Part 16
Dominant language of SLAVONIC, using the CYRILLIC characters, and very largely augmented from other families of speech, forming one of the most copious languages in the world; sub-divisions or local dialects known as MUSCOVITE or GREAT RUSSIAN, WHITE RUSSIAN, SUSDALIC, OLONETZIAN, UKRAINIAN or LITTLE RUSSIAN. Grammar by Heard; by Reiff, Paris, 1862; Lexicon, Karlsruhe, 1870-1; and by Dahl.
RUSSNIACK.
SLAVONIC: a local dialect of Hungary. _See_ OROSZ.
RUSTICA (LINGUA).
Supposed provincial dialects of classical LATIN during the Roman period. (Raynouard.)
RUTANA.
AFRICAN: dialect of Nubia. See Jülg’s “Vater,” p. 319.
RUTHENIAN.
Slavonic: dialect of RUSS.
RUTLUK.
NON-ARYAN language of Central India. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”
ADDENDA.
RESSAWIAN.
A dialect of SERVIAN, spoken on the Resava and the Schwartz-bach. G. R.
ROMAINE _or_ ROMANCE.
A name awkwardly used as equivalent to the Old French of the North of France, or LANGUE D’OÏL; thus Roquefort’s Dicty. of the Langue d’oïl is called “Glossaire de la Langue Romaine.” W. W. S.
ROMANIA.
The name by which the Wallachians call their own language. G. R.
RUMELIAN.
A dialect of TURKISH, spoken in and about Constantinople. G. R.
S.
SAAB.
African: name for HOTTENTOT. More especially applied to the Bushman.
SAAMEN, _see_ SEMIAN.
SAAR, SAARWERDEN.
Teutonic: sub-dialect of HIGH-GERMAN. See “Sammlung,” &c., by Schwalb, Saarbrück, 1833; Journal für Deutschland, 1788.
SABINE, SABELLIAN.
Extinct language of ancient Italy, closely allied to OSCAN. See Mommsen’s “Unteritalischen Dialekte,” Leipsig, 1851.
SABLE, _see_ OSTIAK.
SABME, _see_ SUOMELAINI.
SABUJA, SABUYAH.
American: spoken in Bahia.
⁂ Allied to the PYGMEAN or NEGRITO of the Andamans, SHOSHONI, MAYORUNA, DARIEN, GONGA, and GE. H. C. _See_ KIRIRI.
SAC, SAKE, or SAUK.
AMERICAN: allied to Fox-Indians. _See_ KIKKAPU.
SACHSISCH, _under_ SAXON.
SACRAMENTO.
AMERICAN: Indians of California. _See_ MAG-R.
SAGZI, _see_ SEGZI.
SAHAPTIN.
American: spoken in Oregon; they are called Nez-percées by Canadians. The class may, perhaps, be extended so as to include the CAYUS, LUTUAMI, PADUCA, PALAIK, SHASTI, SHOSHONE, &c. R. G. L.
SAHIDIC, SAHITIC.
Coptic dialect of Thebes in Upper Egypt, closely allied to BASHMURIC. See Tattam’s “Grammar,” London, 1863.
SAHO, _see_ SHIHO.
SAHOE.
MALAYAN: dialect of N. Gilolo. Vocaby. in Wallace’s “M. Arch.”
SAINT-OMER.
Romance: _patois_ of French. See “Mém. de la S. des Antiq.” vol. 3.
SAK.
Indo-Chinese: dialect of Burmah, allied to KAMI, &c. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”
SAKALAVES.
Aborigines of Madagascar.
SAKARRAN.
DAYAK of Borneo.
SAKATU.
African: dialect of FULAH. See Lyon’s “Narrative,” London, 1821.
SAKI, SAKEWI, _see_ SAC.
SALA.
AFRICAN: dialect of Bomba. See Douville’s “Voyage au Congo,” &c. Paris, 1832.
SALAWATTI.
Negrito: PAPUAN dialect of New Guinea.
SALAYER.
MALAYAN: small Is. S. of Celebes. Wallace’s “Malay Arch.”
SALBIN.
Turkee: dialect of KOIBAL.
SALDANHA BAY.
African: dialect of HOTTENTOT.
SALIBABOO.
MALAYAN: dialect of Talaut. Wallace: “Malay Arch.”
SALISH, _see_ SELISH.
SALIVA, SALIVI.
