Category: History - Ancient
THE DIVISIONS OF ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY, 5 THE LITERARY SOURCES OF ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY, 6 THE ENVIRONMENT OF THE EARLY GREEK, 7 1. His Geographical Environment 7 2. His Political Environment 7 THE NATIVE TENDENCIES OF THE EARLY GREEK, AS SEEN (1) In the Development of his Religion,...
=Abdera and Athens.= The materialism of Democritus was the natural consummation of the thought of the Cosmological Period. The influence of the Sophistic psychology only enriche...
37. CHAPTER XVIII=The General Character of this Last Period.= The first one hundred and fifty years of this period was the golden age of scholasticism; the remaining one hundred years was a peri...
27. CHAPTER VIII=Aristotle in the Academy and Lyceum.= Many notable pupils gathered around Plato during his mastership of more than forty years. Plato’s nephew, Speusippus, succeeded him as lea...
32. CHAPTER XIII=The Two Causes of the Rise of Religious Feeling.= There were two causes for the turn of the time from its interest in individual practical ethics to religion. The first was an...
24. CHAPTER V=Socrates and Aristophanes.= There were two ways in which the other elements in Greek society tried to meet the Sophists. One was led by Aristophanes, the other by Socrates. Ari...
21. CHAPTER IIWhen we enter upon the one hundred and fifty years of philosophical beginnings of Greece, which are called the Cosmological Period, we find ourselves confronted with an extremel...
30. CHAPTER XI=The Position of Stoicism in Antiquity.= The Stoic School had a long history, and for five hundred years it was well-nigh the dominating system of thought. Its importance is sho...
28. CHAPTER IXWe ought to appreciate at the beginning the enormous time length of this period. It seems long since modern thought began, but it was only about 450 years ago. The Hellenic-Roma...
35. CHAPTER XVI=The General Character of the Early Period.= It is no accident that these five hundred years of the Middle Ages were spiritualistic. Both the political disturbances and the inte...
25. CHAPTER VI=The Waning of the Greek National Spirit.= The Systematic Period extends from the death of Socrates to the death of Aristotle. It is only seventy-seven years long――about the sam...
23. CHAPTER IV=An Historical Summary of the Anthropological Period.= The Anthropological Period begins with the Persian Wars, 490 and 480 B. C. After the battle of Marathon there sprang up a...
33. CHAPTER XIV=The Early Situation of Christianity.= The Orient was the source of the Gospel, as of the other religions of this time. The power of Christianity lay in the spontaneous force of...
22. CHAPTER III=Efforts toward Reconciliation.= The theories of Heracleitus and Parmenides were in part fantastic and in part abstract. They were the two motives of the Milesian school that ha...
29. CHAPTER X=The Life of Epicurus= (341–270 B. C.). Epicurus was born in Samos in Asia Minor. He was a school-teacher in Mitylene and Lampsacus, and in 307 B. C. he established in Athens hi...
36. CHAPTER XVII=The General Character of the Transitional Period.= The first century of the Transitional Period was as different from the last century of the Early Period in its intellectual a...
34. CHAPTER XV=Comparison of the Hellenic-Roman Period and the Middle Ages.= The Middle Ages can be conveniently remembered as approximately the 1000 years between the fall of old Rome, in 47...
20. CHAPTER I=The Divisions of Ancient Philosophy.= The history of ancient philosophy falls naturally into two large divisions: pure Greek philosophy and Hellenic-Roman philosophy (or Greek...
31. CHAPTER XII=The Appearances of Philosophic Skepticism.= We have now traced the history of the positive and dogmatic aspect of the Hellenic-Roman Period through its Ethical Division and far...
19. CHAPTER XVIII. THE PERIOD OF CLASSIC SCHOLASTICISM, 368THE GENERAL CHARACTER OF THIS LAST PERIOD, 368 THE TWO CIVILIZATIONS, 369 MAP SHOWING THE GROWTH OF MOHAMMEDAN CIVILIZATION IN THE MIDDLE AGES, 370 THE FIRST CONTACT OF THE TWO...
8. CHAPTER VII. PLATO, 119ABDERA AND ATHENS, 119 THE DIFFICULTIES IN UNDERSTANDING THE TEACHING OF PLATO, 120 THE LIFE AND WRITINGS OF PLATO, 121 1. Plato’s Student Life, 121 2. Plato as Traveler, 122 3....
14. CHAPTER XIII. THE RELIGIOUS PERIOD, 273THE TWO CAUSES OF THE RISE OF RELIGIOUS FEELING, 273 THE NEED OF SPIRITUAL AUTHORITY, 275 THE RISE OF THE CONCEPTION OF SPIRITUALITY, 277 THE REVIVAL OF PLATONISM, 279 THE DIVIS...
9. CHAPTER VIII. ARISTOTLE, 166ARISTOTLE IN THE ACADEMY AND LYCEUM, 166 BIOGRAPHY OF ARISTOTLE, 168 BRIEF CHRONOLOGICAL SKETCH OF ARISTOTLE’S LIFE, 168 ARISTOTLE’S BIOGRAPHY IN DETAIL, 169 1. First Period――Ea...
10. CHAPTER IX. THE HELLENIC-ROMAN PERIOD, 204ITS TIME LENGTH, 204 THE FALL OF THE GREEK NATION AND THE PERSISTENCE OF ITS CIVILIZATION, 204 MAP OF THE EMPIRE OF ALEXANDER, SHOWING THE EXTENSION OF HELLENISM, 205 THE TWO PA...
12. CHAPTER XI. STOICISM, 241THE POSITION OF STOICISM IN ANTIQUITY, 241 THE THREE PERIODS OF STOICISM, 242 1. Period of Formulation of the Doctrine, 242 2. Period of Modified Stoicism, 242 3. Period of Roma...
4. CHAPTER III. PLURALISM, 39EFFORTS TOWARD RECONCILIATION, 39 THE NEW CONCEPTION OF CHANGE OF THE PLURALISTS, 40 THE NEW CONCEPTION OF THE UNCHANGING OF THE PLURALISTS――THE ELEMENT, 40 THE INTRODUCTION OF...
2. CHAPTER II. THE COSMOLOGICAL PERIOD: THE PHILOSOPHY OFNATURE, 15 THE PERIL IN THE GREEK POLITICAL SITUATION: PERSIA AND CARTHAGE, 15 THE PERIL IN THE NEW RELIGION: THE MYSTERIES AND PYTHAGORAS, 16 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE COSMOLOGIST...
7. CHAPTER VI. THE SYSTEMATIC PERIOD, 98THE WANING OF THE GREEK NATIONAL SPIRIT, 98 THE PLACE OF THE THREE SYSTEMATIC PHILOSOPHERS IN GREEK HISTORY, 98 THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE OF THE SYSTEMATIC PERIOD, 100 A SUMMARY...
17. CHAPTER XVI. THE EARLY PERIOD OF THE MIDDLE AGES, 334THE GENERAL CHARACTER OF THE EARLY PERIOD, 334 AN EARLY MEDIÆVAL GEOGRAPHICAL MAP, 335 THE HISTORICAL POSITION OF AUGUSTINE, 335 THE SECULAR SCIENCE, 339 THE LIFE OF AUGUSTINE,...
5. CHAPTER IV. THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERIOD: THE PHILOSOPHY OFMAN, 55 AN HISTORICAL SUMMARY OF THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERIOD, 55 THE PERSIAN WARS AND THE RISE OF ATHENS, 56 THE GREEK ENLIGHTENMENT, 58 1. The Impulse for Learning, 58 2. The Pr...
16. CHAPTER XV. CHARACTERISTICS AND CONDITIONS OF THE MIDDLEAGES, 319 COMPARISON OF THE HELLENIC-ROMAN PERIOD AND THE MIDDLE AGES, 319 THE MEDIÆVAL MAN, 320 HOW THE UNIVERSE APPEARED TO THE MEDIÆVAL MAN, 322 MAPS OF THE PTOLEMAIC COSMOGR...
1. CHAPTER I. THE EARLY GREEK IN ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY, 5THE DIVISIONS OF ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY, 5 THE LITERARY SOURCES OF ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY, 6 THE ENVIRONMENT OF THE EARLY GREEK, 7 1. His Geographical Environment 7 2. His Political Env...
6. CHAPTER V. SOCRATES, 74SOCRATES AND ARISTOPHANES, 74 THE PERSONALITY AND LIFE OF SOCRATES, 75 SOCRATES AND THE SOPHISTS, 80 THE UNSYSTEMATIC CHARACTER OF THE SOCRATIC PHILOSOPHY, 82 THE IDEAL OF SOCRA...
13. CHAPTER XII. SKEPTICISM AND ECLECTICISM, 264THE APPEARANCES OF PHILOSOPHIC SKEPTICISM, 264 THE THREE PHASES OF PHILOSOPHIC SKEPTICISM, 265 1. The First Phase of Philosophic Skepticism is called Pyrrhonism, 265 2. The Seco...
18. CHAPTER XVII. THE TRANSITIONAL PERIOD, 354THE GENERAL CHARACTER OF THE TRANSITIONAL PERIOD, 354 WHAT IS SCHOLASTICISM? 355 ANSELM: LIFE AND POSITION IN MEDIÆVAL PHILOSOPHY, 359 ANSELM’S ARGUMENTS FOR THE EXISTENCE OF GO...
11. CHAPTER X. EPICUREANISM, 227THE LIFE OF EPICURUS, 227 THE EPICUREANS, 228 SOME TYPES OF HEDONISM,――ARISTIPPUS, EPICURUS, AND ROUSSEAU, 228 THE EPICUREAN IDEAL, 230 THE PLACE OF VIRTUE IN EPICUREANISM, 233...
3. d. The Practical Philosophy of Heracleitus, 314. THE ELEATIC SCHOOL, 32 a. PARMENIDES, 32 (1) The Cosmic Substance is Being, 33 (2) Other Things than the Cosmic Substance (Being) have no Real Existence, 34 b. ZENO, 35 THE P...
15. CHAPTER XIV. PATRISTICS.――THE HELLENIZING OF THE GOSPEL, 302THE EARLY SITUATION OF CHRISTIANITY, 302 THE PHILOSOPHIES INFLUENCING CHRISTIAN THOUGHT, 305 THE PERIODS OF EARLY CHRISTIANITY, 306 THE APOLOGISTS, 307 THE GNOSTICS, 310 THE REA...