jækel on, i, 591

Arthrodires, i, 204, 241, 436, 437, 603, 622; ii, 3 classification of, i, 584 figure of, i, 445, 584 occurrence of, i, 583 relationships of, i, 588

Arthropteridæ, i, 553

Arthropterus, i, 553

Arthrognathi, i, 581, 584, 585, 589, 590 Dean on, i, 584

Arthrothoraci, i, 584, 586, 587

articular, i, 606

artificial impregnation, Jacobian method, i, 150

Ascanius, i, 396; ii, 472

Ascelichthys, ii, 449

Ascidia, figure of, i, 474

Ascidiacea, i, 474

ascidians, i, 460, 467 Kingsley on, i, 474 Ritter on, i, 474

Ascidiiæ, i, 474, 475

Ascidina, figure of, i, 475

Aseraggodes, ii, 496

Ashmead, on leprosy transmission, i, 186

Asineopidæ, ii, 243, 296, 317

Asineops, ii, 243, 317

Asmuss, i, 427

Aspasma, ii, 531 figure of, ii, 530

Aspidocephali, i, 568, 575

Aspidoganoidei, i, 568

Aspidophoroides, figure of, ii, 453

Aspidorhini, i, 568

Aspidorhynchidæ, ii, 24, 29

Aspidorhynchus, ii, 29

Aspius, ii, 175

Aspredo, ii, 184

Aspro, ii, 307, 310 figure of, ii, 309

aspron, ii, 309 figure of, ii, 310

Asterolepidæ, i, 576, 623

Asterolepis, i, 577, 591

Asterospondyli, i, 447, 510, 513, 532 order of, i, 525

asterospondylous, i, 49

Asterosteidæ, i, 584, 585

Asterosteus, i, 585

Asterropteryx, i, 263

Astrodermiidæ, i, 551

Astrodermus, i, 551

Astrolabe, the, i, 408

Astrolytes, figure of, ii, 442

Astronesthidæ, ii, 128

Astrape, i, 554

Astroscopus, ii, 503 Gilbert on, i, 187 electric organs of, i, 187

Asymmetron, i, 483; ii, 467

Ateleaspis, i, 574

Atheresthes, i, 205; ii, 491

Atherina, i, 393; ii, 216

Atherinidæ, i, 290; ii, 215

Atherinops, ii, 218

Atherinopsis, figure of, ii, 218

Atherinosoma, ii, 218

Athlennes, ii, 211

Atka fish, figure of, i, 328; ii, 439

Atka mackerel, ii, 439

Atlantic creek, i, 308, 309

Atlantic oarfish, ii, 472

Atlantic salmon, ii, 89

attenuate, i, 19

Atthey, i, 426

Auchenopterus, ii, 508

atule, ii, 275

auditory ossicles, ii, 160

Aulichthys, ii, 233

Aulolepis, ii, 48

Aulopidæ, ii, 130, 132

Aulopus, i, 259; ii, 190

Aulorhamphus, ii, 406

Aulorhynchidæ, family of, ii, 232

Aulorhynchus, ii, 233

Aulostomidæ, family of, ii, 233

Aulostomus, ii, 233 figure of, ii, 234

Australia, ii, 363

Australian flying-fish, figure of, i, 341

Australian lung-fish, i, 100

autochthonous, i, 245

autostylic skull, i, 561; ii, 8

Auxis, ii, 262

awa, ii, 45, 221

awaawa, ii, 43

awaous, i, 254; ii, 465

aweoweo, ii, 333

Axinurus, ii, 409

axonasts, i, 604, 605; ii, 17

Ayres, i, 419, 428

ayu, i, 256; ii, 115, 117, 118 figure of, i, 321; ii, 116 fishing for figured, i, 333, 335

Azevia, i, 271; ii, 489

d'Azyr, i, 390

Azygostei, i, 581

azygous, i, 88

Baer, i, 428

Bagarius, ii, 186

bagonado, ii, 344

bagre, ii, 182

bagre de Rio, ii, 182

Bagrus, ii, 183

Baikal cods, ii, 455

Baird, i, 419; ii, 142 on bluefish, ii, 279-282 on eel migrations, ii, 142 portrait of, i, 407

Bairdiella, ii, 355 figure of, ii, 355

Bakker, i, 428

Balanoglossidæ, i, 465

Balanglossus, i, 461

Balanus, ii, 544

balaos, ii, 212

Balfour, i, 428, 511, 513; ii, 8 finfold theory, i, 69, 514 lateral-fold theory, i, 71-73 on paired fins, ii, 8 on sharks, i, 511

Balfour and Parker, on Lepidosteus, ii, 5

Balistapus, i, 181; ii, 413

Balistes, i, 206, 391, 611; ii, 22 figure of, i, 184; ii, 412

Balistidæ, ii, 413, 418 family of, ii, 412

Ballou, on eels, ii, 417

banded rockfish, figure of, ii, 432

banded sunfish, figure of, ii, 299

bandfishes, ii, 363

bandfishes, the crested, ii, 291

Banks, i, 395

barbels, i, 115; ii, 170 organs of touch, i, 122

barber-fish, ii, 328

barbero, ii, 408

barbudos, ii, 256

Barbulifer, ii, 462

Barbus, ii, 170, 175

Barkas, i, 426

Barneville, i, 412

Barracuda, ii, 34, 39, 215, 266, 317, 469

Barracuda, family of, ii, 222 figure of, ii, 223

Barramunda, i, 116, 614, 615 Günther on, i, 615

barreto, ii, 467

barriers, Alleghanies, i, 311 artificial dams, i, 300 Cape of Good Hope, i, 268 checks to movement, i, 240 crossing by fishes, i, 302 to dispersion, i, 297 Isthmus of Panama, i, 269 local, i, 298 mountain chains, i, 310 Rocky Mountains, i, 305 the Sierras, i, 310 silt-bearing streams, i, 301 species absent from, i, 239 temperature, i, 298 waterfalls, i, 300 watersheds, i, 205

basal bone, of dorsal fin, i, 49 figure of, i, 49, 56 of pectoral fin, i, 59

baseosts, ii, 17

basilar, i, 88

Basilevsky, i, 411

basking shark, i, 539 figure of, i, 540 largest of fishes, i, 539

bass, i, 4, 21, 47, 290, 323, 440; ii, 316-350 black, i, 303, 304 white, i, 321 yellow, i, 321

bassalian fishes, i, 245, 246; ii, 128

Bassani, i, 427

Bassozetus, figure of, i, 456

bastard halibut, ii, 489

Bateson, i, 463

batfish, ii, 402, 458 figure of, ii, 553 shoulder-girdle of, i, 88; ii, 551

Bathyclupeidæ, ii, 290

Bathygadus, ii, 541

Bathylagus, ii, 127

Bathymaster, ii, 502 figure of, ii, 503

Bathymasteridæ, ii, 502

Bathyonidæ, ii, 540

Bathyonus, ii, 540

Bathypteroidæ, ii, 130

Bathypterois, ii, 131

Batoidei, i, 519 suborder of, i, 549

Batrachians, i, 85, 87, 88

Batrachoides, i, 394; ii, 526

Batrachoides, shoulder-girdle of, i, 59

Batrachoididæ, i, 182, 192; ii, 525, 529, 542

Batrachoids, ii, 529

Batrictius, i, 394

Bdellostoma, i, 490

Beagle, the, i, 408

Bean, i, 408, 419

Beardslee, ii, 101

Beardslee trout, ii, 101

Belemnobatis, i, 551

Bellotti, i, 412

bellows fish, ii, 545

Belon, on fishes of Mediterranean, i, 388

Belone, ii, 210, 211

Belonidæ, family of, ii, 210

Belonorhynchidæ, ii, 514

Belonorhynchus, ii, 17

Belostomus, ii, 29

Bembradidæ, ii, 441, 499

Bembras, ii, 441

Benecke, on spawning of eels, ii, 146

Beneden, i, 427

benimasu, ii, 72

Bennett, i, 408, 416

Bentenia, ii, 286

Benthosauridæ, ii, 130

Benthosaurus, ii, 131

Berg, i, 415 portrait of, i, 409

Berndt, opah taken by, ii, 244 photograph by, i, 323

Berycidæ, i, 206; ii, 294, 499 family of, ii, 251

Berycoidei, ii, 40, 245, 290, 484, 485 suborder of, ii, 250-257

Berycoid fishes, ii, 250 figure of, i, 439; ii, 253 Starks on, ii, 250

Berycoids, ii, 247

Berycopsis, ii, 285

Beryx, i, 259, 263, 438; ii, 249, 289 figure of, ii, 251

beshow, ii, 438

Betta, i, 163; ii, 370

biajaiba, ii, 336

Bianconi, i, 412

Bibron, i, 412

big-eye, ii, 333 figure of, ii, 332

big-eyed scad, ii, 275

Birkenia, i, 580 figure of, i, 579

Birkeniidæ, i, 579

bishop-fish, i, 361

bishop-fish, figure of, i, 361

Björnson, on fishing villages of Norway, i, 329

black angel, ii, 405

black angel-fish, figure of, ii, 403

black bass, i, 209; ii, 168, 301, 328 Hallock on, ii, 302 Henshall on, ii, 302 large-mouthed, ii, 304 small-mouthed, ii, 303

black bream, ii, 206

Black Current of Japan, sharks in, i, 536

black escolar, 338

black-fin snapper, ii, 336

blackfish, ii, 387

black grouper, ii, 323, 325

black-horse, ii, 173

Blackiston's line, relation to fishes, i, 257

black-jack, ii, 276

black nohu, figure of, i, 180; ii, 436 stinging spines of, i, 180

black-nosed dace, figure of, i, 342; ii, 164 parasites on, i, 342

black rockfish, ii, 429

black ruff, ii, 284

black sea-bass, ii, 329

black-sided darter, figure of, ii, 311

blacksmith, ii, 381

black-spotted sailor's choice, ii, 341

black-spotted trout, ii, 95

black swallower, figure of, i, 29; ii, 360

black tai, ii, 344

black will, ii, 328

black wrasse, ii, 387

Blainville, i, 400 on Palæoniscum, ii, 14

Blake, i, 60, 408

Blanchard, i, 412

blanquillos, ii, 361, 362

blastoderm, i, 135

blastomeres, i, 135

blastopore, i, 138

blastula, i, 131, 132

bleak, ii, 163, 167

Bleeker, i, 376, 412, 414

Bleekeria, ii, 521

Bleekeriidæ, ii, 522

Blenniidæ, i, 208, 276, 290; ii, 506-531

Blennioidea, ii, 470

Blennius, i, 208, 391; ii, 511, 513

Blennius, figure of, i, 508

blenny, i, 209, 230, 290, 429; ii, 507-531 figure of, ii, 509, 511 Japanese, i, 9; ii, 513 kelp, ii, 507 northern, ii, 511 sarcastic, ii, 507 snake, ii, 512

Blepsias, figure of, ii, 448

blind Brotula, figure of, i, 222

blind catfish, ii, 181

blind cavefish, figure of, i, 116; ii, 202

blindfish, i, 290; ii, 202, 524 descent of, ii, 202 Eigenmann on, i, 117; ii, 202 habits of, ii, 202 theories regarding origin, ii, 202

blindfish of Mammoth Cave, ii, 202, 203 Eigenmann on, i, 221, 222 figure of, i, 221

blind goby, ii, 467

blob, ii, 444

Bloch, i, 389, 397

Blochiidæ, ii, 514

Blochius, figure of, ii, 514

Blossom, the, i, 408

blue-back, ii, 71, 73-76

blue-back salmon, ii, 68, 69

blue-breasted darter, i, 231; ii, 314 figure of, i, 231

blue cod, ii, 440

bluefin, ii, 66

bluefin cisco, figure of, ii, 66

bluefish, ii, 278, 354 Baird on, i, 279-282 destructiveness of, ii, 281 figure of, i, 324; ii, 279 food of, ii, 280

bluegill, figure of, ii, 300

blue-green sunfish, i, 26 figure of, i, 27; ii, 350

blue parrot-fish, ii, 396 figure of, ii, 394 figure of jaws, ii, 393

blue sharks, i, 534, 542

blue smelt, figure of, ii, 218

blue-spotted guativere, ii, 324

blue surf-fish, ii, 375

blue tang, ii, 408 figure of, ii, 407

Blyth, i, 396

boarfishes, ii, 135, 398

bobo, figure of, ii, 222

boccaccio, ii, 429

Bocage, i, 414

Bocourt, i, 412

Bodianus, i, 207, 271; ii, 388

boga, ii, 347, 348

Bogoslovius, ii, 541

Bohr, i, 97

Boleophthalmus, ii, 465 figure of, i, 118; ii, 466

Boleosoma, i, 302; ii, 313

Bollman, i, 420

Boltenia, i, 475

Bombay-duck, ii, 131

bonaci-arará, ii, 325

bonaci-cardenal, ii, 325

Bonaparte, i, 412

bones of the fish, actinosts, i, 42 alisphenoid, i, 38, 39, 40, 53 anal fin, i, 48 angular, i, 42, 43, 54 articular, i, 42, 43, 54 basibranchial, i, 46 basihyal, i, 42, 45 basioccipital, i, 36, 38, 39, 40, 53 basisphenoid, i, 36, 38, 39, 53 branchiostegals, i, 42, 45 carpals, i, 51 of anglers, i, 51 caudal fin, i, 48 caudal vertebræ, i, 48 ceratobranchial, i, 46 ceratohyal, i, 42, 45 clavicle, i, 42, 50, 52 figured, i, 52 coracoid, i, 50, 51 of cranium, i, 39 dentary, i, 42, 43, 54 dorsal fin, i, 48 epihyal, i, 42, 45 epibranchial, i, 46 epioccipital, i, 36 epiotic, i, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 53 epipleurals, i, 48 ethmoid, i, 36, 37, 53 exoccipital, i, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 53 frontal, i, 36, 37, 38, 53 glossihyal, i, 42 hæmal spine, i, 48 hæmaphysis, i, 48 hyoid arch, i, 42 hyomandibular, i, 42, 44, 54 hypercoracoid, i, 42, 52 hypobranchial, i, 46 hypocoracoid, i, 42, 43, 52 hypural, i, 48, 49 infraclavicle, i, 51 interclavicle, i, 51 interhæmals, i, 49 interhyal, i, 42, 45 interneural, i, 48 interopercle, i, 42, 45, 54 interspinals, i, 49 isthmus, i, 45 maxillary, i, 41, 42 mesopterygoid, i, 41, 42 metapterygoid, i, 41, 42, 54 nasal, i, 42, 53 neural spine, i, 48 neuropophysis, i, 48 opercle, i, 42, 54 opisthotic, i, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40 palatine, i, 41, 42, 54 parapophysis, i, 48 parietal, i, 36, 37, 39, 40, 53 parsasphenoid, i, 36, 38, 53 pectoral fin, i, 42 pelvic girdle, i, 42 pharyngeals, i, 46, 47 figure of, i, 47 lower, i, 46 suspensory, i, 46 upper, i, 46 postclavicle, i, 42, 51 figured, i, 52 postero-temporal, i, 50 post-temporal, i, 42, 52 prefrontal, i, 36, 37, 38, 53 premaxillary, i, 42 preopercle, i, 42, 54 preorbital, i, 41, 42 prootic, i, 36, 38, 53 proscapula, i, 50 pterotic, i, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 53 pterygials, i, 51 pterygoid, i, 41, 42, 54 quadrate, i, 42, 43, 54 ribs, i, 48 scapula, i, 50 shoulder-girdle, i, 42, 50, 51, 52 sphenotic, i, 36, 37, 38, 53 subopercle, i, 42, 54 suborbital, i, 42 supraclavicle, i, 42, 50 supraoccipital, i, 36, 37, 38, 53 suprascapula, i, 50 supratemporal, i, 42, 50 figured, i, 51 symplectic, i, 42, 54 urohyal, i, 42, 54 ventral fin, i, 42 vomer, i, 36, 37, 38, 53 zygapophysis, i, 48

bonito, ii, 264

bonnaterre, i, 397

bony fish, i, 204, 454, 506; ii, 37 classification of, ii, 38 development of, i, 135 figure of, ii, 438 specialized, figured, i, 456

bony scales, i, 21

Boops, i, 260, 267; ii, 348, 350

Borassus, ii, 367

Borelli, i, 390 on air-bladder, i, 95

Boreogadus, ii, 537

botolism, i, 183

Bothinæ, ii, 487

Bothriocephalus, i, 345

Bothriolepis, i, 577

Bothus, ii, 486

Botryllidæ, i, 476

Botryllus, i, 476; ii, 545 figure of, i, 477, 478, 479

bottle-nosed chimæra, eggs of, figured, i, 127

Bougainville, i, 395

Boulenger, i, 360, 364, 370, 414, 428, 513, 600, 601, 606, 608, 609; ii, 41, 48, 128, 129, 136, 138, 158, 190, 485, 502, 522, 551 on Archipterygium, i, 79 on Galaxias, ii, 205 catalogue of fishes, i, 402 on opahs, ii, 243 portrait of, i, 403 on vertebræ, i, 213 on zooid fishes, ii, 245

Bovichthyidæ, ii, 502

bowfin, i, 290, 440; ii, 33, 34 figure of, ii, 35 tail of, figured, i, 82

Bowring, on noises by fishes, i, 168

Brachydirus, i, 590

Brachyistius, ii, 375

Brachymystax, ii, 62, 67

brain, of chimæra, i, 410, 411 figures of, i, 110, 111 Günther on, i, 109 in hagfish, i, 112 of lamprey, i, 112 of perch, i, 111 of pike, i, 109 of primitive fishes, i, 112 reflex action of, i, 153 of shark, i, 110, 111

Brama, ii, 135, 286

Bramidæ, ii, 291 family of, ii, 286

branch herring, ii, 49

branchial bones, i, 46

Branchiostegi, i, 391

Branchiostoma, i, 34, 35, 120, 383, 483 eggs of, i, 131 figure of, i, 484

Branchiostomidæ, i, 484

Brandt, i, 412

Branner, i, 415

Brayton, i, 420

bream, ii, 163, 167

Bregmaceros, ii, 524

Bregmacerotidæ, ii, 524

Brevoort, i, 416

Brevoortia, ii, 51 figure of, i, 340; ii, 51

brit, ii, 216, 217

broad-shad, ii, 347

broad-soles, ii, 495

Brongniart, i, 427, 428

brook lamprey, figure of, i, 120, 505 larva of, figured, i, 492 mouth of, figured, i, 492

Brooks, on Appendicularia, i, 480

brook trout, ii, 99, 107, 108, 110, 113, 115 figure of, ii, 111

Brosme, ii, 539

Brosmius, ii, 539

Brosmophycis, ii, 524

Brotula, figure of, ii, 524 blind, figured, ii, 524

Brotulidæ, i, 314; ii, 523, 533

Brotulids, ii, 39, 524

Broussonet, i, 396

Brown, i, 426

Browne, i, 389

brown tang, figure of, i, 181; ii, 408

Brünnich, i, 394

Bryactinus, i, 565

Brycon, figure of, ii, 162

Bryostemma, figure of, ii, 511, 514

Bryttosus, i, 256; ii, 297, 320

buccal cirri, i, 595

Buchanan, on hunting of Chaca, i, 170

Buckland, i, 423 on soles, ii, 497 on turbot roe, ii, 488

Bucklandium, ii, 186

budai, ii, 390

buffalo-cod, ii, 440

Buffalo Creek, i, 309

buffalo-fish, ii, 160, 172 figure of, ii, 173 shoulder-girdle of, i, 51

buffalo sculpin, figure of, ii, 443

bulbus arteriosus, ii, 10, 11

bullhead, i, 356

bullhead shark, figure of, i, 526

bumpers, ii, 276

Bunocephalidæ, ii, 184

burbot, i, 209; ii, 538 figure of, ii, 539

Bürger, i, 414

butter-fish, ii, 283, 284, 324, 512

butterfly fish, i, 440; ii, 381 figure of, i, 143; ii, 402

butterfly ray, i, 556

butterfly sculpin, figure of, i, 288

caballerote, ii, 335

cabezon, ii, 442

cabra mora, figure of, i, 20

cabrilla, ii, 324, 328, 329

cachucho, figure of, ii, 337

Cælorhynchus, figure of, ii, 541

Cæsio, ii, 342

cagon de le alto, ii, 337

cají, ii, 336

Calamoichthys, i, 76, 89, 608

Calamostoma, ii, 236

Calamus, i, 49, 238; ii, 344 figure of, ii, 345, 347

calico-bass, ii, 297

calico-salmon, ii, 72

California lancelet, figure of, i, 484

California miller's thumb, figure of, ii, 446

California hake, figure of, ii, 540

California pampano, ii, 283

California sucker, figure of, ii, 174

Callbreath, on running of salmon, ii, 86

Callechelys, ii, 150

Callichthyidæ, ii, 185

Callichthys, i, 290

calling the fishes, i, 167, 168 in Indian temples, i, 167 in basins of Tuileries, i, 167

Callionymidæ, ii, 506

Callionymus, i, 246, 257, 259, 263, 393, 500, 504

Callipterygidæ, ii, 501

Callipteryx, ii, 501

Calliurus, i, 302

Callorhynchus, i, 565, 566 egg of figured, i, 127

Callorhinus, ii, 537

Calotomus, ii, 390, 391

Camper, i, 389

Campostoma, ii, 164 figure of, i, 33; ii, 167

Campyloprion, i, 529

candil, ii, 255

candle-fish, ii, 124

Canestrini, i, 412

Canobius, ii, 14

Canthidermis, ii, 413

Canthigaster, i, 206

Cantor, i, 416 on fighting-fish, i, 163

Cape of Good Hope, as barrier, i, 269

capelin, figure of, ii, 126

capello, i, 414

capitaine, figure of, ii, 387

Capros, ii, 135, 398, 400

Caracanthidæ, ii, 438

Carangidæ, i, 144, 149, 210; ii, 15, 278, 470 family of, ii, 272

Carangopsis, ii, 278

Carangus, i, 169, 324; ii, 275, 276, 285

Carapidæ, ii, 522

Caraproctus, ii, 455

Carapus, ii, 520, 522

Carassius, ii, 171 figure of, i, 151

Caranx, ii, 245, 275, 470, 542

Carboniferous, fishes, i, 437 sharks, i, 224

Carcharias, i, 447, 534, 543; ii, 468 figure of, i, 542

Carchariidæ, i, 532, 534, 540, 542, 543

carcharioid sharks, i, 540

Carcharodon, i, 538

Carcharopsis, i, 522

cardenal, ii, 316

cardiform teeth, i, 29

cardinal fishes, the, ii, 316 figure of, i, 455; ii, 316, 319

cardinal vein, i, 108

Carencheli, ii, 140, 153, 155

caribe, Günther on, ii, 161

carnivorous fishes, i, 29

carp, i, 21, 53, 93, 290; ii, 162, 164 air-bladder of, figured, ii, 160 native of China, ii, 170 domestication of, ii, 170

Carpiodes, i, 302 figure of, ii, 173

carp-sucker, figure of, ii, 173

carrying eggs in mouth, i, 170-173 by catfish, i, 170

casabe, ii, 276

Cassiquiare, Branner on, i, 307 crossing by fishes, i, 307

Castelnau, i, 415

Castour, i, 396

Castro, photograph by, ii, 522

catadromous fishes, i, 162, 291; ii, 143

Catalina flying-fish, figure of, ii, 214

catalineta, ii, 341

Catalogue, of Panama fishes, i, 272

catalufa de lo alto, figure of, ii, 289

catalufa, ii, 288, 333 figure of, ii, 331

Catesby, i, 389

catfish, i, 4, 20, 53, 119, 122,128, 169, 290, 440; ii, 159, 160, 177-187 African, ii, 185 channel, ii, 179 clavicle in, i, 87 Cope on, i, 180 descent from, ii, 186 destroyed by lampreys, i, 357 electric, ii, 183 electric, figured, i, 186 fossil, ii, 186 of India, ii, 184 Japanese, ii, 183 Old World, ii, 182 poison glands of, i, 180 poison spine of, i, 179 shoulder-girdle in, i, 86 spines of, i, 179 transfer to Sacramento, i, 310

Catopteridæ, ii, 16

Catopterus, ii, 16

Catostomidæ, i, 46, 290; ii, 172, 175 family of, ii, 171 figure of, i, 315

Catostomus, i, 198, 283, 302, 304, 316, 346; ii, 56 figure of, i, 348; ii, 171 pharyngeal teeth of, ii, 175

cat shark, i, 533

Catulus, i, 533

caudal fin, i, 10

caudal lancet, ii, 409

Caularchus, figure of, i, 198, 531

Caulolatilus, ii, 362

Caulolepis, ii, 252, 253

Caulophryne, figure of, i, 276, 548

causes of dispersion, i, 318

cavalla, ii, 266, 272-292

cavefish, ii, 201, 523, 524 Eigenmann on, ii, 524 figure of, i, 117

Cebedichthys, ii, 512

Centaurus, larva of figured, i, 143

centers of distribution, i, 244

Centrarchidæ, i, 209, 232, 290; ii, 304, 320, 327, 380 family of, ii, 297

Centrarchus, i, 302; ii, 297

Centriscidæ, ii, 227, 235 family of, ii, 234

Centriscus, i, 393; ii, 235

Centrogenys, ii, 320

Centrolepis, ii, 14

Centrolophiidæ, ii, 283

Centrolophius, i, 260; ii, 286

Centrophoroides, i, 546

Centrophorus, i, 546

Centropomidæ, ii, 319

Centropomus, i, 271, 273; ii, 309 figure of, i, 324; ii, 319

Centropristes, i, 136; ii, 328, 329 eggs of, figured, i, 135

Centroscymnus, i, 546

Centrolabrus, ii, 387

Cephalacanthidæ, i, 208 family of, ii, 458

Cephalacanthus, ii, 458 figure of, ii, 456

Cephalaspidæ, i, 576, 623

Cephalaspis, i, 444, 569, 571 figure of, i, 576, 577, 579

Cephalopholis, ii, 324, 325

Cephaloscyllium, i, 197

Cepola, i, 260, 264, 393; ii, 363

Cepolidæ, the, ii, 363

Ceratacanthus, ii, 414

Ceratias, figure of, ii, 548

Ceratiidæ, i, 276

Ceratobatis, i, 560

Ceratocottus, ii, 443

Ceratodontidæ, i, 600, 612 family of, i, 613

Ceratodus, i, 77, 85, 613-616

Ceratoscopelus, figure of, ii, 133

Ceratiidæ, ii, 547-549

Cerdale, i, 271

Cerdalidæ, ii, 516

cestodes, i, 344

Cestraciont shark, i, 526, 527, 530 Eastman on, i, 529 teeth, figured, i, 527

Cestraciontes, i, 438, 519, 566 Eastman on, i, 529 families of, i, 528 suborder of, i, 526 teeth of figured, i, 527, 529

Cetomimidæ, ii, 132

Cetomimus, figure of, ii, 132

Cetorhinus, figure of, i, 540

Cetorhinidæ, family of, i, 539

Cette, i, 396

Chaca, i, 170

Chacidæ, ii, 184

Chænobryttus, i, 302; ii, 300

Chætobranchus, ii, 381

Chætodipterus, figure of, i, 325, 401

Chætodon, i, 235, 242, 267, 391; ii, 400, 403, 405, 406 figure of, i, 143; ii, 402

