Chapter 9

que j'aie, _that I may have_. que j'aie eu, _that I may have had_. que tu aies, _that thou mayst have_. que tu aies eu, _that thou mayst have had_. qu'il ait, _that he may have_. qu'il ait eu, _that he may have had_. qu'on ait, _that one may have_. qu'on ait eu, _that one may have had_. que nous ayons, _that we may have_. que nous ayons eu, _that we may have had_. que vous ayez, _that you may have_. que vous ayez eu, _that you may have had_. qu'ils aient, _that they may have_. qu'ils aient eu, _that they may have had_.

IMPERFECT. PLUPERFECT.

On a défendu, _they have forbidden_: On aurait préféré, _they would have preferred_:

que j'eusse, _that I might have_. que j'eusse eu, _that I might have had_. que tu eusses, _that thou mightst have_. que tu eusses eu, _that thou mightst have had_. qu'il eût, _that he might have_. qu'il eût eu, _that he might have had_. qu'on eût, _that one might have_. qu'on eût eu, _that one might have had_. que nous eussions, _that we might have_. que nous eussions eu, _that we might have had_. que vous eussiez, _that you might have_. que vous eussiez eu, _that you might have had_. qu'ils eussent, _that they might have_. qu'ils eussent eu, _that they might have had_.

INFINITIVE MOOD.

PRESENT. PAST.

avoir, _to have_. avoir eu, _to have had_.

PARTICIPLE.

PRESENT. COMPOUND.

ayant, _having_. ayant eu, _having had_.

PAST.

eu, _had_.

§ 33. MODELS. AVOIR WITH ADJUNCTS.

Avoir in combination with particles. These particles retain their respective places, just as given in the models, throughout its conjugation. (The student should write these models out.)

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ASSERTIVES.

1. Je _l_'ai, _I have it_. Je _l_'ai eu, _I have had it_. 2. J'_en_ ai, _I have some_. J'_en_ ai en, _I had had some_. 3. J'_y_ ai, _I have there_. J'_y_ ai eu, _I have had there_. 4. Je _n_'ai _pas_, _I have not_. Je _n_'ai _pas_ eu, _I have not had_. 5. Je _ne l_'ai _pas_, _I have it not_. Je _ne l_'ai _pas_ eu, _I have not had it_. 6. Je _n'en_ ai _pas_, _I have not any_. Je _n'en_ ai _pas_ eu, _I have not had any_. 7. Je _n'y_ ai _pas_, _I have not there_. Je _n'y_ ai _pas_ eu, _I have not had there_.

INTERROGATIVES.

8. Ai-je? _Have I?_ Ai-je eu? _Have I had?_ 9. _L_'ai-je? _Have I it?_ _L_'ai-je eu? _Have I had it?_ 10. _En_ ai-je? _Have I some?_ _En_ ai-je eu? _Have I had some?_ 11. _Y_ ai-je? _Have I there?_ _Y_ ai-je eu? _Have I had there?_ 12. _N_'ai-je _pas_? _Have I not?_ _N_'ai-je _pas_ eu? _Have I not had?_ 13. _Ne l_'ai-je _pas_? _Have I not it?_ _Ne l_'ai-je _pas_ eu? _Have I not had it?_ 14. _N'en_ ai-je _pas_? _Have I not some?_ _N'en_ ai-je _pas_ eu? _Have I not had some?_ 15. _N'y_ ai-je _pas_? _Have I not there?_ _N'y_ ai-je _pas_ eu? _Have I not had there?_

N. B.--By placing est-ce que before the seven assertives, interrogatives are obtained, as: Est-ce que je l'ai? _Have I it?_ etc. Whenever in the interrogative form _a-il_, _a-on_, _aura-il_ occur, a _t_ is inserted to help over the vowels, as: _a-t-il_, _a-t-on_, _aura-t-il_.

§ 34. ÊTRE, TO BE.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

SIMPLE TENSES. COMPOUND TENSES.

PRESENT. PAST INDEFINITE.

Je suis, _I am_. J'ai été, _I have been_. tu es, _thou art_. tu as été, _thou hast been_. il est, _he is_. il a été, _he has been_. on est, _one is_. on a été, _one has been_. nous sommes, _we are_. nous avons été, _we have been_. vous êtes, _you are_. vous avez été, _you have been_. ils sont, _they are_. ils ont été, _they have been_.

IMPERFECT. PLUPERFECT.

J'étais, _I was_. J'avais été, _I had been_. tu étais, _thou wast_. tu avais été, _thou hadst been_. il était, _he was_. il avait été, _he had been_. on était, _one was_. on avait été, _one had been_. nous étions, _we were_. nous avions été, _we had been_. vous étiez, _you were_. vous aviez été, _you had been_. ils étaient, _they were_. ils avaient été, they had been.