AMERICAN: spoken on the R. Orinoco, in Venezuela, Brazil, and New Granada. The ATURE, MACO, PIAROA, and QUAQUA, are called Saliva dialects. R. G. L.
SALONG, _see_ SILONG.
SALOR.
TATAR tribe of Central Asia: classed as Turcomans.
SALTEAUX, SAUTEUX.
AMERICAN: Eastern Chippeways; Ojibois Indians at Manitoba and Lake Winnipeg. Spoken on the Saskatchewan R. line. Butler’s “Gt. Lone Land,” London, 1873.
SALZBURG.
Teutonic: classed as HIGH-GERMAN.
SAM, _see_ SANSCRIT.
SAMANG _or_ SEMANG.
MALAYAN: spoken by races of Negro origin, in the peninsula of Malacca. Sub-dialects are known as SEMANG-JAN and SEMANG-JURU. _See_ KEDAH.
SAMARANG.
MALAYAN: sub-dialect of Java.
SAMARITAN.
Semitic: extinct dialect of ARAMAIC, closely allied to HEBREW, and by some regarded as an older form of that tongue than the Biblical Hebrew, being uninfluenced by Chaldee. It is written in an alphabet similar to the PHŒNICIAN, but of more ornate character. An ancient version of the Pentateuch in Samaritan is still preserved at Nablous, the ancient Shechem. Grammar by Nicholls, London, 1858.
SAMBOE, _under_ Z.
SAMEN, _see_ SUOMELAINI.
SAMNITE.
ARCHAIC dialect of ancient Italy, known only by inscriptions. _See_ OSCAN.
SAMOAN.
A dialect of Eastern Polynesia; spoken by the natives of Samoa, or the Navigator’s Islands; a group situated in 13° to 15° S. lat., and 168° to 173° W. longitude. This is the only dialect of Eastern Polynesia which has a sibilant. W. G. L.
SAMOGITIAN.
LITHUANIAN of Wilna, a Russian government in the Baltic provinces. It is also called POLISH-LITHUANIC.
SAMOIEDE, SAMOYED, _or_ SAMOJEDIC.
Ugrian: dialect classed as FIN, spoken by Tatar tribes along the Frozen Ocean in N. Siberia. Divisions are known as: (1) NISOVI, North of the Beresov. (2) VERKHOVI, dialects of the Obi. Grammar by Castrén, St. Petersburg, 1854. _See_ SOYOTES.
SAMUCA _or_ ZAMUCA.
AMERICAN: Indians of Chiquitos. Dialects are CAIPOTORADE and MOROTOCO.
SAN.
AMERICAN: “San” Spanish for Saint, Sanctus; prefix to several Missions.
SAN-ANTONIO, in California. Vocaby. by Sitjar, 1861.
SANTA-BARBARA. See “Jour. Roy. Geo. Soc.,” 1841. _See_ PUEBLO.
SANANGDI, _see_ SUNGHAI.
SANDAN.
Moghol: TUNGOOS dialect of Manchuria.
SANDANGAN.
JAVANESE: Vowel signs in written characters of the native alphabet.
SANDEH.
AFRICAN: language of the Nile regions. The people are cannibals with saw teeth, reputed to have a deformity of the _os coccygis_. They are commonly called Nyanya. The language has affinities to TASMANIAN and to some words of Australasia. There is a vocabulary and a grammar by Dr. S. Schweinfurth, Berlin, 1873; and some words in Petherick’s “Egypt, the Soudan, &c.,” 1861. This language is of very ancient type. H. C.
SANDWICH IS., _see_ KANAKA.
SANESE.
ITALIC: dialect of Siena. Vocaby. by Gigli, Siena, 1797.
SANGARA.
Moghol: TUNGUS dialect of Manchuria.
SANGIANG.
MALAYAN: priestly dialect of Borneo, largely influenced by SANSCRIT.
SANGIJ, SANGIR.
Malayan: dialect of MENADU.
SANGOUW.
DAYAK of Borneo: allied to BIAJUK.
SANG-PANG.
Non-Aryan: dialect of E. Nipal, belonging to the KIRANTI group. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”
SANGUIR.
MALAYAN: group adjoining Celebes; dialect allied to MENADU. Wallace: “Malay A.”
SANKIKANI.
American: old dialect of ALGONKIN, spoken by Ogibways of New Sweden, now New Jersey.
SANSANDING, _see_ SUNGHAI.
SANSCRIT, SANSKRIT.
