Part 17
Indian: dialect of HINDI spoken in Scinde. Two alphabets are in use—viz., the ARABIC and the GURMUKHI. Dicty. by Stack, Bombay, 1849-55; Grammar, 1849.
SINDONGA.
African: allied to OTYIHERERO.
SINGHALESE, SINHALESE.
The language of Ceylon. ELU, or high-Sinhalese, is DRAVIDIAN, and closely resembles TAMIL; its written characters, however, are more like CANARESE. Colloquial Sinhalese is largely modified by SANSKRIT; PALI is the religious language of Buddhists in Ceylon. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.” _See_ CINGALESE.
SINGHBHUM.
Same as KOL; Non-Aryan language of Central India. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”
SINGHPO _or_ SINGPHO.
Singh = “lion.” INDO-CHINESE: large class of dialects spoken by hill-tribes of Burmah and Assam. See “Asiatic Journal of Bengal,” 1837; and Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”
SINGKAL.
Malayan: BATTA dialect of Sumatra.
SIOUX.
AMERICAN: Dacotah Indians, closely allied to Iowa, and sometimes classed as Iroquois. They are also called Issati and Nadowessier; and the Assineboines have been classed with them. Vocabularies by Hayden, Philadelphia; Grammar and Dictionary by Biggs and Turner.
SIRAIKI.
Indic: dialect of SINDHI.
SIRANG, _see_ CERAM.
SIRANIAN, SIRENIAN, SIRJENIC.
Ugrian: same as ZIRIANIAN; FINNISH dialect of Vologda, in Russia. Grammar by Castrén, Helsingfors, 1844.
SISUTA, _see_ SESUTO.
SITCHA, SITKA, SITSKA.
American: names for KOLUSH.
SITUFA, SITUGA.
American: Indians of New Granada, classed as a dialect of BETOI.
SIWAH.
African: allied to the BERBER of Morocco; it is the dialect spoken in Wady Sywah, or Great Oasis of Oum Beida, formerly the temple of Jupiter Ammon. Vocaby. by Minutoli, Berlin, 1824-7.
SKIPETAR.
ILLYRIC: native name of the Albanians. Mr. Vaux suggests that the word Skipétar is of TURANIAN origin. ☞
SKITTEGAT.
American: dialect of the HAIDAH.
SKOFFI.
American: put for “Escopie,” name for SHESHATAPOOSH.
SKWALLY.
American: same as NASQUALLY. Classed by Hale as ATNAH or SELISH. Scouler’s name is SQUALLYAMISH.
SLANG.
Vulgar or Colloquial English of the sporting classes and lower orders, especially those of large towns. See Hotten’s “New Dictionary,” “Slang,” &c.
SLAVIC, SLAVONIC, _or_ SLAVONIAN.
Word of uncertain derivation, used as designating one branch of the Indo-European family. Professor Senkovski derives it from slov = man (RUSS, cheloväku; POLISH, czlowiek); others derive it from “sru,” “slu,” “famous”; or from “slovo”: “word,” the people being “slovenie,” “the speakers.” Also called VENIDI, WINIDI, WENDS.
SLAVONIC.
(1) The typical dialect of Sarmatian, from which Russian has been formed, first written A.D. 850. (Modern Slavonia is a province of Austria.) Grammar by Miklosich, vols. i.-iii., Vienna, 1852-6.
(2) Class name for a division of WENDIC, comprising OLD BOHEMIAN, POLATIAN (extinct), ECCL. SLAVONIC (extinct), BULGARIAN, CZECH, CROATIAN, ILLYRIAN, LUSITANIAN, POLABIAN, POLISH, RUSSIAN, RUTHENIAN, SERVIAN, SLOVACK, SLOVENIAN, SORABIC.
They have two forms of alphabetic character:—(1) The CYRILLIC, (2) the GLAGOLITIC, which is by some called a modified Cyrillic, by others attributed to St. Hieronymus, of Dalmatia, A.D. 331.
SLESWICK, _see_ SCHLESWIG.
SLOVACK.
SLAVONIC of Hungary. Dicty. by Loos, Pesth, 1870. _See_ HUNGARIAN.
SLOVENIAN.
SLAVONIC of Illyria, Styria, and Carinthia. Sprachlehre, by Murko, Grätz, 1832. _See_ SERVIAN.
SMALL-ROBES.
AMERICAN: tribe of Blackfeet.
