CHAPTER II. THE COSMOLOGICAL PERIOD: THE PHILOSOPHY OF

NATURE, 15 THE PERIL IN THE GREEK POLITICAL SITUATION: PERSIA AND CARTHAGE, 15 THE PERIL IN THE NEW RELIGION: THE MYSTERIES AND PYTHAGORAS, 16 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE COSMOLOGISTS, 18 TABLE OF COSMOLOGISTS, 20 HOW THE PHILOSOPHICAL QUESTION AROSE, 20 MAP SHOWING THE CITIES WHERE THE COSMOLOGISTS LIVED, 21 SUMMARY COMPARISON OF THE MONISTIC PHILOSOPHIES, 22 1. THE MILESIAN SCHOOL, 24 THE MILESIAN PHILOSOPHY, 25 2. XENOPHANES, THE RELIGIOUS PHILOSOPHER, 26 THE PHILOSOPHY OF XENOPHANES, 27 3. HERACLEITUS, “THE MISANTHROPIST” AND “THE OBSCURE,” 28 a. Heracleitus’ Doctrine of Absolute and Universal Change, 28 b. Fire is the Cosmic Substance, 29