Chapter 10

{le lui } {_him_ (it) } {_him_! {la nous} {_her_ (it) } _not to_ {_us_! {les leur} {_them_ } {_them_! {me le } {_him_ (it) } Ne {nous la } donne pas! _Give_ (thou){_her_ (it) } _not to_ {_me! us_! { les } donnez pas! _Give_ (ye) {_them_ } { } { {m' } } {_me_ } {lui } } {_him_ } {nous }en } {_us_ } _not any_! {leur } } {_them_ }

§ 38. ON THE ORTHOGRAPHY OF A GREAT MANY VERBS OF THE FIRST CONJUGATION.

1. Verbs ending in _ger_, whenever through the tenses the _g_ comes in contact with _a_ or _o_, insert an _e_ between them, as:

Nous changeons, _we change_. Je changeais, _I changed_.

2. Verbs ending in _yer_ change the _y_ to _i_ before _e_, _es_, _ent_, as: _ennuyer_.

Je m'ennuie, _I am weary_. Je m'ennuierai, _I shall be weary_.

3. Verbs ending in _cer_, whenever through the tenses the _c_ comes in contact with _a_ or _o_, it takes a cedilla (ç), as: _avancer_, etc.

J'avançais, _I advanced_. Nous commençons, _we begin_.

4. Verbs in _eter_ and _eler_ double the _t_ or _l_ when it comes before _e_, _es_, _ent_, and the _erai_, _erais_ of the future and conditional, as:

J'appelle, _I call_. Je jetterai, _I shall throw_.

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5. The following verbs, although ending in _eter_ and _eler_, deviate from the foregoing, and make, by means of the grave accent, the following changes, as: _acheter_, etc.

J'achète, _I buy_. Il gèlera, _it will freeze_. Je pèle, _I peel_. Je harcèle, _I tease_.

Of the same order are the following ending in:

ecer, écer, ébrer, écher, éder, emer, égler, égner, égrer, éguer, ener, éler, émer, éner, équer, ever, érer, éter, étrer.

Be it understood that those with an _é_ change this also into _è_.

N. B.--For the better understanding of these and others, the student is referred to the models given in the Alphabetical Table, § 49.

§ 39. SECOND CONJUGATION, ending in _ir_.

MODEL VERB. finir, _to finish_.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

SIMPLE TENSES. COMPOUND TENSES.

PRESENT. PAST INDEFINITE.

Je finis, _I finish_. J'ai fini, _I have finished_. tu finis, _thou finishest_. tu as fini, _thou hast finished_. il finit, _he finishes_. il a fini, _he has finished_. on finit, _one finishes_. on a fini, _one has finished_. nous finissons, _we finish_. nous avons fini, _we have finished_. vous finissez, _you finish_. vous avez fini, _you have finished_. ils finissent, _they finish_. ils ont fini, _they have finished_.

IMPERFECT. PLUPERFECT.

Je finissais, _I was finishing_. J'avais fini, _I had finished_. tu finissais, _thou wast finishing_. tu avais fini, _thou hadst finished_. il finissait, _he was finishing_. il avait fini, _he had finished_. on finissait, _one was finishing_. on avait fini, _one had finished_. nous finissions, _we were finishing_. nous avions fini, _we had finished_. vous finissiez, _you were finishing_. vous aviez fini, _you had finished_. ils finissaient, _they were finishing_. ils avaient fini, _they had finished_.

PAST DEFINITE. PAST ANTERIOR.

Je finis, _I finished, did finish_. J'eus fini, _I had finished_. tu finis, _thou didst finish_. tu eus fini, _thou hadst finished_. il finit, _he did finish_. il eut fini, _he had finished_. on finit, _one did finish_. on eut fini, _one had finished_. nous finîmes, _we did finish_. nous eûmes fini, _we had finished_. vous finîtes, _you did finish_. vous eûtes fini, _you had finished_. ils finirent, _they did finish_. ils eurent fini, _they had finished_.

FIRST FUTURE. SECOND FUTURE.

Je finirai, _I shall finish_. J'aurai fini, _I shall have finished_. tu finiras, _thou wilt finish_. tu auras fini, _thou wilt have finished_.