PAST DEFINITE. PAST ANTERIOR.

Je fus, _I was_. J'eus été, _I had been_. tu fus, _thou wast_. tu eus été, _thou hadst been_. il fut, _he was_. il eut été, _he had been_. on fut, _one was_. on eut été, _one had been_. nous fûmes, _we were_. nous eûmes été, _we had been_. vous fûtes, _you were_. vous eûtes été, _you had been_. ils furent, _they were_. ils eurent été, _they had been_.

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FIRST FUTURE. SECOND FUTURE.

Je serai, _I shall_ or _will be_. J'aurai été, _I shall have been_. tu seras, _thou wilt be_. tu auras été, _thou shalt have been_. il sera, _he shall be_. il aura été, _he shall have been_. on sera, _one shall be_. on aura été, _one shall have been_. nous serons, _we shall be_. nous aurons été, _we shall have been_. vous serez, _you shall be_. vous aurez été, _you shall have been_. ils seront, _they shall be_. ils auront été, _they shall have been_.

CONDITIONAL MOOD.

PRESENT. PAST.

Je serais, _I should be_. J'aurais été, _I should have been_. tu serais, _thou shouldst be_. tu aurais été, _thou wouldst have been_. il serait, _he should be_. il aurait été, _he should have been_. on serait, _one should be_. on aurait été, _one should have been_. nous serions, _we would be_. nous aurions été, _we would have been_. vous seriez, _you should be_. vous auriez été, _you should have been_. ils seraient, _they should be_. ils auraient été, _they should have been_.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

sois, _be thou_. qu'il soit, _let him be_. qu'on soit, _let some one be_. soyons, _let us be_. soyez, _be ye_ or _you_. qu'ils soient, _let them be_.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

PRESENT. PAST.

On suppose, _it is supposed_: On doutera, _it will be doubted_:

que je sois, _that I may be_. que j'aie été, _that I may have been_. que tu sois, _that thou mayst be_. que tu aies été, _that thou mayst have been_. qu'il soit, _that he may be_. qu'il ait été, _that he may have been_. qu'on soit, _that one may be_. qu'on ait été, _that one may have been_. que nous soyons, _that we may be_. que nous ayons été, _that we may have been_. que vous soyez, _that you may be_. que vous ayez été, _that you may have been_. qu'ils soient, _that they may be_. qu'ils aient été, _that they may have been_.

IMPERFECT. PLUPERFECT.

On voulait, _they wanted_: On avait pensé, _it was thought_:

que je fusse, _that I might be_. que j'eusse été, _that I might have been_. que tu fusses, _that thou mightst be_. que tu eusses été, _that thou mightst have been_. qu'il fût, that _he might be_. qu'il eût été, _that he might have been_. qu'on fût, _that one might be_. qu'on eût été, _that one might have been_. que nous fussions, _that we might be_. que nous eussions été, _that we might have been_. que vous fussiez, _that you might be_. que vous eussiez été, _that you might have been_. qu'ils fussent, _that they might be_. qu'ils eussent été, _that they might have been_.

INFINITIVE MOOD.

PRESENT. PAST.

être, _to be_. avoir été, _to have been_.

PARTICIPLE.

PRESENT. COMPOUND.

étant, _being_. ayant été, _having been_.

PAST.

été, _been_.

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§ 35. MODELS. ÊTRE WITH ADJUNCTS.

As with _avoir_, the particles combined with _être_ retain their respective places, as given in the models, throughout its conjugation. (The student should write these models out.)

ASSERTIVES.

1. Je _le_ suis, _I am it_. Je _l_'ai été, _I have been it_. 2. J'_en_ suis, _I am of, with it_. J'_en_ ai été, _I have been of, with it_. 3. J'_y_ suis, _I am there, in_. J'_y_ ai été, _I have been there, in_. 4. Je _ne_ suis _pas_, _I am not_. Je _n_'ai _pas_ été, _I have not been_. 5. Je _ne le_ suis _pas_, _I am not it_. Je _ne l_'ai _pas_ été, _I have not been it_. 6. Je _n'en_ suis _pas_, _I am not of, with it_. Je _n'en_ ai _pas_ été, _I have not been of, with it_. 7. Je _n'y_ suis _pas_, _I am not there_. Je _n'y_ ai _pas_ été, _I have not been there_.

INTERROGATIVES.