Indo-European: typical dialect of INDIAN, and parent of BENGALI, HINDI, GUJERATTI, HINDUSTANI, MAHRATTI, ORIYA, PUNJABI, and SINDHI; it is closely allied to ZEND and other languages of the IRANIC branch, and though no longer vernacular, is preserved in the Vedas and other sacred writings of the Brahmins. The word Sanskrit means “polished, refined,” der.: sam, “together,” krita, “made perfect” = Samskrita, “made euphonic.” The alphabetic character is called Devanagari, “city of the gods,” from Benares, sacred city of the Brahmins; and it is read from left to right like European languages.
The term OLD SANSCRIT is applied to an early numismatic alphabet found on coins of Kabul. _See_ PRAKRIT.
SANTALI, _see_ SONTALI.
SANWAR, SUNWUR.
Bhot: dialect of the Sunwars of E. Nipal, classed as THIBETAN. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.” A. C.
SAPARUA.
MALAYAN: dialect of the Moluccas.
SAPIBOCONI.
AMERICAN: tribes of Moxos Missions in Bolivia.
⁂ It belongs to the GUARANI and AGAW class; and is allied to MOVIMA and APIACA. H. C. ☞
SAQUE, _see_ SAC.
SARABAYA, _see_ SURABAYA.
SARAKHOLLE, _see_ SERACOLET.
SARAMACCA.
American: CREOLESE of Surinam, called DJOE-TONGO. It is said to be derived from Portuguese Jews, who were among the settlers in the colony, and meant Jews’ language. See Trübner’s “Ludewig,” p. 56.
SARAR.
AFRICAN: spoken on the N.W. coast, and closely allied to BAGNON, BOLAR, BULANDA, &c.
SARAVECA.
AMERICAN: nearly extinct. Christian tribes of the Santa Anna Mission, Chiquitos. It belongs to the AGAW group. H. C.
SARAWASTI, _see_ PRAKRIT.
SARAWI.
Name of the people and language of the Passumah valleys in the interior of Palembang in Sumatra. It is a MALAY dialect, with a considerable infusion of JAVANESE, and is written with the Palembang or Renchong alphabet. P. J. V.
SARDEGNA, SARDINIAN.
(1) Archaic: known only from inscriptions, and assumed to be derived from LYBIAN.
(2) Romance: dialect of ITALIAN. Grammar by Porru, Cagliari, 1811.
SARIK, SARYK.
Tatar tribe of Central Asia; classed as Turcomans.
SARMATIAN.
General name for the SLAVONIC family of languages.
SAROINSOIG.
Malayan: dialect of MENADU.
SART.
Tatar tribe of the Khanate of Khiva.
SASAK.
Malayan: dialect of SALAPARANG, somewhat allied to SUMBAWA. _See_ LOMBOK.
SASSANIAN.
Properly a dynasty of Persian monarchs, dating from Ardshir (Artachetr) circa 220-240 A.D. Used sometimes as a name for the language employed by these monarchs on their coins and inscriptions. But the language is better termed PEHLEVI or HUZVARESH. G. R. _See_ GOOPTA.
SASTE, _under_ SH.
SASTROSWORO.
JAVANESE: accents used to produce alphabetic equivalents for Arabic letters.
SATAHUAN, SATAWAL, SETAWAL.
Micronesian of the Carolines: allied to CHAMORI.
SATERLAND.
Teutonic: dialect of FRISIC. See Hoche’s “Reise,” Bremen, 1800.
SATRAHE.
American: same as ARICARA. _See_ RICCARI.
SATSIKA.
American: “Blackfeet;” tribes of ALGONKIN in N.W.
SAUKI, SAWKEE, _see_ SAC.
SAUSENBERG.
Teutonic: classed as HIGH-GERMAN.
SAUTEUX, _see_ SALTEAUX.
SAVAGE IS., _see_ NIEUE.
SAVAKOT.
Ugrian: dialect of KARELIAN.
SAVANERIC.
AMERICAN: Panama Indians, near Las Palmas.
SAVARA.
KHOND dialect of the Sour in Souradah. Ganjam circar, British India. Vocabulary in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.” The numerals resemble the THUG and KORIAK in some respects. H. C.
SAVOY.
Romance: mingled dialects of FRENCH and ITALIAN.
SAVU, SAWU.
Malayan: dialect of NEGRITO character, spoken in an island W. of Timor. Diss.: Crawfurd’s “Malay Grammar.”
SAWANNO, _see_ SHAWANOE.
SAXON (SACHSISCH).
Teutonic: name for typical dialect of old LOW-GERMAN, now extinct, formerly spoken in Schleswig and Holstein, and thence brought to England; it was closely allied to GOTHIC and ALLEMANNIC. Upper Saxon is a dialect of High-German. See “Gedichte,” by Döring, Leipsig, 1835. _See_ ANGLO-SAXON.
The literary remains, or stages of language, run thus:—
(1) OLD LOW-GERMAN, or Old Saxon, extinct in 9th century, but represented by the “Evangelian Harmony.”
(2) LOW-GERMAN of middle ages, represented by the story called “Reynard the Fox.”
(3) Modern LOW-GERMAN: (_a_) Saxon, of Lower Saxony. (_b_) East-Saxon (Brandenburg, Pomerania). (_c_) West-Saxon, _i.e._, Westphalian.
⁂ Saxon is classed by French philologists as CIMBRIAN. _See_ MISNIAN.
SAYANIC.
TURKEE of the Upper Yenesei.
SCANDINAVIAN (SKANSKT).
Teutonic: class name for NORWEGIAN and allied dialects, including OLD NORSE, ICELANDIC, and the modern languages of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway.
SCHABBI, _see_ SHABUN.
SCHAN, _see_ SHAN.
SCHLESWIG (SLESWICK).
Dialect of LOW-GERMAN. See “Karte,” &c., by Geerz, Eutin, 1838.
SCHONEN.
Sub-dialect of Sweden. Lexicon by Klinghammer, Helsingborg, 1841.
SCHWABEN, _see_ SWABIAN.
SCHWEIZ, _see_ SWISS.
SCINDE, _see_ SINDHI.
SCLAVIC.
Same as SLAVONIAN; Greek form from Σχλαβηνοι. _See_ SLAVONIC.
SCOTCH _or_ SCOTTISH.
(Of the Lowlands). Dialect of ENGLISH, as spoken in that part of the old district of Northumbria which lay to the N. of the Tweed. See Murray: “Dialect of the Southern Counties of Scotland,” 1873. Dicty. by Jamieson.
Old Scottish: Glossary by Ruddiman, Edinburgh, 1710; Pinkerton’s Poems, London, 1792. A vocabulary of Scottish Gipsy is given in the “Life of Bamfylde Moore Carew.” _See_ GAELIC.
SCOTT’S-RIVER INDIANS.
American: ENGLISH name for the T-ka Indians. _See_ IDDOA.
SCYTHIAN.
Word used for Nomadic; anciently applied to Tatars, and other tribes speaking TURANIAN dialects in Central Asia.
⁂ The few ancient Scythian words resemble MANCHU. H. C.
SEA-GIPSIES, _see_ BAJAU.
SECHUANA.
African: same as BECHUANA; classed as S.E. BANTU. Dr. Bleek writes “Setshuana.”
SECQLAPI.
African: dialect of KAFFIR.
SECUMNE, _see_ SEKUMNE.
SEGZI.
Iranic: early PERSIAN dialect of Seistan or Segistan.
SEHUAC, _see_ TEHUELET.
SEKUMNE.
American: Indians of U. California, closely allied to TSAMAK.
SELDSCHUK, SELJUK.
Alatyan: a dialect of TURKISH.
SELENGA.
Turanian: dialect of MOGHOL, closely allied to AIMAUK.
SELISH.
AMERICAN: tribe of Atnah, or Flatheads. The Flatheads are sometimes called Chin-Indians, because the boards used to compress the forehead serve to thrust the chin forward. Also called SHOUSHWAP. Grammar by Mengarini, New York, 1861. _See_ TSHIHAILI.
SEMIAN.
Sub-Semitic: a dialect of AMHARIC.
SEMINOLE.
American: Indians of E. Florida. Their language belongs to the CREEK or MUSKOGULGEE class. R. G. L.
SEMITIC.
A word formed from the name of the patriarch Shem or Sem. Same as SYRO-ARABIC; class name for the ARABIC, ARAMAIC, MESOPOTAMIAN, and CANAANITISH groups of languages, taken collectively.
(1) Arabic, with its affiliations, includes ETHIOPIC and AMHARIC.
(2) Aramaic is represented by SYRIAC.
(3) Mesopotamian includes ancient ASSYRIAN, BABYLONIAN, and the modern language of the Chaldees of Kurdistan.
(4) Canaanitish includes PHŒNICIAN and HEBREW.
The primitive Semitic alphabet consisted of seventeen letters only. “Sem” is the equivalent for “Chem” by a natural law of speech. ☞
SEMITIC (SUB), _see_ HEBRÆO-AFRICAN.
SENA.
AFRICAN: dialect of the Mozambique.
SENAAR, _see_ SHILLUK.
SENECA, SENEKA.
American: IROQUOIS dialect of Buffalo and Niagara. See “Hymn-book,” New York, 1852.
SEPHARDIM.
HEBREW word; name for Spanish Jews.
SERACOLET, SERAHULI, SERAWULLI.
African: dialect of true NEGRO.
⁂ Under the names AZERIYE, ASWAREK, and SWANINKE, Barth gives great importance to this class, though now its area is greatly diminished through the encroachment of the Arabic. It is probable the three languages just named may, along with the FULAH, be brought within the same class. R. G. L.
SERAWATTY.
Small group of the Sunda Islands. Dialects are distinguished in BABA, KISSER, and SERMATTE.
SERB _or_ SERVIAN.
Slavonic: native speech of Servia, closely allied to POLISH and RUSSIAN, and written in CYRILLIC characters. Grammar by Jordan, Prague, 1841; by Schmaler, Bautzen, 1852. _See_ ILLYRIAN.
SERERES (SERAIRES).
African: dialect of Cape Verd, closely allied to SARAR and SERAWULLI.
SERGU, _see_ SURGA.
SERMATTE.
MALAYAN: native name of the Serawatte Is.
SEROCI.
Negrito: dialect of PAPUAN.
SERPA.
BHOT: dialect of E. Nipal. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.” A. C.
SERPENT, SERPENS.
American: Snake Indians; same as SHOSHONES. _See_ NAGA.
SERRANO.
American: SPANISH name for TEHUELHET.
SERSKEN, SERSKISH.
Wendic: the SORB of Lower Lusatia.
SERVIAN, _see_ SERB.
SESUTO.
AFRICAN: dialect of Bechuana Kaffirs.
SETAWAL, _see_ SATAWAL.
SETTE-COMMUNI.
Teutonic: local dialect of Italy, classed as HIGH-GERMAN. _See_ TREDECI.
SEVERNOVZI.
AMERICAN: tribe of Olamentke in New California. Vocaby. in “Beiträge zur Kenntniss,” St. Petersburg, 1839.
SGAU.
Monosyllabic: Burmese dialect of KAREN. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”
SHABUN.
AFRICAN: dialect of Kordovan.
SHAGA.
African: same as AGAG; a form of ANGOLA.
SHAHAPTIN, _see_ SAHAPTIN.
SHALCHA.
Lesgian: MIZDZHEDZHI dialect of the Caucasus.
SHAMAITEN, _see_ SARMATIAN.
SHAN, SHYAN.
INDO-CHINESE: Thay race of Burmah; used also for a division of SIAMESE. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”
SHANDOO.
INDO-CHINESE: tribe of N. Arracan. A. C.
SHANGALLA, SHANKALI.
AFRICAN: name applied by true Abyssinians to Negro races on the hills; as Dizzela and Tacazze.
⁂ It is an AGAW language. H. C. _See_ GALLA.
SHANGHAI.
Local dialect of CHINESE. Grammar (1868), Vocaby. (1869), by Edkins.
SHARA.
American: name for SHYENNES.
SHARAIGOL.
Tatar: same as SHARRA, or Eastern MOGHOL of Mantchuria.
SHASTI, _also_ SASTE, SHASTA.
AMERICAN: dialect of Oregon and U. California, allied to PALAIK, to KULANAPA, and OREGONES.
⁂ The native name is “Wee-o-how,” _i.e._, “Stone-house,” a retreat in the famous lava-beds at Lake Clamets, in Siskyon County, California. They are, however, a race alien to the MODOCS, and speak a different language. For the Chasta-Butte Indians, see YEKA.
SHAWANOE.
American: also SHAWHAY, SHAWNEE, SHAWNOE; S. branch of ALGONKIN; originally of Kentucky, they are now to be found west of the Mississippi. “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., p. 113; Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” vol. ii., p. 470.
SHAWI, _see_ SHOWIAH.
SHEBA, _see_ SHEVA.
SHEBAYI.
American: CARIB of French Guiana.
SHEFFIELD.
One of the provincial dialects of ENGLISH belonging to Yorkshire. See Bywater’s “Sheffield Dialect,” 1839. _See_ HALIFAX.
SHEKAK.
Unclassed: N. dialect of KURDISH.
SHEKAWATTY.
Indian: HINDI dialect of Rajpootana.
SHELLU, _see_ SHILHA.
SHEN.
Dravidian: archaic dialect of TAMIL, called HIGH-TAMIL.
SHENDU.
INDO-CHINESE: dialect of Burmah; same as HEUMA.
SHENVI.
Indic: MARATHI dialect of Bombay. Allied to KONKANI.
SHERBRO-BULLOM.
African: MANDINGO of the Banana Islands. _See_ BULLOM.
SHESHATAPOOSH.
American: ALGONKIN of Labrador, closely allied to NARRAGANSETTS. “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., p. 108. _See_ SKOFFI.
SHEVA, SHEBA.
Semitic: local dialect of AMHARIC.
SHIA-PUSH, _or_ SIAH-POSH.
SANSKRITIC: spoken by the Kafirs of Hindu-Kush. _See_ PUSHTOO.
SHIBBOLETH, SIBBOLETH.
HEBREW term, used as a test-word; peculiarities of speech; thence applied to distinguishing creeds and dogmas of religion or politics. See Judges xii. 6.
SHIENNE, _see_ SHYENNE.
SHIGHNIS.
TATAR: tribes of Badakshan.
SHIHO, SHIKO.
ABYSSINIAN: tribe of Danakil; EDO and GUMEDDO are thus classed.
SHIKAN.
African: NIGRITIAN of the Gaboon.
SHIKASTAH.
Cursive form of TALIK characters, used in Persian as a running hand.
SHILHA.
The language of the Shilouh (Fr. Chelouh) probably represents to us that of the ancient Mauritanians and western Gætulians. It is now spoken in the highlands and outlying districts of Morocco. Though immensely overrun by ARABIC, it preserves its ancient grammar as a LIBYAN tongue. The pronominal system distinguishes it from the kindred languages. In the “Journal of the Asiatic Society” (1847) a long specimen of this language was printed in the Arabic character (“The Narrative of Sidi Ibrahim”), with a tentative interlineary Latin translation and some Notes by Professor Newman. F. W. N. _See_ LIBYAN.
SHILLUK.
African: dialect of KORDOVAN, closely allied to DENKA.
SHIMAGAC, _see_ ZAPARA.
SHINA.
Indian: dialect of SANSKRIT, used by the S. W. Dards of Dardistan.
SHINICOOK.
AMERICAN: Indians of Long Island, allied to MONTAK.
SHO, SHOU.
Indo-Chinese: also called PWO, KAREN dialect of Burmah. _See_ KHYEN.
SHOSHONE.
AMERICAN: Serpens; Snake Indians; classed as PADUCAN. Also called Radigeurs, or Root-diggers. “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii.; Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” vols. ii., iv.
⁂ It belongs to the Pygmean or Negrito group, and is related to ANDAMAN, KIRIRI, SABUJA, GONGA, &c. H. C. _See_ MARADIÇOS.
SHOULAH, _see_ SHILHA.
SHOUSHWAP, SHUSHWAP.
American: same as ATNA. _See_ SELISH.
SHOWIAH.
(Fr. Chaouia), one of the BERBER or LIBYAN languages. The name Kabâil, or Kabyle, is given by the Arabs. It is exceedingly mixed with ARABIC, yet retains its own forms of grammar. The Arabic article “El” (or the letter L initial) is often imported with an Arabic noun, as with us in the words “Alcoran,” “Alcohol”; and feminine nouns take T at each end: as “Tamdint,” from Arabic Medina(t), city. The language is spoken chiefly in the highlands of Mount Atlas, towards Algiers, especially in the province of Constantine. There is little doubt that it represents to us the ancient Numidian, and one branch of the Gætulian. Brosselard’s Dictionary, “Français-Berbère,” whatever its value to a traveller, disappoints a philologer; for by far the greater part of it is Arabic in disguise. Hanoteau’s “Grammaire Kabyle,” gives a large mass of pure words: he has selected the Zouave dialect by preference. It is rougher than that of Bougie, into which Sadi Hamet translated the book of Genesis and the four Gospels for the Bible Society. F. W. N. _See_ LIBYAN.