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il finira, _he will finish_. il aura fini, _he will have finished_. on finira, _one will finish_. on aura fini, _one will have finished_. nous finirons, _we shall finish_. nous aurons fini, _we shall have finished_. vous finirez, _you will finish_. vous aurez fini, _you will have finished_. ils finiront, _they will finish_. ils auront fini, _they will have finished_.

CONDITIONAL MOOD.

PRESENT. PAST.

Je finirais, _I should, would finish_. J'aurais fini, _I should have finished_. tu finirais, _thou wouldst finish_. tu aurais fini, _thou wouldst have finished_. il finirait, _he would finish_. il aurait fini, _he would have finished_. on finirait, _one would finish_. on aurait fini, _one would have finished_. nous finirions, _we should finish_. nous aurions fini, _we should have finished_. vous finiriez, _you would finish_. vous auriez fini, _you would have finished_. ils finiraient, _they would finish_. ils auraient fini, _they would have finished_.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

finis, _finish_ (_thou_). qu'il finisse, _let him finish_. qu'on finisse, _let one finish_. finissons, _let us finish_. finissez, _finish_ (_ye_ or _you_). qu'ils finissent, _let them finish_.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

PRESENT. PAST.

Il veut, _he wished_: Il doute, _he doubts_:

que je finisse, _that I may finish_. que j'aie fini, _that I may have finished_. que tu finisses, _that thou mayst finish_. que tu aies fini, _that thou mayst have finished_. qu'il finisse, _that he may finish_. qu'il ait fini, _that he may have finished_. qu'on finisse, _that one may finish_. qu'on ait fini, _that one may have finished_. que nous finissions, _that we may finish_. que nous ayons fini, _that we may have finished_. que vous finissiez, _that you may finish_. que vous ayez fini, _that you may have finished_. qu'ils finissent, _that they may finish_. qu'ils aient fini, _that they may have finished_.

IMPERFECT. PLUPERFECT.

Il a desiré, _he has desired_: Il doutait, _he doubted_:

que je finisse, _that I might finish_. que j'eusse fini, _that I might have finished_. que tu finisses, _that thou mightst finish_. que tu eusses fini, _that thou mightst have finished_. qu'il finît, that _he might finish_. qu'il eût fini, _that he might have finished_. qu'on finît, that _one might finish_. qu'on eût fini, _that one might have finished_. que nous finissions, _that we might finish_. que nous eussions fini, _that we might have finished_. que vous finissiez, _that you might finish_. que vous eussiez fini, _that you might have finished_. qu'ils finissent, _that they might finish_. qu'ils eussent fini, _that they might have finished_.

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INFINITIVE MOOD.

PRESENT. PAST.

finir, _to finish_. avoir fini, _to have finished_.

PARTICIPLE.

PRESENT. COMPOUND.

finissant, _finishing_. ayant fini, _having finished_.

PAST.

fini, _finished_.

§ 40. MODELS FOR PRACTICE.

ASSERTIVES.

1. Je ne finis jamais, _I never finish_. Je n'ai jamais fini, _I have never finished_. 2. Je ne le finis jamais, _I never finish it_. Je ne l'ai jamais fini, _I have never finished it_. 3. Je n'en finis jamais, _I never finish with it_. Je n'en ai jamais fini, _I have never finished with it_.

N. B.--Remember, by placing _est-ce que_ before the models 1, 2, 3, interrogatives are formed.

INTERROGATIVES

4. Ne finis-je jamais? _Do I never finish?_ N'ai-je jamais fini? _Have I never finished?_ 5. Ne le finis-je jamais? _Do I never finish it?_ Ne l'ai-je jamais fini? _Have I never finished it?_ 6. N'en finis-je jamais? _Do I never finish with it?_ N'en ai-je jamais fini? _Have I never finished with it?_

§ 41. THIRD CONJUGATION, ending in _oir_.

MODEL VERB. recevoir, _to receive_.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

SIMPLE TENSES. COMPOUND TENSES.

PRESENT. PAST INDEFINITE.

Je reçois,[A] _I receive_. J'ai reçu, _I have received_. tu reçois, _thou receivest_. tu as reçu, _thou hast received_. il reçoit, _he receives_. il a reçu, _he has received_. on reçoit, _one receives_. on a reçu, _one has received_. nous recevons, _we receive_. nous avons reçu, _we have received_. vous recevez, _you receive_. vous avez reçu, _you have received_. ils reçoivent, _they receive_. ils ont reçu, _they have received_.

