French Reader On The Cumulative Method The Story Of Rodolphe An
Chapter 8
huit, _eight_. huitième, _eighth_. neuf, _nine_. neuvième, _ninth_. dix, _ten_. dixième, _tenth_. onze, _eleven_. onzième, _eleventh_. douze, _twelve_. douzième, _twelfth_. treize, _thirteen_. treizième, _thirteenth_. quatorze, _fourteen_. quatorzième, _fourteenth_. quinze, _fifteen_. quinzième, _fifteenth_. seize, _sixteen_. seizième, _sixteenth_. dix-sept, _seventeen_. dix-septième, _seventeenth_. dix-huit, _eighteen_. dix-huitième, _eighteenth_. dix-neuf, _nineteen_. dix-neuvième, _nineteenth_. vingt, _twenty_. vingtième, _twentieth_. vingt et un, _twenty-one_. vingt et unième, _twenty-first_. vingt-deux, etc., _twenty-two_. vingt-deuxième, etc., _twenty-second_. trente, _thirty_. trentième, _thirtieth_. trente et un, _thirty-one_. trente et unième, _thirty-first_. trente-deux, etc., _thirty-two_. trente-deuxième, etc., _thirty-second_. quarante, _forty_. quarantième, _fortieth_. quarante et un, _forty-one_. quarante et unième, _forty-first_. quarante-deux, etc., _forty-two_. quarante-deuxième, etc., _forty-second_. cinquante, _fifty_. cinquantième, _fiftieth_. cinquante et un, _fifty-one_. cinquante et unième, _fifty-first_. cinquante-deux, etc., _fifty-two_. cinquante-deuxième, etc., _fifty-second_. soixante, _sixty_. soixantième, _sixtieth_. soixante et un, _sixty-one_. soixante et unième, _sixty-first_. soixante-deux, etc., _sixty-two_. soixante-deuxième, _sixty-second_. soixante-dix, _seventy_. soixante-dixième, _seventieth_. soixante-onze, _seventy-one_. soixante-onzième, _seventy-first_. soixante-douze, etc., _seventy-two_. soixante-douzième, etc., _seventy-second_. quatre-vingts, _eighty_. quatre-vingtième, _eightieth_. quatre-vingt-un, _eighty-one_. quatre-vingt-unième, _eighty-first_. quatre-vingt-deux, etc., _eighty-two_. quatre-vingt-deuxième, etc., _eighty-second_. quatre-vingt-dix, _ninety_. quatre-vingt-dixième, _ninetieth_. quatre vingt-onze, _ninety-one_. quatre-vingt-onzième, _ninety-first_. quatre-vingt-douze, etc., _ninety-two_. quatre-vingt-douzième, _ninety-second_. cent, _one hundred_. centième, _one hundredth_. cent-un, _one hundred and one_. cent-unième, _one hundred and first_. deux cents, _two hundred_. deux centième, _two hundredth_. deux cent un, _two hundred and one_. deux cent-unième, _two hundred and first_. trois cents, _three hundred_. trois centième, _three hundredth_. trois cent un, _three hundred and one_. trois cent-unième, _three hundred and first_. mille, _one thousand_. millième, _one thousandth_. deux mille, _two thousand._ deux millième, _two thousandth_. deux mille cinquante, _two thousand and fifty_. deux mille cinquantième, _two thousand and fiftieth._ un million, _one million_. millionième, _one millionth_.
3. In dating the year the abbreviated form _mil_ is used, as:
L'an mil huit cent quatre-vingt-douze, _the year eighteen hundred and ninety-two_.
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4. In speaking of the days of the month, with the exception of the first--_le premier_--the cardinals, not the ordinals, are used, as:
Le dix-neuf juillet, _the 19th of July_; le vingt-six novembre, _the 26th of November_.
5. The cardinals are also used in speaking of rulers and princes:
Charles dix, _Charles X_; Henri huit, _Henry VIII_; Louis quatorze, _Louis XIV_; Georges trois, _George III_.