8. Suis-je? _Am I?_ Ai-je été? _Have I been?_ 9. _Le_ suis-je? _Am I it?_ _L_'ai-je été? _Have I been it?_ 10. _En_ suis-je? _Am I with, of it?_ _En_ ai-je été? _Have I been of it?_ 11. _Y_ suis-je? _Am I there?_ _Y_ ai je été? _Have I been there?_ 12. _Ne_ suis-je _pas_? _Am I not?_ _N_'ai-je _pas_ été? _Have I not been?_ 13. _Ne le_ suis-je _pas_? _Am I not it?_ _Ne l_'ai-je _pas_ été? _Have I not been it?_ 14. _N'en_ suis-je _pas_? _Am I not with it?_ _N'en_ ai-je _pas_ été? _Have I not been of it?_ 15. _N'y_ suis-je _pas_? _Am I not there?_ _N'y_ ai-je _pas_ été? _Have I not been there?_

N. B.--By placing _est-ce que_ before the seven assertives, interrogatives are obtained, as: _Est-ce que je le suis?_ Am I it? etc.

§ 36. REGULAR VERBS.

FIRST CONJUGATION, ending in _er_.

MODEL VERB. parler, _to speak_.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

SIMPLE TENSES. COMPOUND TENSES.

PRESENT. PAST INDEFINITE.

Je parle, _I speak_. J'ai parlé, _I have spoken_. tu parles, _thou speakest_. tu as parlé, _thou hast spoken_. il parle, _he speaks_. il a parlé, _he has spoken_. on parle, _one speaks_. on a parlé, _one has spoken_. nous parlons, _we speak_. nous avons parlé, _we have spoken_. vous parlez, _you speak_. vous avez parlé, _you have spoken_. ils parlent, _they speak_. ils ont parlé, _they have spoken_.

IMPERFECT. PLUPERFECT.

Je parlais, _I was speaking_. J'avais parlé, _I had been speaking_. tu parlais, _thou wast speaking_. tu avais parlé, _thou hadst been speaking_. il parlait, _he was speaking_. il avait parlé, _he had been speaking_. on parlait, _one was speaking_. on avait parlé, _one had been speaking_. nous parlions, _we were speaking_. nous avions parlé, _we had been speaking_. vous parliez, _you were speaking_. vous aviez parlé, _you had been speaking_. ils parlaient, _they were speaking_. ils avaient parlé, _they had been speaking_.

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PAST DEFINITE. PAST ANTERIOR.

Je parlai, _I spoke_ or _did speak_. J'eus parlé, _I had spoken_. tu parlas, _thou spokest_. tu eus parlé, _thou hadst spoken_. il parla, _he spoke_. il eut parlé, _he had spoken_. on parla, _one spoke_. on eut parlé, _one has spoken_. nous parlâmes, _we spoke_. nous eûmes parlé, _we had spoken_. vous parlâtes, _you spoke_. vous eûtes parlé, _you had spoken_. ils parlèrent, _they spoke_. ils eurent parlé, _they had spoken_.

FIRST FUTURE. SECOND FUTURE.

Je parlerai, _I shall_ or _will speak_. J'aurai parlé, _I shall have spoken_. tu parleras, _thou wilt speak_. tu auras parlé, _thou wilt have spoken_. il parlera, _he will speak_. il aura parlé, _he will have spoken_. on parlera, _one will speak_. on aura parlé, _one will have spoken_. nous parlerons, _we shall speak_. nous aurons parlé, _we shall have spoken_. vous parlerez, _you will speak_. vous aurez parlé, _you will have spoken_. ils parleront, _they will speak_. ils auront parlé, _they will have spoken_.

CONDITIONAL MOOD.

PRESENT. PAST.

Je parlerais, _I should, would speak_. J'aurais parlé, _I should have spoken_. tu parlerais, _thou shouldst speak_. tu aurais parlé, _thou wouldst have spoken_. il parlerait, _he should speak_. il aurait parlé, _he would have spoken_. on parlerait, _one should speak_. on aurait parlé, _one would have spoken_. nous parlerions, _we should speak_. nous aurions parlé, _we should have spoken_. vous parleriez, _you would speak_. vous auriez parlé, _you would have spoken_. ils parleraient, _they would speak_. ils auraient parlé, _they would have spoken_.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

parle, _speak_ (_thou_). qu'il parle, _let him speak_. parlons, _let us speak_. parlez, _speak ye_ or _you_. qu'ils parlent, _let them speak_.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

PRESENT. PAST.

On veut, _they want_: Je regrette, _I regret_:

que je parle, _that I may speak_. que j'aie parlé, _that I may have spoken_. que tu parles, _that thou mayst speak_. que tu aies parlé, _that thou mayst have spoken_. qu'il parle, _that he may speak_. qu'il ait parlé, _that he may have spoken_. qu'on parle, _that one may speak_. qu'on ait parlé, _that one may have spoken_. que nous parlions, _that we may speak_. que nous ayons parlé, _that we may have spoken_. que vous parliez, _that you may speak_. que vous ayez parlé, _that you may have spoken_. qu'ils parlent, _that they may speak_. qu'ils aient parlé, _that they may have spoken_.

IMPERFECT. PLUPERFECT.

Elle a trouvé bon, _she has approved_: Ils auraient mieux aimé, _they would have preferred_:

que je parlasse, _that I might speak_. que j'eusse parlé, _that I might have spoken_. que tu parlasses, _that thou mightst speak_. que tu eusses parlé, _that thou mightst have spoken_. qu'il parlât, _that he might speak_. qu'il eût parlé, _that he might have spoken_. Page 124.

qu'on parlât, _that one might speak_. qu'on eût parlé, _that one might have spoken_. que nous parlassions, _that we might speak_. que nous eussions parlé, _that we might have spoken_. que vous parlassiez, _that you might speak_. que vous eussiez parlé, _that you might have spoken_. qu'ils parlassent, _that they might speak_. qu'ils eussent parlé, _that they might have spoken_.

INFINITIVE MOOD.

PRESENT. PAST. parler, _to speak_. avoir parlé, _to have spoken_.

PARTICIPLE. PRESENT. COMPOUND.

parlant, _speaking_. ayant parlé, _having spoken_.

PAST. parlé, _spoken_.

§ 37. Models for Practice.

Observe that the additions to the verb retain their respective places, just as given in the models, through all the tenses. From this, however, as will be shown below, the Imperative must be excepted.

ASSERTIVES.

1. Je ne parle pas, _I speak not_. Je n'ai pas parlé, _I have not spoken_. 2. Je le parle, _I speak it_ (French). Je l'ai parlé, _I have spoken it_. 3. Je ne le parle pas, _I speak it not_. Je ne l'ai pas parlé, _I have not spoken it_. 4. Je lui parle, _I speak to him_ (her). Je lui ai parlé, _I have spoken to him_ (her). 5. Je ne lui parle pas, _I speak not to him_ (her). Je ne lui ai pas parlé, _I have not spoken to him_ (her). 6. Je leur parle, _I speak to them_. Je leur ai parlé, _I have spoken to them_. 7. Je ne leur parle pas, _I speak not to them_. Je ne leur ai pas parlé, _I have not spoken to them_. 8. J'en parle, _I speak of it_. J'en ai parlé, _I have spoken of it_. 9. Je n'en parle pas. _I speak not of it_. Je n'en ai pas parlé, _I have not spoken of it_. 10. Je lui en parle, _I speak to him_ (her) _of it_. Je lui en ai parlé, _I have spoken to him_ (her) _of it_. 11. Je ne lui en parle pas, _I speak not to him_ (her) _about it_. Je ne lui en ai pas parlé, _I have not spoken to him_ (her) _about it_.

N. B.--By placing _est-ce que_ before the above models, interrogatives are obtained, as: _Est-ce que_ je ne parle pas? _Do I not speak?_

INTERROGATIVES.

12. Parle-je? _Do I speak?_ Ai-je parlé? _Have I spoken?_ 13. Ne parle-je pas? _Do I not speak?_ N'ai-je pas parlé? _Have I not spoken?_ 14. Le parle-je? _Do I speak it?_ L'ai-je parlé? _Have I spoken it?_ 15. Ne le parle-je pas? _Do I not speak it?_ Ne l'ai-je pas parlé? _Have I not spoken it?_ 16. Lui parle-je? _Do I speak to him_ (to her)? Lui ai-je parlé? _Have I spoken to him_ (to her)? 17. Ne lui en parle-je pas? _Do I not speak to him about it?_ Ne lui en ai-je pas parlé? _Have I not spoken to him about it?_

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18. Leur parlé-je? _Do I speak to them?_ Leur ai-je parlé? _Have I spoken to them about it?_ 19. Ne leur parlé-je pas? _Do I not speak to them?_ Ne leur ai-je pas parlé? _Have I not spoken to them of it?_ 20. En parlé-je? _Do I speak of it?_ En ai-je parlé? _Have I spoken of it?_ 21. N'en parlé-je pas? _Do I not speak of it?_ N'en ai-je pas parlé? _Have I not spoken of it?_ 22. Lui en parlé-je? _Do I speak to him of it?_ Lui en ai-je parlé? _Have I spoken to him about it?_ 23. Ne lui en parlé-je pas? _Do I not speak to him of it?_ Ne lui en ai-je pas parlé? _Have I not spoken to him of it?_

24. Affirmatively: IMPERATIVES.

{le { lui! } { _him_ (it) } { _him_! {la { moi! } { _her_ (it) } _to_ { _me_! {les { nous!} { _them_ } { _us_! Donne- { { leur } _give_ (thou) { { _them_! Donnez- {m' } } _give_ (ye) { _me_ } (lui } } { _him_ } _some of it_! {nous } en! } { _us_ } {leur } } { _them_ }

25. Negatively: