A Brief History of Forestry. In Europe, the United States and Other Countries

In the central part, Svealand or Sweden proper, the forest region begins, with pine and spruce, pure or in mixture, covering the granite hills and plateau; birch and other hardw...

Just as the thinning in polewoods arose from the need of earlier utilization, so the weeding of young growths was done for the purpose of getting material for withes to bind the...

Although in size larger than the United States, its land area being estimated at over 3,600,000 square miles, Canada has so far attained only one-fifteenth of the population of...

In that century, division of the Mark forest begins for the alleged reason that individual ownership would lead to better management and less devastation. In the 12th and 13th c...

The latest move in forest reform in this part of the world, as a result of Japanese influence, is to be recorded from Korea. Indeed, in 1910, Japan annexed Korea, and will doubt...

At the Institute the tuition is free and in addition 4 students receive scholarships of 250 dollars per year; appointment to assistantships follows immediately after promotion,...

In those early times, the extent of our forest domain was entirely unknown, and the concern of occasional early voices in public prints regarding a threatened exhaustion of timb...

Some notable exceptions to the general mismanagement of private forests are furnished by some of those owned by the nobility, like those of Count Uwaroff with 150,000 acres unde...

John Croumbie Brown’s sixteen volumes on forests and forestry in various countries may be mentioned among the propagandist literature. The Arboricultural Societies mentioned als...

The provincial ownership extends over about 500,000 square miles. The Dominion government owns an area of 20,000 square miles in the railway belt of British Columbia, 20 miles o...

For the education of the higher grade foresters a department of forestry (now with two professors) was instituted in the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural High School at Copenha...

In 1881, a new forest department under a French forest officer was started, which has grown until now its consists of one Conservator (D. E. Hutchins), 22 Assistant Conservators...

The northern forest, the most important economic factor, is composed largely of pure or mixed coniferous woods (74%), principally Norway Spruce (34%) and Scotch Pine (29.5%) wit...

In 1899, a change in the permit system was made, but hardly for the better, justices of the peace being empowered, under certain conditions, to issue such permits. Nor do we fin...

After nearly 500 years of this loose federation, it was reserved to Napoleon to proclaim the Helvetian Republic one and indivisible, in 1798, after a short struggle of 74 days....

In 1859, R. Maffei, a private forester, began to publish the _Revista forestale del regno d’ Italia_, an annual review, for the purpose of popularizing forestry in Italy, afterw...

By the end of the 18th century, this forest police, owing to the uncontrolled harshness and the grafting practices of the lower officials had become the most hated and distastef...

The discontent which was created by this act came very near wrecking the whole enterprise, and much difference of opinion between the local and general governments existed, the...

In order to secure influential support from outside, a committee of the Forestry Association induced the then Secretary of the Interior, Hoke Smith, in 1896, to request the Nati...

He may be considered as having established on a firm basis the forest administration of Prussia; and many of the things he instituted still prevail. In organizing the service, h...

As a result of gradual changes, the present distribution of property resulted, in which the State ownership is comparatively small, namely, in Austria proper not more than 7.3%...

The forest was undoubtedly the earliest home of mankind, its edible products forming its principal value. Its wild animals developed the hunter, the chase first furnishing means...

The French _forestry literature_ has never been prolific, and to this day occupies still a limited amount of shelf room. The first book on record is a translation of the well kn...

Cotta based his system of forest organization upon a method described by a Bavarian, Schilcher (1796); it relied primarily upon area rather than volume division. This method was...

For the student of forestry the history of its development in Germany is of greatest interest not only because his art has reached here the highest and most intensive applicatio...

By this ordinance, three special courts of adjudication in matters pertaining to the forests were established, with special officers whose duties were carefully defined, namely...

In 1767, the _Société d’Economie de Zurich_ published a foresters’ manual, and during the first quarter of the nineteenth century, _Zschokke_ and _Kasthofer_ developed silvicult...

In Bohemia, the clearing system with artificial reforestation, mostly by seed, had been introduced at the beginning of the century for the conifer forests, planting as a rule be...

When in the 18th century the need for better woods knowledge became pressing, the few really good forest managers were sought out by the young men who wished to secure this know...

A young engineer, _Surell_, was the first to study the possibility of coping with the evil and proved in his _Etude sur les torrents_, in 1841, its relation to forest cover, and...

With the aspects of _political economy_ in reference to forest policy the foresters had occupied themselves but little, leaving the shaping of public opinion to the Cameralists,...

It is a remarkable fact that the nation which can boast of the most extensive forest department in one of her colonies, has at home not yet been able to come to an intelligent c...

The first _Journal of Forestry_, a monthly publication, ventured into the world as a private enterprise, edited by Dr. Hough, soon after the Forestry Congress in Cincinnati, but...

This policy of freedom was also applied, although less radically, in Bavaria, except as to smaller owners. The result was, to a large extent, the increase of exploitation and fo...

II. FIRST DEVELOPMENT OF FORESTRY METHODS (1500 TO 1800) 41 1. Development of Property Conditions 42 2. Forest Conditions 47 3. Methods of Restriction in Forest Use 49 4. Develo...

OETTELT, 68, 70, 74, 76, 77, 134, 136. Ohio, 490, 497. Oliva de Serres, 244. Ordinances, Austria, 158, 161, 165; France, 214, 215, 216, 217, 233; Germany, 33, 38, 47, 48, 49ff,...