6. We must say, however, Henri _premier_, _Henry the first_.
7. _Deux_ and _second_ may be used either way--Charles _deux_ or Charles _second_.
§ 21. NUMERAL NOUNS.
unité, _unit_. couple, paire, _couple_, _pair_. trio, _three_, _trio_. demi-douzaine, _half-dozen_. huitaine, _eight days_. neuvaine, _nine days of prayer_. dizaine, _ten_. douzaine, _dozen_. quinzaine, _fortnight_. vingtaine, _score_, _twenty_. trentaine, _thirty_. quarantaine, _two score_. cinquantaine, _fifty_. soixantaine, _sixty_. quatre-vingtaine, _eighty_. une centaine, _one hundred_. deux centaines, _two hundred_. un millier, _one thousand_. deux milliers, _two thousand_. un million, _one million_.
§ 22. FRACTIONAL NUMERALS.
1. Un quart, _one quarter_. le tiers, _the third_. la moitié, _the half_. un cinquième, _one fifth_.
2. Demi before and after its noun:
une demi-heure, _half an hour_. une heure et demie, _an hour and a half_.
§ 23. ORDINAL ADVERBS.
Premièrement, _first_, _in the first place_. deuxièmement } } _secondly_. secondement }
§ 24. INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES.
MASCULINE. FEMININE. 1. aucun, aucune, _not any_. chaque, chaque, _every, each_. même, même, _same_, _self_, _even_. nul, nulle, _no_. plusieurs, plusieurs, _several_. quel, quelle, _what_. quelconque, quelconque, _whatever_, _some_, _any_. quelque, quelque, _some_. tel, telle, _such_. tout, toute, _all_, _every_.
2. _Aucun_ requires _ne_ before the verb:
aucun ami, _no friend_. aucune amie, _no (lady) friend_. aucun ami _n_'est venu me voir, _no friend has come to see me_. aucune amie _n_'est venue me voir, _no (lady) friend has come to see me_.
3. Chaque ville, chaque village était représenté. _Every town, every village was represented._
4. _Même_ as an adjective means _same_, _very_, _self_; as an adverb, _even_.
La _même_ personne, _The same person_. C'est la _même_ bonté, _It is the same goodness_.
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C'est la bonté _même_, _It is goodness itself._ Les plus sages _mêmes_ se trompent, _Even the wisest deceive themselves._ moi-_même_, nous-_mêmes_, eux-_mêmes_, _myself_, _ourselves_, _themselves_.
5. _Nul_, like _aucun_, requires _ne_ before the verb; it is stronger than _aucun_.
_Nul_ de mes fils se fera acteur, _No son of mine shall become an actor_. _Nulle_ de mes filles se fera actrice, _No daughter of mine shall be an actress_. _Pas un_ homme, _pas une_ femme} n'est venu _Not a man, not a woman has come to see me_. _Nul_ homme, _nulle_ femme } me voir,
6. _Plusieurs_ is invariable:
_Plusieurs_ fois, _several times_. _Plusieurs_ raisons, _several reasons_. _Plusieurs_ livres, _several books_. _Plusieurs_ rues, _several streets_.
7. _Quel_, _quelle_; _quels_, _quelles_.
_Quel_ malheur! _What a misfortune!_ _Quelle_ personne, _quelle_ chose vous déplaît? _What person, what thing displeases you?_ _Quels_ beaux yeux! _What beautiful eyes!_ _Quelles_ charmantes manières! _What charming manners!_
8. _Quelconque_ stands after the noun:
Je prétexterai une affaire _quelconque_, _I shall feign some kind of business_.
9. _Quelque_, in the sense of _some_, is variable:
Il a _quelque_ mérite, _He has some merit_. Je lui ai donné _quelques_ pièces d'argent, _I have given him some pieces of money_.