Chætodontidæ, i, 206; ii, 245, 291, 381, 398, 402, 404, 405

Chætodonts, ii, 247

Chalacodus, i, 566

Challenger, the, ii, 60, 130

Champsodon, ii, 361

Champsodontidæ, ii, 361

Chanos, i, 205; ii, 221 figure of, ii, 45

Chanidæ, family of, ii, 44

Channa, figure of, ii, 370

channel bass, ii, 355

channel catfish, figure of, i, 280

channel-cats, the, ii, 179, 182

Channomuræna, ii, 153

Chanoides, ii, 44

Chapala Lake, fishes of, ii, 216

Characidæ, ii, 161, 162

Characin, i, 290

Characinidæ, i, 205, 290; ii, 381

Characins, ii, 61, 160-162, 186

Characodon, ii, 201

characters, of Elasmobranchs, i, 507 of species, i, 292

Charitosomus, ii, 56

charr, ii, 67, 99, 107, 114, 122

Charlevoix, ii, 64

Chasmistes, i, 304, 316; ii, 172

Chasmodes, ii, 509

Chauliodontidæ, ii, 129

Chauliodus, figure of, ii, 129

Chaunax, ii, 551

Cheilio, ii, 390

Cheilinus, ii, 390

Cheilodipteridæ, family of, ii, 278

Cheilodipterus, ii, 278 figure of, ii, 279

Cheiracanthus, i, 517

Cheirodopsis, ii, 15

Cheirodus, ii, 14

Cheirolepis, ii, 14

Chelidonichthys, i, 260; ii, 456

Chelmo, ii, 404

Chelonichthyidæ, i, 586

Chelonopsis, ii, 425

Chonerhinus, ii, 419

cherna, ii, 324

chevron, ii, 89

chiasma, ii, 4

Chiasmodon, ii, 136 figure of, i, 29; ii, 360

Chiasmodontidæ, ii, 215, 360

Chilobranchidæ, ii, 141

Chilomycterus, figure of, ii, 423

Chiloscyllium, i, 56, 533 pectoral fin of, i, 66

Chimæra, i, 23, 35, 85, 204, 393, 435, 437, 448, 507, 509, 512-514, 545, 561-567, 595, 610 of California, i, 564 Dean on, i, 563 figure of, i, 449, 564, 565 Parker on, i, 563

Chimæridæ, family of, i, 564

Chimæroids, i, 224, 583

Chimæropsis, i, 566

China fish, snake-headed, ii, 371

Chinese whitebait, ii, 127, 128

chinook, ii, 69

chirivita, ii, 405

Chirocentridæ, ii, 46

Chirocentrus, ii, 46, 48

Chirolophis, ii, 512

Chiropterygium, i, 600, 605

Chirostoma, figure of, i, 329; ii, 217

Chirothricidæ, ii, 133

Chirothrix, figure of, ii, 46, 134

chisel-mouth, ii, 169

Chlamydoselachidæ, family of, i, 525

Chlamydoselachus, i, 361, 447, 448, 509, 521, 536 figure of, i, 523

Chlarias, i, 98, 290; ii, 186, 187 figure of, i, 457; ii, 185

Chlariidæ, ii, 184, 185

Chlevastes, ii, 150 figure of, i, 232

Chloropthalmus, i, 260; ii, 130

Chloroscombrus, ii, 276

chochouwo, ii, 403

chogset, ii, 387

Chologaster, i, 203, 204, 223 Eigenmann on, ii, 203 figure of, i, 116; ii, 201 Garman on, ii, 202 Hoppin on, ii, 203

Chondrenchelys, i, 521

Chondropterygians, i, 508

Chondropterygii, i, 391

Chondrostei, i, 623, 624; ii, 2, 5, 13 order of, ii, 17

Chondrosteidæ, ii, 17, 18

Chondrosteus, i, 622

Chonerhinidæ, ii, 419

Chopa, ii, 344, 350 figure of, ii, 349

Chordata, i, 460

Chordate animals, i, 460 lowest forms figured, i, 465

Chordates, i, 508, 584, 597; ii, 1

Chorisochismus, ii, 531

Chriodorus, ii, 212

Chromides, suborder of, ii, 380

Chromis, i, 166; ii, 381

Chrondrosteus, figure of, ii, 18

Chrosomus, i, 304; ii, 164, 167

chub, ii, 118, 147, 163 figure of, ii, 169 of Great Basin, ii, 169 of Pacific, ii, 169

chub of Great Basin, figure of, i, 287

chub-mackerel, i, 94

chub-sucker, i, 292 figure of, i, 315; ii, 172

chum, ii, 72

cichla, ii, 380

Cichlasoma, ii, 381

cichlid, i, 290

Cichlidæ, i, 209, 290; ii, 380, 381 organs of smell in, i, 115

cigar-fish, ii, 274

ciguatera, i, 182-185; ii, 335, 411, 413

Cimolichthys, ii, 133

Ciona, i, 481

Cirrhilabrus, ii, 390

Cirrhitidæ, the, ii, 363, 426

Cirrhitus, i, 271 figure of, ii, 364

Cirrostomi, i, 482, 595

cisco, ii, 65

Citharichthys, i, 274; ii, 489

Citharinus, ii, 162

Citula, i, 202; ii, 276

Cladistia, i, 602 order of, i, 605

Cladodontidæ, i, 520, 522

Cladodus, i, 65, 80, 437 pectoral fin of, i, 521 shoulder-girdle in, i, 521 teeth of, figured, i, 522

Cladoselache, i, 64, 66, 79, 80, 437, 446, 448, 510, 571, 573, 623 Dean on, i, 518 figure of, i, 65, 514, 515 primitive character of, i, 514 teeth of, figured, i, 515 ventral view of, i, 515

Cladoselachidæ, i, 514 family of, i, 523

clam-cracker, i, 556

Clark, on eulachon, ii, 125

Clarke, i, 416

claspers, i, 124, 125

classification, Coues on, i, 370 of Elasmobranchs, i, 509, 510 of fishes, i, 367-386 of instincts, i, 154 morphological, i, 371 natural, i, 370 terms used in, i, 462

Clastes, Eastman on, ii, 32

Clavellinidæ, i, 475

clavicle, figure of, i, 87 of sea catfish, i, 87

Claypole, i, 426 portrait of, i, 409

cleavages, i, 135

Clepticus, ii, 388

Clidoderma, ii, 494

Climatius, i, 446 figure of, i, 518

climbing-fish, ii, 367

climbing-perch, figure of, ii, 366

clingfish, ii, 529 figure of, i, 198; ii, 531 Günther on, ii, 529, 530 sucking-disk in, i, 198

Clinocottus, ii, 448

Clinton, ii, 64

Clinus, i, 208; ii, 507, 511, 513, 516

Cloquet, i, 397

Cloudy Bay cod, ii, 520

Clupanodon, ii, 53

Clupea, i, 204, 329, 391 figure of, i, 331, ii, 49

Clupeidæ, i, 204, 290; ii, 49, 52, 53

clupeiform, ii, 11

clupeoid, ii, 10

Clupeidea, the, ii, 41

coalfish, i, 209; ii; 438, 537

Coal measures, fishes of, i, 223 teeth found in, i, 65

Costa, i, 412

coast lines, effect on distribution, i, 248

cobbler-fish, ii, 276

cobia, ii, 282

Cobitidæ, ii, 175, 185

Cobitis, i, 391; ii, 176

Cobitopsidæ, family of, ii, 224

Cobitopsis, figure of, ii, 224

Coccoderma, i, 605

Coccosteans, i, 581

Coccosteidæ, i, 622, 623, 584, 586

Coccosteus, i, 583, 584, 587, 590, 593, 596, 623 figure of, i, 582

cochino, ii, 413

Cochliodontidæ, i, 530 family of, i, 531

Cochliodus, lower jaw figured, i, 531

cock-and-hen paddle, ii, 453

cock-of-palace-under-sea, ii, 472

cockeye pilot, figure of, ii, 382

Coccolepis, ii, 14

cod, ii, 51

codfish, i, 122, 128, 290; ii, 481, 501, 532, 533 figure of, i, 331; ii, 535 Gill on, ii, 534 Goode on, ii, 534 pectoral fin of, i, 66 reproduction of, ii, 535 Sars on, ii, 535

codling, ii, 538

Cœlacanthidæ, i, 605

Cœlacanthus, figure of, i, 604

Cœlolepia, i, 573

Cœlodus, ii, 22

Cœlolepidæ, i, 573

coho, ii, 72

collection of fishes, i, 429-434 by explosives, i, 430 by poison, i, 430 tackle for, i, 430

Collett, i, 408, 427 portrait of, i, 403

Collie, i, 564

Collins, on catastrophe to tilefishes, ii, 362 on halibut, ii, 490

Cololabis, ii, 212

Colocephali, ii, 140-142, 153 suborder of, ii, 152

Colomesus, ii, 421

Colorado trout, figure of, ii, 106

colors of fishes, i, 226-236 of coral-fishes, i, 235 fading of, in spirits, i, 235 intensity of, i, 232 nuptial, i, 230 protective, i, 226-229 sexual, i, 230 variation of, i, 235

Columbia, figure of, ii, 242

Comephoridæ, the, ii, 455

Comephorus, ii, 524

Commerson, i, 395

commissure, i, 112

common eel, figure of, ii, 143

common skate, figure of, i, 552

common sucker, figure of, ii, 174

common sunfish, figure of, i, 7, 13; ii, 301

conceptions of genus, i, 375

Conchopona, i, 613

conclusions, of Cope on dispersion, i, 286 of Evermann, i, 274 of Hill, 277-279 as to Isthmus of Suez, i, 269 of Jenkins, i, 274

conger eels, ii, 149, 151 figure of, ii, 150

Congiopodidæ, ii, 436

Congiopus, ii, 436

Congo River, fishes from, i, 78, 607

Congriopus, ii, 514

Congrogadidæ, ii, 519

Connoly, on calling fishes, i, 168

Conocara, ii, 60

Conodontes, i, 487 figure of, i, 488

Conorhynchus, i, 128

constantino, ii, 320

Cooper, i, 419 on long-jawed goby, ii, 463

Cope, i, 84, 311, 419, 428, 512, 602; ii, 1, 4, 13, 24, 35, 56, 159 on classification, i, 406 conclusions of, 286 on dispersion, i, 286, 287 on eels, ii, 139 on fossil forms, ii, 32 on isocercal tail, i, 84 on ostracophores, ii, 569 portrait of, i, 407 sketch of, i, 406

Copeland, i, 420 portrait of, i, 421

Copelandellus, ii, 315

Coquille, i, 408

coracoid, i, 88, 90

coraco-scapular, i, 87

coral reefs, at Apia, figured, i, 234 fishes of, i, 235, 297 fish life in, i, 215

Corax, teeth of, figured, i, 543

Coregoni, ii, 67

Coregonus, i, 291, 305, 316, 322, 391; ii, 62, 65, 439 figure of, i, 321; ii, 63

Coreoperca, ii, 320

Coris, ii, 390

cormorant-fishing, ii, 116-119 illustrations of, i, 333, 335

cornet-fishes, ii, 390 family of, ii, 233

Cornide, i, 396

coronado, ii, 274

corpus vestiforme, i, 112

corsair, ii, 430

Corvula, ii, 355

Corynolophus, i, 189; ii, 549 figure of, i, 188 luminous bulb in, i, 188

Coryphæna, i, 210, 391 figure of, ii, 287

Coryphænidæ, family of, ii, 286

Coryphænoides, figure of, i, 83; ii, 541 leptocercal, tail of, i, 83

Coryphopterus, ii, 462

Corythroichthys, ii, 236

Costa, i, 412

Cottidæ, i, 208, 290; ii, 363, 442, 449, 453, 455, 501, 504, 525 family of, i, 441 fossil forms, i, 449

Cottocomephorus, ii, 525

Cottogaster, i, 300

Cottunculus, i, 219; ii, 441, 447, 449

Cottus, i, 169, 219, 312, 391; ii, 443, 445, 449 figure of, ii, 444, 445, 446

Couch, i, 410 on fighting-fish, i, 165 on skippers, ii, 21

Coues, on classification, i, 368 on meaning of species, i, 379 on synonymy, i, 374

cowfish, figure of, i, 373; ii, 416 skeleton of figured, i, 215; ii, 418

cow's tongue, ii, 497

crab-eater, ii, 282

Cragin, i, 171

craig-fluke, ii, 494

Cramer, i, 408, 420, 422

cramp-fishes, i, 554

cranial nerves, figure of, i, 111

Craniomi, suborder of, ii, 456

Craniotes, i, 588

cranium, bones of, i, 36-39 inferior view, i, 38 lateral view, i, 36 posterior view, i, 40 of Roccus, figured, i, 36-39 of Sebastolobus, i, 53 superior view, i, 37

crappie, ii, 168, 297 figure of, ii, 297 photograph of, ii, 298

Cratinus, i, 271

cravo, ii, 244

crawl-a-bottom, ii, 312

crayfish, ii, 147

creek fish, figure of, i, 315; ii, 172

Crenilabrus, i, 207, 260, 267; ii, 387

creole-fish, ii, 328, 329

Crescent lake trout, ii, 101

Cricodus, i, 603

Cristiceps, i, 208; ii, 508, 513

Cristivomer, i, 291; ii, 62, 115 figure of, ii, 114

croaker, ii, 353, 355

Cromeriidæ, ii, 56

cross-bow shooter, ii, 413

Crossognathidæ, ii, 215, 521 family of, ii, 224

Crossopholis, ii, 21

Crossopterygians, i, 78, 79, 89, 91, 204, 436, 457, 511-515, 591, 602, 623, 624; ii, 38 figure of, i, 451 fins of, i, 601

Crossopterygii, i, 382, 462, 599, 600, 601, 608

crustacean parasites, i, 340

Cryptacanthididæ, ii, 516

Cryptacanthodes, figure of, i, 516

Cryptocentrus, i, 264; ii, 462

Cryptopsaras, figure of, ii, 547

Cryptotomus, figure of, ii, 391

crystal darter, figure of, ii, 313

crystal goby, ii, 466

Crystallias, figure of, i, 218; ii, 454

Crystallogobius, ii, 466

Ctenochætus, ii, 409

Ctenodentex, ii, 340

Ctenodipterini, order of, i, 612

Ctenodontidæ, i, 613

Ctenodus, i, 613

ctenoid scales, i, 20, 21; ii, 39

Ctenoidei, ii, 39, 209

Ctenolabrus, ii, 387

Ctenolates, ii, 320

Ctenoptychius, i, 555

Ctenothrissa, figure of, ii, 48

Ctenothrissidæ, figure of, ii, 48

cuatro ojos, ii, 194

Cuban fishes, i, 314

cubero, ii, 335

cuboid, i, 19

cub-shark, figure of, i, 542

cuckold, ii, 417 figure of, i, 373; ii, 416

cucugo, ii, 413

cultus cod, ii, 442 figure of, ii, 440

Cunias, i, 541

cunner, ii, 387

Cunningham, on eye of flounder, i, 176

Curimatus, ii, 162

cusk-eel, i, 187, 314; ii, 539 figure of, ii, 520

cutlass-fishes, i, 149, 210; ii, 267 figure of, ii, 268 species of, ii, 472

cutthroat trout, ii, 95-97, 102, 104, 106

Cuvier, i, 103, 105, 400, 404, 428; ii, 39, 307 Günther on, i, 400 Lyman on, i, 401 portrait of, i, 399

Cycleptus, ii, 173

Cycliæ, i, 204, 437, 462, 592, 593 subclass of, i, 591

Cyclobatis, i, 557

Cycloganoidei, ii, 34

cycloid scales, i, 20, 22; ii, 39

Cycloidei, ii, 39

Cyclopterichthys, ii, 454

Cyclopteridæ, i, 198, 208 family of, ii, 453

Cyclopterus, i, 391; ii, 453, 455 figure of, i, 220; ii, 454

Cyclospondyli, i, 510, 543 order of, i, 545

cyclospondylous, i, 49

cyclospondylous sharks, i, 549

Cyclostomata, i, 593

Cyclostomes, i, 113, 443, 486-505, 570, 596, 592, 617 extinct forms, i, 487

Cyclostomi, i, 462, 584

Cyclothone, ii, 129

Cyclurus, ii, 36

Cymatogaster, ii, 376 figure of, i, 125; ii, 372

Cymolutes, ii, 390

Cymothoa, i, 340

Cynoglossinæ, ii, 497

Cynoglossus, ii, 497

Cynoscion, i, 94, 324; ii, 107 figure of, ii, 353

Cynthia, figure of, i, 476

Cynthiidæ, i, 475

Cyprinidæ, i, 33, 46, 205, 230, 251, 285, 287, 290, 406; ii, 65, 161, 162, 164-171 fossil forms, ii, 174 species of, ii, 165

Cyprinodon, ii, 198, 201 figure of, ii, 196

Cyprinodontes, ii, 194

Cyprinodontidæ, i, 290

Cyprinus, i, 391; ii, 170, 174

Cypselurus, ii, 213 figure of, i, 157, 440

Cyrthaspis, i, 575

Cyttoides, ii, 249

Cyttus, ii, 249

dabonawa, i, 430

dace, i, 251; ii, 118, 162, 166, 168

Dactylagnus, ii, 506

Dactyloscopidæ, ii, 506

Dactyloscopus, ii, 506

daddy sculpin, ii, 445

Dalatias, i, 546

Dalatiidæ, i, 548

Daldorf, on capture of Anabas, i, 163 on climbing-fish, ii, 367

Dale, ii, 539

Dallia, i, 51 figure of, i, 149; ii, 206

Dalliidæ, i, 290; ii, 206

Damalichthys, figure of, ii, 374

damsel-fish, ii, 381 figure of, ii, 382

Dapediidæ, ii, 25

Dapedium, figure of, ii, 25

Dapedoglossus, ii, 56

darters, i, 209, 231, 300, 304; ii, 166, 306, 310-315

darter goby, figure of, ii, 462

Darwin, i, 408 on noises of catfish, i, 168

daruma-okose, ii, 436

Dasyatidæ, family of, i, 555

Dasyatis, figure of, i, 247, 556

Dasyscopelus, ii, 133

Davis, H. S., ii, 81, 84 on chinook salmon, ii, 85

Davis, J. W., i, 426 on fossil teeth, i, 525

Dawson, i, 427, 594

Day, i, 416; ii, 90, 92, 95 on calling fishes, i, 168 on electric eel, i, 170 on grayling, ii, 121 on Labyrinthici, ii, 365 on sole, ii, 496, 497

day chub, head of, figured, ii, 167

dealfish, ii, 477, 480 figure of, ii, 478

Dean, i, 512, 591, 594, 595 on Acanthodei, i, 517, 518 on Arthrodira, i, 518, 588 on Chimæras, i, 563 on fin migration, i, 75 on fossil forms, i, 422 on lateral line, i, 23 on lung-fish, i, 618 on Ostracophores, i, 571 portrait of, i, 417 on sharks, i, 511, 531 on Teleosts, i, 135

Deania, i, 546

deathfish, i, 183

Death Valley fish, figure of, ii, 199

Decapterus, ii, 274

decurrent flounder, figure of, i, 441

deep-sea angler, figure of, ii, 548

deep-sea Chimæra, figure of, i, 449

deep-sea fishes, i, 246, 247, 408; ii, 129

degenerate fishes, i, 210, 211, 216, 218

degeneration, of eye, i, 220 in fishes, i, 54 in lamprey, i, 217 of structure, i, 216 in tunicates, i, 480

Delaroche, i, 95

Dekay, i, 418

Delfin, on hagfishes, i, 489

Deltistes, ii, 172

Deltodus, i, 531

Dendrodus, i, 603

dentary, i, 606

Dentex, i, 94; ii, 338, 340

Dercetes, ii, 136

Dercetidæ, ii, 136, 137, 158

Derepodichthyidæ, ii, 520

Derichthyidæ, ii, 155

Derichthys, ii, 153 figure of, ii, 156

Dermopteri, i, 486

Desmarest, i, 396

development, i, 217 of bony fishes, i, 135 Dean on, i, 135 embryonic, i, 133 of flounders, i, 144 heredity in, i, 134 of horsehead-fish, i, 148 of paired fins, i, 66

devil ray, figure of, i, 559

De Vis, i, 416

Devonian, fishes, i, 436 lamprey, i, 563 sharks from, i, 65

Diabasis, i, 375

diablo, ii, 552

Dialarchus, ii, 448

Dialommus, i, 117

diamond, fishes, ii, 398 flounder, ii, 493 snapper, ii, 337

Diaphus, ii, 133 figure of, ii, 132

Dibothrium, 345 figure of, ii, 103

Dibranchus, i, 207; ii, 552

Dicentrodus, i, 522

Dicentrarchus, i, 324; ii, 321, 330

dichotomous rays, i, 596

Dicranodus, i, 521

Dictyorhabdidæ, i, 565

Dictyorhabdus, i, 435, 565, 578

Dictyopyge, ii, 16

Dictyopygidæ, ii, 14

Dictyosoma, 512

Didemnidæ, i, 477

Didymaspis, i, 576

Didymodus, i, 521, 525

Dinematichthys, ii, 524

Dinichthyidæ, i, 587

Dinichthys, i, 587, 589 figure of, i, 445, 584 jaws of figured, i, 583

Diodon, i, 273, 393, 394 figure of, i, 17; ii, 422

Diodontidæ, family of, ii, 422

diœcious fishes, i, 124

diphycercal tail, i, 49, 81, 83, 84, 507, 513, 516, 598 Boulenger on, i, 84 Dollo on, i, 84

Diplacanthidæ, i, 517, 518

Diplacanthus, figure of, i, 517

Diplectrum, ii, 329

Diplesion, figure of, i, 247; ii, 312

Diplodus, ii, 347 figure of, ii, 346

Diplognathus, i, 584, 589

Diplomystes, ii, 178

Diplomystidæ, ii, 178

Diplomystus, figure of, i, 205, 453; ii, 52

Diploneumoni, i, 612, 619

Diploprion, ii, 327

Diplopterus, i, 82, 604

Diplospondyli, i, 509, 523

Diplurus, i, 605

Dipneusti, i, 405, 462, 582, 599, 601, 605, 607, 622, 624; ii, 4 relationship of, i, 609, 610 subclass of, i, 609-622

Dipnoans, i, 436, 512, 572, 582, 583; ii, 3, 8 air-bladder in, i, 101 classification of, i, 612 ear sac in, i, 120 figure of, i, 449 pectoral fin in, i, 60 shoulder-girdle in, i, 86, 88

Dipnoi, i, 77, 85, 89, 382

Diptera, ii, 306

Dipteridæ, i, 612

Dipterus, i, 612 figure of, i, 437, 449

Discobatis, i, 553

Discocephali, ii, 459-480 Gill on, ii, 470 suborder of, ii, 468

diseases of fishes, i, 340-358 contagious, i, 340 parasitic, i, 342 remedies for, i, 342

Dismal Swamp fish, figure of, i, 116; ii, 201

dispersion of fishes, Agassiz on, i, 284 barriers to, i, 297, 310, 311 causes of, i, 318 Cope on, i, 286 by floods, i, 301 of fresh-water fishes, 282-296 of river fishes, 297-319

dissection of the fish, i, 26-33

Distomidæ, i, 477

distribution of fishes, affected by coast line, i, 247, 261 agency of currents in, i, 242 centers of, i, 243 determined by temperature, i, 241 of fresh-water forms, i, 249 general laws of, i, 238 of marine forms, i, 245 Panama, barrier to, i, 266 of shore fishes, i, 263-265 Suez, barrier to, i, 266 zones of, i, 249, 251, 252

Ditrema, ii, 375

Dittodus, i, 521, 525

doctor-fish, ii, 408

Döderlein, i, 411, 416

dogfishes, i, 519 figure of, i, 545

dogoro, ii, 381

dog salmon, ii, 71-73, 80, 81

dog snapper, ii, 336

Dolichoglossus, i, 463

Doliolum, i, 479

dollar-fish, ii, 283

Dollo, i, 415, 427, 600, 601; ii, 502 portrait of, i, 413 on tail forms, i, 84

Dolloa, ii, 541

Dolly Varden trout, i, 305; ii, 112, 113 figure of, i, 327; ii, 114

dolphins, i, 210; ii, 286, 362 figure of, ii, 287

Doncella, figure of, i, 297; ii, 180, 396

Donovan, i, 410

dorados, ii, 286 figure of, ii, 287

Doras, ii, 183

Doratonotus, ii, 388

Dormeur, figure of, ii, 460

Dormitator, figure of, ii, 461

dorsal fin, i, 10, 603 figured, i, 49

Dorosoma, i, 32, 300 figure of, ii, 53

Dorosomatidæ, ii, 53

Dorosomidæ, i, 290

Doryichthys, ii, 236

Dorypteridæ, ii, 14-16

Dorypterus, ii, 15, 16

Draciscus, figure of, ii, 452

Draconetta, ii, 506

Draconettidæ, ii, 506

dragonets, i, 246; ii, 504

drawing net at Milo, photograph of, i, 281

Drepane, ii, 401

Drepanaspidæ, i, 574

Drepanaspis, i, 570 figure of, i, 574

Drepanidæ, ii, 401

Drepaniodus, i, 488

drum, i, 290 figure of, ii, 358

duck-billed eels, ii, 150, 151

Ductor, ii, 278

ducts, i, 28

ductus cholidechus, i, 32

Dufosse, on air-bladder, i, 97

Dugès, i, 90, 420

Dugunonutatatori, ii, 472

Duméril, i, 398, 401

duodenum, i, 32

Dussumieriidæ, ii, 52

Dussumieria, ii, 52

Duverncy, i, 390

Duymæria, i, 260; ii, 390

dwarf, herring, ii, 54 perch, ii, 306 salmon, ii, 117 sunfish, ii, 467

Dybowsky, i, 411

Dynatobatis, i, 553

Dysommidæ, ii, 150

Dytiscus, ii, 144

eagle ray, figure of, i, 558

early writers on fishes, i, 272, 422, 423

earliest sharks, i, 436, 443

ear of fish, i, 119-121

ear sac, i, 119, 120

ear stones, i, 119

earthquakes, fatal to fishes, i, 356; ii, 137

Eastman, i, 427, 428 on Cestraciont shark, i, 529 on Clastes, ii, 32 on Neoceratodus, i, 619 portrait of, i, 425 on teeth of Edestus, i, 530

Ebisu, the god of fishes, ii, 344 figure of, ii, 343

Ebisus, ii, 323

Echeneididæ, ii, 468, 470

Echeneis, i, 391; ii, 468, 470, 471

Echidna, i, 211; ii, 152, 153

Echidnocephalus, ii, 138

Echinorhinidæ, family of, i, 547

Echinorhinus, i, 547

Echiodon, i, 84

economic fishes, i, 333

ectoblast, i, 152

ectocoracoid, i, 87

ectoderm, i, 139

ectopterygoid, i, 606

Edaphodon, i, 565

Edestus, teeth of, figured, i, 529

eel-back flounder, figure of, ii, 494

eel-fairs, ii, 142

eel-like fishes, ii, 137-158

eel-mother, ii, 144

eel-pouts, figure of, ii, 518, 519

eels, i, 21, 210, 217, 268, 290; ii, 40, 44, 147, 153, 157 Cope on, ii, 139 Günther on, ii, 141 larva of, figured, ii, 148 migration of, ii, 142 reproduction of, ii, 143 species of, ii, 148 shoulder-girdle in, ii, 142 Woodward on, ii, 140

effects on distribution, of shore line, i, 262 of temperature, i, 149

Egerton, i, 423

Egertonia, ii, 396

eggs of fish, artificial impregnation of, i, 150 of bottle-nosed chimæra, i, 127 care of, i, 128 carrying of, i, 128, 171 of Embiotocidæ, i, 127 embryo of, i, 128 fertilization of, i, 125 figures of, i, 127 germ disk in, i, 135 hatching of, i, 125 of herring, i, 125 month incubation of, i, 170, 171 transportation of, i, 171

Eichwald, i, 411, 427

Eigenmann, i, 415, 420; ii, 147, 148, 376 on blind fishes, i, 117, 221, 222; ii, 202, 523 on Nematognathi, ii, 178 photograph by, i, 222 portrait of, i, 417

Eigenmannia, ii, 187

eighteen-spined sculpin, figure of, ii, 447

Ekström, i, 410

Elacate, ii, 282, 470, 471

Elagatis, ii, 274

Elanura, figure of, ii, 444

Elasmobranchiates, i, 384

Elasmobranchii, i, 462, 507, 584; ii, 7

Elasmobranchs, i, 92, 102, 204, 506-522, 571, 583, 588, 589 characters of, i, 506-508 classification of, i, 507-510 ear sac in, i, 120 geological distribution of, i, 459 notochord in, i, 57 subclass of, i, 507

Elassoma, i, 290; ii, 296, 307, 467 figure of, ii, 295

Elassomidæ, i, 290; ii, 296 family of, ii, 295

elastic spring, i, 96

Elater, i, 582

electric catfish, figure of, ii, 183

electric cells, i, 553

electric eel, i, 186; ii, 140 Day on, i, 170

electric organs, i, 25, 186, 187

electrophores, ii, 187, 188

Electrophoridæ, ii, 187

Electrophorus, i, 170, 186

Eleotrids, ii, 460

Eleotris, i, 254 figure of, ii, 460

Elera, i, 414

Eleginus, ii, 537

elephant sharks, i, 540 figure of, i, 565

Elliott, on trout, ii, 105

Elonichthys, ii, 14

Elopidæ, i, 43; ii, 35, 41-44

Elopopsis, ii, 43

Elops, i, 205, 393; ii, 43, 221 figure of, i, 454; ii, 42

Embiotoca, i, 404

Embiotocidæ, i, 207, 290; ii, 373 Agassiz on, i, 377-379 anal fin in, i, 125 viviparity of, i, 376, 377

Emblemaria, figure of, ii, 510

embryo, i, 136, 138, 139

embryology and growth, i, 131-151

Embolichthys, ii, 522 figure of, ii, 521

emerald-fish, ii, 462

Emery, i, 412; ii, 480, 481

Emmelichthys, i, 262; ii, 346, 347

Emmydrichthys, figure of, i, 180; ii, 436

Empetrichthys, figure of, ii, 199

Empo, ii, 137

Enantioliparis, ii, 455

Enchelurus, ii, 138

Enchelycephali, ii, 140, 141, 147, 152 suborder of, ii, 142

Enchelynassa, ii, 153

Enchelyopus, figure of, ii, 539

Enchodontidæ, ii, 136, 137

Enchodus, ii, 136

Endoskeleton, i, 439

Enedrias, ii, 512

Engraulididæ, ii, 54

Engraulis, i, 205; ii, 54

Enneacanthus, ii, 301

Enophrys, figure of, ii, 443

Enoplosidæ, ii, 317

Enoplosus, i, 268; ii, 317

Enteropneusta, i, 457, 461, 462 classification of, i, 464

entoderm, i, 138

Entosphenus, i, 490

entozoa, i, 348

Eocottus, ii, 449

Eomyrus, ii, 150

Eopsetta, i, 205; 491

Eothynnus, ii, 266

Epelasmia, ii, 397, 398

Eperlanus, ii, 123

Ephippidæ, ii, 400

Ephippus, i, 268; ii, 400

epiblast, ii, 5

Epigonichthys, i, 483

Epigonus, ii, 317

Epinephelus, i, 19; ii, 323, 330 figure of, i, 20; ii, 324-326, 328

Epiphysis, i, 112 figure of, i, 111

Eptatretidæ, i, 489

Eptatretus, i, 490 figure of, i, 198

equatorial fishes, specialization of, i, 248

equatorial zone, i, 251

Eques, ii, 357

Equula, ii, 287

Erebus, i, 408

Ereunias, figure of, ii, 450

Ereuniidæ, ii, 449

Ericymba, figure of, ii, 165

Erimyzon, i, 292; ii, 175 figure of, i, 315; ii, 172

Eriptychius, i, 435, 603, 578

Erisichthe, ii, 34

Erismatopteridæ, ii, 242, 296

Erismatopterus, ii, 243 figure of, ii, 242

Ernogrammus, ii, 513

Erosa, ii, 436

Erpetichthys, i, 204

Erpetoichthys, i, 450 figure of, i, 608

Erpichthys, i, 608; ii, 510

Erythrichthys, ii, 347

Erythrinidæ, ii, 162

Erythrinus, ii, 160

escolars, ii, 267, 317

Esmarck, i, 410

Esmeralda, ii, 462

esmeralda de mar, figure of, ii, 461

Esocidæ, i, 290; ii, 190, 192

Esox, i, 109, 253, 315, 327, 391; ii, 190, 194 figure of, i, 328; ii, 192

Etelis, i, 262; ii, 338 figure of, ii, 337

Etheostoma, i, 129, 283; ii, 310, 315 figure of, i, 231; ii, 314

Etheostominæ, i, 230, 232; ii, 166, 306, 307, 310

ethmoid, ii, 142

Etmopterus, figure of, i, 189, 546

etrumei-iwashi, ii, 52

Etrumeus, ii, 52

Eucalia, ii, 232

Eucitharus, figure of, ii, 488

Eucinostomus, ii, 347

Eugnathidæ, ii, 26

eulachon, i, 321; ii, 19, 125, 126 figure of, i, 320; ii, 124

Euleptorhamphus, ii, 212

Eumicrotremus, ii, 135

Euphaneropidæ, i, 576

Euphrosen, i, 396

Eupomotis, i, 283 figure of, i, 7, 13; ii, 301

European chub, pharyngeals of, i, 48 teeth of, figured, ii, 164

European lancelet, figure of, i, 120

European sculpin, figure of, i, 219

European soles, ii, 496

Eurylepis, ii, 14

Eurynotus, figure of, ii, 15

Eurypharyngidæ, ii, 156

Eurypharynx, ii, 156

Eurypholis, figure of, ii, 136, 137

Euselachii, i, 532

Eusthenopteron, i, 603

Eutæniichthys, figure of, ii, 467

Euthynotus, ii, 34

Evenchelys, ii, 153

Eventognathi, i, 405; ii, 160, 162

everglade minnow, figure of, ii, 197

everglade pigmy perch, figure of, ii, 295

Evermann, ii, 69, 100, 103, 354 on Panama fishes, i, 274 portrait of, i, 421 on Two Ocean Pass, i, 307-310

Evermannellidæ, ii, 135

Evermannella, ii, 136

Eviota, ii, 460, 467

evolution of fishes, i, 223-225, 435-459 Dean on, i, 223

Exerpes, figure of, i, 276; ii, 511

Exocœtidæ, ii, 210, 211, 214

Exocœtoididæ, ii, 134

Exocœtoides, ii, 133

Exocœtus, i, 391; ii, 213

Exoglossum, head of, figured, ii, 167

Exonautes, ii, 213

exoskeleton, i, 20

Exostoma, ii, 184

extension of Indian fauna, i, 267

exterior of fish, i, 16-25

external gills, figure of, i, 78, 602 Kerr on, i, 76 Mauer on, i, 77 Orr on, i, 77 Rusconi on, i, 77

extinction of species, i, 240 causes of, i, 241

Eyclesheimer, i, 428

Eydoux, i, 408

eye of fish, i, 119

eye of flounder, in larval stage, i, 174 migration of, i, 173-176 Williams on, i, 174-178

eye-of-the-sea, ii, 361

Faber, i, 396

Fabricius, i, 394

Facciola, i, 412

factors of extinction, i, 442

fading of pigment in spirits, i, 235

fair maid, ii, 344

fallfish, i, 311; ii, 167

fall-salmon, ii, 80

family, definition of, i, 373

fan-tailed darter, ii, 315

Farquhar, on Opah, ii, 244

fat cod, ii, 440

fat head, ii, 388

fatherlasher, ii, 445

faunal areas, minor, i, 248 of Japanese fishes, i, 257

faunal resemblances, i, 259, 260

faunal differences, i, 260, 261

favorable waters have most species, i, 301

fear in fishes, i, 163 expressions of, i, 165

Felichthys, figure of, ii, 179

fiatola, ii, 283

Fierasfer, i, 84; ii, 520 figure of, i, 159; ii, 522, 523

Fierasferidæ, ii, 158, 522

fighting-fish, ii, 370 of Siam, i, 163

filefish, ii, 413-415 figure of, i, 182

filiform, i, 19

Filippi, i, 412

finfold, i, 63, 64 Balfour's theory of, i, 69

fin migration, Dean on, i, 75 of Heterodontus, i, 75

finnan haddie, ii, 537

fins of fishes, described, i, 9, 10, 20, 24, 25 migration of, i, 75 morphology of, i, 62-90 origin of, i, 62

fin-spines, i, 528, 529; ii, 39 of Hybodus, i, 528, 529 of Onchus, figured, i, 509

Fischer, on fishes of Panama, i, 275

Fish Commission, fish stocking by, i, 346

fisheries, economic, i, 337 salmon, i, 81, 87

fishes, in action, i, 11 adaptation to environment, i, 156 affection of, i, 167 affected by temperature, i, 149 age of, i, 144, 146 air-bladder of, i, 12, 92, 93 alimentary canal in, i, 31 anadromous, i, 156, 160, 291 anger of, i, 165 in aquaria, i, 150, 165 blood of, i, 11 body form of, i, 16 bones of, i, 10 bony, i, 454, 506 brain of, i, 12, 14, 109, 112 breathing of, i, 5, 91, 103 of British Museum, i, 402 burrowing of, ii, 463, 465 care of eggs by, i, 128 catadromous, i, 162, 291 catalogues of, i, 402 channel, i, 291 circulatory organs of, i, 26 classification of, i, 367-386 of Coal Measures, i, 223 collecting of, i, 429 color and coloration of, i, 6, 129, 226-236 conditions of life of, i, 215 of coral reefs, i, 235 currents affecting, i, 243, 244 deep sea, i, 408 definition of, i, 3 degeneration in, i, 54, 216, 218-220; ii, 547 digestion and digestive organs of, i, 11, 26 diœcious, i, 124 dispersion of, i, 318 diseases of, i, 340-358 dissection of, i, 26, 27 distortion in, i, 129 distribution of, i, 237-255, 435 domestication of, i, 149, 151 ear of, i, 8, 119-121 earliest forms of, i, 443 eggs of, i, 125-135 electric organs of, i, 25; ii, 187 embryology of, i, 131-151 evolution in, i, 223, 435-459 exterior of, i, 16-25 extinct, i, 224 eye of, i, 6, 119 eye-stalks of, ii, 466 face of, i, 5 fins of, i, 9, 10, 24 flight of, i, 167 flow of blood in, i, 107 as food for man, i, 320-339 food of, i, 11, 29 form of, i, 4 fossil, i, 422-428 fresh-water, i, 250 gall-bladder in, i, 26 generalized forms of, i, 224 gills of, i, 92 growth of, i, 30, 144 habits of, i, 152 hearing of, i, 8, 119 heart of, i, 11, 28, 106 herbivorous, i, 30, 155; ii, 364 hermaphrodite, i, 124 homologies of bones in, i, 34 hybridism in, i, 144 instincts of, i, 154 intestines of, i, 33 intromittent organ in, i, 124 with jugular fins, i, 456 kidneys of, i, 11, 28 killed by earthquakes, i, 356 Labyrinthine, ii, 365 larval forms, i, 142, 620, 621 lateral line of, i, 9 life cycle of, i, 3-5, 152 lowland, i, 291 luminous organs of, i, 188-190 lungs of, i, 98 measurements of, i, 19 migration of, i, 160 monstrosities among, i, 151 mortality among, i, 357 mountain, i, 291 mouth of, i, 29 muscles of, i, 25 mythology of, i, 359 naturalization of, i, 150 nerves of, i, 12, 14, 109, 113; ii, 368 nests and nest-building of, i, 15, 167, 128; ii, 184, 229-231 noises of, i, 121, 168 nostril of, i, 6 nuptial colors in, i, 155, 156 nutrition organs of, i, 29 organs of, locomotion, i, 24 phosphorescence, i, 194 reproduction, i, 28, 124-130 sense, i, 115-123 sight, i, 6, 116 smell, i, 115 taste, i, 121 touch, i, 122 ovaries, i, 26 oviparous, i, 125 ovoviviparous, i, 125 pain, sense of, in, i, 123 parasites of, i, 340-344 parasitic, i, 198 pectoral limb of, i, 50 pelagic, i, 156 pineal eye in, i, 111 poisonous, i, 180-185, 236; ii, 177, 411, 413, 421, 433,436, 526 postembryonic development, i, 132 posterior limbs of, i, 53 preservation of, i, 431 problem of highest, i, 383 protection of young by, i, 128 pugnacity of, i, 162 recognition marks in, i, 7, 232, 236 records of, i, 433 scales of, i, 20 sensitiveness to change, i, 150 sexual modifications in, i, 129 shoulder-girdle of, i, 50, 52 skeleton of, i, 10, 214, 215 specialization in, i, 219, 220, 224, 249; ii, 438 spinal cord of, i, 112 spineless, i, 25 spiral valve in, i, 32 tail of, i, 49 teeth of, i, 5, 29 tenacity of life in, i, 146, 147 timidity of, i, 166 tongue of, i, 6, 31 upland, i, 291 variety in tropics, i, 333 viscera of, i, 26 viviparous, i, 125; ii, 376 voices of, i, 121 where found, i, 158, 159 zeoid, ii, 245

fishes as food, i, 320-339

fishes of Panama, Evermann on, i, 274 Fischer on, i, 275 Günther on, i, 272, 273 Hill on, i, 277 Upham on, i, 276 Wright on, i, 275

fish faunas, genera in, i, 262, 263 Indian, i, 267 of Japan, i, 255, 256, 259 of Mediterranean, i, 259 of Panama, i, 267 separated by barriers, i, 255-281

fish fighting, i, 162

fish god of Japan, figure of, ii, 343

fish guano, i, 538

Fish-Hawk, the, i, 408; ii, 147

fishing, apparatus for, i, 335 for ayu, i, 333 for tai, figured, i, 338 with cormorants, i, 333, 335 methods of, i, 334

fishing-frog, i, 202; ii, 542 capture of prey by, i, 169 figure of, i, 18; ii, 545, 550

fish-like vertebrates, i, 34

fish of Paradise, ii, 369

Fistularia, i, 85, 393; ii, 233, 390 shoulder-girdle of, ii, 227

Fistulariidæ, ii, 227 family of, ii, 233

Flammeo, ii, 254

flashers, ii, 331

flatfish family, i, 177; ii, 48

flatheads, ii, 441

Flesus, ii, 493

Fleurieu's whirlpool, ii, 242

flier, ii, 297

flight of fishes, i, 157

Floeberg, ii, 110

Florida jewfish, figure of, ii, 323

Florida lion-fish, figure of, ii, 433

flounder, i, 117, 178, 203, 440; ii, 483-485, 488, 493, 494 development of, i, 144 diamond, ii, 493 eel-back, ii, 493 eyes of, i, 118, 174-178 frog, ii, 493 lantern, ii, 488 larval form, i, 176; ii, 483, 484 migration of eye, figured, ii, 484 newly hatched, figured, i, 177 osteology of, ii, 484 peacock, ii, 488 pole, ii, 494 shoulder-girdle of, i, 58; ii, 2 starry, ii, 493 tail of, figured, ii, 486 vertebræ in, i, 205 wide-eyed, ii, 488 wide-eyed, figured, i, 175 young, figured, i, 175; ii, 482

flower of the surf, figure of, ii, 218

flow of blood in fish, i, 107

flukes, ii, 494

flying-fish, ii, 211-214 figure of, i, 157, 341, 440 parasites of, i, 342

flyfish, ii, 429

flying gurnard, ii, 456, 458 figure of, i, 457

flying robin, ii, 458

Fodiator, figure of, ii, 213

food-fishes, abundance of, i, 329 relative rank of, i, 320

food of lampreys, i, 491

foolfishes, i, 206; ii, 413

Foot-notes to Evolution, reference to, i, 302

foramen, i, 92

forelle, i, 327

Forcipiger, ii, 404

Forgy, on oarfish, ii, 473

Forbes, i, 419 on fish epidemics, i, 340

formalin, as preservative, i, 432

Forskål, i, 394

Forster, i, 395

fossil capelin, ii, 126, 127

fossil darters, ii, 315

fossil fishes, i, 205; ii, 48, 52, 53, 56, 174 Agassiz on, i, 422, 423 Dean on, i, 422 earliest forms, i, 568 figure of, i, 436, 454; ii, 47, 59 first period of, i, 423 from Green River, ii, 59 morphological work on, i, 427 second period, i, 424 study of, i, 424 third period, i, 427

fossil gobies, ii, 467

fossil herring, figure of, i, 453; ii, 52

fossil trout, ii, 62, 118

four-eyed fish, figure of, i, 117

four-spined stickleback, figure of, ii, 232

Fowler, i, 422

fox shark, i, 536

Frère Jacques, ii, 255

fresh-water eels, ii, 149

fresh-water fishes, i, 209; ii, 157, 160, 161 dispersion of, i, 282-296 distribution of, i, 249 Günther on, i, 249 of Japan, i, 256 of North America, i, 290

fresh-water minnows, i, 33

fresh-water perch, figure of, ii, 373

Friar Odoric, on fear in fishes, i, 166

Fries, i, 410

frilled shark, i, 361, 516 figure of, i, 525

Fritsch, i, 427, 428, 512

frog, arm of, figured, i, 601

frogfish, i, 197; ii, 549 figure of, ii, 551

frog flounder, ii, 493

frostfish, ii, 537

Fucus, ii, 512

Fullarton, i, 177

function of lateral line, i, 23

Fundulus, ii, 194, 199 figure of, i, 198

fur seal, food of, ii, 127, 537

Gadidæ, i, 290; ii, 522, 533

Gadopsidæ, ii, 516

Gadus, i, 209, 391 figure of, i, 331; ii, 533

Gazza, ii, 287

gaff-topsail cat, figure of, ii, 179

Gaidropsarus, i, 209; ii, 539

Gaimard, i, 406

galafata, ii, 413

Galaxias, i, 223, 252, 253, 254 Boulenger on, ii, 204, 205

Galaxiidæ, family of, ii, 204

Galei, i, 532

Galeidæ, i, 540

Galeichthys, i, 128, 242, 271, 273; ii, 178 figure of, ii, 179

Galeocerdo, i, 541, 542

Galeoid sharks, i, 519

Galeorhinidæ, i, 532, 540

Galeorhinus, i, 454

Galeus, figure of, i, 541

gall-bladder, i, 26

galliwasp, ii, 130

galo, ii, 394

Gambusia, i, 64, 66, 67; ii, 199

Ganocephala, i, 85, 86

Ganoidei, i, 444, 599, 616; ii, 2, 3, 13

Ganoids, i, 22, 38, 88, 91, 139, 157, 159, 186, 204, 384, 569, 622; ii, 1-36 Agassiz on, ii, 9 air-bladder in, i, 109 classification of, ii, 13 Gill on, ii, 9 as a group, ii, 4, 9

ganoid fish, i, 582 figure of, i, 452, 453

Garden, i, 390

Garibaldi, figure of, i, 227; ii, 382

garfish, ii, 147, 210, 211 shoulder-girdle in, i, 59

Garman, i, 405, 408, 420; ii, 183 on blind fish, ii, 202 on frilled shark, i, 525 on Sunapee trout, ii, 109

garpike, i, 290; ii, 30-32 figure of, ii, 27 fossil, ii, 32 tail of, i, 82 vertebræ of, i, 48

garrupa, ii, 323

gaspergou, ii, 354

Gasteronemus, ii, 288 figure of, ii, 289

Gasterosteidæ, i, 128, 290 family of, ii, 228, 232

Gasterosteus, i, 161, 172, 391; ii, 229, 231, 236 Lord on, ii, 230 figure of, ii, 232

Gastrostomus, figure of, ii, 156

gastrula, i, 131, 132

Gaudry, on leptocercal tail, i, 84

Gay, i, 415

Gegenbaur, i, 428, 511, 512, 591, 594, 601 on archipterygium, i, 60 on morphology, i, 68 on pectoral fin, i, 67 theory of, i, 73

Gempylidæ, family of, ii, 267

Gempylus, ii, 267

general laws, of development, i, 133 of distribution, i, 239

generalization and specialization, i, 380

genital organs, i, 124

genus, i, 375 definition of, i, 372

Genyonemus, ii, 356

Genypterus, ii, 520

geographical distribution, i, 237-259 of sharks, charted, i, 459

geological evidence of submergence, i, 268

Geophagus, ii, 381

Geotria, i, 491

Gephyrura, ii, 201

Gephyroberyx, ii, 252

gephyrocercal tail, i, 84, 604 figure of, i, 85

German carp, ii, 175

germ-cells, i, 124

Germo, 210; ii, 262, 266 figure of, ii, 263

Gerres, i, 271, 273 figure of, ii, 349

Gerridæ, i, 206; ii, 372 family of, ii, 347

Gervais, i, 408

ghost-fishes, ii, 150, 516

giant bass, ii, 324

Gibbes, i, 426

Gibbons, i, 419 on Embiotocidæ, ii, 377

Gibbonsia, figure of, ii, 508

gibbus, ii, 45

Gigactinidæ, ii, 551

Giglioli, i, 412

Gila, i, 304; ii, 169

Gilbert, i, 408, 415, 420; ii, 239 on Astroscopus, i, 187 on coracoid plate, ii, 206 on flight of fishes, i, 157 on island forms, i, 240 on larval forms, i, 142 portrait of, i, 421

Gilbertidia, ii, 441, 447, 449 figure of, ii, 451

Gill, i, 408, 419, 448, 528, 591, 594, 600; ii, 24, 34, 40, 52, 317, 365, 366, 502, 511 on anglers, ii, 543 on Discocephali, ii, 470, 471 on eels, ii, 143, 156 on high and low forms, i, 383 on work of Lacépède, i, 398 on New Zealand fauna, i, 252 on paired limbs, i, 85 portrait of, i, 407 on Selachii, i, 509 on shoulder-girdle, i, 86-89 sketch of, i, 405 on soles, ii, 496 on swallowers, ii, 360, 361 on tilefish, ii, 361, 362

gill, arches, i, 45, 91, 508 basket, figured, i, 92, 485 covers, i, 44 filaments, i, 107 offices of, i, 11 openings, i, 91 rakers, i, 31, 46 septum, i, 73 slits, i, 508

Gillellus, ii, 506

Gillichthys, ii, 462 figure of, ii, 463

Gillicus, ii, 48

Ginglymodi, ii, 24, 30

Ginglymostoma, i, 533

Ginglymostomidæ, i, 533

Girard, i, 405, 419; ii, 378, 379

girdle in Dipnoans, i, 86

Girella, ii, 348

gisu, ii, 46

gizzard-shad, i, 290; ii, 51, 53

glacial epoch, effect on dispersion, i, 316

Glaucosoma, ii, 323, 340

Glandiceps, i, 465

Glanencheli, ii, 187

glassy darter, ii, 313

glenoid, i, 90

Glesnæs oarfish, ii, 472 figure of, i, 363

globefishes, i, 197, 440, 455; ii, 419 figure of, i, 244; ii, 422

Globulodus, ii, 15

Glossobalanus, figure of, i, 464 larva of, figured, i, 463

glut-herring, ii, 50

Glyphisodon, i, 267 figure of, ii, 383

Glyptocephalus, i, 206; ii, 494

Glyptolepis, i, 603

Glyptopomus, i, 604

Gmelin, i, 395, 397

Gnathanacanthidæ, ii, 514

Gnathodentex, ii, 341

Gnathonemus, figure of, ii, 189

Gnathostomata, i, 78

Gnathostomes, i, 35, 572, 573

Gnathostomi, i, 508, 570

Gnathypops, figure of, ii, 359

goatfish, i, 198; ii, 351, 379 figure of, i, 122

gobies, i, 428; ii, 459

Gobiesox, ii, 529, 530, 531

Gobiidæ, i, 22, 206, 290; ii, 306 family of, ii, 459

Gobius, i, 208, 273, 391; ii, 461, 467

Gobio, ii, 167, 175

Gobioides, ii, 467

Gobioidea, ii, 470

Gobioidei, 11, 459-480 suborder of, ii, 459

Gobiomorus, figure of, i, 160

Gobionellus, i, 208 figure of, ii, 461

Gobiosoma, i, 313; ii, 462

goblin sharks, figures of, i, 535

goby, i, 290; ii, 462, 466

gofu, ii, 434 figure of, i, 229

goggler, ii, 275

golden, shiner, ii, 167 goldsinny, ii, 387 surmullet, figure of, i, 322; ii, 352 trout, ii, 99

goldfish, ii, 170, 171 of Japan, i, 151

Gomphosus, ii, 390

Goniistius, ii, 363

Goniognathus, ii, 287

Gonioplectrus, ii, 323

Gonorhynchidæ, ii, 54-56

Gonorhynchus, ii, 56

Gonostoma, ii, 129

Gonostomidæ, ii, 129

Gonzalez, i, 414

Goodea, ii, 199, 201 figure of, i, 126; ii, 200 with young, figured, i, 126

Goodsira, i, 476

goody, ii, 356

goosefish, ii, 545

Gorbuscha, ii, 73

Goode, i, 408, 419; ii, 307, 308 on albacore, ii, 267 on American fisheries, i, 335 on codfish, ii, 534 estimate of herring product, i, 330 on fishing-frog, ii, 545 on habits of mullets, ii, 219, 220 on mackerel, ii, 260, 264, 265 on menhaden, ii, 51 portrait of, i, 407 on swordfish, ii, 270

Gordiichthys, i, 211; ii, 153

Gordius, ii, 143, 144

Gosfordia, i, 613

Gosse, i, 415

Gouan, i, 397

gatasami, ii, 361

Gottsche, i, 428

goujon, ii, 182

gourami, ii, 369

gouramy, nest of, i, 167

Grammicolepidæ, family of, ii, 249

Grammicolepis, ii, 249

Grammistes, ii, 330

grande écaille, figure of, ii, 43

Granodus, i, 565

Grantea, ii, 544

Graphiurus, i, 605

Grassi, i, 428

grass rockfish, ii, 429

Gray, i, 416

grayling, i, 150, 305; ii, 120-138

gray snapper, ii, 335 figure of, ii, 334

Great Basin, chub of, i, 287 dispersion of fishes in, i, 316 fishes of, i, 302

great blue cat, ii, 180

great oarfish, ii, 472

Greeley, i, 422

Green, on Sacramento perch, i, 179

green-backed trout, ii, 104 figure of, ii, 105

green cod, ii, 537

Greene, on Porichthys, i, 190-197; ii, 526

greenfish, ii, 348

Greenland char, ii, 109

Greenland halibut, ii, 491

Greenland shark, i, 547

greenling, ii, 439 figure of, ii, 440

green mackerel, figure of, ii, 275

Green River shales, i, 205; ii, 52, 57-59

green rockfish, ii, 429

green-sided darter, figure of, i, 247; ii, 312

green wrasse, ii, 387

Gregarinidia, i, 242

grenadier, i, 84; ii, 540 figure of, ii, 541

grilse, ii, 91

grindle, ii, 35

griset, figure of, i, 523

Gronias, ii, 181

Gronovius, i, 390

groupers, ii, 323

grubby, ii, 446

grunt, i, 239 figure of, ii, 340

grunters, ii, 340

gruntfishes, i, 121

Grystes, i, 302

Guacamaia, ii, 394 figure of, i, 330

guahu, ii, 266

guasa, ii, 323

guavina de rio, ii, 459 figure of, ii, 460

Guaymas, fishes of, i, 274

gudgeon, i, 122; ii, 167

Guichenot, i, 412, 415

guipo, ii, 512

guitar-fishes, i, 550 figure of, i, 551

gular plate, i, 43; ii, 33

Güldenstadt, i, 395

Gulf Stream, i, 239 deep-sea fish of, i, 276

gulper-eel, ii, 156

gulpers, ii, 155

gunnel, figure of, ii, 512

Gunner, i, 396; ii, 245

Günther, i, 88, 255, 259, 404; ii, 3, 95, 135, 161, 183, 229, 371 on archipterygium, i, 60 on Barramunda, i, 615 catalogue of, i, 402 on work of Cuvier, i, 400 on deep-sea fishes, ii, 136 on dispersion, i, 289 on eels, ii, 141 on electrophores, ii, 188 estimate of eggs by, i, 128 on fishes of Panama, i, 272, 273 on Lepidosteus, ii, 5 on month gestation, i, 173 on pain in fishes, i, 123 on poison glands, i, 180; ii, 527-529 portrait of, i, 403 on respiration, i, 91 on salmon, ii, 92 on sea-devils, ii, 547 on trout, ii, 94 on variation in vertebræ, i, 210 on zones of distribution, i, 249, 251

gunwale, ii, 512

Gurley, on parasitic diseases, i, 342

gurnard, i, 122, 198, 208, 209; ii, 456

gurry shark, i, 547

Gymnarchidæ, ii, 188

Gymnarchus, ii, 188

Gymnelis, i, 209; ii, 519

Gymnocanthus, ii, 448

Gymnocephalus, ii, 241, 310

Gymnodontes, ii, 398, 411, 418, 422

Gymnosarda, ii, 262

Gymnothorax, i, 211, 274; ii, 152 figure of, i, 458; ii, 154, 155

Gymnonoti, ii, 159-161, 188 order of, ii, 187

Gymnotidæ, ii, 187

Gymnotus, i, 391

Gyrinidæ, ii, 222

Gyrodus, figure of, ii, 22

Gyrolepis, ii, 14

Gyrosteus, ii, 18

Gyroptychius, i, 82 figure of, i, 604

habits of fishes, i, 152

haddock, ii, 537 figure of, ii, 536 skull of, figured, ii, 536

Hadrodus, ii, 22

Hadropterus, i, 300 figure of, ii, 311

haë, ii, 117, 118

Hæckel, i, 411, 511 on origin of fins, i, 62

hæmal arch, ii, 6

Hæmapophyres, i, 48

Hæmulidæ, i, 206; ii, 340, 342, 359 family of, ii, 340

Hæmulon, i, 121, 238, 271, 274, 375 figure of, ii, 340

hagfishes, i, 28, 488 Delfin on feeding of, i, 489 egg of, figured, i, 127 figure of, i, 199, 489 and lampreys, i, 189

hair-worm, ii, 144

hake, ii, 136, 539, 540 isocercal tail of, i, 83 shoulder-girdle of, i, 60

hakone dace, i, 257

Haldeman, i, 419

Halec, ii, 33, 136

Halecomorphi, ii, 13, 23, 24, 29, 35 order of, ii, 33

half-beak, figure of, ii, 212

half-moon fish, ii, 350

halibut, 128; ii, 149, 489, 491 figure of, i, 332; ii, 492 fishery, ii, 490

Halichœres, i, 207, 257, 297; ii, 180, 388-390 figure of i, 297; ii, 396

Halientichthys, ii, 552

Hallock, on black bass, ii, 302 on Esox, ii, 192

Halosauridæ, ii, 158

Halosaurus, ii, 138

Hamilton, i, 416

hammerhead shark, i, 543 figure of, i, 544

Hancock, i, 415

handsaw-fish, ii, 135

Hansen, on Chinook salmon, ii, 85

Haplistia, i, 602

Haplochiton, ii, 128

Haplochitonidæ, ii, 129, 204

Haplodoci, ii, 499 sub order of, ii, 525

Haplomi, i, 405; ii, 34, 40, 41, 129, 188-207, 224, 250 mesocoracoid arch in, ii, 189 ventral fin, i, 67

Haplopagrus, i, 271

hard-tails, ii, 169

Hardwicke, on affection in fishes, i, 167

harelip-sucker, ii, 174

Harengula ii, 51

Harpagiferidæ, ii, 501

Harpodon, ii, 131

Harrimania, figure of, i, 465

Harrimaniidæ, family of, i, 465 low organization of, i, 465

Harriottia, i, 199, 566 figure of, i, 449

harvest-fish, ii, 283 figure of, i, 18; ii, 284

Hasse, i, 428, 543 on Elasmobranchs, i, 509 on ossicles, i, 96 on sharks, i, 509, 530, 561

Hasselquist, i, 389

Hatta, i, 418

Hauy, i, 397

Hawaii, fish fauna of, i, 243

Hay, i, 419, 427, 581; ii, 4 34, 36 on fossil eels, ii, 22 on Pycnodonti, ii, 22 on varieties of sharks, i, 528, 529

hazé, ii, 118

headfishes, i, 19, 84, 206 figure of, ii, 424 larva of, figured, i, 143

headlight-fish, figure of, i, 188; ii, 132

Heart Lake tapeworm, i, 348 Linton on, i, 348-350

heart of the fish, i, 106

Hector, i, 416

Helicolemus, i, 259; ii, 429, 432

Helicoprion, teeth of, figured, i, 530

Heller, i, 422

Helodus, i, 531

Helostoma, ii, 370

Helostomidæ, ii, 370

Hemerocœtidæ, ii, 506

Hemianthias, ii, 330

Hemibranchii, ii, 40, 157, 209, 227-240 sub order of, ii, 227

Hemichordata, i, 461

Hemicyclaspis, i, 576

Hemiexocœtus, ii, 213

Hemigymnus, ii, 390

Hemilepidotus, ii, 442 figure of, ii, 443

Hemipteronotus, ii, 390

Hemiramphus, ii, 214, 268 figure of, ii, 212

Hemiscylliidæ, i, 533

Hemitripterus, i, 595; ii, 441 figure of, i, 220; ii, 448

Heniochus, ii, 404

Henle, i, 405

Henshall, on black bass, ii, 302

Henshaw, ii, 523 photograph by, i, 281

hepatic sinus, i, 108

Heptadiodon, ii, 423

Heptanema, i, 605

Heptatrema, i, 490

Heptranchias, i, 447, 509, 536 pectoral fin in, figured, i, 57 skull of, i, 56 teeth of, figured, i, 524

Herald, i, 408

Herbert, on lake trout-fishing, ii, 115

herbivorous fishes, i, 30; ii, 364

Herdmania, i, 474

hermaphrodite fish, i, 124

Heros, i, 314; ii, 381

Herpetichthys, i, 608

herring, i, 21, 204, 290, 429, 440; ii, 33, 38, 43, 46, 49, 52, 73, 123, 159 figure of, i, 331; ii, 48 Goode on, i, 330 product of, i, 330

Hertwig, i, 112

Herzenstein, i, 411

Heterandria, i, 314; ii, 194, 201, 467

Heterobranchus, ii, 186

heterocercal tail, i, 49, 507, 513, 516, 602 of Acipenser, figured, i, 80 of Amia, figured, i, 82 of garpike, figured, i, 82 of Lepisosteus, figured, i, 82 of Salmo, i, 83 of sturgeon, figured, i, 80 of young trout, i, 83

Heterocongridæ, ii, 150

Heterodontus, i, 128, 447, 536 eggs of, figured, i, 128, 527 figure of, i, 75, 526 lower jaw, figured, i, 526 pectoral fin of, figured, i, 57

Heterodontidæ, i, 65, 127, 447, 511, 523, 529, 530, 545 family of, i, 527

Heterognathi, ii, 161, 162

Heteromi, i, 405, 611; ii, 12 138, 532 order of, ii, 157

Heteropleuron, i, 483

Heterostichus, ii, 507

Heterosomata, ii, 247, 481-498

Heterosteus, i, 586

Heterostraci, i, 568, 571, 622; ii, 13 order of, i, 573

Heterotis, ii, 56

Hexagrammidæ, ii, 442, 501 family of, ii, 439 organs of smell in, i, 115

Hexagrammos, i, 257; ii, 107, 439 figure of, ii, 440

Hexanchidæ, i, 509, 528 family of, i, 524

Hexanchus, i, 447, 524 figure of, i, 523

hickory shad, figure of, ii, 53

high and low forms, Agassiz on, i, 380, 381 Gill on, i, 383 Traquair on, i, 381, 382

Hilgendorf, i, 411, 416 portrait of, i, 417

Hilgendorfia, ii, 455

Hill, i, 415 conclusions of, i, 277, 279

Himantolophus, ii, 549

hinalea, i, 158

hingio, ii, 128

Hiodon, i, 291, 394; ii, 45, 46 figure of, ii, 45

Hiodontidæ, i, 290; ii, 45

Hippocampus, i, 19; ii, 236 figure of, i, 17, 250; ii, 238

Hippoglossinæ, ii, 489

Hippoglossoides, i, 205; ii, 491

Hippoglossus, i, 205, 329; ii, 489 figure of, i, 332; ii, 492

hirondelle, i, 408; ii, 60

His, i, 428

Histiopteridæ, ii, 398

Histiopterus, i, 260; ii, 333

Histiothrissa, ii, 52

history of ichthyology, i, 387-428

Hoffman, i, 412; ii, 546

hog-choker, figure of, ii, 496

hogfish, ii, 388 figure of, ii, 387

Holacanthus, ii, 403 figure of, ii, 404, 405 skeleton of, figured, i, 214

Holbrook, i, 419

Holcolepis, figure of, i, 454; ii, 43

Holconoti, ii, 365, 379, 380 suborder of, ii, 372

Holconotus, i, 404; ii, 375

Holden, ii, 291

Holder, ii, 409, 474 on oarfish, ii, 474

Holostei, i, 624; ii, 24

Holotrachys, ii, 256

Hollard, i, 412

Hollardia, ii, 412

Holocentridæ, family of, ii, 253

Holocentrus, i, 267; ii, 253, 255 figure of, ii, 254

Holocephali, i, 448, 508, 519, 520, 561-567

Holopterus, ii, 41

Holoptychiidæ, i, 602, 603, 624

Holoptychius, basal fin of, figured, i, 603 dorsal fin of, figured, i, 49 figure of, i, 451

Holostomi, ii, 140, 141

Holothurian, ii, 522 Fierasfer issuing from, i, 159

Holurus, ii, 14

Homalopteridæ, ii, 176

Hombron, i, 408

Home, i, 396

Homistius, i, 586

homocercal tail, i, 49, 81-83, 602 figure of, i, 84 of flounder, i, 84

homologies, of bones, i, 34, 35 of pectoral limb, i, 85

Homonotus, ii, 253

homoplasy, i, 296

Homosoma, ii, 283

Hooker, on fishes prey of birds, i, 166

Hoplias, ii, 162

Hoplichthyidæ, ii, 441

Hoplichthys, ii, 441

Hoplopagrus, i, 271

Hoplopteryx, figure of, i, 438; ii, 253

Hoplostethus, i, 260, 263; ii, 252

Hoppin, on blind fish, ii, 202, 203

Hornbaum-Hornschuch, ii, 144

horn-dace, i, 122, 283; ii, 167 figure of, i, 285; ii, 168

horned pout, ii, 35, 180 figure of, ii, 181

horned trunkfish, i, 374 figure of, i, 373, 376; ii, 416

hornfish, ii, 412

hornless trunkfish, i, 378; ii, 418 face view of, i, 379 figure of, i, 378; ii, 416

horse-eye-jack, ii, 276

horsehead-fish, ii, 276 figure of, i, 148

horse-mackerel, ii, 135 figure of, ii, 274

horseshoe-crab, figure of, i, 572

Houttuyn, i, 394, 416

how fish cross watersheds, i, 306

how fishes breathe, i, 91

how to secure fish, i, 429

Hoy, i, 419; ii, 64

huchen, ii, 106

Hucho, i, 253; ii, 62, 106 figure of, ii, 107

Humboldt, i, 410 on gas in swim-bladder, i, 95

humpback salmon, ii, 68, 72, 80 figure of, ii, 70, 72

humpback sucker, ii, 174

humpback whitefish, ii, 65

Hutton, i, 416

Huxley, i, 424, 428, 593, 601; ii, 3 on herring product, i, 330 on Lepidostei, ii, 23

Hybocladodus, i, 522

Hybodus, i, 528, 529 eggs of, figured, i, 527 fin-spine of, figured, i, 528, 529

Hybopsis, ii, 167

hybridism, i, 144; ii, 94

Hydrocyon, ii, 162

Hydrolagus, i, 564

Hyodon, i, 302

Hyoganoidea, ii, 24

Hyoganoids, ii, 11

hyomandibular, i, 508, 521, 606

hyostylic skull, i, 508, 561; ii, 7 figure of, i, 56

Hypamia, ii, 36

hypercoracoid, i, 89; ii, 1, 12

Hyperoartia, i, 488, 490, 593

Hyperoplus, ii, 521

Hyperotreta, i, 488, 593

Hyperprosopon, ii, 375

hypocoracoid, i, 89; ii, 12

Hypocritichthys, figure of, i, 309; ii, 375

Hypohomus, ii, 312

Hypophthalmidæ, ii, 185

Hypoplectrus, i, 235, 271; ii, 237 figure of, ii, 329

Hyporhamphus, ii, 212

Hypostomides, ii, 227-240 suborder of, ii, 239

Hypotrema, i, 549

hypural, ii, 142

Hypseleotris, ii, 460

Hypsoblennius, i, 242

Hypsopsetta, ii, 493

Hypsurus, ii, 375 figure of, ii, 373

Hypsycormus, ii, 34

Hypsypops, figure of, i, 227; ii, 382

Hyrtl, i, 428

Hysterocarpus, i, 304; ii, 374 figure of, ii, 373, 379

Icarus, ii, 43

icefish, i, 146; ii, 123, 127 figure of, i, 149; ii, 128

Icelinus, ii, 442

Icelus, ii, 442, 449

Icosteidæ, ii, 285

Icosteus, ii, 285

Ictalurus, i, 291, 292; ii, 179-181 figure of, i, 280

ichthyized fishes, i, 210

Ichthyocephali, ii, 140, 141

Ichthyodectes, ii, 48

Ichthyodectidæ, ii, 48

Ichthyodorolites, i, 516, 529, 566

ichthyologists, portraits of, i, 399, 403, 407, 409, 413, 417, 421, 425, 513, 516, 525, 545, 561, 599, 601

ichthyology, Aristotle on, i, 387 history of, i, 387-428

Ichthyotomi, i, 437, 446 order of, i, 519 Parker & Haswell on, i, 520

Ichthyomyzon, i, 491

Ichthyopsida, i, 601

Ichthyosism, i, 183

Ichthysauroides, i, 586

Icthyscopus, ii, 503

Ictiobus, i, 291; ii, 172 figure of, ii, 173 shoulder-girdle of, i, 51; ii, 160

id, ii, 168

Idiacanthidæ, ii, 138

Idus, ii, 168

igami, ii, 390

Ilarches, ii, 400

Ilarchidæ, ii, 291, 400, 401

Ilarchus, ii, 398

Ilisha, i, 271; ii, 52

Ilyophidæ, ii, 150

imaginary garpike, i, 364

incisor teeth, figured, i, 31

inconnu, figure of, ii, 67

Indian fauna, i, 267 extension of, i, 265

Indian fish, ii, 405

Indian sawfish, figure of, i, 200

Indian parrot-fish, figure of pharyngeals, ii, 393

Indigo damsel-fish figure of, ii, 384

infraclavicles, ii, 13

infundibulum, ii, 6

Iniistius, ii, 389, 390

Inimicus, i, 236; ii, 434 figure of, frontispiece, II. Vol.

Iniomi, i, 405; ii, 38, 40, 41, 138, 189, 190, 204, 526 suborder of, ii, 129

iniomous fishes, photophores of, i, 189

instincts in fishes, basis of, i, 154 classification of, i, 154 of courtship, i, 155 heredity in, i, 154 of migration, i, 156 variability of, i, 155, 156 Whitman on, i, 156

intensity of coloration, i, 232

interclavicle, Starks on, ii, 227

interhæmals, i, 49; ii, 348

interneurals, i, 49; ii, 15

intestine of fish, i, 33

intromittent organ, i, 124

Investigator, the, i, 408; ii, 60

Ioa, ii, 313

Ionoscopus, ii, 36

Ipnopidæ, ii, 131

Ipnops, figure of, i, 181; ii, 131

Irish lord, ii, 442 figure of, ii, 443

Irish Pampano, figure of, ii, 349

isabelita, figure of, ii, 404

Isaciella, i, 270

isaki, ii, 342

Ischnacanthidæ, i, 517

Ischnacanthus, i, 517

Ischyodus, i, 565

ishigakidai, ii, 360

Ishikawa, i, 416

ishinagi, ii, 323

Iso, figure of, ii, 218

isocercal tail, i, 49, 83, 602 Cope on, i, 84 figure of, i, 83

Isopholidæ, ii, 26

Isopholis, ii, 26 figure of, ii, 27

Isospondyli, i, 204, 406; ii, 26, 28, 29, 33, 34, 36, 37-60, 128, 129, 138, 139, 142, 148, 159, 160, 188-190, 209, 250 order of, ii, 38

Isotœnia, i, 565

isthmus, i, 45

isthmus barriers, i, 255-281

Isthmus of Panama, as barrier, i, 269 fish fauna of, i, 266, 271 species of shores, i, 269

Isthmus of Suez, i, 255, 258 as barrier, i, 266 submergence of, i, 267

Istiæus, figure of, ii, 46

Istiophoridæ, ii, 268

Istiophorus, ii, 269

Istlarius, ii, 182

Isuropsis, figure of, i, 537

Isurus, i, 537, 538

Italian parrot-fish, i, 48 figure of, ii, 391

ito, figure of, ii, 107

itoryori, ii, 340

iwana, ii, 114

jack mariddle, ii, 43

Jackson, on Embiotocidæ, ii, 375, 393

Jacobi, artificial impregnation by, i, 150

Jacoby, on origin of eels, ii, 144, 145

Jacquinot, i, 408

Jadgeska hatchery, ii, 86

Jækel, i, 427, 428, 591

jallao, ii, 341

Janassa, teeth of, i, 554

Japan, Black Current of, i, 255, 256, 258 fishes of, i, 256 fresh-water fauna of, i, 256

Japan and Mediterranean fish faunas, i, 259, 260

Japanese blenny, figure of, i, 9; ii, 513

Japanese catfish, ii, 183

Japanese dace, ii, 170

Japanese filefish, figure of, i, 241

Japanese samlet, figure of, i, 321

Japanese sea-horse, figure of, i, 250

jaqueta, ii, 383

jara-bakka, i, 171

jawfish, figure of, ii, 359

jaws, i, 201 of Amia, i, 43 bones of, i, 41, 43 figured, i, 30, 43, 583; ii, 39 of parrot-fish, i, 30; ii, 391, 393 of shark, i, 35

Jenkins, i, 420; ii, 52 on fishes of Panama, i, 274

Jenkinsia, ii, 52

Jenyns, i, 408

Jerdon, i, 416

Jerusalem haddock, ii, 244

Jeude, i, 414

jewfishes, ii, 321, 323

jiguagua, ii, 276

jocu, ii, 336

John, on climbing-fish, ii, 367

John dories, ii, 245, 247 figure of, ii, 248

Johnny darter, ii, 313

John Paw, figure of, ii, 325

Johnson, i, 410 on interbreeding of trout, ii, 94

Johnston, i, 428

jolt-head porgy, figure of, ii, 344

Jordan, i, 348, 408; ii, 522 on parent stream theory, ii, 81 portrait of, i, 421 on return of salmon to spawning grounds, ii, 83

Jordanella, i, 314; ii, 198 figure of, ii, 197

Jordania, ii, 441, 449 figure of, ii, 442

Jordanicus, ii, 522

jorobado, ii, 276

joturo, ii, 26 figure of, ii, 28, 222

Joturus, figure of, ii, 222

Jugulares, i, 393 suborder of, i, 499-506; ii, 39, 499, 534

Julis, i, 158, 235; ii, 389, 390

jurel, ii, 276

kæpra, i, 171

kajika, ii, 118

kaku, ii, 221

Kalm, i, 390

Kamchatka lamprey, figure of, i, 495

Kamloops trout, ii, 101

Kansas River, blue-green sunfish from, i, 26

Kareius, ii, 494

Karpinsky, i, 529

Kaup, i, 411

kawamasu, ii, 95

kawamuki, ii, 415

Kellogg's Zoology, i, 26

Kelly on otoliths, i, 120

kelpfish, ii, 389, 390, 507

kelts, ii, 91

Kent, on anglers, ii, 543, 544

Kerr, i, 619 on Balfour's theory, i, 72 on fin migration, i, 74 on Gegenbaur theory, i, 73 on external gill, i, 76, 78 on Lepidosiren, i, 61, 620 on morphology, i, 68

Kessler, i, 411

Kessleria, i, 252, 452; ii, 18, 20

keta, ii, 73

Kettleman, ii, 545

kihi kihi, ii, 406

killer, i, 361

killifish, i, 290, 304; ii, 194, 198 hearing of, i, 121

king crab, figure of, i, 572

king darter, figure of, ii, 311

kingfish, ii, 266, 356 figure of, ii, 357

king of salmon, ii, 425 figure of, ii, 478

king of herrings, ii, 425, 472

king of mackerels, figure of, ii, 425

king salmon, ii, 68, 69 anadromous instinct of, i, 160 grilse, figured, ii, 70, 72

Kingsley, on ascidians, i, 474 on degeneration, i, 460 on sense organs, i, 175 on tunicates, i, 466-468

Kirsch, i, 422

Kirtland, i, 418; ii, 35

Kirtlandia, figure of, ii, 217

Kishinouye, i, 418

kisugo, ii, 358

Kittlitz, i, 410

Klein, i, 390

Klunzinger, i, 411

Kner, i, 410, 411, 427 on Ganoids, ii, 10

Kneriidæ, family of, ii, 204

knightfish, ii, 257

Knox, ii, 477

kobini-iwashi, ii, 52

kochi, ii, 441

Koenen, i, 427

Koken, i, 427

kokopu, ii, 204

kokos, ii, 71

Kolliker, i, 428

Konwick, i, 427

konoshiro, ii, 53

Kölreuter, i, 396

Kowala, ii, 51

Kowalevskia, i, 474

Kowalevsky, i, 428

Krascheninnikov, i, 395; ii, 68

Krefft, i, 614

Kröyer, i, 410

Kuhlia, ii, 304

Kuhliidæ, ii, 297, 354

kumu, i, 322; ii, 352

Kundscha, ii, 114

Kuppfer's vesicle, i, 138

kurodai, ii, 343

kuromutsu, figure of, ii, 213

Kuro Shiwo, i, 242, 251, 258 fishes in, i, 239 goblin shark of, i, 534

Kurtidæ, ii, 287

Kurtus, ii, 288

Kyphosidæ, ii, 349, 364, 398

Kyphosus, ii, 350 figure of, ii, 349

Labidesthes, i, 313; ii, 218

Labrodon, ii, 385

Labrax, ii, 330

Labridæ, i, 207; ii, 372, 385, 390, 396

Labrus, i, 207, 260, 267, 391; ii, 385, 387

labyrinthine fishes, ii, 365, 370

Labyrinthinci, i, 149; ii, 365, 379 Day on, ii, 365 Gill on, ii, 365

Labyrinthodontidæ, i, 86

lac de marbre, ii, 109

Lacépède, i, 376, 389 portrait of, i, 399

Lachnolæmus, ii, 388 figure of, ii, 387

Lactariidæ, ii, 356

Lactarius, ii, 358

Lactophrys, ii, 417 figure of, i, 214, 373, 377, 378; ii, 416, 417 skeleton of, figured, ii, 418

ladyfish, i, 117, 198; ii, 388 figure of, i, 147; ii, 44 transformations in, i, 147

La Favorite, the, i, 408

Lafayette, ii, 356

Lagocephalus, figure of, ii, 419

Lagodon, ii, 344

Lake Bonneville, ancient outlet of, i, 303

lake herring, ii, 65-67

lake lamprey, head of, figured, i, 111 mouth figured, i, 492

Lake Nicaragua, shark from, i, 542

Lake Patzcuaro, viviparous fishes from, i, 126

Lake Pontchartrain, fish fauna of, i, 314

lake trout, ii, 66, 115 figure of, ii, 114

lake whiting, ii, 65

Lamdodus, i, 522

Laminaria, ii, 544

Lamnidæ, i, 532, 537, 538, 542

Lamna, i, 534, 538 teeth of, figured, i, 537 figure of, 447

lamnoid sharks, i, 519, 533 distinguished, i, 534 families of, i, 534

Lampetra, i, 491 figure of, i, 120, 492

lamprey, i, 28, 35, 56, 111, 204, 249, 290, 490, 506 ascending brook figured, i, 496 brain of, i, 112 catfishes destroyed by, i, 358 extinct forms, i, 487 fate of, i, 504 food of, i, 491 gill-basket of, figured, i, 92, 485 Kamchatka, i, 495 method of attack, i, 493 migration of, i, 494 orders of, i, 488 parasites of, i, 354 Reighard on, i, 491 spawning of, i, 498, 500 structure of, i, 486 Surface on, i, 491

Lamprididæ, ii, 16 family of, ii, 243

Lampris, i, 210, 322; ii, 228, 245, 288 figure of, i, 323 shoulder-girdle, figured, ii, 243

Lanarkia, i, 570, 622 figure of, i, 574

lancelet, i, 28, 31, 121, 204, 482-485, 506; ii, 467 characteristics of, i, 482 figure of, i, 484 habits of, i, 483 vertebral column of, i, 55

lancet-fish, ii, 408 figure of, ii, 135

lancet of surgeon-fish, i, 181

lane-snapper, figure of, ii, 336

Lankester, i, 61, 87, 426, 571, 593

lantern-fishes, ii, 41, 61, 128, 129, 525 figure of, ii, 133

lantern-flounder, ii, 488

laolach, i, 620

Laparus, ii, 518

large-mouthed black bass, figure of, ii, 305

Larimus, ii, 355

Larvacea, i, 470, 473 figure of, i, 480

larval development of fishes, i, 139-141, 143-147, 174-176 Dean on, i, 139 in common eel, i, 141 Gilbert on, i, 142 figures showing, i, 140-142 in brook lamprey, i, 140 in sturgeon, i, 141

larval flounder, figure of, ii, 483

larval forms, of Chætodon, i, 144 figures of, i, 140-142 of flounder, figured, i, 147, 175, 176 of ladyfish, i, 147 of Lepidosiren, i, 620, 621 of Mola, i, 143, 145 of sailfish, i, 140 of swordfish, i, 139

Lasianius, figure of, i, 580

Lateolabrax, i, 324; ii, 320

lateral fold, i, 64 Balfour on, i, 71-73 Kerr on, i, 72 Mollier on, i, 71

lateral line, i, 9, 22, 23 a mucous channel, i, 22 Dean on, i, 23 function of, i, 23 relation to touch, i, 122 in singing-fish, figured, i, 23

Lates, ii, 320, 330

Latham, i, 396

Latilidæ, the, ii, 361, 363

Latilus, ii, 362

Latrididæ, ii, 363, 364, 426

Latris, ii, 363

lavaret, ii, 65

lawyer, ii, 335, 538

Lay, i, 409

Leach, i, 396

leather-carp, i, 151

leather-jackets, ii, 272, 413

Lebias, ii, 198, 201

lectocephalous condition, Günther on, i, 142

Leidy, i, 426

Leiognathidæ, ii, 287, 348

Leiognathus, ii, 287

Leiostomus, ii, 356

Leiuranus, ii, 150

length of intestine, i, 33

Lentipes, ii, 466

leopard toadfish, figure of, ii, 525

Lepadogaster, i, 263; ii, 531

Lepechin, i, 396

Lepidaplois, ii, 390 figure of, ii, 389

Lepidocottus, ii, 426, 449

Lepidopidæ, family of, ii, 267

Lepidopsetta, ii, 493

Lepidopus, i, 210; ii, 267

Lepidorhombus, i, 206; ii, 488

Lepidosiren, i, 60, 73, 85, 89, 100, 149, 450, 619, 621, 622 adult male, figured, i, 620 larval forms, figured, i, 620 at 3 days, i, 620 at 30 days, i, 621 at 40 days, i, 621 at three months, i, 621 pectoral fin in, i, 60

Lepidosirenidæ, i, 88, 612, 619

Lepidostei, ii, 13, 26 Huxley on, ii, 23 Zittel on, ii, 23, 24

Lepidosteids, ii, 32

Lepidosteoidei, i, 382

Lepidotidæ, ii, 24

Lepidotes, ii, 24

Lepidotrigla, i, 259; ii, 456

Lepisoma, i, 208; ii, 508

Lepisosteidæ, i, 290; ii, 11, 29, 30

Lepisosteus, i, 32, 66, 85, 101, 102, 291, 314, 357, 604, 623; ii, 5, 6, 23, 29, 30, 32 Agassiz on, ii, 5 Balfour and Parker on, ii, 5 Eastman on, ii, 32 figure of, i, 452; ii, 31 Günther on, ii, 5, 7 Müller on, ii, 517 tail of, figured, i, 82

Lepomis, i, 302; ii, 301 figure of, i, 4; ii, 300

Leptecheneis, figure of, i, 197; ii, 468

leptocardial tail, i, 81, 83

Leptocardians, i, 383

Leptocardii, i, 55, 482-485

Leptocephalidæ, ii, 149

Leptocephalus, i, 211; ii, 148, 149 figure of, ii, 150

leptocercal tail, i, 50, 81, 83, 507, 602 Agassiz on, i, 81 figure of, i, 82 Gaudry on, i, 84

Leptocottus, ii, 448

Leptolepidæ, ii, 36, 41

Leptolepis, ii, 42 figure of, ii, 41

Leptomylus, i, 565

Leptops, ii, 182

Leptoscopidæ, the, ii, 503, 506

Leptosmus, ii, 53

Leptotrachelus, ii, 136

Lepturus, i, 391

lesser-weaver, i, 169

Lesson, i, 408

Le Sueur, i, 418

Lethrinus, i, 268; ii, 347

Leuciscus, i, 254, 256, 346; ii, 168, 169 figure of, i, 287; ii, 169 pharyngeals of, i, 47 teeth of, figured, ii, 163, 175

Leuckart, i, 609

Leucopsarion, ii, 467

Lias, ii, 14

Libys, i, 605

Ligul, a, i, 348

Lilljeborg, i, 410

Limanda, ii, 493

little roncador, ii, 356

Limulus, i, 569 figure of, i, 572

Lindström, i, 427

ling, ii, 538

Linnæus, i, 375, 390; ii, 410, 424, 499 followers of, i, 394 Systema Naturæ of, i, 392

Linophryne, ii, 549

Linton, on parasitic diseases, i, 343-348

Liodesmidæ, ii, 34

Liodesmus, ii, 34

lion-fish, ii, 434 figure of, ii, 433, 435

Liopsetta, ii, 493 figure of, ii, 494

liparid, ii, 447, 454 figure of, ii, 413, 454

Liparididæ, family of, ii, 454

Liparididæ, i, 189, 208, 218; ii, 313

Liparis, i, 202, 217, 219, 375, 380; ii, 449, 455 figure of, i, 218

Lipogenyidæ, ii, 158

Lipogenys, ii, 158

Lister, i, 373, 375, 376

lithographic shales, ii, 42

Litholepis, i, 364

littoral fishes, distribution of, i, 247

Liuranus, figure of, i, 233

Liza, ii, 221

lizard-fishes, ii, 61 figure of, ii, 130

lizard-skipper, figure of, i, 230; ii, 509

loach, i, 290; ii, 185 fossil, ii, 175, 176

Lobotes, figure of, ii, 331

Lobotidæ, family of, ii, 331

local barriers, i, 298

Lockington, i, 419 on long-jawed goby, ii, 462-465

log-perch, figure of, ii, 311

Lohest, i, 427

lok-sild, ii, 67

longe, ii, 114

long-eared sunfish, i, 3-15 figure of, i, 2, 3; ii, 300

long-jawed goby, ii, 462, 463 Cooper on, ii, 463 figure of, ii, 463 Lockington on, ii, 462

long-horned sculpin, ii, 447

long-jaw, ii, 66

long-necked eels, ii, 153

lophobranchii, ii, 9, 209, 227-240

lophobranchs, i, 92 suborder of, ii, 235

Lophogobius, i, 208

Lophiidæ, i, 206; ii, 542

Lophiomus, i, 207, 271; ii, 547

Lophius, i, 169, 202, 206, 391; ii, 542, 545, 547, 548 figure of, i, 18; ii, 545

lophocercal tail, i, 81, 83

Lopholatilus, i, 94, 357; ii, 361

Lophopsetta, ii, 488 figure of, ii, 487

Lophotes, i, 260, 263; ii, 291

Lophotidæ, ii, 292 family of, ii, 291

Loricaria, i, 393 figure of, ii, 186

Loricariidæ, ii, 185, 186, 449

Loricati, ii, 426, 455

loro, ii, 394, 396

Lota, i, 109, 209, 316; ii, 538 figure of, ii, 539

Lotella, i, 259

louse-fish, ii, 469

louvar, figure of, ii, 290

Loven, on Arctic species, i, 317

Lowe, i, 410

Lowell, on trout, ii, 108

lower jaw, figure of, i, 526 of Cochliodus figured, i, 531 of Neoceratodus figured, i, 616 of Polypterus figured, i, 606

lower pharyngeals, figure of, ii, 171

Lower Silurian, shark teeth from, i, 508

lowland fishes, dispersion of, i, 313

Luciæ, i, 477

Lucifuga, i, 314; ii, 524 figure of, i, 222; ii, 524

Lucigobius, ii, 467

Luciocephalidæ, ii, 370

Luciocephalus, ii, 370

Lucioperca, ii, 315

Lucas, on Therobromus, ii, 127

luminous organs, i, 187 von Lendenfeld on, i, 189 of Porichthys, figured, i, 191

Lumpenus, i, 209; ii, 513

lumpfish, i, 208; ii, 135, 453, 454 figure of, i, 220; ii, 454

lump-sucker, ii, 453, 455

lung-fish, i, 100, 458, 609-622

lungs of the fish, origin of, i, 98, 99 Morris on, i, 98

lurking-fishes, Whitmee on, i, 169

Lutianidæ, ii, 323, 335 family of, i, 333; ii, 340

Lutianus, i, 324; ii, 330, 333, 335, 336 figure of, i, 331; ii, 333, 335, 336

Lütken, i, 410; ii, 33, 133 on Selene, i, 144 on flying-fish, ii, 214

Luvaridæ, ii, 291

Luvarus, ii, 291 figure of, ii, 290

Lycenchelys, figure of, ii, 519

Lycodapodidæ, ii, 520

Lycodes, ii, 518 figure of, ii, 519

Lycodapus, figure of, ii, 520

Lycodopsis, ii, 518

Lycodes, i, 209

Lycoptera, ii, 41

Lyman, on the museum at Paris, i, 401

Lyomeri, order of, ii, 140, 155

Lyopomi, ii, 138, 158, 189

Lyopsetta, i, 205

Lyrifera, i, 462, 508

Lysopteri, i, 623; ii, 13

maaji, ii, 274

maccaroni piatti, i, 351

Macleay, i, 416, 428

Macdonald, i, 419

Macdonaldia, ii, 157

Mackenzie salmon, ii, 67

mackerel, i, 19, 117, 156, 210; ii, 258, 259 figure of, i, 332; ii, 260 fishery, ii, 260, 261 Goode on, ii, 260

mackerel-midges, ii, 539

mackerel-scads, ii, 274

mackerel-shark, i, 533 figure of, i, 447, 537

Mackinaw trout, ii, 114

Macrias, ii, 502

Macrodon, ii, 354

Macropetalichthyidæ, family of, i, 585

Macropetalichthys, i, 583, 585, 589, 590

Macropharyngodon, ii, 390

Macrophthalmia, i, 491

Macropistius, ii, 26

Macropodus, ii, 369, 370

Macropoma, i, 605

Macrorhamphosidæ, ii, 227, 234, 235

Macrorhamphosus, i, 259 figure of, ii, 234

Macrosemiidæ, ii, 26, 28

Macrosemius, ii, 26

Macrouridæ, i, 84; ii, 541 vertebræ in, 209; ii, 540

mademoiselle, figure of, ii, 355

mad tom, ii, 182 figure of, i, 179; ii, 182

Mænidæ, family of, ii, 347

magifi, ii, 288

mahogany snapper, ii, 337

maigre, ii, 355

mail-cheek fishes, ii, 426

makrede, i, 171

makua, ii, 425

Malacanthidæ, ii, 361, 499

Malacanthus, ii, 361

Malacopterygii, i, 391; ii, 208

Malacopterygium, ii, 39

Malacorhinus, i, 553

Malacosteidæ, ii, 128, 134

Malapterurus, ii, 183

malau, ii, 253

Mallotus, figure of, ii, 126

Malm, i, 410

malma, i, 326 figure of, ii, 112

Malmgren, i, 410 on Arctic species, i, 317

Malpighi, i, 390

Malthe, i, 206

Malthopsis, ii, 552

mandible, suspensorium of, i, 43, 120

mandibular rami, i, 589

man-eating shark, i, 538

Maner, on external gill, i, 77

mangrove snapper, ii, 335

man-of-war fish, ii, 285

Manta, i, 448, 560 figure of, i, 559

map of continents, i, 270

Mapo, ii, 461

Marcgraf, i, 389

Marcgravia, ii, 526

Marcusen, i, 428

marine blenny, i, 118

marine fishes, checked by barriers, i, 241 distribution of, i, 246

Mariposa, ii, 244, 403

Marquette, ii, 64

Marsh, on eye of Anableps, ii, 195

Marsiobranch, i, 592, 593

Marsipobranchi, i, 486

Martin pescador, ii, 550

Mason, ii, 73

Mastacembelidæ, ii, 532

Mastacembelus, ii, 157 figure of, ii, 532

Masticura, i, 555

masu, ii, 68, 73 figure of, ii, 71, 72

matajuelo, ii, 252, 253

matajuelo blanco, ii, 361

matao, ii, 249

matodai, ii, 333

matsubara, i, 418

Matthew, i, 427

Mauer, on external gill, i, 77

Maurolicidæ, family of, ii, 134

Maurolicus, ii, 134

maxillary, figure of, i, 55 of Sebastolobus, i, 55

mayfish, figure of, ii, 198

McClelland, i, 416

McCoy, i, 82, 410, 581

McGregor, i, 422

McKay, i, 420

McMurrich, i, 428

meaji, ii, 275

meaning of species, i, 293 Coues on, i, 379

measurements of the fish, i, 19

mebaru, ii, 429, 431

Meckel's cartilage, i, 44, 57, 507, 596, 606

Meda, ii, 169

Meddagh, photograph by, i, 164

Medialuna, ii, 350

medregal, ii, 274

Meek, on trout, ii, 105

Megalaspis, ii, 274

Megalichthyidæ, i, 602, 603

Megalichthys, figure of, i, 604

Megalops, ii, 43

Megalurus, figure of, ii, 36

Megaperca, ii, 322

Megaprotodon, ii, 404

mejenidai, ii, 348

Melamphaës, ii, 252

Melaniris, ii, 218

Melanocetus, ii, 548

Melanogrammus, i, 209; ii, 539 figure of, ii, 536 skull of, figured, ii, 536

Melanotænia, ii, 218

Melanotæniidæ, ii, 218

Melichthys, ii, 413

Melletes, figure of, i, 288

membrane bone of face, i, 44

Mene, figure of, ii, 288

menhaden, figure of, i, 340; ii, 51

Menidia, ii, 218

Menidæ, family of, ii, 218

Menomonee whitefish, ii, 63

Menopneumona, i, 612

Menticirrhus, figure of, ii, 357

mergate fish, ii, 341

Merlangus, i, 209; ii, 537

Merluccius, i, 209; ii, 136 figure of, ii, 540 isocercal tail of, i, 83 shoulder-girdle of, i, 60

Merluciidæ, ii, 540

mermaid, i, 359

merou, ii, 323, 324

Merriam, on fossil trout, ii, 62

Mesencephalon, figured, i, 109, 110

mesentary, i, 32

Mesichthys, ii, 190

mesocoracoid, i, 89; ii, 12

mesoderm, i, 138

Mesodon, ii, 22

Mesogonistius, ii, 301 figure of, ii, 299

Mesolepis, ii, 15

mesopterygium, i, 58, 511, 512, 523; ii, 12

Mesopus, ii, 124 Swan on, ii, 123

Mesozoic fishes, i, 437

metameral characters, i, 23

metapterygium, i, 58, 511, 512, 523; ii, 12

metencephalon, figured, i, 109

Michigan grayling, figure of, ii, 122

Microbranchium, i, 577

Microcanthus, ii, 404

Microdesmus, i, 271

Microdon, i, 204

Microgadus, ii, 537 figure of, ii, 538

Microlepidotus, i, 271

Microperca, ii, 307, 315

Micropogon, i, 271; ii, 356

Micropterus, i, 291, 302; ii, 297, 302, 304 figure of, i, 325; ii, 303, 305

Microspathodon, i, 271; ii, 384, 385 figure of, ii, 384

Microstoma, ii, 127

Microstomidæ, ii, 127

Microstomus, ii, 494

midshipman, i, 121, 189; ii, 526 luminous organs of, i, 191

migratory fishes, i, 160

milkfish, figure of, ii, 45

milktschitsch, ii, 73

Miller, i, 426

miller's thumb, ii, 444 California, ii, 446 figure of, ii, 445 Yellowstone, ii, 444

Milner, i, 419 on whitefish, ii, 64

minnow, i, 33, 124, 304; ii, 118, 161, 163, 193, 196-199 treatment of eggs by, i, 129

Minous, ii, 436

Mioplosus, ii, 315

Mirbelia, ii, 531

mirror carp, i, 151; ii, 17

Misaki, tide pools of, i, 161

Misgurnus, i, 98; ii, 176

Mississippi Valley, blind fishes of, i, 117, 220 stone-roller of, i, 33

Missouri sucker, ii, 173

Mistichthys, ii, 467

Mitchill, i, 376, 418 on climbing-fish, ii, 367, 368 on Spanish mackerel, ii, 264

Mitchillina, ii, 60

Mitsukurina, i, 199, 536, 566 figures of, i, 535

Mitsukurinidæ, i, 534

Mitsukuri, i, 418 on phosphorescent shark, i, 189 portrait of, i, 417

Mivart, on paired limbs, i, 70

monana, ii, 353

Mobula, i, 448 fœtus of, i, 560

Mobulidæ, i, 559

mojarra, ii, 348 figure of, ii, 348

mojarra cardenal, ii, 254

mojarra de las piedras, ii, 405

mojarra de ley, ii, 348

mojarra verde, ii, 381

Mola, i, 19, 84, 142, 206, 272; ii, 424, 425 figure of, ii, 424 larva of, figured, i, 143

Molgula, i, 474

Molgulidæ, i, 474

Molidæ, ii, 424

Molina, i, 396

Mollier, on lateral fold, i, 71

Mollienesia, ii, 199

Mollusca, ii, 529

Molva, i, 209; ii, 538

Monacanthidæ, i, 242 family of, ii, 413

Monacanthus, i, 181, 206; ii, 414

du Monceau, i, 396

Mondini, ii, 144

mongrel whitefish, ii, 67

monkfish, i, 359; ii, 545 brain of, figured, i, 547 pectoral fin, figured, i, 56

Monocentridæ, ii, 250 family of, ii, 257 Houttuyn, discoverer of, ii, 257

Monocentrus, i, 260 figure of, ii, 257

Monoceros, i, 268; ii, 409

Monodactylus, ii, 398 figure of, ii, 397

Monolene, i, 206

Monopteridæ, ii, 141

Monopterus, ii, 141

Monorhinus, i, 593

Monotaxis, ii, 344

Monro, i, 390

monstre marin, i, 360, 361

monstrosities among fishes, i, 150

monstrous goldfish, figure of, i, 151

Montagu, i, 396

month incubation, i, 170, 171, 172 Günther on, i, 173

Moorish idols, ii, 406 figure of, ii, 406

Moodeliar, on climbing-fish, ii, 367, 368

mooneye, i, 290; ii, 45

moonfishes, i, 144; ii, 243, 244, 276, 401 figure of, i, 323

morays, ii, 152, 153 figure of, i, 458; ii, 155

Mordacia, i, 491

Mordaciidæ, i, 491

Moreau, i, 95, 412

Morgan, i, 428

Moringua, ii, 153, 189

Moringuidæ, ii, 188, 189 family of, ii, 153

Mormyrus, i, 393

Morone, ii, 321 figure of, ii, 322

morphology, i, 511 of fins, i, 62-90

Morris, on lungs of fishes, i, 98-106

mortality of filefish, i, 357

Moseley, on Ipnopidæ, ii, 131

Moser, on catching salmon, ii, 85

moss-bunker, ii, 51

motor nerves, i, 153

mountain chains, as barriers, i, 310

mountain-oopu, ii, 466

mountain-witch, ii, 445

Mount Whitney, golden trout of, ii, 99

Moxostoma, ii, 174

mu, ii, 344

mucous channels, i, 22, 23

mud-bass, ii, 297

mud-dab, ii, 493

mud-minnows, i, 290; ii, 35, 193, 194

mud-minnows, figure of, ii, 193 tenacity of life in, i, 147

mud-skippers, ii, 465 figure of, ii, 466

muffle jaws, ii, 444

Mugil, i, 32, 157, 343, 391; ii, 144, 219 figure of, i, 330; ii, 221

Mugilidæ, i, 206; ii, 219

muki-muki, i, 183; ii, 420

Müller, i, 384, 396, 405, 415, 428, 609, 613; ii, 3, 24, 39, 40, 144, 533 on elastic spring, i, 96 on ganoids, ii, 9 on gas in swim-bladder, i, 96 on Lepidosteus, ii, 5 portrait of, i, 399

Mullerian duct, i, 28

mullets, i, 117, 268, 328; ii, 39, 144, 215, 219, 221 Goode on, ii, 219, 220

Mullidæ, i, 206; ii, 257, 351-379

Mullus, i, 261, 393; ii, 256 figure of, i, 322; ii, 352

Munster, i, 423

munu, i, 322; ii, 352

Muræna, i, 211, 391; ii, 152 figure of, ii, 153

Murænesocidæ, ii, 150

Murænesox, i, 211; ii, 150

Murænidæ, i, 211; ii, 152, 155

Murænolepidæ, ii, 541

Murchison, i, 423

murcielago, ii, 458

muroaji, ii, 274

muscles of the fish, i, 25

muskallonge, figure of, ii, 192

Musquaw whitefish, ii, 65

Mustelus, i, 71, 541

mutsu, ii, 317

mutton-fish, i, 324; ii, 518

mutton-snapper, ii, 335 figure of, i, 331

Mycteroperca, 271; ii, 325, 327 figure of, ii, 327

Myctophidæ, i, 189, 204; ii, 132-134, 526

Myctophum, i, 195; ii, 133, 134 figure of, ii, 133

Myliobatis, i, 557, 558

Mylognathus, i, 565

Mylostoma, i, 583, 584, 587, 589, 590

Mylostomidæ, i, 587

myotomes, i, 71

Myoxocephalus, ii, 445 figure of, i, 219; ii, 446, 447

Myriacanthidæ, i, 566

Myriacanthus, i, 566; ii, 255

Myrichthys, figure of, ii, 151

Myridæ, ii, 148, 150

Myriolepis, ii, 14

Myripristis, i, 162, 268, 271; ii, 254-256

Myrocongridæ, ii, 153

Myrophis, i, 313

Myrus, i, 259, 263; ii, 150

Mysis, i, 317

Mysore, walking-fish of, i, 167

mythology of fishes, i, 359-366

Myxine, i, 198, 490, 593

Myxinidæ, i, 489

Myxobolus, i, 343

Myxocyprinus, ii, 173

Myxodagnus, ii, 506

Myxodes, ii, 508

Myxosporidia, i, 342, 344

Myzontes, i, 486

Nagg's head-fish, i, 375, 376

Naisia, ii, 32

namazu, ii, 188

names of bones, i, 39

names of fishes, i, 372

nami-ho-hana, ii, 218

Nandidæ, ii, 358

Nannocharax, ii, 162

Nansenia, ii, 127

Narcine, figure of, i, 185, 553

Narcobatidæ, family of, i, 553

Narcobatis, i, 553

Nardo, i, 412

Nassau, figure of, ii, 324

natural selection, effect of, i, 318 in fishes, i, 218 process of, i, 297 species changed by, i, 240

Naucrates, ii, 272, 278 figure of, ii, 273

Nantichthys, ii, 448

Nebris, ii, 355

Necturus, i, 157, 600

needle-bearing filefish, figure of, ii, 414

needle-fishes, i, 128 figure of, ii, 210

negro-chub, ii, 167

negro-fish, ii, 324

Nelson, i, 419 on Anableps, ii, 196, 197

Nemachilus, ii, 176

Nematognathi, i, 405; ii, 9, 40, 161, 177, 178

Nematistiidæ, ii, 278

Nematocentrus, ii, 218

Nematodes, i, 344 Linton on, i, 352

Nematonurus, ii, 541

Nemichthyidæ, ii, 151

Nemichthys, i, 211; ii, 151 figure of, i, 17, 365; ii, 152 jaws figured, i, 156

Nemipterus, ii, 340

Nemopteryx, ii, 539

Neoceratodus, i, 79, 80, 100, 116, 204, 450, 613 eggs of, i, 618 figure of, i, 614 lower jaw of, figured, i, 616 shoulder-girdle in, i, 68, 609 skull of, i, 67

Neochanna, i, 252; ii, 206

Neoclinus, ii, 462 figure of, ii, 507

Neoditrema, ii, 375

Neoliparis, ii, 455 figure of, ii, 455

Neopercis, ii, 502

Neosebastes, ii, 433

nerka, ii, 73

nerve cells and fibres, i, 152

nerves of fishes, i, 113, 114

nervous system, i, 109-114

nest-building, ii, 229 of sticklebacks, ii, 230, 231

nest of fish, i, 14, 172

Nettastoma, i, 211, 259; ii, 151

Nettastomidæ, ii, 148, 151

neurentric canal, i, 138

Newberry, i, 426, 428, 584, 589

New England, scanty fauna of, i, 302

Newton, i, 426

New Zealand, fauna of, i, 252

nezupo, ii, 441

nictitating membrane, i, 540

nijinge-rijinge, i, 171, 172

Nieuhof, i, 396

Nilsson, i, 410

Niphon, ii, 320

nohu, ii, 434

noises of fishes, i, 168, 169

Nomeidæ, ii, 283

nomenclature, i, 173 beginning of, i, 374 trinomial, i, 378 of trunkfishes, i, 373

Nordmann, i, 410

northern blennies, ii, 511

northern zone, i, 250

Norway haddock, ii, 428

Notacanthidæ, ii, 157

Notacanthus, ii, 157, 532 figure of, ii, 158

Notæus, ii, 36

Notagogus, ii, 26 figure of, ii, 28

Notelops, ii, 44

Notidiani, i, 447, 513, 519, 526 order of, i, 523

Notidanoid shark, i, 438 skull of, figured, i, 56

Notidanus, i, 523, 524

notochord, i, 55, 56, 509 in Chimæras, i, 59 in Elasmobranchs, i, 57

Notogeneus, i, 456 figure of, ii, 55

Notopteridæ, ii, 48, 49

Notopterus, ii, 49

Nototheniidæ, ii, 501, 502, 533

Notropis, i, 129, 283, 304, 307, 311, 313; ii, 164 figure of, i, 343, 457; ii, 165, 167

Noturus, i, 180; ii, 177, 182

Novaculichthys, ii, 390

Novara, i, 410

Nozawa, i, 418

numbers of genera, i, 262

numbfish, figure of, i, 185, 553

number of vertebræ, i, 202-204

nuptial colors, i, 155, 156

nuptial tubercles, i, 33 figure showing, ii, 167

Nyström, i, 416

oarfish, i, 361; ii, 472 figure of, i, 362; ii, 476 Forgy on, ii, 473 Glesnæs, ii, 472 Holder on, ii, 474

Oatka Creek, i, 282

Oblata, i, 260; ii, 348

ocean currents, agency of, i, 242

Ocyurus, figure of, ii, 337

Odacidæ, ii, 388

Odax, ii, 390

Odontaspididæ, i, 533

Odontaspis, i, 534

Odontoscion, ii, 355

Odontostomus, ii, 136

Odontotodontidæ, i, 576

Odontotodus, figure of, i, 570

Ogcocephalidæ, ii, 551

Ogcocephalus, figure of, ii, 551-553 shoulder-girdle in, i, 88

Ogilby, i, 408, 416 on ragfishes, ii, 285

oil shark, i, 524

Oikopleura, i, 474

ojanco, ii, 337

okose, i, 236, 429; ii, 436

oldwench, ii, 413

oldwife, ii, 413

Old World catfish, ii, 182

olfactory lobe, figure of, i, 111

Oligocottus, ii, 447, 449 figure of, ii, 449

Oligopleuridæ, ii, 36, 41

Oligopleurus, ii, 36

Oligoplites, ii, 272

Oligorus, ii, 320

ombre chevalier, ii, 108, 109

Omosoma, ii, 284

Omosudis, ii, 136

Onchus, Agassiz on, i, 530 fin-spine of, i, 509

Oncobatis, i, 553

Oncottus, i, 317; ii, 447, 449 figure of, ii, 447

Oncolepis, ii, 513

Oncopterus, ii, 489

Oncorhynchus, i, 146, 160, 301, 329, 332; ii, 68, 70, 89, 94 figure of, 354; ii, 69, 71, 72, 76

ontogeny, i, 511

ontology, i, 63

oopu, ii, 465

Onychodontidæ, i, 602, 604

Onychodus, i, 604

opahs, i, 210; ii, 243 taken by Berndt, ii, 244 Farquhar on, ii, 244 figure of, i, 323

opercle, i, 7, 45

opercula, used in climbing, ii, 367

operculum, ii, 7

Ophicephalidæ, ii, 370

Ophidiidæ, ii, 520

Ophidion, i, 391, 612

Ophichthyidæ, i, 211; ii, 150

Ophichthus, figure of, ii, 151

Ophiocephalidæ, i, 103, 104; ii, 215

Ophiocephalus, i, 149 figure of, i, 150

Ophiodon, ii, 442, 518, 520 figure of, ii, 440

Ophioblennius, ii, 510

Ophiopsis, ii, 26

Ophocephalus, figure of, ii, 370

Opistharthri, i, 509

Opisthocentrus, ii, 512

Opisthocœlian, i, 49; ii, 29

Opisthocœlous, ii, 6

Opisthognathidæ, ii, 330, 359, 499, 502

Opisthognathus, ii, 462, 508 figure of, ii, 360

Opisthomi, i, 611; ii, 499, 532-542

Opisthomyzon, ii, 469 Storms on, ii, 469

Opisthonema, ii, 51, 53

opisthure, i, 84

Oplegnathus, i, 260

Opsanus, ii, 525 figure of, ii, 524

Opsariichthys, ii, 165

optic nerves, of flounders, ii, 482

orbitophenoid, ii, 40

orca, i, 361, 536

order, defined, i, 373

organs of the fish, electric, i, 25 of hearing, i, 119-121 nutritive, i, 29

Orectolobus, i, 533

Orestias, ii, 200

Oregon lamprey, figure of, i, 496

Oregon sucker, teeth of, figured, ii, 175

Ordovician deposits, figure of, i, 435

origin, of air-bladder, i, 98 of fins, i, 62, 64, 67 of lungs, i, 98

origin of lancelets, Willey on, i, 484

Orodontidæ, i, 65, 66, 447, 528

Orr, on external gill, i, 77

Ortmann, i, 238, 256, 270 map of continents, i, 270

Orthacanthus, i, 521

Orthodon, ii, 165

Orthopristis, ii, 342

Orthopsetta, i, 206; ii, 489

Orthostœchus, i, 271

Osbeck, i, 389

Osbeckia, ii, 414 figure of, ii, 414

Osborn, on extinction of species, i, 239, 442 on law of radiation, i, 296

Osmeroides, ii, 44, 134

Osmerus, i, 391; ii, 123, 127 figure of, ii, 123

Osphromenidæ, ii, 368, 370

Osphromenus, ii, 368

ossicles, Hasse on, i, 96

Ostariophysi, i, 120; ii, 38, 40, 140, 209 series of, ii, 159-165

Osteoglossidæ, ii, 56, 60, 160

Osteoglossum, ii, 11, 41, 42, 56, 57

Osteolepis, i, 602-604

Osteostraci, i, 568, 571, 573, 590 order of, i, 575

Ostichthys, figure of, ii, 255

Ostraciidæ, i, 568 family of, ii, 415

Ostracion, i, 206, 373, 391; ii, 416-418 figure of, i, 16, 376; ii, 416

Ostracodermi, i, 568; ii, 398, 411, 415

Ostracophores, i, 240, 242, 246, 444, 488, 568, 581, 582, 590, 603; ii, 3 figure of, i, 444 nature of, i, 569 order of, i, 573

Ostracophori, i, 462 class of, i, 568, 569

Osurus, ii, 502

Otaki, i, 418, 422

Otodus, i, 538

otoliths, i, 119-121; 354

Otsego bass, ii, 64

Ouananiche, ii, 92, 93

Overland Monthly, reference to, ii, 69

oviducts, ii, 6

oviparous fishes, i, 125

ovoviviparous fishes, i, 125, 550

Owen, i, 88, 90, 424, 428 on swordfish, ii, 270, 271

Owsjannikow, i, 428

Owston, sharks taken by, i, 534

Oxuderces, ii, 468

Oxudercidæ, ii, 468

Oxygnathus, ii, 14

Oxylabracidæ, ii, 320, 327 family of, ii, 319

Oxylabrax, ii, 320, 355 figure of, ii, 319

Oxylebius, ii, 440

Oxyjulis, ii, 388

Oxymonacanthus, ii, 415

Oxynotidæ, i, 546

Oxynotus, i, 546

Oxystomus, i, 259

oyster-fish, ii, 525

Ozorthe, ii, 513 figure of, i, 9; ii, 513

Pachycormidæ, ii, 34

Pachycormus, ii, 34

Pachylebias, ii, 201

Pachyrhizodontidæ, ii, 44

Pachyrhizodus, ii, 44

Pacific Creek, i, 308, 309

paddle-fish, i, 199, 253, 290; ii, 20

Pagellus, i, 260, 267; ii, 344, 346

Pagrus, i, 94, 259, 263, 324; ii, 343, 344, 346 figure of, ii, 342

paired fins, in Acanthodei, i, 515 Balfour on, ii, 8 migration of, i, 75 origin of, i, 64 Ryder on, i, 66

paired limbs, Dean on, i, 81 Mivart on, i, 70 relation of, i, 69 Thacker on, i, 70 Gill on, i, 85

palæichthyologists, i, 424, 426, 427

palæichthyology, i, 426

Palæichthys, ii, 3

Palæobalistum, ii, 22

Palæoniscidæ, i, 452, 580; ii, 4, 14, 15, 23

Palæoniscum, i, 437, 622 Blainville on, ii, 14 figure of, i, 453; ii, 14

palæontology, evidence of, i, 64

Palæorhynchidæ, family of, ii, 268

Palæorhynchus, ii, 268 figure of, ii, 268

Palæospinax, i, 528

Palæospondylidæ, i, 593

Palæospondylus, i, 204, 437, 444, 593, 595, 596 figure of, i, 591 relationships of, i, 593

palatines, i, 6

palatopterygoid arch, ii, 152, 155

palato-quadrate apparatus, i, 508, 509, 523

Palinurichthys, ii, 284

Pallas, ii, 67, 135, 428, 522

Pallasina, ii, 453 figure of, i, 221; ii, 453

Palœaspis, i, 575

palometa, i, 324; ii, 283

pampano, i, 210, 324; ii, 272-292 gaff-topsail, ii, 277 great, ii, 277 round, ii, 277 true, ii, 277

panai feri, ii, 367

Panama, as barrier, i, 270 final hypothesis as to, i, 279

pancreas, i, 32

Pander, i, 427

pan fish, ii, 355

Panicum, ii, 369

Pantodon, ii, 60

Pantodontidæ, ii, 57

Pantosteus, i, 304, 316; ii, 172

papagallo, ii, 278

papilla, i, 115

Pappichthys, ii, 36

Parabatrachus, i, 604

Paracentropogon, ii, 436

Paracentropristis, ii, 328

Paracirrhites, ii, 363

paraglenal, i, 90; ii, 12

Paragobiodon, ii, 466

Paralabrax, ii, 328

Paralepidæ, ii, 136

Paralichthys, i, 206; ii, 482, 486, 492 figure of, ii, 493 shoulder-girdle of, i, 58; ii, 2 tail of, figured, i, 83; ii, 486

Paraliparis, i, 202, 219; ii, 454, 455

Paramia, ii, 317

Paranguilla, ii, 150

Paranthias, ii, 328

Paraphyllodus, ii, 396

Parapristipoma, ii, 342

Parapegasus, ii, 240

Parapercis, ii, 502

Parasilurus, ii, 183

parasites of fishes, crustaceans, i, 340 figures illustrating, i, 341-344 fungi, i, 353 Heart Lake tapeworm, i, 348 hosts of, i, 343 internal, i, 342 protozoans, i, 342

parasitic diseases, Gurley on, i, 342 Linton on, i, 343 Megnin on, i, 343 Railliet on, i, 343 Stiles on, i, 343 Ward on, i, 343

parasitic fungi, i, 353

parasitic worms, acanthocephala, i, 344 cestodes, i, 344 an article of food, i, 351 nematodes, i, 344 trematodes, i, 344

Paratrachichthys, i, 439; ii, 295 figure of, ii, 253

Paraxus, i, 517

Pareioplitæ, ii, 426-458

parental affection in fishes, i, 166, 167

Parexocœtus, ii, 214

parent-stream theory, ii, 81

Parequula, ii, 287

pargo criollo, i, 324; ii, 335

pargo de lo alto, ii, 336

pargo guachinango, ii, 335

pargos, ii, 333

Park, i, 393

Parker, i, 90, 428, 594; ii, 160, 482 on Chimæras, i, 563 on hearing of fishes, i, 121, 122 optic nerve of flounder, ii, 482, 483 on soles, ii, 483

Parnell, i, 410

Parophrys, ii, 493

Parr, ii, 91

Parra, i, 396

parrot-fish, i, 21; ii, 56, 360, 385, 390, 393 figure of, i, 330; ii, 392, 394, 395 jaws of, figured, i, 30; ii, 391 pharyngeals of, i, 47, 48; ii, 393

parts of skeleton, i, 35

paru, ii, 405

Patæcidæ, ii, 516

Patæcus, ii, 514

patao, ii, 348

Patten, i, 428 on Ostracophores, i, 569

pesce re, ii, 218

peacock flounders, ii, 488

pearlfish, i, 84, 159; ii, 522 figure of, i, 522, 523

pêche prêtre, ii, 429

Peck, i, 419

pecten, ii, 6

pectoral fin, i, 10, 521 of Chiloscyllium, i, 66 of codfish, i, 66 figure of, i, 57, 66 Gegenbaur on, i, 66, 67 of Heptranchias, i, 57 origin of, i, 67

pectoral limb, i, 50 of Dipnoan, i, 60 figure of, i, 85 Kerr on, i, 61 in shark, i, 60

peculiar, jaws and teeth, i, 201 larval forms, i, 142

pediculates, i, 51, 206, 207, 405; ii, 40, 499 order of, ii, 542-553

Pegador, figure of, i, 197; ii, 468

pegapega, ii, 468

Pegasidæ, ii, 240 family of, ii, 239

Pegasus, i, 393; ii, 240

peixe rey, ii, 216

pelagic fishes, i, 245 vertebræ in, i, 209

Pelamis, i, 364

Pelargorhynchus, ii, 136

Pelates, ii, 342

Pelecanus, i, 345

Pelecopterus, ii, 34

pelican, fish parasites in, i, 345

pelican-eel, ii, 156

Pellegrin, i, 412 on poisonous fishes, i, 182-184

Pelor, i, 180; ii, 434

Peltacephalata, i, 568

pelvic girdle, i, 42

Pempheridæ, ii, 288

Pempheris, ii, 289 figure of, ii, 289, 290

penfishes, ii, 344

Penella, i, 242

Pennant, i, 396 on parental affection in fishes, i, 166

Pentacerotidæ,[14] ii, 333

Footnote 14:

This family should stand as _Histiopteridæ_, the name _Pentaceros_, _Pentacerotidæ_, being used earlier for starfishes.

pentadactyle limb, i, 79

Pentapus, ii, 341

Peprilus, ii, 285 figure of, i, 18; ii, 284

Perca, 391; ii, 307, 315, 367 brain of, i, 111 figure of, ii, 308

Percalates, ii, 320

Percarina, ii, 310

Percesoces, ii, 157, 208, 228, 290, 360, 370, 521, 522 order of, ii, 215

perches, i, 21, 209, 290, 304; ii, 168, 258, 304, 307, 310 brain of, figured, i, 111 European, ii, 307 everglade pigmy, figured, ii, 295 white, ii, 304 yellow, ii, 307, 308

Percichthys, ii, 320

Percidæ, i, 209, 248, 290, 406; ii, 171, 258, 294, 304, 309, 320 family of, ii, 304

Percilia, ii, 320

Percina, ii, 306, 310 figure of, ii, 311

Percis, ii, 453

Percoidea, ii, 293-315

Percoidei, ii, 398

percoid fishes, ii, 293-315

Percomorphi, ii, 258-271, 365, 397, 398, 426 suborder of, ii, 258

Percophidæ, ii, 502

Percopsidæ, i, 290; ii, 241 family of, ii, 241

Percopsis, i, 316; ii, 296 figure of, ii, 241

periblast, i, 136

Periophthalmus, i, 117; ii, 465, 510 figure of, i, 118; ii, 466

Peristediidæ, i, 208; ii, 457

Peristedion, i, 219 figure of, i, 299; ii, 457

peritoneum, i, 32

Permian, ii, 14, 23 sharks from, i, 517

Perugia, i, 412

pescado azul, ii, 382

pescadillo del red, ii, 354

pescado blanco, i, 328; ii, 216 figure of, i, 217, 329

pescado del rey, ii, 216

pesce rey, ii, 216

Petalodontidæ, i, 531 family of, i, 554 teeth of, figured, i, 555

Petalodus, i, 554

Petalopteryx, ii, 26, 458

Peters, i, 411

peto, ii, 266

Petromyzon, i, 132, 142, 357, 372, 391, 490, 618 figure of, i, 491 mouth figured, i, 492 head of, figured, i, 111

Petromyzonidæ, i, 290, 373, 490

Petroscirtes, ii, 509

pez ciego, ii, 524

pez del rey, figure of, ii, 218

pez de pluma, ii, 344

pez puerco, ii, 413

Phæbodus, i, 522

Phanerodon, ii, 375

Phaneropleuron, i, 612 figure of, i, 613

Phanerosteon, i, 580

Phareodus, ii, 56, 57 figures of, ii, 57-59 fossils of, ii, 58, 59

pharyngeals, i, 5, 48 figure of, i, 47 of Italian parrot-fish, ii, 391 of parrot-fish, figured, ii, 391 use in voice, i, 121

pharyngeal teeth, figured, ii, 175

Pharyngognathi, i, 405; ii, 259, 380, 396 suborder of, ii, 384

Philippi, i, 415

Philypnus, ii, 459 figure of, ii, 460

Pholidophoridæ, ii, 26, 29, 36, 41

Pholidophorus, ii, 28 figure of, ii, 29

Pholidurus, ii, 22

Pholis, i, 209; ii, 512 figure of, ii, 512

phosphorescent groups, i, 187

phosphorescent organs, artificial stimulation of, i, 191 chemical action in, i, 196 cross-section of, i, 193 Greene on, i, 194, 196, 197 Lendenfeld on, i, 194, 195 of Porichthys, i, 194

photophores, i, 187, 189

Phoxinus, ii, 167

Phractolamidæ, ii, 48

Phrynorhombus, ii, 488

Phtheirichthys, ii, 469

Phthinobranchii, i, 227-240

Phyllodus, ii, 396

Phyllolepidæ, i, 584

phylogeny, i, 63, 79

Phylopteryx, ii, 238

Phylyctænaspis, i, 586

Physoclysti, i, 405; ii, 39, 209

physostome, ii, 10

Physostomi, i, 405; ii, 39, 40

picarel, ii, 347

pickerel, i, 4; ii, 147

pigfish, ii, 342

pigmentation, i, 226 effect of spirits on, i, 235

pigmy sunfishes, ii, 296

pike, i, 209, 239, 250, 290, 304, 328, 440; ii, 190 figure of, i, 203, 328; ii, 191 skeleton of, i, 203

pike-perch, ii, 309

pilchard, ii, 50

pilot-fish, i, 63; ii, 272 figure of, ii, 273

Pimelodus, ii, 183, 186

Pimelometopon, ii, 388, 389 figure of, ii, 389

pineal organ, i, 111 Dean on, i, 112 figure of, i, 111

pine-cone-fish, figure of, i, 16; ii, 257

pinfish, ii, 344

ping, ii, 91

Pinguipedidæ, ii, 363, 499

pink, ii, 72

pintado, ii, 266

pipefish, i, 64, 128, 440 family of, ii, 236

pirate-perch, i, 290; ii, 294 figure of, ii, 295

Pisces, i, 393, 588 characteristics of, i, 506

Piso, i, 389

placoderm, i, 462, 584, 590, 591, 593

Placodermi, i, 568, 622, 623

placoid scales, i, 21

Placopharynx, ii, 174 lower pharyngeal figured, ii, 171

Plagioscion, ii, 354

Plagiostomi, i, 507

Plagiuri, i, 392

Plagyodontidæ, ii, 134, 136

Plagyodus, ii, 136 figure of, ii, 135

plaice, ii, 487, 493

plaice tribe, ii, 492

pla-kat, ii, 370

Platacidæ, ii, 398, 400, 401

Platax, i, 240, 268; ii, 243, 245, 398, 401

Platophrys, figure of, i, 174, 175 larval form, i, 174

Platichthys, ii, 482, 493 figure of, ii, 495

Platophrys, ii, 481, 482, 488 larval stages of, figured, ii, 484

Platycephalidæ, i, 267 family of, ii, 441

Platycephalus, ii, 441

Platycormus, ii, 283, 284, 485

Platyglossus, ii, 390

Platyptera, ii, 506

Platysomidæ, ii, 4, 14, 15

Platysomus, ii, 15 figure of, i, 452

Platystacus, i, 128; ii, 184

Platyurus, i, 364

Playfair, i, 416

Plecoglossus, i, 260; ii, 62, 115, 117 figure of, i, 321; ii, 116

plectognath fishes, i, 206

Plectognathi, ii, 9, 40 series of, ii, 411

Plectognaths, ii, 291, 411

Plectorhynchus, ii, 341

Plectospondyli, ii, 40, 161, 162

plectospondylous, i, 48

Plectromus, ii, 253

Plectropoma, ii, 323

Plesiops, ii, 330, 359

Plethodus, ii, 44

Pleuracanthus, i, 65, 66, 204, 437, 510, 511, 513 diphycercal tail of, i, 80 figures of, i, 74, 519, 520 headbones and teeth of, figured, i, 520

Pleurocanthidæ, i, 519, 520, 522, 566

Pleurogrammus, i, 209 figure of, i, 328; ii, 439

Pleuronectidæ, i, 290 family of, ii, 485

Pleuronectinæ, ii, 492

Pleuronectes, i, 391; ii, 493

Pleuronichthys, i, 206, 257; ii, 493 figure of, i, 441

Pleuropholis, ii, 29

Pleuropterygii, i, 513, 514, 518

Plioplarchus, ii, 304

Plotosidæ, ii, 184

Plotosus, ii, 184

Plumier, i, 389

Pneumatosteus, ii, 32

Podopteryx, ii, 457

Podothecus, ii, 453

pond-skipper, figure of, i, 118; ii, 466

Pœcilia, ii, 199

Pœciliidæ, 22, 125; ii, 194, 198, 199, 201, 213 figure of, i, 126

Pœcilodus, i, 531

Poey, i, 376, 415 portrait of, i, 413

Pogonias, i, 595; ii, 354, 357 figure of, ii, 358

Pogonichthys, ii, 169

poison fishes, i, 180-185, 236 figure of, i, 229; ii, 436

poison glands, ii, 177, 527 in catfishes, ii, 182 Günther on, ii, 527, 528, 529

poisonous fishes, ii, 325, 335 diseases arising from, i, 183 varieties of, i, 180, 182, 183

Polistotrema, figure of, i, 489

Pollachius, i, 209; ii, 537

pollack, figure of, ii, 537

Pollard, i, 595, 600

Polycentridæ, ii, 358

Polyclinidæ, i, 477

Polydactylus, figure of, ii, 225 shoulder-girdle of, i, 89; ii, 225

Polygnathus, figure of, i, 486

Polymixia, i, 122; ii, 257

Polymixiidæ, family of, ii, 256

Polynemidæ, i, 122; 11, 215, 224

Polynemus, i, 393

Polyodon, i, 199, 253, 302, 452, 534, 566, 622, 623; ii, 22 figure of, ii, 22

Polyodontidæ, i, 290; ii, 20, 21, 22

Polyospondyli, i, 509, 530, 561

Polypteridæ, i, 602, 605 Boulenger on, i, 608

Polypterus, i, 76, 79, 88, 89, 204, 450, 600, 601, 603, 606, 616; ii, 2 figure of, i, 79, 602, 607 shoulder-girdle of, figured, i, 600

Polyrhizodus, i, 555

Polystylidæ, i, 476

Pomacanthus, ii, 403, 405 figure of, ii, 403

Pomacentridæ, i, 206, 209; ii, 380, 381, 382 organs of smell in, i, 115

Pomacentrus, i, 235; ii, 383 figure of, ii, 382 species of, ii, 383

Pomadasis, ii, 341, 342

Pomatomidæ, ii, 278

Pomatomus, ii, 278 figure of, i, 324

pomfret, ii, 286

Pomolobus, i, 300; ii, 49, 53 figure of, i, 455; ii, 50

Pomotis, i, 302; ii, 379

Pomoxis, i, 302; ii, 297 figure of, ii, 297, 298

pompon, ii, 341

pond-skipper, figure of, i, 118

pond-smelt, ii, 124

poolfishes, i, 159

pope, ii, 309

poppy-fish, ii, 283

Popular Science Monthly, reference to, ii, 69

porbeagle, i, 537

porc des rivières, ii, 369

porcupine-fish, i, 19, 197; ii, 422, 423 figure of, i, 17; ii, 422

porgy, i, 239; ii, 342 varieties of, ii, 344

Porichthys, i, 121, 190, 191, 192; ii, 526 figure of, i, 23; ii, 526 Greene on, i, 190; ii, 526 luminous organs of, i, 172 phosphorescent organs of, i, 191

porkfish, ii, 341 figure of, ii, 341

portal vein, i, 108

Portheus, ii, 48 skeleton of, ii, 47

Port Jackson shark, eggs of, figured, i, 128, 527

portugais, ii, 405

Portuguese man-of-war, figure of, i, 160

Porcus, ii, 183

postembryonic development of fishes, i, 132

posterior limbs, i, 53

postero-temporal, i, 90

post-temporal, i, 88, 90

Potamorrhaphis, ii, 211

Powrie, i, 424

predatory fishes, i, 116; ii, 164

premaxillary, figure of, i, 55

preopercle, i, 45

preservation of fishes, Günther on, i, 431 methods of, i, 431, 432

Priacanthidæ, ii, 333

Priacanthus, ii, 333 figure of, ii, 331

Pribilof sculpin, figure of, ii, 446

Priem, i, 427

priestfish, figure of, ii, 430

Prime, on crab-eater as game fish, ii, 282

primitive fishes, brain of, i, 112 skeleton of, i, 54

primitive herring-like fishes, i, 454

primitive sharks, i, 511 orders of, i, 513

Prionace, i, 542

Prionodus, i, 488

Prionodes, ii, 329

Prionotus, i, 246; ii, 283 figure of, ii, 456

Prionurus, ii, 409

Priscacara, ii, 381

Pristipoma, i, 375

Pristididæ, i, 549

Pristodontidæ, i, 555

Pristiophoridæ, family of, i, 548, 549

Pristiophorus, i, 199 figure of, i, 201, 548

Pristis, i, 199, 548 figure of, i, 200

Pristiurus, i, 70

proach, ii, 445

Proantigonia, ii, 400

Proballostomus, ii, 201

problem of highest fishes, Gill on, i, 383

problem of Oatka Creek, i, 282

process of natural selection, i, 297, 302

Prochanos, ii, 45

Prognathodes, ii, 404

Progymnodon, ii, 423

Prolebias, ii, 201

Promethichthys, ii, 267

Promicrops, ii, 323

pronephros, i, 619; ii, 5, 8

Pronotocanthus, ii, 157

Propristis, i, 550

propterygium, i, 58, 511, 512, 523

Prosarthri, i, 509, 526

proscapula, i, 89

prosencephalon, i, 109 figure of, i, 111

Protamia, ii, 36

Protaulopsis, ii, 233

protection, through poisonous flesh, i, 182 of young, i, 128

protective, coloration, i, 226 markings, i, 228

Proteus, i, 600

Protocatostomus, ii, 56

protocercal tail, i, 81, 598 Wyman on, i, 81

Protochordata, i, 460-466

Protonotacanthidæ, ii, 157

Protopterus, i, 82, 85, 100, 204, 450, 613, 616, 617 figure of, i, 622

Protoselachii, i, 523

Protosphyræna, ii, 34

Protosphyrænidæ, ii, 34

Prostospondyli, ii, 23, 34

Protosyngnathus, ii, 233

Prototroctes, i, 252; ii, 128

protozoan parasites, i, 342

Provençal i, 95

Psammobatis, i, 553

Psammodus, i, 558, 559

Psammosteidæ, i, 574

Psenes, ii, 285

Psenopsis, ii, 284

Psephodus, i, 531

Psephurus, i, 199, 253, 452, 622, 623 figure of, ii, 21

Psettidæ, ii, 291

Psettus, ii, 398, 400 figure of, ii, 399

Pseudecheneis, ii, 184

Pseudeleginus, ii, 502

Pseudobagrus, ii, 183

Pseudoberyx, ii, 52

Pseudoblennius, i, 260; ii, 448

pseudobranch, ii, 7

pseudobranchiæ, i, 92

Pseudocheilinus, ii, 390

Pseudochromipidæ, ii, 359

Pseudogaleus, i, 533

Pseudojulis, ii, 389

Pseudolabrus, ii, 390

Pseudomonacanthus, ii, 415

Pseudopleuronectes, i, 174; ii, 493 larval figures of, i, 176; ii, 483

Pseudopriacanthus, ii, 332, 333 figure of, ii, 332

Pseudorhombus, ii, 492

Pseudoscaphirhynchus, ii, 18, 20

Pseudoscarus, i, 329; ii, 394, 396 figure of, i, 330

Pseudosciæna, i, 169; ii, 355, 356

Pseudotriakidæ, family of, i, 536

Pseudotriakis, i, 536

Pseudovomer, ii, 278, 286

Pseudogobio, i, 416

Pseudupeneus, ii, 352 figure of, i, 122, 329; ii, 351

Psychrolutes, i, 219; ii, 441, 447, 449 figure of, i, 221; ii, 451

Psychromaster, ii, 315

Pteraclidæ, ii, 286, 291

Pteraclis, ii, 286

Pteraspidæ, i, 570

Pteraspis, i, 569, 571, 591, 622 figure of, i, 575

Pterichthyodes, i, 444, 622 figure of, i, 576

Pterichthys, i, 581

Pterogobius, figure of, ii, 462

Pterois, i, 180, 202; ii, 434 figure of, ii, 435

Pterophryne, ii, 550 figure of, ii, 549 species of, ii, 550

Pteroplatea, i, 556

Pteropsaridæ, ii, 502

Pteropsaron, figure of, ii, 502

Pterothrissidæ, ii, 46 described, ii, 46

Pterothrissus, ii, 46

Pterophryne, figure of, i, 52

pterygials, ii, 1

Pterygocephalus, ii, 513

pterygoid, i, 606

Ptilichthyidæ, ii, 513

Ptilichthys, figure of, ii, 514

Ptychochelius, i, 164, 304; ii, 169 figure of, i, 162

Ptychoderidæ, i, 465

Ptychodus, i, 557

Ptycholepis, ii, 26 figure of, ii, 28

ptychopterygium, i, 510, 512

Ptychodus, i, 566

pudding-wife, ii, 388

pudiano, ii, 388

puffer, inflated, figure of, ii, 420

puffers, i, 206, 236; figure of, ii, 419, 420 silver, ii, 419 tiger, ii, 423

pugnacity of fishes, i, 162

pug-nosed eel, ii, 148 figure of, ii, 149

Putnam, i, 405; ii, 522

Pycnodonti, ii, 13

Pycnodontidæ, ii, 22

Pycnodus, ii, 22

Pygæidæ, ii, 405

Pygæus, ii, 405, 410

Pygidiidæ, ii, 185, 186

Pygopterus, ii, 14

Pygosteus, ii, 231

pyloric cæca, i, 26, 32

Pyrosoma, i, 477

Pyrosomidæ, i, 477

quadrate, i, 606

Quassilabia, ii, 174

Quensel, i, 396

Querimana, ii, 222

questions, by Agassiz, i, 284 by Cope, i, 288

quiescent fishes, i, 158

quillfish, the, ii, 513 figure of, ii, 514

quinnat salmon, i, 150, 301; ii, 68, 73-76 figure of, i, 354; ii, 69, 79 young male figured, i, 355

rabbit-fishes, figure of, ii, 423

Rabirubia, ii, 337

Rachycentridæ, family of, ii, 282

Rachycentron, ii, 470, 468 figure of, ii, 282

Rafinesque, i, 395; ii, 315 on imaginary garpike, i, 364, 366

ragfishes, the, ii, 285 Ogilby on, ii, 285

rainbow darter, ii, 315

rainbow trout, ii, 96-98, 100 figure of, i, 326; ii, 98, 99

Raja, i, 72, 129, 391, 549 figure of, i, 448, 552

Rajidæ, i, 551, 553

Ranicipitidæ, ii, 539

Rangeley trout, ii, 109 figure of, i, 326

Raniceps, ii, 539

Ranzania, i, 84, 412 figure of, ii, 425

Rapp, i, 411

Rascasio, ii, 433

ratfish, i, 564

Rathke, i, 428; ii, 144

rat-tail, i, 209; ii, 441, 540

Ray, i, 390

ray, i, 9, 24, 35, 117, 508, 509, 549 electric organs of, i, 186

razor-back sucker, ii, 174 figure of, ii, 175

razor-fish, figure of, ii, 388

recognition marks, i, 7, 231, 232

records of fishes, i, 433

red charr, ii, 108

red drum, figure of, ii, 356

redeye, ii, 168

Redfield, i, 423

redfin, ii, 166

Redfieldius, ii, 16

redfish, ii, 68, 324, 355, 388 figure of, ii, 389

red goatfish, ii, 35 figure of, i, 329

red grouper, ii, 324 figure of, ii, 325

red hind, ii, 324 figure of, ii, 326

red-mouth grunt, ii, 340

red mullet, ii, 352

red mumea, ii, 335

red parrot-fish, figure of, ii, 393

red porgy, ii, 343

red rockfish, ii, 429

red rock-trout, ii, 440 skeleton of, figured, i, 214

red salmon, ii, 69, 71, 82 figure of, ii, 70, 76

red snapper, ii, 330, 335

red tai, ii, 349 figure of, ii, 342

red-throated trout, ii, 102

red voraz, ii, 338

red wrasse, ii, 387

Reed, ii, 112, 113 on trout-fishing, ii, 112

Regalecidæ, family of, i, 472

Regalecus, i, 361; ii, 425, 472, 473, 479 figure of, i, 362, 363

Regan, ii, 291 on Teleostomi, i, 622, 623

Règnè Animal, i, 400

Reighard, i, 428 on lampreys, i, 491

Reinhardt, i, 410; ii, 127 portrait of, i, 409

Reinhardtius, ii, 491

Reis, i, 427, 428, 571

relations of fish faunas, Japan and Mediterranean, i, 270

relationships, of Chimæras, i, 563 of Palæspondylus, i, 593, 595

relation of vertebræ to temperature, i, 202

Remora, i, 197; ii, 468, 469

Remorina, ii, 469

Remoropsis, ii, 469

Remsberg, photograph by, i, 362

Renard, i, 396

reproduction of lost parts, i, 150

Requins, i, 540

resemblances of fish faunas, i, 259, 260

respiration, i, 91-108

Retropinna, i, 252; ii, 123

Retzius, i, 428

Rhabdofario, ii, 62, 118

Rhacochilus, ii, 375 figure of, ii, 374

Rhacolepis, ii, 44

Rhadinichthys, ii, 14

Rhamphognathus, ii, 218

Rhamphocottidæ, ii, 449

Rhamphocottus, ii, 449 figure of, ii, 451

Rhamphosidæ, ii, 234

Rhamphosus, ii, 234

Rhegnopteri, order of, ii, 224

Rheopresbe, i, 256; ii, 445

Rhina, i, 551

Rhinæ, suborder of, i, 547

Rhineastes, ii, 186

Rhinellidæ, ii, 134

Rhinellus, ii, 134 figure of, ii, 134

Rhineodon, i, 540

Rhineodontidæ, i, 540

Rhinesomus, i, 377

Rhinichthys, i, 283, 307 figure of, i, 342; ii, 164

Rhinidæ, i, 551

Rhinobatidæ, i, 551 family of, i, 550

Rhinobatis, i, 553 figure of, i, 551

Rhinochimæra, i, 199, 566

Rhinochimæridæ, i, 565

Rhinoptera, i, 557

Rhinotriacis, i, 541

Rhipidistia, i, 602

Rhizodontidæ, i, 603

Rhizodopsis, i, 603

Rhodeus, i, 129; ii, 164

Rhombochirus, figure of, ii, 469

Rhomboganoidea, ii, 24

Rhomboplites, ii, 337

Rhombus, ii, 486

Rhyacichthyidæ, ii, 504

Rhyacichthys, ii, 504

Rhynchias, ii, 522

Rhynchobdella, ii, 532

Rhynchodus, i, 566

Rhynchorhinus, ii, 150

ribbon-fish, ii, 471, 475, 485 Goode on, ii, 475

rice-field eels, ii, 141

Richardson, i, 408, 418; ii, 64 on whitefish, i, 322

Richardson's sculpin, figure of, ii, 451

Rio Grande trout, figure of, ii, 106

Risso, i, 395

Rissola, figure of, ii, 520

Ritter, on ascidians, i, 474 on Enteropneusta, i, 464

river-bullhead, spawning of, i, 166

river-drum, ii, 354, 355

river-fishes, dispersion of, i, 297-319

river-ruff, ii, 309

river-sculpin, ii, 445

river-sheepshead, ii, 354

river-trout, ii, 94

river-wolf, ii, 190

Rivulus, i, 314

roach, ii, 163, 168

robalito, ii, 320

robalo, the, i, 320, 355 figure of, ii, 319, 324

Roccus, i, 291, 324; ii, 321, 330 bones of, i, 35 cranium of, i, 36-39 figures of, i, 35-39, 46, 48

Roche, i, 396

rock-bass, i, 4; ii, 297 figure of, ii, 299 skull of, figured, ii, 296

rock-beauty, ii, 404 figure of, ii, 405

rock-cod, i, 203; ii, 429

rock-cook, ii, 387

rockfish, i, 94, 125, 159; ii, 321, 429, 431 figure of, i, 218

rock-hind, i, 19; ii, 324 figure of, i, 29

rocklings, i, 209; ii, 520, 539

rock-pilots, the, ii, 381

rock-pool fishes, figure of, i, 294

rock-skipper, ii, 510 figure of, ii, 509

Rocky Mountains, barriers to dispersion, i, 305

Rohon, i, 427, 428

romero, ii, 272

roncador, ii, 353, 355, 356

ronco amarilla, ii, 340

ronco arará, ii, 340

Rondelet, i, 361, 388 on sea-monster, i, 360

Rondeletiidæ, ii, 132

Ronquilus, ii, 502

ronquils, ii, 502

rosefishes, i, 125; ii, 428 figure of, ii, 427

Rosenthal, i, 428

rothfisch, ii, 106

rough-headed sea-robin, ii, 457

roundfish, ii, 63

round-herring, ii, 52

round-minnow, figure of, ii, 196

round-robin, ii, 274

rousettes, i, 533

Rudarius, figure of, i, 241

rudder-fish, ii, 273, 285, 349, 350 figure of, ii, 349

runners, ii, 272

Rüppell, i, 411

Rusconi, on external gills, i, 77

Russell, i, 396; ii, 473

rusty-dab, ii, 493

Rutilus, ii, 164, 168

Rutter, i, 422; ii, 69, 84 photograph by, i, 355

Ruvettus, ii, 267

Ryder, i, 408, 428 on embryos, i, 64 on nest-building, ii, 229 on paired limbs, i, 66 on tail forms, i, 81, 84

Rypticus, figure of, ii, 330

saboti, ii, 304

Saccopharynx, ii, 136, 157

Sacramento perch, i, 179 figure of, i, 258

Sagenodus, i, 613

sailfish, ii, 268

sailor-fish, i, 199

St. Ambrose, ii, 120 on Thymallus, ii, 120

St. Hilaire, i, 396, 428

St. John, i, 426

Salangidæ, ii, 127

Salanx, i, 146; ii, 123, 127, 128 figure of, i, 147; ii, 128

sälbling, ii, 108

Salar, ii, 90, 93

Salarias, i, 208, 271; ii, 510, 511

salema, ii, 346

Salmo, i, 291, 304, 305, 316-318, 332, 345, 346, 378, 391; ii, 62, 68, 89, 94-96, 98 figure of, i, 326; ii, 98, 99, 101, 104-106 general description, ii, 89 tail of, figured, ii, 486

salmon, i, 21, 25, 28, 39, 53, 146, 204, 209, 249, 256, 290, 440; ii, 67-69, 94, 107, 128, 159 artificial propagation of, ii, 88 ascent of cascades, ii, 76 Callbreath on, ii, 89 colors of, ii, 78 family of, i, 61-119 habits in ocean, ii, 73 method of descent of stream, ii, 78 mutilation of, ii, 75, 76 nest of, ii, 78 packing of, ii, 87 scales of, i, 21 sexual distortion in, i, 129 spawning changes in, ii, 89 spawning of, ii, 78-80 spring running, ii, 73 white-meated, ii, 78 of Yukon, i, 73

salmonete, i, 329 figure of, ii, 351

salmon fishery, of Japan, ii, 81 output of, ii, 87

salmon fry, liberation of, ii, 84 marking of, ii, 84

Salmonidæ, i, 204, 290; ii, 61-119, 127, 130, 161, 190

Salmonoidea, ii, 41, 61

salmonoids, ii, 94, 107

salmon pack, estimate of, ii, 80

salmon roe, ii, 76

salmon shark, i, 447, 537

salmon trout, ii, 94, 105, 114

Salmopercæ, ii, 241-249 suborder of, ii, 241

Salpa, i, 477; ii, 348

Salpidæ, i, 477

Salvelini, ii, 95, 106

Salvelinus, i, 282, 306, 307, 311; ii, 62, 95, 99, 107, 108-110, 112-114 description of, ii, 107 figure of, i, 326; ii, 110, 111

samarang, i, 408

Samaris, ii, 489

samlet, figure of, ii, 116

Sancassini, ii, 144

Sandalodus, i, 531

sand-dab, ii, 491

sand-darter, ii, 313 figure of, i, 158; ii, 313

sandfishes, ii, 364 figure of, ii, 364

sand-lance, figure of, ii, 521

sand-pike, ii, 308

sand-roller, figure of, ii, 241

Sandroserrus, ii, 309

Sandrus, ii, 309

sandstone, fragment figured, i, 435

sand-sucker, ii, 357

sand-whiting, ii, 357

San Pedro fish, ii, 244

São Paulo, ii, 162

Saprolegnia, i, 353; ii, 76 surface on, i, 354

sarcastic blenny, figure of, ii, 507

Sarda, i, 210; ii, 264

Sardinella, i, 204, 327, 332; ii, 50

sardines, i, 199, 268; ii, 50

Sardinia, i, 204

Sardiniodes, ii, 134

Sardinius, ii, 44

Sargassum fish, figure of, i, 52; ii, 549

sargo, ii, 345

Sars, ii, 535

saucer-eye porgy, figure of, ii, 345

sauger, figure of, ii, 309

Sauripterus, i, 603

Saurocephalus, ii, 48

Saurodon, ii, 48

Saurodontidæ, ii, 48

Sauropsida, i, 601

Sauropsis, ii, 34

Saurorhynchidæ, ii, 17

Saurorhynchus, ii, 17

saury, figure of, ii, 212

sausolele, figure of, ii, 435

Sauvage, i, 412, 427

savalo, ii, 43

sawfish, i, 199, 548 figure of, i, 550

saw-shark, i, 549 figure of, i, 201, 548

scabbard-fishes, ii, 267

Scænidæ, i, 206

scales of fish, classification of, i, 20 figure of, i, 21, 22

scamp, ii, 327

Scapanorhinus, snout figured, i, 536

Scaphirhynchus, i, 253, 452; ii, 18, 20

Scardinius, ii, 168

Scaridæ, ii, 390, 393, 396

Scaridea, ii, 391

Scartichthys, figure of, i, 294; ii, 510

Scarus, ii, 352, 391, 393, 396 figure of, ii, 394 jaws of, figured, ii, 393 pharyngeals of, i, 47, 48; ii, 393

Scatophagus, ii, 400

Scaumenacia, i, 612

Schedophilus, ii, 285

Schilbiosus, figure of, i, 179

Schilbeodes, i, 180, 202; ii, 177, 182 figure of, ii, 182 structure of, ii, 177

Schizocardium, i, 465

Schlegel, i, 414

Schmidt, i, 411

Schnäbel, ii, 63

Schnapper, ii, 343

Schneider, i, 398

schoolmaster, ii, 336

schoolmaster-snapper, figure of, i, 440

Schomburgk, i, 415

Schöpf, i, 395

Sciæna, i, 391; ii, 356-358

Sciænidæ, i, 290; ii, 225, 353-355, 358

Sciænops, ii, 355 figure of, ii, 356

Sclerodermi, ii, 398, 411, 412

scleroderms, ii, 412, 415

Scoliodon, i, 542

Scolopsis, ii, 342

Scomber, i, 94, 210, 391; ii, 260, 262, 266 figure of, i, 332; ii, 260

Scomberoides, ii, 272, 470

Scomberomorus, i, 210, 322; ii, 264, 266 figure of, ii, 264

Scomberosomus, figure of, i, 322

Scomberidea, ii, 258, 271

Scombramphodon, ii, 266

Scombresox, ii, 211, 214 figure of, i, 212

Scombridæ, i, 210; ii, 258, 272, 470 family of, ii, 259

scombriform fishes, i, 209

Scombrinus, ii, 266

Scombroclupea, ii, 52

Scombroidea, suborder of, ii, 258

Scombroidei, ii, 291, 484, 485

scombroids, ii, 485

Scombropidæ, ii, 317

Scombrops, ii, 317

scopeloid, ii, 474

Scopelus, ii, 133

Scophthalmus, ii, 486, 488

Scopoli, i, 396

Scorpæna, i, 180, 211, 391; ii, 429, 432, 433, 438 figure of, i, 433, 434

Scorpænichthys, ii, 442 skull of, figured, i, 427

Scorpænidæ, i, 94, 207, 211; ii, 363, 426, 435, 441, 503 family of, i, 426, 448

Scorpænopsis, ii, 434

Scorpænopterus, ii, 436

Scorpididæ, ii, 397, 398, 400

Scorpis, ii, 398, 400

scorpion-fishes, i, 207, 429; ii, 426, 433

Scudder, i, 405

sculpin, i, 21, 219, 257, 290, 429, 440; ii, 363, 441, 445, 447-449 buffalo, ii, 443 daddy, ii, 445 eighteen-spined, ii, 446 great, ii, 442 little, ii, 446 long-horned, ii, 447 Pribilof, ii, 446 red, ii, 443 Richardson's, ii, 451 river, ii, 445 sleek, ii, 451 stone, ii, 443

scup, ii, 344 figure of, ii, 343

scutes, i, 570

Scuticaria, ii, 153

Scymnorhinus, i, 546

Scyliorhinidæ, i, 127, 532, 533

Scyliorhinoid shark, skull of, figured, i, 56

Scyliorhinus, i, 447, 533

Scyphophori, ii, 188, 207 order of, ii, 188, 189

Scytalina, figure of, ii, 519

Scytalinidæ, ii, 519

sea-bass, i, 135; ii, 320, 323 figure of, i, 137

sea-bat, ii, 552

sea-catfish, ii, 178 eggs of, hatched in mouth, ii, 179 figure of, ii, 179

sea-devil, i, 559; ii, 547

sea-drum, ii, 357

sea-horse, i, 19, 64, 128; ii, 449 family of, i, 236 figure of, i, 17

Seale, i, 422

sea-mink, ii, 356

sea-moth, ii, 239 figure of, ii, 240

sea-poacher, i, 208; ii, 449, 453

sea-raven, figure of, i, 220; ii, 448

sea-robin, i, 246; ii, 457 figure of, ii, 456 rough-headed, ii, 457 striped, ii, 457

sea-scorpion, ii, 363 figure of, ii, 434

sea-serpent, i, 361; ii, 471, 473

sea-snail, i, 217; ii, 39, 454

sea-trout, ii, 94

sea-waifs, ii, 133

sea weed, ii, 512

sebago, ii, 92

Sebastapistes, ii, 434

Sebastes, i, 125, 211; ii, 428 figure of, i, 218; ii, 427

Sebastichthys, ii, 428, 429, 433 figure of, ii, 431, 432

Sebastiscus, ii, 432

Sebastodes, i, 125, 211, 219, 375; ii, 428, 429, 431-433, 438 figure of, ii, 429 skeleton of, figured, i, 214

Sebastolobus, i, 52-55, 211 cranium of, i, 53 figure of, ii, 428 lower jaw of, i, 54 maxillary of, i, 55 shoulder-girdle of, i, 52

Sebastopsis, i, 271; ii, 432

Sectator, i, 271; ii, 350

Seeley, i, 410

Segemehl, i, 97

segments of Dibothrium figured, ii, 103

selachians, i, 572, 592

Selachii, i, 382, 507-509; ii, 9

Selachostomi, i, 623; ii, 13 order of, ii, 20

Selenaspis, clavicle of, i, 87 shoulder-girdle of, i, 86

Selene, ii, 276 development of, figured, i, 148 Lütken on, i, 144 skeleton of, figured, i, 55

Selenichthyes, ii, 241-249 suborder of, ii, 243

Selenosteus, i, 588

Selenosteidæ, i, 587

Semicossyphus, ii, 390

Semionotidæ, ii, 23, 24, 26

Semionotus, figure of, ii, 24

Semiophoridæ, ii, 245

Semiophorus, ii, 245 figure of, ii, 246

Semon, i, 428

Semotilus, i, 282; ii, 167 figure of, i, 285; ii, 268

señorita, ii, 388

sense organs, i, 115-123

sense of pain, i, 123

sense of taste, i, 121

sense of touch, i, 121

sensorium, i, 153

sensory nerves, i, 153

Sergeant Baker, ii, 130

sergeant-fish, figure of, ii, 282

Seriola, ii, 272, 278 figure of, i, 459; ii, 273

Seriphus, ii, 354

serran, ii, 329

Serrana, ii, 357

Serranellus, ii, 329

Serranidæ, i, 206, 209, 259, 290; ii, 258, 293, 319, 320, 324, 327, 328, 330, 331, 333, 359, 363

serrano, ii, 327, 328

Serranus, ii, 328, 363

Serrasalmo, ii, 161, 162

Sertulariæ, ii, 544

sese de lo alto, ii, 336

sesele, ii, 304

Setarches, ii, 433

setiform, i, 30

sexual coloration, i, 230

sexual modification, in colors, i, 129 in structure, i, 129

shad, ii, 50, 53, 147

shad waiter, ii, 63

shagreen grains, i, 570

sharks, i, 21, 23, 24, 28, 53, 75, 445, 446, 519, 523, 542, 543, 545, 546 air-bladder wanting in, i, 506 distribution of, i, 459 eggs of, i, 127, 433 fossil teeth of, i, 546 jaws of, i, 35 pectoral limbs of, i, 60, 66 phosphorescent, i, 189 primitive, i, 510, 511 shoulder-girdle in, i, 507 skull of, i, 56, 57

shark-sucker, i, 197; ii, 468, 469

sharp-nosed flying-fish, figure of, ii, 213

Shasta, ii, 97

Shaw, i, 398

sheatfish, ii, 182, 183

sheepshead, i, 30, 324; ii, 345, 346 figure of, i, 31; ii, 346

shibi, ii, 263

shiner, i, 283; ii, 163, 168 figure of, ii, 168

shiro-uwo, ii, 127, 467

Shooter, head-fish taken by, ii, 424

shore-fishes, i, 245 distribution of, i, 263-265

short-nosed garpike, figure of, i, 452

shoulder girdle, i, 42, 50 of batfish, ii, 551 of buffalo-fish, ii, 160 figure of, i, 51, 52, 58, 59, 60, 69, 70, 86, 88, 89, 600; ii, 225, 227 figure of fossil, i, 521 of flounder figured, i, 58; ii, 2 of Ictiobus ii, 160 inner view of, ii, 160 of Neoceratodus, i, 609 of Opah figured, ii, 243 of Polypterus, i, 70 of Sebastolobus figured, i, 52 in sharks, i, 507 in true eel, ii, 141

shovel-nosed sturgeon i, 253

shrimp, ii, 147

shrimpfishes, ii, 234 figure of, ii, 235

Shufeldt, photographs by, i, 7, 13, 137; ii, 181, 305, 333

Siebold, i, 411, 414

sierra, ii, 266

Siganidæ, ii, 409, 410

Siganus, ii, 410

sight organs, i, 116-118

significance, of resemblance, i, 259 of rare forms, i, 262

Sillaginidæ, ii, 358

sillago, ii, 358

silk-snapper, ii, 336

Siluridæ, i, 149, 205, 280, 290, 293; ii, 60, 178, 182, 186

siluroid, i, 290; ii, 529

Silurus, i, 391; ii, 182

silverfin, figure of, i, 457; ii, 166

silver-jaw minnow, ii, 165 figure of, ii, 165

silver-jenny, ii, 348

silver-king, ii, 43

silver-perch, ii, 342

silver-salmon, ii, 68, 71, 73, 87

silversides, i, 290; ii, 215 figure of, ii, 217

silver surf-fish, figure of, i, 309; ii, 375

silver-tail, ii, 512

silvery anchovy, figure of, ii, 54

silvery puffer, figure of, ii, 419

Simenchelyidæ, ii, 148

Simenchelys, ii, 148 figure of, ii, 149

Sindo, i, 418, 422

singing-fish, i, 121 figure of, i, 23; ii, 526 species of, ii, 526

Siniperca, ii, 320

sinus impar, i, 120

sinus venosus, i, 108

Siphonognathidæ, ii, 390

Siphonognathus, ii, 390

Siphonostoma, ii, 236

Sirembo, ii, 524

Sirenoidei, i, 612 order of, i, 613

sisco, ii, 66, 67

siscowet, ii, 66, 115

Sisoridæ, ii, 184

skates, i, 28, 551, 552

skeleton of cowfish, figure of, ii, 418

skeleton of fish, i, 10, 34-61 of cowfish, i, 215 of Chimæra, i, 564 parts of, i, 35, 36 primitive, i, 54 of pike figured, i, 203 of red rockfish, i, 214 of Selene figured, i, 55 of shark, i, 57 of spiny-rayed fish, i, 214

skilfishes, ii, 438 figure of, ii, 438

skin-peeler, ii, 415

skipjack, ii, 50

skippers, Couch on, ii, 211

skipping-goby, i, 117

skittle-dogs, i, 545

skull, of Anarrhichthys, ii, 517 autostylic, i, 57 figure of, ii, 296 of haddock, ii, 536 hyostylic, i, 56, 508 of rock-bass, ii, 296 of Scorpænichthys figured, ii, 427 of shark figured, i, 56

sleek-sculpin, figure of, i, 221; ii, 451

sleeper-shark, i, 547

sleepy Argentine, ii, 134

slippery Dick, ii, 388 figure of, i, 297; ii, 180, 396

Sloane, i, 389

small-mouthed bass, figure of, i, 325; ii, 303

smear-dab, ii, 494

smelt, ii, 66, 91, 120-138 figure of, ii, 123

Smerdis, ii, 310, 330

Smith, i, 416, 419, 608 on Arctic species, i, 317

Smitt, i, 410

snailfish, ii, 455

snake-blennies, ii, 512

snake-eels, ii, 150 figure of, i, 233

snake-headed China-fish, ii, 371 figure of, i, 150; ii, 371

snake-headed mullets, ii, 370

snapper, ii, 333, 335, 338 diamond, ii, 337 gray, ii, 334, 335 lane, ii, 336 mahogany, ii, 337 mangrove, ii, 335 mutton, ii, 335 red, ii, 335 silk, ii, 336 true, ii, 337 yellow-tail, ii, 337

snipe-eels, ii, 151

snipefishes, ii, 234

Snodgrass, i, 422; ii, 423

snooks, ii, 282, 320

snowy grouper, figure of, ii, 329

Snyder, i, 418, 420

Snyderina, figure of, ii, 437

soapfishes, ii, 330 figure of, ii, 330

sobaco, ii, 413

sockeye, ii, 69

soft-rayed fishes, i, 204; ii, 39

soi, ii, 429

soldados, ii, 253

Solander, i, 395

soldier-fish, ii, 315 family of, ii, 253 figure of, ii, 254

Solea, i, 327; ii, 487, 496

Soleidæ, i, 290; ii, 495, 499

Soleinæ, ii, 496

Solenostomidæ, family of, ii, 236

Solenostomus, i, 128; ii, 236 figure of, ii, 237

soles, ii, 495 broad, ii, 495 Day on, ii, 496, 497 European, ii, 496 Gill on, ii, 496 habits of, ii, 496 hog-choker, ii, 498 Parker on, ii, 483

Sonnerat, i, 395

Sörensen, on elastic spring, i, 97

sounds of fishes, i, 168-170 Bowring on, i, 168

soup-fin sharks, figure of, i, 541

southern zone, i, 253

spadefish, ii, 400 figure of, i, 325; ii, 401

Spaniodon, ii, 43

Spaniodontidæ, ii, 47

Spanish-flag, ii, 323, 429

Spanish-mackerel, i, 64, 210, 322 figure of, i, 322; ii, 264 Goode on, ii, 264, 265 Mitchill on, ii, 264

Sparidæ, i, 206; ii, 342, 344, 346, 372 family of, ii, 342

Sparisoma, i, 268; ii, 352, 391, 392, 396 figure of, ii, 392 jaws figured, i, 30

Sparnodus, ii, 347

Sparus, i, 259, 263, 391; ii, 346

Spathiurus, ii, 36

Spaulding, ii, 84 marking of fry by, ii, 84

spawning-grounds, return to, ii, 82

spawning of salmon, i, 160

special creation impossible, i, 295

spearfish, i, 199; ii, 469

specialized fishes, i, 249

species, i, 371 absent through barriers, i, 238 changed through natural selection, ii, 239 characters of, i, 292 conditions favorable to, i, 301 extinction of, i, 239 meaning of, i, 293, 379 special creation, i, 295 transfer of, i, 312

speckled flounder, ii, 488

speckled hind, ii, 324 figure of, ii, 325

speckled trout, figure of, i, 326; ii, 110

Spengel, on Enteropneusta, i, 464

Spengelia, i, 465

Spengeliidæ, i, 465

sperling, ii, 123

Sphærodon, i, 268

Sphagebranchus, ii, 151

Sphagepæa, i, 565

sphenial, i, 606

Sphenocephalus, ii, 252

Spheroides, i, 206; ii, 419-421 figure of, i, 420

Sphyrænidæ, i, 206 family of, ii, 222

Sphyræna, ii, 221 figure of, ii, 223

Sphyrænodus, ii, 266

Sphyrna, i, 543 figure of, i, 544

Sphyrnidæ, i, 543

Spicara, i, 260; ii, 347

Spinacanthidæ, ii, 415

Spinacanthus, ii, 415

Spinachia, ii, 232

spinal cord, i, 112

spineless trunkfish, figure of, i, 378; ii, 417

spines of catfish, i, 179

spiny eels, ii, 157

spiny-rayed fishes, i, 21, 206-208; ii, 39, 208, 307 skeleton of, figured, i, 214

spiracle, i, 92

Spiraculis, i, 393

spiral valve, i, 32

splenial, i, 43

split-tail, ii, 169

Spondyliosoma, i, 260, 267; ii, 348, 350

spookfishes, i, 564

spot, ii, 356

spotted trout, ii, 105

spotted trunkfish, ii, 416 figure of, i, 377; ii, 417

spotted weakfish, figure of, ii, 353

sprat, i, 204; ii, 50, 123

spring salmon, ii, 80

Squalidæ, i, 531, 543, 545, 546, 566

Squaloraja, i, 566

Squalorajidæ, i, 566

Squalus, i, 391 figure of, i, 545

Squamipinnes, ii, 209, 411

Squamipinus, ii, 397-410

square-tails, ii, 291

Squatina, i, 548 brain of, figured, i, 547 pectoral fin figured, i, 56

Squatinidæ, i, 549, 554

squawfish, figure of, i, 162; ii, 169 spawning journey of, i, 164

squeteague, ii, 353

squirrel-fish, ii, 253, 329

Stannius, i, 428

star-gazer, ii, 364, 503 figure of, i, 187, 504

Starks, C. L. drawings of fishes i, 36-39

Starks, E. C., i, 420 on berycoid skull, ii, 250 on fish skeleton, i, 39

starry-flounder, ii, 493 figure of, ii, 495

star-spined ray, figure of, i, 448

Stearns, i, 419

steelhead, ii, 94, 96, 99, 100 figure of, ii, 101

steelhead-trout, figure of, i, 327

Steenstrup, i, 410

Stegocephali, i, 606

Stegostoma, i, 533

Stegothalami, i, 584 Dean on, i, 585

Steindachnerella, ii, 541

Steindachner, i, 411, 414, 427 portrait of, i, 403

Steindachneria, figure of, ii, 541

Steinegeria, ii, 286

Steinegeriidæ, ii, 286

Stelgis, figure of, ii, 451

Steller, i, 395; ii, 135 on quinnat salmon, ii, 68

Stellifer, i, 271; ii, 355

Stenodus, ii, 62, 68 figure of, ii, 67

Stenotomus, ii, 344 figure of, ii, 343

Stephanoberycidæ, family of, ii, 223

Stephanoberyx, ii, 223

Stephanolepis, ii, 414, 415 figure of, i, 182, 415

Stereobalanus, i, 465

Stereolepis, ii, 321

Sternoptychidæ, ii, 137

Sternoptyx, i, 357; ii, 137

Stethojulis, ii, 390

Stichæiniæ, ii, 511

Stichæus, ii, 513 figure of, ii, 513

stickleback, i, 51, 128, 250, 290; ii, 157, 215, 228, 229, 232 fighting of, i, 165 figure of, ii, 232 shoulder-girdle of, ii, 227 spines of, i, 179