IMPERFECT. PLUPERFECT.

Je recevais, _I was receiving_. J'avais reçu, _I had received_. tu recevais, _thou wast receiving_. tu avais reçu, _thou hadst received_. il recevait, _he was receiving_. il avait reçu, _he had received_. on recevait, _one was receiving_. on avait reçu, _one had received_. nous recevions, _we were receiving_. nous avions reçu, _we had received_. vous receviez, _you were receiving_. vous aviez reçu, _you had received_. ils recevaient, _they were receiving_. ils avaient reçu, _they had received_.

PAST DEFINITE. PAST ANTERIOR.

Je reçus,[C] _I received, did receive_. J'eus reçu. _I had received_. tu reçus, _thou didst receive_. tu eus reçu, _thou hadst received_.

[Footnote C: When in these verbs of the third conjugation the _c_ comes in contact with _o_ and _u_, it takes the cedilla (ç).]

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il reçut, _he did receive_. il eut reçu, _he had received_. on reçut, _one did receive_. on eut reçu, _one had received_. nous reçûmes, _we did receive_. nous eûmes reçu, _we had received_. vous reçûtes, _you did receive_. vous eûtes reçu, _you had received_. ils reçurent, _they did receive_. ils eurent reçu, _they had received_.

FIRST FUTURE. SECOND FUTURE.

Je recevrai, _I shall receive_. J'aurai reçu, _I shall have received_. tu recevras, _thou wilt receive_. tu auras reçu, _thou wilt have received_. il recevra, _he will receive_. il aura reçu, _he will have received_. on recevra, _one will receive_. on aura reçu, _one will have received_. nous recevrons, _we shall receive_. nous aurons reçu, _we shall have received_. vous recevrez, _you will receive_. vous aurez reçu, _you will have received_. ils recevront, _they will receive_. ils auront reçu, _they will have received_.

CONDITIONAL MOOD.

PRESENT. PAST.

Je recevrais, _I should receive_. J'aurais reçu, _I should have received_. tu recevrais, _thou wouldst receive_. tu aurais reçu, _thou wouldst have received_. il recevrait, _he would receive_. il aurait reçu, _he would have received_. on recevrait, _one would receive_. on aurait reçu, _one would have received_. nous recevrions, _we should receive_. nous aurions reçu, _we should have received_. vous recevriez, _you would receive_. vous auriez reçu, _you would have received_. ils recevraient, _they would receive_. ils auraient reçu, _they would have received_.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

reçois, _receive_ (_thou_). qu'il reçoive, _let him receive_. qu'on reçoive, _let one receive_. recevons, _let us receive_. recevez, _receive_ (_ye_ or _you_). qu'ils reçoivent, _let them receive_.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

PRESENT. PAST.

que je reçoive, _that I may receive_. que j'aie reçu, _that I might have received_. que tu reçoives, _that thou mayst receive_. que tu aies reçu, _that thou mightst have received_. qu'il reçoive, _that he may receive_. qu'il ait reçu, _that he might have received_. qu'on reçoive, _that one may receive_. qu'on ait reçu, _that one might have received_. que nous recevions, _that we may receive_. que nous ayons reçu, _that we might have received_. que vous receviez, _that you may receive_. que vous ayez reçu, _that you might have received_. qu'ils reçoivent, _that they may receive_. qu'ils aient reçu, _that they might have received_.

IMPERFECT. PLUPERFECT.

que je reçusse, _that I might receive_. que j'eusse reçu, _that I might have received_. que tu reçusses, _that thou mightst receive_. que tu eusses reçu, _that thou mightst have received_. qu'il reçût, _that he might receive_. qu'il eût reçu, _that he might have received_. qu'on reçût, _that one might receive_. qu'on eût reçu, _that one might have received_.

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que nous reçussions, _that we might receive_. que nous eussions reçu, _that we might have received_. que vous reçussiez, _that you might receive_. que vous eussiez reçu, _that you might have received_. qu'ils reçussent, _that they might receive_. qu'ils eussent reçu, _that they might have received_.

INFINITIVE MOOD.

PRESENT. PAST.

recevoir, _to receive_. avoir reçu, _to have received_.

PARTICIPLE.

PRESENT. COMPOUND.

recevant, _receiving_. ayant reçu, _having received_.

PAST. reçu, _received_.

N. B.--To this conjugation belong only six others, as:

apercevoir, _to perceive_. concevoir, _to conceive_. décevoir, _to deceive_. devoir, _to owe_. percevoir, _to collect duties_. redevoir, _to owe again_.

§ 42. MODELS FOR PRACTICE.

ASSERTIVES.

1. Je ne reçois rien, _I receive nothing_. 2. Je ne le reçois plus, _I receive him no more_. 3. Je n'en reçois guère, _I receive but little of it_. 4. Je ne la reçois pas, _I do not receive her_. 5. Je ne les reçois jamais, _I never receive them_.

INTERROGATIVES.

6. Ne reçois-tu rien? _Receivest thou nothing?_ 7. Ne le reçois-tu plus? _Dost thou receive him no more?_ 8. N'en reçois-tu guère? _Receivest thou but little of it?_ 9. Ne la reçois-tu pas? _Dost thou not receive her?_ 10. Ne les reçois-tu jamais? _Dost thou never receive them?_

N. B.--_Reçois-je_ is avoided, as being inelegant. In place of such forms _est-ce que_ is used, as: Est-ce que je ne reçois rien? _Do I receive nothing?_

§ 43. FOURTH CONJUGATION, ending in _re_.

MODEL VERB. vendre, _to sell_.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

SIMPLE TENSES. COMPOUND TENSES.

PRESENT. PAST INDEFINITE.

Je vends, _I sell_. J'ai vendu, _I have sold_. tu vends, _thou sellest_. tu as vendu, _thou hast sold_. il vend, _he sells_. il a vendu, _he has sold_. on vend, _one sells_. on a vendu, _one has sold_. nous vendons, _we sell_. nous avons vendu, _we have sold_. vous vendez, _you sell_. vous avez vendu, _you have sold_. ils vendent, _they sell_. ils ont vendu, _they have sold_.

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IMPERFECT. PLUPERFECT.

Je vendais, _I was selling_. J'avais vendu, _I had sold_ or _been selling_. tu vendais, _thou wast selling_. tu avais vendu, _thou hadst sold_. il vendait, _he was selling_. il avait vendu, _he had sold_. on vendait, _one was selling_. on avait vendu, _one had sold_. nous vendions, _we were selling_. nous avions vendu, _we had sold_. vous vendiez, _you were selling_. vous aviez vendu, _you had sold_. ils vendaient, _they were selling_. ils avaient vendu, _they had sold_.

PAST DEFINITE. PAST ANTERIOR.

Je vendis, _I sold_ or _did sell_. J'eus vendu, _I had sold_. tu vendis, _thou soldest_. tu eus vendu, _thou hadst sold_. il vendit, _he sold_. il eut vendu, _he had sold_. on vendit, _one sold_. on eut vendu, _one had sold_. nous vendîmes, _we sold_. nous eûmes vendu, _we had sold_. vous vendîtes, _you sold_. vous eûtes vendu, _you had sold_. ils vendirent, _they sold_. ils eurent vendu, _they had sold_.

FIRST FUTURE. SECOND FUTURE.

Je vendrai, _I shall sell_. J'aurai vendu, _I shall have sold_. tu vendras, _thou wilt sell_. tu auras vendu, _thou wilt have sold_. il vendra, _he will sell_. il aura vendu, _he will have sold_. on vendra, _one will sell_. on aura vendu, _one will have sold_. nous vendrons, _we shall sell_. nous aurons vendu, _we shall have sold_. vous vendrez, _you will sell_. vous aurez vendu, _you will have sold_. ils vendront, _they will sell_. ils auront vendu, _they will have sold_.

CONDITIONAL MOOD.

PRESENT. PAST.

Je vendrais, _I should sell_. J'aurais vendu, _I should have sold_. tu vendrais, _thou wouldst sell_. tu aurais vendu, _thou wouldst have sold_. il vendrait, _he would sell_. il aurait vendu, _he would have sold_. on vendrait, _one would sell_. on aurait vendu, _one would have sold_. nous vendrions, _we should sell_. nous aurions vendu, _we should have sold_. vous vendriez, _you would sell_. vous auriez vendu, _you would have sold_. ils vendraient, _they would sell_. ils auraient vendu, _they would have sold_.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

vends, _sell_ (_thou_). qu'il vende, _let him sell_. qu'on vende, _let one sell_. vendons, _let us sell_. vendez, _sell_ (_ye_ or _you_). qu'ils vendent, _let them sell_.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

PRESENT. PAST.

que je vende, _that I may sell_. que j'aie vendu, _that I may have sold_. que tu vendes, _that thou mayst sell_. que tu aies vendu, _that thou mayst have sold_. qu'il vende, _that he may sell_. qu'il ait vendu, _that he may have sold_. qu'on vende, _that one may sell_. qu'on ait vendu, _that one may have sold_. que nous vendions, _that we may sell_. que nous ayons vendu, _that we may have sold_. que vous vendiez, _that you may sell_. que vous ayez vendu, _that you may have sold_. qu'ils vendent, _that they may sell_. qu'ils aient vendu, _that they may have sold_.

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IMPERFECT. PLUPERFECT.

que je vendisse, _that I might sell_. que j'eusse vendu, _that I might have sold_. que tu vendisses, _that thou mightst sell_. que tu eusses vendu, _that thou mightst have sold_. qu'il vendît, _that he might sell_. qu'il eût vendu, _that he might have sold_. qu'on vendît, _tha t one might sell_. qu'on eût vendu, _that one might have sold_. que nous vendissions, _that we might sell_. que nous eussions vendu, _that we might have sold_. que vous vendissiez, _that you might sell_. que vous eussiez vendu, _that you might have sold_. qu'ils vendissent, _that they might sell_. qu'ils eussent vendu, _that they might have sold_.

INFINITIVE MOOD.

PRESENT. PAST.

vendre, _to sell_. avoir vendu, _to have sold_.

PARTICIPLE.

PRESENT. COMPOUND.

vendant, _selling_. ayant vendu, _having sold_.

PAST. vendu, _sold_.

§ 44. MODELS FOR PRACTICE.

ASSERTIVES.

1. Je lui vends beaucoup, _I sell him much_. 2. Je ne lui vends guère, _I sell him but little_. 3. Je n'en vends pas grand'chose, _I sell not much of it_. 4. Je ne lui en vends pas grand'chose, _I sell him not much of it_.

INTERROGATIVES.

5. Lui vends-tu beaucoup? _Do you sell him much?_ 6. Ne lui vends-tu guère? _Do you sell him but little?_ 7. N'en vends-tu pas grand'chose? _Do you not sell much of it?_ 8. Ne lui en vends-tu pas grand'chose? _Do you not sell him much of it?_

§ 45. CONJUGATION OF A PASSIVE VERB.

MODEL VERB. être aimé, _to be loved_.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

PRESENT.

Je suis aimé, m.; aimée, f., _I am loved_. tu es aimé, _thou art loved_. il est aimé, _he is loved_. on est aimé, _one is loved_. nous sommes aimés _or_ aimées, _we are loved_. vous êtes aimés _or_ aimées, _you are loved_. ils sont aimés _or_ elles sont aimées, _they are loved_.

IMPERFECT.

J'étais aimé, m.; aimée, f., _I was loved, was being loved_.

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PAST DEFINITE.

Je fus aimé, m.; aimée, f., _I was loved_.

PAST INDEFINITE.

J'ai été aimé, m., or aimée, f., _I have been loved_.

PAST ANTERIOR.

J'eus été aimé, m.; aimée, f., _I had been loved_.

PLUPERFECT.

J'avais été aimé, m.; aimée, f., _I had been loved_.

FIRST FUTURE.

Je serai aimé, m.; aimée, f., _I shall_ or _will be loved_.

SECOND FUTURE.

J'aurai été aimé, m.; aimée, f., _I shall, will have been loved_.

CONDITIONAL MOOD.

PRESENT.

Je serais aimé, m.; aimée, f., _I should, would, could, might be loved_.

PAST.

J'aurais été aimé, m.; aimée, f., _I should, would have been loved_.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.