10. _Quelque_, in the sense of _about_, is invariable:
J'ai perdu quelque trois cents dollars, _I have lost about three hundred dollars._
11. _Tel_ homme, _such man_. _Telle_ femme, _such woman_. _Tels_ travaux, _such works_. _Telles_ fleurs, _such flowers_.
12. _Tout_, meaning _every_, varies only for the feminine:
_Tout_ homme doit faire son devoir, _Every man ought to do his duty_. _Toute_ ville a ses magistrats, _Every city has its officers_.
13. _Tout_, meaning _all_, varies in gender and number:
_Tout_ le monde, _all mankind_--_everybody_. _Toute_ la terre, _all the earth_. _Tous_ mes enfants, _all my children_. _Toutes_ ses lettres, _all his letters_.
§ 25. THE PRONOUN.
There are five kinds of pronouns:
The personal, The possessive, The demonstrative, The relative, The indefinite.
§ 26. _The Personal Pronoun_.
1. NOMINATIVE FORM. SINGULAR. PLURAL. 1st pers. je, _I_, nous, _we_ 2d " tu, _thou_, vous, _you_, _ye_. 3d " il, _he_, _it_, _m._, ils, m., _they_. " " elle, _she_, _it_, _f._, elles, f., _they_.
REFLECTIVE FORM. SINGULAR. PLURAL. me, _myself_, nous, _ourselves_. te, _thyself_, vous, _yourselves_.
se, _himself_ se, _themselves._ soi _herself_, " " _itself_ " " Page 114.
2. Accusative:
When placed before the verb.
SINGULAR. PLURAL. 1st pers. me, _me_. nous, _us_. 2d " te, _thee_. vous, _you_. {le, _m._, _him_, _it_. { both 3d " { les, _them_ { {la, _f._, _her_, _it_. { gend.
When placed after the verb.
SINGULAR. PLURAL. 1st pers. moi, _me_. nous, _us_. 2d " toi, _thee_. vous, _you_. {le, _m._, _him_, _it_. { both 3d " { les, _them_ { {la, _f._, _her_, _it_. { gend.
3. Dative:
When placed before the verb.
SINGULAR. PLURAL. 1st pers. me, _to me_. nous, _to us_. 2d " te, _to thee_. vous, _to you_. {_to him_. leur, _to them_ (both gend.). 3d " lui, {_to her_. {_to it_.
When placed after the verb.
SINGULAR. PLURAL. à moi, _to me_. à nous, _to us_. à toi, _to thee_. à vous, _to you_. à lui, _to him_. à eux, _m._, } } _to them_. à elle, _to her_. à elles, _f._,}
4. Genitive and ablative:
Always placed after the verb. SINGULAR. PLURAL. de moi, _of_ or _from me_. de nous, _of_ or _from us_. de toi, _of_ or _from thee_. de vous, _of_ or _from you_. de lui, _of_ or _from him_. d'eux, _m._, _of_ or _from them_. d'elle, _of_ or _from her_. d'elles, _f._, _of_ or _from them_.
§ 27. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.
1. The possessive pronouns, like the possessive adjectives, agree with the thing possessed. Some relate to one person, some to several.
2. Possessives relating to one person:
SINGULAR. PLURAL. MASCULINE. FEMININE. MASCULINE. FEMININE. 1st pers. le mien, la mienne. les miens, les miennes, _mine_. 2d " le tien, la tienne. les tiens, les tiennes, _thine_. 3d " le sien, la sienne. les siens, les siennes, _his_, _hers_, _its_.
3. Relating to two or more persons:
SINGULAR. PLURAL. MASCULINE. FEMININE. MASCULINE AND FEMININE. 1st pers. le nôtre, la nôtre. les nôtres, _ours_. 2d " le vôtre, la vôtre. les vôtres, _yours_. 3d " le leur, la leur. les leurs, _theirs_.