SNAKE INDIANS.
AMERICAN: tribe of Shoshones. _See_ NAGA.
SOAHILI, _under_ KI.
SOANA.
Romance: dialect of FRANCO-ITALIAN.
SOBO.
African: closely allied to BINI.
SOCIETY’S ISLANDS, _see_ TAHITIAN.
SOCOTRA, _see_ SOKOTRAN.
SOERABAYAN, _see_ SURABAYA.
SOERIKONG.
American: dialect of CARIB.
SOFALA.
African: dialect of the MOZAMBIQUE.
SOGDI.
IRANIC: dialect of ancient Sogdiana, now Bokhara.
SOHILI, _under_ Ki.
SOIONY, SOIOT.
Ugrian: Siberian dialects, sometimes classed as TURKEE, sometimes called SAMOIED; allied to KOIBAL.
SOK, SOKPA.
NON-ARYAN dialect of N. Thibet. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”
SOKHA, SOKHALA.
Turkee: classed as YAKUT.
SOKKO, ASOKKO.
African: class-name for a division of MANA or MANDINGO. ☞
SOKNA.
African: dialect of TUARIK.
SOKOTRAN.
Semitic: ARABIC dialect of the Island of Socotra, in the Arabian Gulf.
SOLEDAD (LA).
AMERICAN: Indians of California, on River Salinas. Same as MUTSUN.
SOLI.
INDIAN: wandering tribes of Korawa.
SOLIMANI.
Name for Affghans.
SOLOMON ISLANDS.
Polynesian: dialects are BAURO and GUADALCANAR.
SOLOR.
Javanese, with NEGRITO elements. Solor is an island of the Timor group, and is peopled with Alfuru.
SOMAULI.
Abyssinian: division of the GALLA class. It is spoken from about Zeyla, where it touches the Adaiel frontier, to 70° N. lat. inland, and to Capa Garolafuri E. Berbera is the chief Somauli town.
It is allied to AGAW. H. C.
SOMERSET.
Provincial dialect of England. Glossary in Brayley’s “Illustrations,” London, 1834; also by Jennings.
SONDER.
Malayan: dialect of MENADU.
SONGAI, _see_ SUNGHAI.
SONGO.
African: dialect of KAFFIR.
SONGPU.
Indo-Chinese: NAGA dialect of Burmah, closely allied to Koreng.
SONINKE.
African: same as SWANINKE. _See_ SERACOLET.
SONORA, _see_ PIMA.
SONTALI (SANTALI).
INDIAN: remarkable tribe inhabiting the Sontal Purgunnahs of the Bhagulpur district in Bengal. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.” A. C.
SOOLOO, _see_ SULA.
SORB, SORABIC, SORABIAN.
The SLAVONIC of Upper Lusatia; the language of Lower Lusatia is called SERSKISH. _See_ WENDIC.
SOSIMILCHI.
AMERICAN: entered in Jülg’s edition of “Vater” as NAHUATLAC.
SOUAILI, SOWAULI, _under_ KI.
SOUDAN, _see_ NIGRITIAN.
SOULETIN.
One of the four literary dialects of BASQUE.
SOULIERS-NOIRS.
American: FRENCH name for Ahnahaways, called “Blackfeet;” tribe of Crow Indians.
SOURIQUOIS, _see_ MIC-MAC.
SOUTH AUSTRALIAN.
See Grammar, &c., by Teichelmann and Schürmann, Adelaide, 1841.
SOW.
DAYAK of Borneo; allied to BIAJUK.
SOWAKIM, SUAKIM.
African: same as BISHARI.
SOWAULEE, SOHILI.
African: same as SOUAHILI, SWAHILI; the language spoken along the sea-coast from the S. boundary of the Somauli, at Mogadoxo, to Mombaz. R. G. L.
SPANISH.
ROMANCE: the language of Spain, founded on LATIN, with a combination of CELTO-IBERIAN, largely augmented by GOTHIC and influenced by ARABIC; it is spoken not only in Spain, but in various parts of America, the Philippine Islands, &c. Standard Spanish is called CASTILIAN; other dialects are called CATALONIAN or LIMOUSIN, GALICIAN (GALLEGO), and ARAGONESE. Dicty. by Velasquez, London, 1870; Grammar, 1869.
⁂ The remains of the Iberian language are known as BASQUE. ☞
SPARTAN.
Hellenic: the ancient dialect of Laconia; a form of DORIC GREEK, with some peculiar words.
SPOKEIN.
AMERICAN: tribe of Flat Heads.
SQUALLYAMISH.
American: same as SQUALLY. Dialect of Puget’s Sound, spoken about 49° N. lat. “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii.; “Journal of the Royal Geographical Society,” 1841.
STAGES OF LANGUAGE.
Term used for periods in the growth of a language, it being supposed that a language may develop from Monosyllabic to Agglutinative or Incorporating, and finally become Inflectional.
STEIERMARKISH.
(1) Wendic: sub-dialect of SLOVENIAN.
(2) GERMANIC. See Sartoris: “Neuester Reise,” Leipsig, 1811. _See_ STYRIAN.
STICKEEN.
AMERICAN: tribe of Kolush.
ST. JOHN’S, _see_ PASSAMAQUODDS.
STOCKHOLM.
SCANDINAVIAN: dialect of Sweden. See Radloff’s “Beskrifning,” Upsala, 1805.
STONE-INDIANS.
American tribe of Assineboines, classed as DAKOTAH.
STRASBURG.
Teutonic: classed as HIGH-GERMAN. Vocaby. by Arnold, 1816.
SUABIAN, _see_ SWABIAN.
SUAHELI, _see_ SWAHILI.
SUAKEN.
African: dialect of BEJA, or BISHARI, spoken about 19° 20′ N. lat.
SUANIAN, SUANIC, _or_ SWAN.
Caucasian: dialect of GEORGIAN, spoken by the Swans of Mingrelia. Grammar by Rosen. H. C.
SUB-DERAT.
Abyssinian: dialect of the ADAREB.
SUB-DIALECTS, _under_ D.
SUBTIABO.
American: native language of Honduras; quoted as a dialect of LENCA, in the Spanish translation of Squier’s “Notes,” &c. Small Vocaby. in Dr. Latham’s “Elements,” p. 436.
SUDANIA, _see_ NIGRITIAN.
SUDRA.
INDIAN term: low-caste Hindoo. (Wilson.)
SUFFOLK.
Sub-dialect of English, classed as E. ANGLIAN. Glossary by Moor; “Forby’s Vocabulary.” _See_ HAWSTEAD.
SUISSE-ROMANDE.
Same as RHÆTO-ROMANIC. _See_ SWISS.
SULA _or_ SULU.
Malayan: closely allied to CAJELI. _See_ SULTAN.
SULTAN.
MALAYAN: language of Sulu and Borneo.
SUMATRA, _see_ BATAK.
SUMBA.
A smaller island than Sumbawa; it also is in the Timor group, and is peopled with Alfuru.
SUMBAWA, _see_ BIMA.
SUMCHU.
Indo-Chinese: KUNAWAR dialect of Thibet.
SUMENAP.
JAVANESE of Madura.
SUNDANESE.
The language of the western part of Java, separated from the genuine Javanese districts by the rivers Chi Losari in the north and Chi Tandooï in the south. The influence of the Hindoo colonists on this part of Java has been very limited: hence both the people and their language are less civilised than those of middle Java. The language, though equally belonging to the MALAYAN family, differs considerably from the Javanese, and seems to be more nearly akin to the BATTA and MALAY of Sumatra. There is some difference between the high and low language as in Javanese—the former being called BASA-MENAK, the latter BASA-KURING. The number, however, of distinct Menak words is not considerable, and most of them are derived from JAVANESE. The Sundanese was, till recently, seldom written. The natives, for writing it, make use either of the Arabic or of the Javanese alphabet, the latter with some slight modifications. P. J. V. _See_ BATAVIAN-MALAY.
SUNGHAI, SONGAI, SONGHAY.
AFRICAN: dialect of Timbuctu, spoken along the River Niger, between 13° and 18° N. lat. R. G. L.
SUNGNEM, SUNGNUM.
Indo-Chinese: dialect of KUNAWARI.
SUNTAH.
DAYAK of Borneo, closely allied to SOW.
SUNWAR, _see_ SANWAR.
SUOMI, SUOMELAINI, SUOMELAISET.
Tchudic: name for FIN. SUOME = swamp, _i.e._, “Fenners,” or “men of the fens.”
SURABAYA.
MALAYAN: local dialect of Java. Called LOW-MALAY.
SURA-CANI.
Language of the heavenly regions; local name for SANSKRIT.
SURGA.
African: dialect of TUARIK.
SURI-BUTAN.
That is, “little Thibet,” of Bultistan. Vocaby. in Vigne’s “Travels,” London, 1842. _See_ BHOT.
SURINAM-NEGRO.
Creolese: mingled dialect of ENGLISH and DUTCH, spoken in Guiana; also called NEGRO-ENGLISH. “Proeve, &c.,” by Van der Vegt, Amsterdam, 1844. _See_ SARAMACCA.
SURSEE, SUSSEE.
AMERICAN: tribe of Chepewyan, on the Saskatchewan river line.
SUSDALISH.
Slavonic: sub-dialect of RUSSIAN.
SUSOO.
African: MANDINGO dialect of Senegambia.
SUSSEX.
Provincial dialect of England. Glossary by Cooper, Brighton, 2nd edition, 1853; Works by M. A. Lower.
SUTRA-RENCHONG.
JAVANESE alphabet of Sumatra. _See_ PALEMBANG.
SWABIAN (SCHWABISCHE).
(1) Sub-dialect of old HIGH-GERMAN; typical dialect of the middle ages, representing the dynasty of Hohenstauffen. It was the dialect of the Minnesingers.
(2) Modern. Dicty. by Schmid, Stuttgart, 1831. _See_ HALLE.
SWAHILI.
African: KAFFIR language of Zanzibar; also called KI-SUAHELI. Handbook by Steere, London, 1870.
SWANINKE, _see_ SERACOLET.
SWAUTI.
PAROPAMISAN: dialect of Dardistan, closely allied to SHINA.
SWEDEN, NEW.
AMERICAN: now New Jersey. _See_ MYNCQUESAR.
SWEDISH.
Teutonic: language of the SCANDINAVIAN class, closely allied to DANISH, and differing but little from modern NORWEGIAN. The name is that of the ancient Suiones. Dialects are GOTHLANDIC, HELSINGLAND, SCHONEN, STOCKHOLM. Lexicon by Tullberg, Stockholm, 1868. _See_ DALECARLIAN.
SWEO-GOTHIC, SUIO-GOTHIC.
A name given to OLD SWEDISH. See Ihre’s “Glossarium Suio-Gothicum,” 2 vols., folio, Upsal, 1769. Few books throw greater light on English Etymology. W. W. S.
SWISS (SCHWEIZ).
(1) Teutonic: classed as HIGH-GERMAN. See “Die Schweizerische Mundart,” Frauenfeld, 1838.
(2) Romance: _patois_ of FRENCH. See “Histoire,” &c., by De Ladoucette, Paris, 1834.
(3) Dialects: “Stalder gives specimens of 35 in German, 16 in French, 5 in Romansch, 8 in Italian.”—Taylor’s “Words and Places,” London, 1865, p. 49.
⁂ According to Mr. Hepworth Dixon we find [1872]—384,561 families speaking German, 134,183 French, 30,293 Italian, 8,759 Romansch. _See_ ROMANA.
SYDNEY.
Australian: somewhat allied to MURUYA.
SYLLABIC.
Said of alphabets with “letters that represent syllables instead of simple sounds.” _See_ JAPANESE.
SYOUAH, _see_ SIWAH.
SYRIAC.
Semitic: typical language of the ARAMAIC, N. branch; closely allied to HEBREW, and written in an alphabetic character of its own; it has a considerable literature, and is spoken near Damascus and in parts of Kurdistan, on the confines of Persia and Turkey. PALMYRENE is the Syriac of Tadmor: and ESTRANGELO is the name of its oldest written character. Grammar (Modern) by Stoddart, N. Haven, 1855; Archaic (N.T.) by Yeates, London, 1819. Dictionary by Castelli; Chrestomathia by Roediger, Halle, 1868. _See_ PESHITO.
SYRJENIC, _see_ SIRENIAN.
SYRO-ARABIC.
Same as SEMITIC.
SYRO-CHALDEE.
Semitic: the vernacular speech of the Nestorian Christians of Kurdistan; it is a corrupted form of SYRIAC, is written in a modification of the Estrangelo characters, and spoken on the borders of Asiatic Turkey and Persia.
SYROJEDIC.
Same as SAMOIED; “raw-flesh eaters.”
SZAUAKEN, _see_ SUAKEN.
SZEHLEH.
African: a name for MOBBA.
SZEKLER.
Old tribes of Magyar. Same as SICULI.
SZMUDIC, _see_ SAMOGITIAN.
ADDENDA.
SABÆANS.
SEMITIC: indigines of S. Arabia; they have much lighter skins than the Himyarites.
SAH-ISSAH-DINNE.
AMERICAN: “People of the rising Sun”; native name of the Chepewyans.
SHAMANISM.
PERSIAN word: “idolatry,” as applied to the Samoieds, &c., of Siberia.
SHROPSHIRE.
A dialect of ENGLISH. See Audelay’s “Poems” (Percy Soc.); and Hartshorne’s “Salopia Antiqua.” W. W. S.
SOLIMA.
African: a language like SUSOO. H. C.
SOOSOO, _see_ SUSOO.
SOUR, _see_ SAVARA.
SOYOTES.
Name for Chinese Samoieds.
STYRIAN.
Slavonic: sub-dialect of ILLYRIAN, spoken in the Austrian province of Styria. G. R.
SUIO-GOTHIC.
Another name for OLD SWEDISH. See Ihre: “Glossarium Suio-Gothicum,” 2 vols. fol., Upsal, 1769. W. W. S.
SWAN, _see_ SUANIC.
SYRMIAN.
Slavonic: a dialect of SERVIAN, spoken in Syrmia, a district of Slavonia, and elsewhere. G. R.
T.
TABERISTANI.
Iranic: a local dialect of PERSIAN.
TABLUNG.
Indo-Chinese: NAGA dialect of E. frontier, Bengal. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”
TACAZZE.
African: dialect of SHANGALLA. _See_ TAKAZZE.
TACHI.
AMERICAN: tribe of the Caddo Confederation, from whom the word Texas is derived. Same as INIES.
TACUNHA, _under_ TI.
TADJIK, TAJIK.
Indigenous tribes of modern Persia. The name is also applied to the Persian population of Bokhara, Khiva, Kokand, and the Pamir table-land.
⁂ They are an oppressed race, subject to the dominant Turkish or Tatar hordes. See Vambéry’s “Travels in Central Asia.” G. R.
TADMOR, _see_ PALMYRENE.
TAFOE.
African: a name for the INTA.
TAGAL.
JAVANESE: dialect of Sumatra.
TAGALA.
MALAYAN: dialect of the Philippine Islands, using an alphabet allied to the BATTA. Dissertation in Crawfurd’s “Malay Grammar,” and Dicty.
TAGORIAN.
Caucasian: dialect of OSSET. It is the same as DUGORIAN.
TAGUL-ANG-DANG, TAHEANG.
Malayan: dialects of MENADU.
TAHITIAN.
A dialect of Eastern Polynesia, spoken by the natives of Tahiti and of the Society Islands. It is also spoken in the Austral Islands, a group of five islands to the south of Tahiti. W. G. L.
TAHLEWAH.
AMERICAN: dialect of R. Klamatl in U. California. Vocaby. in Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” vol. iii.
TAI _or_ T’HAY.
That is phasa-t’hay, “language of the free.” TURANIAN: native name for the vernacular speech of Siam. It includes the SIAMESE, AHOM, LAOS, KHAMTI, and KASSIA dialects; it is monosyllabic, and destitute of inflections. The people called Ahom were formerly the dominant race.
TAIEMALA.
AFRICAN: tribe of the Danakil.
TAIGINSKI.
Ugrian: a class of Samoied, allied to MOTORIAN.
TAINI _or_ TAINO.
American: native name of the occupants of Hayti, Hispaniola, or St. Domingo, when first discovered; the Caribs called them Ygneri. Compare the word Inaina for “man” in ATNA. ☞
TAI-PING.
Chinese rebels; national party as opposed to the Moghol dynasty.
TAI-WAN, _see_ SIDEIA.
TAJIK, _see_ TADJIK.
TAK, TAKPA, TAKYUL.
Thibetan: a dialect of BHOT. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”
TAKA, TAKUE.
African: names for the BEJA or BOJE.
TAKAZZE.
African: dialect of AGAU; also called TSCHERAT-AGAW. _See_ TACAZZE.
TAKELI, TUKLAVE.
African: dialect of the frontier of Kordovan. Rüppel’s vocabulary connects it with the SHABUN, FERTIT, and KOLDAGI more closely than with the FURIAN and SHILUK. R. G. L.
TAKULLI, TAHKALI.
American: also called CARRIER, NAGAIL, and CHIN. It is the ATHABASKAN of New Caledonia, spoken on the upper part of Frazer’s River. Authorities—A. Mackenzie: “Voyages,” &c., London, 1801; D. W. Harmon: “A Journal of Voyages and Travels,” Andover, 1820; H. Hale: “Ethnology and Philology,” Philadelphia, 1846. The last of these uses the compound Tahkali-Umpqua as a class name for the ordinary Takulli, and the outlying members of the Athabaskan class in the south of Oregon. R. G. L.
TAKUN.
Used in Jülg’s edition of “Vater” for the orang-benua of Malacca; apparently JAKUN.
TALAIN.
Same as MON. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.” _See_ PEGUESE.
TALAMANCA.
District of Costa-Rica; languages unclassed.
TALATUI.
American: dialect of U. California, spoken on the river Kassima; also called MOQUELUMNE, and allied to SAN RAFAEL. Vocaby. in “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii.
TALAUR.
Malayan: sub-dialect of MENADU.
TALAUT, _see_ SALIBABOO.
TALIK.
Name of PERSIAN written characters, adopted from NESHKI ARABIC; used also in Hindustani, Pushtoo, &c. _See_ SHIKASTAH.
TALISH.
Iranic: sub-dialect of modern PERSIAN.
TALKEE-TALKEE.
American: NEGRO-DUTCH of Guyàna.
TALLEWITSU.
American: same as WACOE. _See_ HUECO.
TALMUDIC.
Semitic: name for the later HEBREW, as used by the Rabbins. It abounds with HELLENISMS.
TALUHET.
AMERICAN: tribes of Puelches; Indians of the Pampas.
TAMANACK (TAMANAQUE).
American: dialect of the CARIB class, spoken on the Orinoco, near the mission of Encamarada. The compound Caribi-Tamanak, and by some Tamanak alone, has been used as a class name. R. G. L.
TAMAZIGHT, TAMASHIGHT, TAMACHEK’.
The language of the Tawâriq (Fr. Touâreg), as the Arabs name the people who dwell over an immense space of Africa, south of the Atlas. (_See_ LIBYAN for the class.) Dr. Richardson calls the language TOUARGHEE; Duveyrier calls it TARGISCH. It is remarkably free from Arabic importations, and has an alphabet of its own, highly peculiar, called the Tefínagh; only consonants are written, so that the writing is a shorthand, difficult to read; the more so, because the laws of grammar help little to the vowels. Hanoteau defines the language as “limited to the West by a curve line drawn from Waregla (Wergela) through the oasis of Touât towards Timbuctoo; to the South by the Niger and the kingdoms of Bornou and Haussa; to the East by Fezzan and the country of the Tibboos; to the North by Tripoli, Tunis, and Algiers.” This vast extent, as well as its purity, makes it the chief of the LIBYAN languages. Its consonant sounds are fewer than those of the Zouave, which has borrowed from Arabic. In the fifth volume of Barth’s African Travels are words and sentences of considerable extent in Tamashight; but the publication of Hanoteau’s ample Grammar somewhat lessens their importance. F. W. N.
TAMBACTU, _see_ WUN.
TAMBI.
African: same as ADAMPI.
TAMBORA, TEMBORA.
Malayan: dialect of SUMBAWA.
TAMIL, TAMUL.
Dravidian: dialect of the CARNATIC, South India, and closely allied to CANARESE, MALAYALIM, and TELUGU or TELINGA; it is also spoken in parts of Ceylon. It is agglutinative, is spoken in dialects called HIGH and LOW TAMIL, and uses an alphabet said to be derived from the DEVANAGRI. There is also an archaic dialect, now extinct. Grammar by Pope, Madras, 1859; Dictionary by Winslow, Madras, 1862.
TAMOIAE, TAMOYO.
American: Tupi Indians of Brazil, near Rio de Janeiro. Also called TUMMIMIOI (Tummimivi in Jülg’s “Vater.”)
⁂ This belongs to the GUARANI and AGAW class. H. C.
TAMULIC.
A name for the entire class of DRAVIDIAN or NISHADA dialects, including, besides TAMIL, the MALAYALAM, the TULUVA, the TELINGA or TELUGU, and the CANARESE. G. R.
TANA _or_ TANNA.