SHYAN, _see_ SHAN.
SHYENNE.
(Fr. Cheyenne). American: ALGONKIN dialect of the Kansas, allied to ARRAPAHO. “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii.
SIAH-POSH, _see_ SHIA-PUSH.
SIAMESE.
Indo-Chinese: a monosyllabic language, called, in full, SA-YAME-PHASA, also TAI, or T’HAI; founded on CHINESE, it contains many elements of MALAY; its alphabet resembles PALI. Grammar by Pallegoix, Bangkok, 1850; Dicty., Paris, 1854.
SIAU.
MALAYAN: group of islands adjoining Celebes. Wallace’s “M. Archip.”
SIBERIAN.
Ugrian: a geographical term, embracing dialects of TURK or TATAR, with the FINNISH, as OSTIAK and SAMOIED. It is sometimes applied especially to the languages of the Yakuts on the Lena.
SIBNOW.
DAYAK of Borneo: allied to BIAJUK.
SIBSAGAN.
Non-Aryan: MIRI dialect of E. Bengal. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”
SICAUNIE.
AMERICAN: tribe of Tacullies. _See_ SIKANNI.
SICILIAN.
Sub-dialect of ITALIAN. Dicty. by Biundi, Palermo, 1857.
SICULAN.
Primitive language of S. Italy, classed by some with ETRUSCAN. See Müller’s “Etrusker,” Breslau, 1828. _See_ SZEKLER.
SIDEIA.
MALAYAN: language of Tai-wan, the island of Formosa, using an alphabet conformable to the CHINESE.
SIEBENBURGISCH.
TEUTONIC: Saxon dialect of Transylvania, classed as LOW-GERMAN.
SIENA, _see_ SANESE.
SIFAN.
CHINESE word for “Western Barbarians;” the languages are unclassed. ☞
SIGNS, LANGUAGE OF.
AMERICAN: described in the “Philosophical Transactions,” Philadelphia, 1804.
⁂ Signs are used by the mutes of the Seraglio and the aristocracy at Constantinople. H. C.
SIKANNI.
American: ATHABASCAN dialect of N. Caledonia; also called Tsikanne. Vocaby. by Howse. _See_ TAKULLI.
SIKH (PUNJABI).
Indic: dialect of SANSKRIT, deduced from SAREWASTI or PRACRIT, and much influenced by ARABIC and PERSIAN. The word Sikh means “disciple,” or follower of the fakir Nanak, a Saint of Lahore, A.D. 1469-1539. Its alphabetic character resembles HINDI, and it is the vernacular speech of the Punjab, or “Country of the five” waters or rivers. Grammar (1866), Dictionary (1854), Ludiana.
SIKKIM, _see_ LEPCHA.
SILESIAN (SCHLESIEN).
(1) Teutonic: classed as HIGH-GERMAN; local dialect of Upper Silesia, &c.
(2) Slavonic: sub-dialect of POLISH. _See_ GLATZ.
SILLA.
AMERICAN: language of San Felipe Mission, New Mexico.
SILONG.
MALAYAN: dialect of the Mergui Archipelago, Tenasserim.
SIMILATON.
American: LENCA dialect of Honduras.
SIMISENCHI.
AMERICAN: name for the Piros or Chuntaquiros.
SINA, SINOLOGIST.
Used for CHINESE, and any profound student of that language and its literature. “S” is the invariable equivalent for “ch” in Semitic languages.
SINAITIC.
Epigraphic: name for certain inscriptions at and near Wady-Mukatteb, or “written valley,” in the peninsula of Sinai.
The language of these inscriptions is ARABIC, with a slight ARAMAIC influence. The character is peculiar, but allied to the ARAMAIC, the PALMYRENE, and the modern ARABIC. The view of the inscriptions taken by the Rev. C. Forster (“Voice of Israel,” London, 1860) is not generally endorsed by Semitic scholars, who assign the inscriptions to a time a little earlier and a little later than our era. See Beer: “Inscriptiones veteres ad Montem Sinai servatæ,” Leipzig, 1840-3. Also “Zeitschrift d. Deutsch. Morgenländ. Gesellschaft,” 1849, pp. 129-215. G. R.
SIND.
One of the multitudinous names for GIPSY, probably = “dark”; but Sindh means “sea, ocean, water.” Hence applied to the Indus (Sindus) river.
SINDHI.