Votre jardin et le mien, _Your garden and mine._ Vos enfants et les miens, _Your children and mine._ Notre maison et la sienne, _Our house and his_ (or _hers_). Nos fleurs et les leurs, _Our flowers and theirs._
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§ 28. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.
1. SINGULAR. MASCULINE. FEMININE. {_this_. celui, celle, { {_that_. celui-ci, celle-ci, _this_ (_here_). celui-là, celle-là, _that_ (_there_).
PLURAL. MASCULINE. FEMININE. {_these_. ceux, celles, {_those_. ceux-ci, celles-ci, _these_ (_here_}. ceux-là, celles-là, _those_ (_there_}.
ce, _it_, _they_.
2. ABSOLUTE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.
ceci, _this_, } } not used in the plural. cela, _that_, }
3. The demonstrative pronouns _celui_, _celle_, etc., assume the gender and number of the nouns for which they stand:
Mon ami et _celui_ de mon frère, _My friend and my brother's._ Ma femme et _celle_ de mon voisin, _My wife and my neighbor's._ Voilà mon livre, _celui-ci_ est à vous et _celui-là_, est à lui, _Here is my book; this one is yours and that one is his._ Voilà ma chambre, _celle-ci_ est à mon frère et _celle-là_, est à ma soeur. _Here is my room; this one is my brother's and that one is my sister's._
4. _Ce_, _it_, as the nominative of the verb _être_:
c'est moi, _it is I_. c'est vous, _it is you_.
5. The absolutes _ceci_, _cela_ serve only to point out objects:
Prenez ceci, _take this_. Rendez-moi cela, _give me that back_.
§ 29. RELATIVE PRONOUNS.
1. Qui, _who_, _which_ (nominative). de qui, _of, from whom_,} que, _whom_, _which_ (accusative). dont, _of, from whom_; _which_,} genitive and ablative. à qui, _to whom_ (dative).
2. SINGULAR. PLURAL. MASCULINE. FEMININE. MASCULINE. FEMININE.
lequel, laquelle, lesquels, lesquelles, _who_, _which_. duquel, de laquelle, desquels, desquelles, _of, from which_. auquel, à laquelle, auxquels, auxquelles, _to which_. y, _to it_, _of it_, etc. en, _of it_, _of them_, etc. quoi, _what_, _which_, _why_, etc.
3. _Qui_ stands generally for persons or things in the nominative; thus it is invariable:
Le monsieur _qui_ entra le premier était mon père, _The gentleman who entered first was my father._
4. As an absolute it has no antecedent.
_Qui_ n'obéit pas aux lois n'est pas un bon citoyen, _He who does not obey the laws is not a good citizen._
5. Interrogatively, as an absolute, it may either stand in the nominative or objective.
_Qui_ chante? _Who sings?_ _Qui_ voyez-vous? _Whom do you see?_
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6. _Que_ stands generally in the objective; it is thus invariable, and used for persons or things.
Les visites _que_ j'ai faites, _The visits that I have made_. Les livres _que_ vous m'avez prêtés, _The books which you have lent me_.
7. _Que_, as an interrogative, has no antecedent.
_Que_ desirez-vous? _What do you wish?_ _Que_ dit-on? _What do people say?_
8. _Quoi_, what, is invariable and used only of things; it may be used absolutely or relatively.
Il y avait je ne sais _quoi_ dans son caractère qui me déplaisait, _There was something in his character which displeased me._
Je ne sais à _quoi_ vous pensez, _I know not of what you think_.
9. _Dont_, whose, of whom, of which, used for persons and things, is invariable.
Je parle des parents _dont_ l'enfant s'est noyé hier, _I speak of the parents whose child was drowned yesterday_.
_Ce dont_ vous parliez hier est arrivé, _Of what you spoke yesterday has happened_.
10. _De qui_ is preferable to _dont_ whenever in English we would rather say _from which_ than _of which_.
Le floriste _de qui_ j'ai reçu ces fleurs, _The florist from whom I have received these flowers_.