(1) Negrito: PAPUAN dialect of the New Hebrides.
(2) _See_ BHASA.
TANAWANKO.
Malayan: ALFURU dialect of Celebes; Wallace’s “Malay Archipelago,” vol. ii.
TANAYNTHARI, TANENGSARI.
Monosyllabic: dialects of Tennaserim.
TANDIA.
Negrito: dialect of PAPUAN.
TANEMA, TANEANU.
NEGRITO: dialects of Vanikoro, an island of the South Seas.
TANGATA.
POLYNESIAN word for “man.” _See_ KANAKA.
TANGUHTI.
Indo-Chinese: dialect of BHOT. Tangut is the local name for the Tibetan people; applied by Moghols.
TANKHUL.
Indo-Chinese: a NAGA dialect.
TANTI CALLERU.
Indian: CANARESE name for the Thugs.
TAO.
AMERICAN: Pueblo Indians of New Mexico.
TA-OUNGURONG.
Australian: cf. “orang,” MALAY word for man. Eyre’s “Journals,” London, 1845.
TAPARITA.
American: dialect of OTTOMAKU.
TAPIGUAE.
American: Tupi Indians of Brazil, about Pernambuco.
TAPII.
American: dialect of CHIQUITOS.
TAPPA, TAPUA.
African: names for the NUFI.
TAPPEN.
American: GERMAN name for the TUPIS; Brazilian Indians of the Rio Grande.
TARAHUMARA.
American: spoken in New Biscay, and closely allied to PIMA. Dictionary by Steffel, Brünn, 1791.
TARAKAI.
AINO: a dialect of the Kurile Islands, E. Asia.
TARASKA, TERASCO.
American: a dialect of Michoacan in Mexico. It is stated, on doubtful authority, to be the same as PIRINDA.
TARAWAN.
MICRONESIAN: dialect of N. Pacific, allied to GUAHAM.
TAREMUKI.
Indian: HINDUSTANI dialect, mingled with CANARESE, spoken by wandering tribes; also called GHISSARIS, LOHARS, and BAIL-KUMBARS.
TARIANA.
American: dialect of the Rio Negro, allied to BARREE and BANIWA. Vocabulary in Wallace’s “Amazons.”
TARNATA.
MALAYAN: extinct dialect of the Moluccas. _See_ TERNATI.
TARTAR (_correctly_ TATAR).
TURANIAN: language of the Alatys, a race much scattered over N. Asia; it is used in two senses: first as a collective name for all the languages spoken by the nomadic races of Northern Asia; and secondly for that class of them which is now represented by TURKISH as its most polished form.
⁂ Turkish is sometimes applied to the Osmanli or Western Turkish, and Tartar to Eastern Turkish. H. C. _See_ ALATYAN.
TARUMA.
American: unclassed; it is spoken in British Guyana.
TAS.
Ugrian: a name for SAMOIED (Klaproth).
TASMANIAN.
NEGRITO: original dialect of Van Diemen’s Land; now spoken only in Flinders’ Island; it is allied to PAPUAN, AUSTRALIAN, and other MELANESIAN languages. Vocaby. by Lhotsky, “Journal of the Royal Geographical Society,” 1839.
TAT.
Iranic: PERSIAN sub-dialect of Daghestan, &c.
TATAR, _see_ TARTAR.
TATER.
Romany: variety of NORWEGIAN GIPSY.
TATI-MOLO, TATI-QUILHATI.
American: dialects of TOTONAKA.
TAVASTRIAN.
Tchudic: same as Hamalaiset; one of the two divisions of the FIN of Finland, &c.: KARELIAN being the other. The term, in geography, applies to the parts about Tavastahus, in the south-west of Finland, between 60° and 62° N. lat., where the division to which it applies touches the Baltic. From 62° to 64°, the language is mainly Swedish. The language of this district is called by the Fin philologues, TAVASTRIAN, as opposed to KARELIAN. R. G. L. _See_ QUAIN.
TAWGI, _see_ TURUCHANSKI.
TA-YUE-TCHI.
THIBETAN name for the Indo-Scythic race.
TCHERKESS, _see_ CIRCASSIAN.
TCHINGHIANES.
ROMANY: name for GIPSY; used in Turkey. See “Etudes,” par Paspati, Constantinople, 1870.
TCHOKOYEM, } TCHUDIC, } _under_ TS. TCHUKTCHI, }