Stieda, i, 428

Stiles, on parasitic diseases, i, 343, 344

stingaree, i, 556

sting-bull, ii, 501

stingfish, ii, 501

sting-rays, i, 84, 267, 549 figure of, i, 246, 555 spines of, i, 182

Stizostedion, ii, 308 figure of, ii, 309

Stolephorus, ii, 52

Stomias, figure of, ii, 128

Stomiatidæ, i, 189, 204; ii, 128

Stone, ii, 80 on rate of travel of salmon, ii, 80

stone-bass, ii, 323

stone-cats, ii, 182

stone-roller, i, 157; ii, 166 figure of, i, 33; ii, 167

stone-sculpin, ii, 443

stonewall perch, ii, 359, 360

stony-flounder, ii, 482

Storer, i, 418

Storms, i, 427 on fossil remora, ii, 469

Stratodontidæ, ii, 137

Stratodus, ii, 137

Strinsia, ii, 539

striped-bass, i, 48, 53; ii, 37, 321 bones of, i, 39, 45 figure of, i, 35 tail of, i, 49 vertebral column of, i, 48

striped-mullet, figure of, i, 330

striped sea-robin, ii, 457

Ström, i, 396

Stromateidæ, i, 160; ii, 215, 259, 284, 291, 398, 485 family of, ii, 283

Stromateus, i, 391; ii, 283, 291

sturgeon, i, 128, 204, 250, 257, 290; ii, 18-21, 159, 160, 182, 186 child swallowed by, ii, 182 of Danube, ii, 182 figure of, ii, 19, 20 larva of, figured, i, 141

Styela, figure of, i, 475, 476

Stygicola, i, 314; ii, 524

Stylephoridæ, ii, 480

Stylephorus, ii, 480

subgenus, i, 373

suborbital stay, i, 44

subspecies, i, 294

sucker, i, 156, 198, 290, 304; ii, 56, 171, 172, 174 California, ii, 174 carp, ii, 173 common, ii, 174 figure showing parasites, i, 348 Oregon, ii, 175 razor-backed, figured, ii, 175

sucking-disks, of clingfish, i, 198

sucking-fish, figure of, i, 197; ii, 468

Suckley, i, 419

Sudis, ii, 9, 136

Suez Canal, i, 268

sukkegh, ii, 69

Suletind watershed, i, 307

Sulphur, the, i, 408

summer herring, figure of, i, 455

Sunapee trout, figure of, ii, 109

sunfish, i, 3-15, 28, 209, 290; ii, 37, 297, 424 banded, ii, 299 blue-green, i, 26 common figured, i, 7; ii, 301 description of, i, 4 dwarf, ii, 467 figure of, i, 2, 4, 27 food of, i, 11 long-eared, i, 3; ii, 300 nine-spined, ii, 301 photograph of, i, 13 pigmy, ii, 297

supraclavicle, i, 89

Surface, on destruction of fish, i, 357 on lampreys, i, 491-505 on Saprolegnia, i, 354-356

surf-fish, i, 125, 207, 290; ii, 372, 373 blue, ii, 375 silver, ii, 375 thick-lipped, ii, 374 wall-eye, ii, 375 white, ii, 374

surf-shiner, ii, 376

surf-smelt, ii, 123, 124, 127

surf-whiting, ii, 357

surgeon-fish, ii, 407 lancet of, i, 181

surmullets, i, 122, 198, 322; ii, 351-379

suspensorium of mandible, i, 43

susuki, i, 324; ii, 320

Swain, i, 422

Swainson, i, 410

swallowers, ii, 360

Swammerdam, i, 390

swampy watersheds, i, 314

Swan, ii, 123 on Mesopus, ii, 123

sweetfish, ii, 115

sweet-perch, ii, 363

swell-sharks, i, 197, 533

swell-toad, ii, 420, 423

swim-bladder, ii, 95

swordfish, i, 169, 199, 210; ii, 269 adult, figured, ii, 270 Goode on, ii, 270 Owen on, ii, 270, 271 vessels struck by, ii, 270 young, figured, ii, 269

swordtail-minnow, figure of, i, 124; ii, 199

Syacium, figure of, ii, 488

Syllæmus, ii, 224

Symbranchia, ii, 140 order of, ii, 140

Symbranchidæ, ii, 141

Symbranchus, ii, 141

Symphodus, i, 268; ii, 387

Symphurus, figure of, ii, 498

symplectic bone, ii, 156

Synagrops, ii, 317

Synanceia, i, 180; ii, 434 figure of, i, 229

Synaphobranchidæ, ii, 149

Synaphobranchus, ii, 149 figure of, ii, 149

Synaptura, ii, 497

Synchiropus, ii, 506

Synechodus, eggs of, i, 527

Synentognathi, ii, 190, 208-214 suborder of, ii, 209

Syngnathidæ, family of, i, 236

Syngnathus, i, 170, 391; ii, 236

Synodontidæ, ii, 130, 133

Synodontis, ii, 182

Synodus, ii, 190 figure of, ii, 130

synonymy and priority, Coues on, i, 374

Syntegmodus, ii, 44

Syrski, ii, 144, 145 on eels, ii, 145

Systema Naturæ, i, 373

Tachysurus, ii, 178, 179, 86

Tænioides, ii, 467

Tæniosomi, ii, 292, 459-480 suborder of, ii, 471, 472

Tæniotoca, ii, 375

Tæniura, i, 557

tahanohadai, ii, 363

Tahoe trout, figure of, i, 327; ii, 104

tai-fishing, illustration of, i, 338

tail forms, i, 49, 50, 80-85

taiva, ii, 342

Talisman, i, 408; ii, 60

Talismania, ii, 60

Tamiobatidæ, i, 532

Tamiobatis, i, 551

tangs, ii, 407

Tantogolabrus, ii, 387

Tarpon, i, 157, 205; ii, 35, 51 figure of, ii, 43

Tarrassiidæ, i, 602

Tarrassius, i, 602

tarwhine, ii, 344

tautog, ii, 387 figure of, ii, 385, 386

Tautoga, i, 207; ii, 385

taxonomy, i, 367, 368

Tectospondyli, i, 448, 510, 513, 519, 545, 549 order of, i, 543 Woodward on, i, 543

tectospondylous, i, 49

teeth, i, 29, 30, 201 of Ceratodus figured, i, 614 of Chimæra, i, 562 of Corax, i, 543 figured, i, 522, 524 of Janassa, i, 554 of sharks, i, 515, 527, 529, 537

Teleocephali, i, 405; ii, 39, 40, 209

Teleosteans, i, 384

Teleostei, i, 66, 204, 622, 624; ii, 2, 5, 37 sympathetic system of, i, 114

Teleostomes, i, 599

Teleostomi, i, 462, 572, 583, 598, 599, 603 Regan on, i, 622

teleosts, i, 35, 135, 139, 141, 204, 569; ii, 1, 3, 4, 159

Telepholis, ii, 133

Telescopias, ii, 317 figure of, ii, 318

teleotemporal, i, 90

Temnothoraci, i, 584, 586

temperature, affecting distribution, i, 242

tenacity of life in fishes, i, 146, 147, 149

tench, ii, 168

tengudai, ii, 333

tengusame, i, 534

ten-pounder, ii, 35, 43 figure of, i, 454; ii, 42

Terapon, ii, 342

Teraponidæ, ii, 342

Tertiary fishes, i, 440

Tertiary ganoids, ii, 140

tessellated darter, figure of, ii, 312

tessellated teeth, i, 30, 549

Tetragonolepis, i, 24 figure of, ii, 26

Tetragonopterus, i, 314; ii, 161, 162, 381

Tetragonuridæ, ii, 215 family of, ii, 291

Tetragonurus, ii, 291

Tetraodon, i, 169, 197, 206, 236, 393, 611; ii, 420 figure of, i, 183, 244; ii, 421, 422

Tetraodontidæ, i, 182; ii, 421 family of, ii, 419

Tetrapturus, i, 257; ii, 269

Tetrarhynchus, ii, 134

Tetronarce, i, 554

Teuthidæ, ii, 291

Teuthididæ, ii, 407, 409

Teuthis, i, 268, 271, 293; ii, 407 figure of, i, 181; ii, 407, 408

Thacher, on paired limbs, i, 70

thalamencephalon, ii, 6, 8

Thalassoma, i, 207, 267, 271; ii, 389

Thalassophryne, i, 180; ii, 526, 527 poison organ of, ii, 528, 529 structure of, ii, 527, 528

Thalassothia, ii, 526

Thaleichthys, ii, 124 figure of, i, 320; ii, 19, 124 sketch of, ii, 125

Thaliacea, i, 477

Thaumaturus, ii, 119

Thelodontidæ, i, 574, 579

Thelodus, i, 570, 573

Theragra, i, 209 figure of, ii, 537

Therobromus, ii, 127

Thetis, the, i, 410

thick-lipped surf-fish, figure of, i, 374

Tholichthys, i, 144; ii, 402

Thollière, i, 427

Thompson, i, 410, 418

Thoracici, i, 393; ii, 39

Thoracies, ii, 209

Thoreau, ii, 190, 308

thread-eel, ii, 151, 152 figure of, i, 17, 365; ii, 152

threadfins, i, 122; ii, 215, 224 figure of, ii, 225 shoulder-girdle of, i, 89; ii, 225

threadfish, ii, 276

threadhead worms, i, 351

thread-herring, ii, 51, 53

three-forked hake, ii, 539

three-spined stickleback, figure of, ii, 232

thresher-shark, i, 536

Thrissopater, ii, 43

Thrissops, ii, 41

Thryptodontidæ, ii, 44

Thryptodus, ii, 44

Thunberg, i, 416

thunder-pumper, ii, 354, 355

Thunnus, i, 210, 272; ii, 262

Thursius, i, 604

Thwaite shad, ii, 50

Thyestes, i, 576

Thymallidæ, ii, 120

Thymallus, i, 305; ii, 120, 121, 122 figure of, i, 328; ii, 120, 122

Thyrsites, ii, 267

Thyrsitocephalus, ii, 267

tide pools of Misaki, view of, i, 161

tiger-puffer, ii, 423

tiger-sharks, i, 533

Tilapia, ii, 380

tilefish, ii, 361 catastrophe to, ii, 362 Collins on, ii, 362 Gill on, ii, 361, 362

Tilesius, i, 396, 416

Tinca, i, 345; ii, 168, 175

tiñosa, ii, 276

Tiphle, ii, 236

Titanichthyidæ, i, 587

Titanichthys, i, 583, 587, 589

Titicaca Lake, peculiar fish from, ii, 201

toadfish, ii, 525, 526 Brazilian, ii, 526 poison, ii, 526 poison-organs of, i, 180 shoulder-girdle of, i, 59

tomcod, ii, 537 figure of, ii, 538

tomtates, ii, 341

tongue-fish, ii, 488, 497

tooth, of Hybodus, figured, i, 528 of Lamnidæ, i, 538

topknot, ii, 488

top-minnow, i, 118; ii, 198, 199, 467 figure of, ii, 198

toque, ii, 114

torabuku, ii, 423

tori, ii, 6

Tornaria, figure of, i, 463

torpedo, i, 268; ii, 183, 188 figure of, i, 186; ii, 183 fin rudiments in, i, 71

torsk, ii, 539

toto, ii, 398

totuava, ii, 354

Townsend, ii, 502

Tower, on gas in swim-bladder, i, 95, 96 on weakfish, i, 94

Toxotes, i, 240, 268; ii, 400

Toxotidæ, ii, 400

Trachicephalus, figure of, i, 456; ii, 438

Trachichthyidæ, ii, 253

Trachichthys, i, 263; ii, 252

Trachidermus, ii, 445

Trachinidæ, ii, 500, 501, 506, 525

Trachinotus, i, 322; ii, 276

Trachinus, i, 169, 180, 391; ii, 500, 501 Boulenger on, ii, 501

Trachosteus, i, 583, 588, 589, 590

Trachurops, ii, 275

Trachurus, i, 210, 274 figure of, ii, 274

Trachypteridæ, family of, ii, 477 Goode and Bean on, ii, 479

Trachypterus, i, 144; ii, 425, 477 figure of, ii, 478 Günther on, ii, 480

Trachyrhynchus, ii, 541

trahira, ii, 162

transportation of fishes, i, 150

Trautschold, i, 427

Traquair, i, 426, 428 on Gnasthome, i, 573 on high and low forms, i, 381, 382 on Ostracophores, i, 569-571 on Palæospondylus, i, 591 portrait of, i, 425 on sharks, i, 512

Traquairia, i, 517

Travailleur, the, i, 408; ii, 60

tree-climber of India, Daldorf on, i, 163

treefish, ii, 431

Tremataspidæ, i, 576

trematodes, i, 344

Triakis, i, 541

Triacanthidæ, ii, 412

Triacanthodes, ii, 412

Triacanthus, ii, 412

Trichina, i, 352

Trichiurichthys, ii, 268

Trichiuridæ, i, 210; ii, 472 family of, ii, 267

Trichiurides, ii, 32

Trichiurus, ii, 268, 479 figure of, ii, 268

Trichodon, figure of, ii, 364

Trichodontidæ, ii, 364, 506

trinomial nomenclature, i, 378

trigger-fishes, i, 440; ii, 412, 413 figure of, i, 184, 412

Trigla, i, 169, 391; ii, 456, 457 air-bladder of, i, 97

Triglidæ, i, 122, 208; ii, 455 family of, ii, 455

Triglops, ii, 442 figure of, ii, 443

Triglopsis, i, 317; ii, 447

Trigonodon, ii, 347

Triodon, ii, 419

Triodontidæ, ii, 418

Tripterygian, ii, 508

Tristichopterus, i, 603

Trochocopus, ii, 388

Troglichthys, i, 220, 222; ii, 202, 203

tropical fishes, species of, i, 271 variety among, i, 333

Tropidichthyidæ, ii, 421

Tropidichthys, i, 115; ii, 422

Troschel, i, 415

trout, i, 156, 250, 290, 304, 326, 327; ii, 38, 41, 61, 89, 90, 107, 121, 128, 147, 168 tail figure of, ii, 486 of Utah basin, ii, 104 of Yellowstone, i, 345

trout-perch, i, 241, 290; ii, 61 figure of, ii, 242

trout-spotted darter, ii, 314

trout-worm, ii, 103 figure of head, ii, 103 segments of, figured, ii, 103

trucha, ii, 320

true eels, ii, 141 shoulder-girdle in, ii, 141

true perches, ii, 304

true sharks, i, 523-560

true snapper, ii, 337

trumpeter, ii, 363

trumpet-fish, i, 51, 440 family of, i, 233 figure of, i, 234

truncate, i, 19

truncus arteriosus, ii, 6

trunkfishes, i, 16, 19, 206, 373, 375, 378, 429; ii, 415-417 figure of, i, 373, 376, 377 horned, ii, 416 hornless, ii, 419 spineless, ii, 417 spotted, ii, 416

Trypauchen, ii, 467

tschawytscha, ii, 73

Tschudi, i, 415

tsuzume, ii, 402

tullibee, ii, 67

tunicates, i, 460, 462, 467-481 adult, figured, i, 480 anatomy, figured, i, 472 Kingsley on, i, 467, 468, 469 larva, figured, i, 471 Ritter on, i, 474

tunny, i, 19, 210 great, ii, 262

turbots, i, 206, 328; ii, 488, 489 tribe, the, ii, 487

Turner, on Dallia, ii, 207

Turton, i, 410

Tutuila Island, lizard skipper from, i, 230

Twin Lakes, trout of, i, 241

Two-Ocean Pass, i, 307, 308, 309, 310 Evermann on, i, 307

tyee, ii, 69

Tylosurus, i, 128 figure of, ii, 210 shoulder-girdle of, i, 59

Typhlichthys, i, 220, 314; ii, 201, 202 figure of, i, 116; ii, 202

Typhlogobius, i, 198; ii, 467

Typodus, ii, 222

uku, i, 325; ii, 338

Ulæma, i, 271

ulchen, ii, 124 figure of, i, 320; ii, 124

Umbra, i, 253; ii, 35 figure of, ii, 193

Umbridæ, i, 290; ii, 193, 194

Umbrina, ii, 356, 357 figure of, ii, 357

umiuma, i, 429

uncertain conclusions, i, 79

Undina, i, 204, 605

unicorn-fish, ii, 409, 415

U. S. Fish Commission, ii, 69

Upeneus, ii, 353

Upham, on glacial effects, i, 275

upland fishes, i, 311

Uranidea, ii, 443, 445 figure of, ii, 445

Uranoplosus, ii, 22

Uranoscopus, i, 259, 260, 393; ii, 361, 364, 503, 504

Uranoscopidæ, ii, 503, 504, 506, 525

Urenchelyidæ, ii, 142

Urenchelys, ii, 142

ureters, ii, 6

Urochordata, i, 460

Urodela, i, 76

Urolophus, i, 555-557

Uronemidæ, i, 612

Uronemus, i, 612

Urophycis, i, 187; ii, 538

Uropterygius, ii, 153

urosome, i, 84, 85

Urosphen, ii, 234

Urosphenidæ, ii, 234

urostyle, i, 84

Usinosita, ii, 498

uu, i, 162

vaca, i, 235; ii, 327

Vahl, i, 396

Vaillant, i, 412 portrait of, i, 413

Valenciennellus, ii, 134

Valenciennes, i, 401, 404

Valenciennesia, ii, 460

Valentyn, i, 396

Valisneri, ii, 144

Valisneria, ii, 144

Van Dyke, ii, 93 on Ouananiche, ii, 93

vaqueta de dos colores, ii, 404

variability of instinct, Whitman on, i, 156

variation in colors, i, 235

variation in fin-rays, i, 211

Variola, ii, 327

vasa efferentia, ii, 6

vas deferens, i, 28

Velifer, ii, 286

Vellitor, i, 260; ii, 448

vendace, ii, 67

venomous spines, of catfish, i, 179 of scorpion-fish, i, 180

ventral fins, i, 10

Venustodus, i, 531

Verasper, ii, 492

ver blanc, i, 351

Verilus, ii, 338

vertebræ, i, 203, 205

vertebræ in fishes, i, 212 Boulenger on, i, 213 figure of, i, 510

vertebral column, i, 46-48 figure of, i, 48

vertebral column, of lancelet, i, 55 of Roccus, i, 48

verrugato, ii, 356

vessels engaged in fish-collecting, i, 408, 410

villiform teeth, i, 29

Vinciguerra, ii, 408 portrait of, i, 413

Vinciguerria, ii, 134

Vinson, on Gourami, ii, 369

Violante, the, i, 408; ii, 60

viper-fish, ii, 129

Vireosa, ii, 460 figure of, ii, 461

viscera of fish, i, 26, 28

viviparous fishes, figure of, i, 125, 126, 222; ii, 200

viviparous perch, figure of, ii, 379

voices of fishes, i, 121

Vogmar, ii, 477

Vogt, i, 428

Volador, ii, 458

Vomer, ii, 276

vomer, i, 6

Vomeropsis, ii, 278

wachna cod, ii, 537

Wagner, i, 427

Waha Lake, ii, 104

Waite, i, 408, 416 portrait of, i, 409

Walbaum, i, 397; ii, 68

Walcott, i, 428, 603 on fossil chimæroids, i, 565 on oldest forms, i, 435

walking-fish, i, 167

wall-eye, ii, 307

wall-eyed surf-fish, ii, 375

Walton, i, 336, 337

Ward, on parasitic diseases, i, 343, 344

Wardichthys, ii, 15

water-beetle, ii, 144

water-pig, ii, 369

watersheds, i, 305 the Cassiquiare, i, 307 how fishes cross, i, 306 the Suletind, i, 306 swampy, i, 314 Two-Ocean Pass, i, 307

weakfish, ii, 353

Weber, i, 428 on swim-bladder, i, 96

Weberian apparatus, i, 93, 96, 97; ii, 160 figure of, i, 93; ii, 160

weevers, ii, 500 Gill on, i, 500

weissfelchen, ii, 65

weissfisch, ii, 65

wels, ii, 182

welshmen, ii, 253

West Indian fish, i, 235

whale-shark, i, 540

whiff, ii, 488, 489

whips, i, 206

whiptail rays, i, 549

Whiteaves, i, 427

whitebait, ii, 123, 127, 216

white bass, ii, 321

white bullhead, ii, 180

white catfish, figure of, i, 344

white channel-cat, ii, 180

white chub, figure of, ii, 165

whitefish, i, 62-64, 305, 322; ii, 115, 362, 467 figure of, i, 321

white-mouthed drummers, ii, 356

white perch, ii, 321 figure of, ii, 322

white sea-bass, ii, 354

white sharks, i, 534

white shiner, figure showing parasites, i, 343

white surf-fish, figure of, ii, 374 with young figured, i, 125; ii, 372

whiting, ii, 537

Whitman, i, 428 on instincts, i, 156

Whitmee, on aquarium fishes, i, 165

Whitney, ii, 116

wide-eyed flounder, figure of, ii, 488

wide-gape, ii, 545

wide-mouthed flounder, figure of, ii, 493

Wiedersheim, i, 513

Williams, on eye of flounder, i, 174-178

Williamson, i, 423

Williston, i, 427

willow-cat, ii, 180

Willughby, i, 390

Winckler, i, 427

window-pane fish, ii, 488 figure of, ii, 487

wine-colored eel, ii, 153

wolf-eel, ii, 517

wolf-fish, ii, 517 figure of, ii, 517

Wolffian duct, i, 28

Woodward, i, 426, 428, 519, 543, 554, 582, 584, 591, 594, 602; ii, 4, 13, 24, 26, 34, 36, 43, 48, 140, 425, 514, 522 on Acanthodei, i, 514, 516 on Chondrostei, ii, 17 on Dorypterus, ii, 16 on eels, ii, 140 on fossil fishes, i, 439 on fossil garpike, ii, 32 on Isospondyli, ii, 38 portrait of, i, 425 on Pycnodonti, ii, 23

Woolman, i, 422

worm-like eels, ii, 150

worm of the Yellowstone, i, 345

Worthen, i, 426

wrasse, i, 203; ii, 385, 387

wreckfish, ii, 323

Wright, i, 427, 428 on fishes of Panama, i, 275

wrymouths, figure of, ii, 516

Wyman, on month gestation, i, 170 on protocercal tail, i, 81

Xanthichthys, ii, 413

Xererpes, ii, 512 figure of, ii, 511

Xenichthys, i, 271; ii, 338

Xenistius, i, 271; ii, 338 figure of, ii, 338

Xenocephalidæ, ii, 520

Xenocephalus, ii, 520

Xenocys, i, 271; ii, 338

Xenomi, i, 405; ii, 157 order of, ii, 206

Xenopterygii, ii, 499 suborder of, ii, 529

Xesurus, ii, 409

Xiphasia, figure of, ii, 515

Xiphasiidæ, ii, 513

Xiphias, i, 210, 329, 391; ii, 269 figure of, ii, 270

Xiphidiinæ, ii, 511

Xiphidion, ii, 512

Xiphiidæ, family of, ii, 269

Xiphiorhynchus, ii, 269

Xiphorphorus, figure of, i, 124; ii, 199

Xiphistes, figure of, ii, 512

Xyrauchen, ii, 172, 174 figure of, ii, 175

Xyrias, figure of, ii, 151

Xyrichthys, i, 207; ii, 388-390 figure of, ii, 388

Xystæma, ii, 348 figure of, ii, 347

Xystreurys, ii, 492

Xystrodus, i, 531

yamabe, i, 327; ii, 95

yamanokami, ii, 445

Yarrell, i, 410 on fishing-frog, i, 169 on sounds, i, 168

yellowback rockfish, figure of, i, 218

yellow bass, ii, 321

yellow catfish, ii, 182

yellow-fin grouper, ii, 325 figure of, ii, 327

yellow-fin trout, ii, 105 figure of, ii, 105

yellow-fish, ii, 324

yellow goatfish, ii, 352

yellow grunt, ii, 340

yellow mackerel, ii, 276

yellow perch, ii, 307

Yellowstone Lake, trout of, i, 310, 345-347

Yellowstone Miller's Thumb, figure of, ii, 444

yellow-tail, ii, 273

yellow-tail roncador, ii, 356 figure of, ii, 357

yellow-tail snapper, figure of, ii, 337

yezomasu, ii, 71, 72

Young, i, 426 on angling, i, 337-339

Zacalles, figure of, ii, 511

Zacco, ii, 164

zakko, ii, 117, 120

Zalarges, ii, 134

Zalembrius, ii, 374, 376

Zalieutes, ii, 552

Zalises, figure of, ii, 240

Zanclidæ, ii, 406 family of, ii, 406

Zanclus, i, 240, 268; ii, 406 figure of, ii, 406

Zaniolepis, ii, 440

Zander, ii, 309

Zaprora, ii, 286

Zaproridæ, ii, 286

Zebrasoma, ii, 408, 409

Zebrias, ii, 497

Zeidæ, ii, 398 family of, ii, 247

Zenarchopterus, ii, 212

Zenion, ii, 249

Zenopsis, ii, 249

Zeoidea, i, 241-249 suborder of, ii, 245

Zeoidei, ii, 484

zeoid fishes, ii, 245

Zeorhombi, ii, 245

Zesticelus, ii, 447

Zeugopterus, ii, 488

Zeus, i, 259, 263, 267, 391; ii, 243, 249, 398 figure of, ii, 248

Zigno, i, 427

Zingel, ii, 307 figure of, ii, 310

Zittel, i, 427; ii, 13, 514 on Lepidostei, ii, 23 on Ostracophores, i, 569 portrait of, i, 425

Zoarces, ii, 144, 518 figure of, ii, 518

Zoarcidæ, ii, 518, 522

zoogeography, i, 237

zooids, i, 479

zootomists, i, 90

Zostera, i, 476

Zuieuw, i, 396

Zygonectes, ii, 199 figure of, ii, 198

FERNS

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TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES

1. Corrected the ERRATA listed on p. xxiii with the exception of the table of changes in generic names. 2. Silently corrected simple spelling, grammar, and typographical errors. 3. Retained anachronistic and non-standard spellings as printed. 4. Enclosed italics font in _underscores_. 5. Enclosed bold font in =equals=.