11. _Lequel_, _laquelle_, _lesquelles_, who, which one, relate to persons and things, and should stand only for nominatives and objectives, to avoid ambiguity.
Voilà deux vases, _lequel_ voulez-vous? _Here are two vases; which one will you have?_
_Laquelle_ de vos filles est l'ainée? _Which one of your daughters is the eldest?_
L'esclave était la propriété du maître, au pouvoir _duquel_ rien ne pouvait le soustraire, _The slave was the master's property, from the power of whom nothing could extricate him_.
L'homme _à qui_ or _auquel_ je me suis adressé, _The man to whom I have applied_.
Les femmes pour _qui_ or pour _lesquelles_ vous faites des emplettes, _The women for whom you make some purchases_.
12. _En_, of it, of them, is invariable, and relates mostly to animals and things.
Vous _en_ parlez, _you speak of it_. J'_en_ ai, _I have some of it_.
(See _en_ joined to the verb _avoir_, in § 33.)
13. _Y_, to it, to them, thereto, of it, is invariable. It is used of things. Adverbially it means there.
J'_y_ pense nuit et jour, _I think of it day and night_. Je vous promets d'_y_ être, _I promise you to be there_.
§ 30. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.
1. These pronouns refer to persons and things in a general way:
autrui, _others_. chacun, _every one_. on, _one_, _people_, _they_. personne, _no one_, _nobody_.
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quelqu'un, _some one_, _somebody_. quiconque, _whoever_. l'un l'autre, _one another_. l'un et l'autre, _both_. tel, _such_, _many a one_. tout, _everything_, _all_.
2. _A autrui_, to others, _d'autrui_, of others, apply only to persons.
Ne fais _à autrui_ ce que tu ne voudrais pas qu'on te fit, _Do not unto others that which thou wouldst not like to be done unto thee_.
C'est de la folie de s'affliger des succès _d'autrui_ or _des autres_, _It is folly to grieve at the success of other people._
3. _Chacun, chacune_.
_Chacun_ pour soi et Dieu pour tous, _Everybody for himself, and God for us all_.
Les langues ont _chacune_ leurs bizarreries, _Each language has its oddities_.
4. _On_ conveys the idea of plurality, and is always the adjunct of a verb in the third person. See the auxiliary verb _avoir_, § 31.
_On_ dit, _it is said_. _On_ danse, _somebody dances_.
5. _Personne_, used indefinitely, is always masculine and in the singular. As a subject to a verb it is followed by _ne_.
_Personne ne_ me l'a dit, _No one has told it to me._
N. B.--As a noun it is always feminine, even when applied to a man.
Je n'ai vu qu'_une seule personne_, _I have seen but one person._
6. _Quelqu'un_, used in a general sense, is invariable.
Y a-t-il _quelqu'un_ qui oserait nier ce fait? _Is there anybody who dares deny this fact?_
Used relatively it varies.
Connaissez-vous _quelqu'une_ de ces dames, _quelques uns_ de ces messieurs? _Do you know any one of these ladies, some of these gentlemen?_
7. _Quiconque_, in a general sense, is masculine. When referring to a woman it is feminine.
_Quiconque_ est né envieux et méchant est naturellement triste, _Whoever is born envious and bad is of course miserable_.
_Quiconque_ sera assez _forte_ pour encourager son époux et ses fils à combattre pour la patrie sera _honorée_. _Whoever will be strong to encourage her husband and her sons to fight for the common country will be honored_.
8. _L'un l'autre_, _l'une l'autre_, _les uns les autres_, _les unes les autres_, one another, each other.
Le frère et la soeur s'aiment _l'un l'autre_, _The brother and the sister love each other_.
Frères et soeurs devraient s'aimer _les uns les autres_. _Brothers and sisters should love one another_.
9. _L'un et l'autre_, _les uns et les autres_, both.
Je les connaissais _l'un et l'autre_, _I knew them both_.
Je les tiens pour battus _les uns et les autres_, _I consider them both beaten_.
10. _Tel_, _telle_, such, many a one.
C'est un homme _tel_ qu'il vous faut, _It is a man such as you want_.
_Tel_ maître, _tel_ valet, _Like master, like servant_.
Il est allé dans _telle_ ville, _He went to such a city_.
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_Tel_ est récompensé qui méritait d'être puni, _Many a one is rewarded that deserved to be punished_. Monsieur un tel, _Mr. Such-a-one_. Madame une telle, _Mrs. Such-a-one_.
11. _Tout_, when used absolutely, is invariable.
_Tout_ est perdu sauf l'honneur, _All but honor is lost_. _Tout_ est fini, _Everything is finished_.
§ 31. VERBS.
There are five kinds of verbs--active, passive, neuter, reflective, and impersonal. In the composition of these largely enter the auxiliaries, _avoir_, to have, and _être_, to be.
§ 32. AUXILIARY VERBS.
Avoir, _to have_ (_affirmatively_).
INDICATIVE MOOD.
SIMPLE TENSES. COMPOUND TENSES.
PRESENT. PAST INDEFINITE.
J'ai, _I have_. J'ai eu, _I have had_. tu as, _thou hast_. tu as eu, _thou hast had_. il a, _he has_. il a eu, _he has had_. on a, _one has_, _people have_. on a eu, _one has had_. nous avons, _we have_. nous avons eu, _we have had_. vous avez, _you have_. vous avez eu, _you have had_. ils ont, _they have_. ils ont eu, _they have had_.
IMPERFECT. PLUPERFECT.
J'avais, _I had, was having_. J'avais eu, _I had had_. tu avais, _thou hadst_. tu avais eu, _thou hadst had_. il avait, _he had_. il avait eu, _he had had_. on avait, _one had_. on avait eu, _one had had_. nous avions, _we had_. nous avions eu, _we had had_. vous aviez, _you had_. vous aviez eu, _you had had_. ils avaient, _they had_. ils avaient eu, _they had had_.
PAST DEFINITE. PAST ANTERIOR.
J'eus, _I had_ or _did have_. J'eus eu, _I had had_. tu eus, _thou hadst_. tu eus eu, _thou hadst had_. il eut, _he had_. il eut eu, _he had had_. on eut, _one had_. on eut eu, _one had had_. nous eûmes, _we had_. nous eûmes eu, _we had had_. vous eûtes, _you had_. vous eûtes eu, _you had had_. ils eurent, _they had_. ils eurent eu, _they had had_.
FIRST FUTURE. SECOND FUTURE.
J'aurai, _I shall_ or _will have_. J'aurai eu, _I shall_ or _will have had_. tu auras, _thou wilt have_. tu auras eu, _thou shalt have had_. il aura, _he will have_. il aura eu, _he will have had_. on aura, _one will have_. on aura eu, _one will have had_. nous aurons, _we shall have_. nous aurons eu, _we will have had_. vous aurez, _you will have_. vous aurez eu, _you will have had_. ils auront, _they will have_. ils auront eu, _they will have had_.
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CONDITIONAL MOOD.
PRESENT. PAST.
J'aurais, _I should have_. J'aurais eu, _I should have had_. tu aurais, _thou wouldst have_. tu aurais eu, _thou wouldst have had_. il aurait, _he would have_. il aurait eu, _he would have had_. on aurait, _one would have_. on aurait eu, _one would have had_. nous aurions, _we should have_. nous aurions eu, _we should have had_. vous auriez, _you would have_. vous auriez eu, _you should have had_. ils auraient, _they would have_. ils auraient eu, _they should have had_.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
aie, _have_. qu'il ait, _let him have_. qu'on ait, _let some one have_. ayons, _let us have_. ayez, _have ye_ or _you_. qu'ils aient, _let them have_.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
PRESENT. PAST.
On s'étonne, _they are astonished_: On est ravi, _they are delighted_: