Part 15

(2) The PEHLEVI or HUZVARESCH, the language of the Sassanian period (A.D. 226-650). IRANIC, with considerable SEMITIC infusion; known from coins, inscriptions, and literary productions.

(3) PARSI or PAZEND; the language as it reappears subsequently to the Arab conquest; purified to a great extent of the Semitic ingredients, and once more thoroughly IRANIC. Known from translations of the Avesta, &c.

The PERSIC, in its earliest form, is closely allied to OLD BACTRIAN or ZEND. Latterly it branched out into several dialects, as the DERI, the HEREVI, the PARSI, or PAZEND, the SEGZI or dialect of Seistan, the SOGDI of Sogdiana or Bokharia, and the ZAVULI of Zabulistan. G. R.

PERTH.

Native dialect of S.W. Australia. Vocaby. by Capt. Grey, 1841.

PERUVIAN.

This is a geographical rather than a philological term. The Peruvian area, nearly coinciding with the present republic of Peru, reaches along the coast from the north of Quito, on the boundaries of the Ecuador and New Grenada, to Chili, _i.e._ from the Equator to 24° S.L. Its most eastern extension is in Tucuman; its general run, however, is from north to south. The two (allied) languages which most especially belong to it are the QUICHUA and AYMARA. Notices of ruder tribes within the same area we have many, but with few and exceptional vocabularies. JURACARES, MAYORUNA, and CALCHAQUI, ATACAMA, CHANGOS. Lopez: “Les races Aryenne de Peru,” 1872. R. G. L.

PESCHERAI.

American: language of Terra del Fuego, belonging to the PYGMEAN or MINCOPIE of Tickell. H. C. _See_ YAKANAKU.

PESHITO.

Semitic: “faithful or exact”; used of a so-called literal version of the scriptures in SYRIAC.

PESSA.

African: dialect of the MANA class.

PETIGUAREN.

AMERICAN: anthropophagi of Ceara and Paraiba in Brasil.

PEUL, _see_ PULAH.

PEY.

INDO-CHINESE: language of the Lok-tai in Siam.

PEYES, _see_ POYUS.

PFALZ.

HIGH-GERMAN: dialect of the U. and L. Palatinate.

P’HANSIGARS.

Name for the Thugs of India, applied by Hindoos.

PHARSMANIC.

Caucasian: dialect of the MIZDEGHEN or TSHETSH.

PHELLATA.

African: same as FULAH.

PHILIP (PORT).

A native Australian dialect, allied to MENA.

PHILIPPINE.

Polynesian: dialects of the Philippine Islands. BISSAYAN, HARAYA, HILIGUEINA or ILOCANA, all classed as MALAYAN. Dicty. by Mentrida, Manila, 1841. _See_ NEGRITIC.

PHILOLOGY.

Science of words and language. _See_ COMPARATIVE.

PHŒNICIAN.

Semitic: extinct language of Tyre, Sidon, and other towns in ancient times, and closely allied to Biblical HEBREW; the alphabetic characters are similar to those found upon Hebrew coins, and having been adopted in Greece and Italy, have originated those of modern Europe. Gesenius: “Scripturæ Phœniciæ Monumenta,” 4to, 1837; “Die Phönizische Sprache,” by Schröder, Halle, 1869: Levy: “Phöniz. Lexicon,” 8vo, 1866. _See_ PUNIC.

PHONETICS, PHONOLOGY.

Writing by sound. See “Early English Pronunciation,” by Ellis, containing a pronouncing vocabulary of all leading dialects, London, 1867-71; Philosophy of Utterance in Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” vol. v. _See_ MAYA.

PHRISONES, _under_ F.

PHRYGIAN.

Vernacular speech of Phrygia, a large country in the interior of Asia Minor, known only by inscriptions, but classed as INDO-EUROPEAN. See Rawlinson’s “Herodotus,” vol. i., p. 666; “Asiatic Review,” vol. 12.

PIACENTINO, PIACENZA.

Sub-dialect of ITALIAN. Vocaby. by Foresti, 1837-8.

PIANKESHAW.

American: ALGONKIN dialect of Illinois.

PIANOGHOTTO.

American: CARIB dialect of Venezuela and Demerara.

PIAROAS.

American: name for MACOS.

PICANEUX.

American: same as PIEDS-NOIRS.

PICARD.

Romance: (1) OLD PICARD is a sub-dialect of LANGUE D’OIL. Dicty., Rouen, 1500.

(2) _Patois_ of modern FRENCH. De Soilly: “Idiome Picard,” Abbeville, 1833.

PICTISH.

Unclassed dialect of N. Britain in ancient times, but most probably a form of CELTIC, with close affinity to WELSH.

PICTURE-WRITING, _see_ HIEROGLYPHIC.

PIEDE.

American: same as PA-UTAH. _See_ PADUCA.

PIEDMONTESE, PIEMONT.

(1) Romance: sub-dialect of ITALIAN. Vocaby. by Ponza, Turin, 1843.

(2) Teutonic: sub-dialect of HIGH-GERMAN. Schott: “Die Deutschen Colonien, &c.,” Stuttgart, 1842.

PIEDS-NOIRS, _see_ BLACKFOOT.

PIEKANNS.

American: same as PIEDS-NOIRS.

PIKA.

African: allied to KAREKARE.

PIKUNCHE.

American: tribes of Araucans; same as PUELCHE.

PILU, _see_ PELEW.

PIMA.

American: spoken in Sonora and U. California; it is closely allied to EUDEVE or HEVE, and is also called NEVOME. Grammar by Smith, 1862.

⁂ In Sonora the Pima area is divided into the ALTA, “upper,” and BAJA, “lower,” Pimeria. In California the Pima villages, along with those of the Coco-maricopas, in the valley of the Gila. R. G. L.

PINALENO, PINOL.

American: dialect of ATHABASKAN spoken in N. Mexico, and classed as APACHE.

PINDAREES.

Roving tribes of Hindustan.

PINEGORINE.

Australian: dialect of GOULBURN. Eyre’s “Journals,” London, 1845.

PINOCO.

American: classed as CHIQUITO.

PINOL, _see_ PINALENO.

PIQUA.

AMERICAN: tribe of Shawnees.

PIRINDA.

AMERICAN: a dialect of Mechoacan in Mexico. _See_ TARASKA.

PIS.

A dialect of the Carolines, classed as MICRONESIAN.

PISKAW, PISCOUS, PISKWAUS.

American: classed by Hale in the N. branch of SELISH. Vocaby., “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., 118.

PITAN, _see_ PATANI.

PLAAU.

Native name for SHAN.

PLATT-DEUTSCH, _under_ D.

PLAY.

Indo-Chinese: name for the KAREN.

POCOMAM, POCONCHE.

American: same as POKOMAN. _See_ MAME.

POENULUS.

LATIN: a play written by Plautus, of great interest to philologists from its so-called PUNIC dialogues. Treatises by Gesenius, Ewald, Lindemann, Movers, and Wex.

POGGY (PAGEI).

MALAYAN: dialect of the I. of Poggy or Nassau.

POIGNAVI, _see_ BANIWA.

POITOU, POITEVINE.

_Patois_ of FRENCH. Vocaby. in “Mém. de l’Acad. Celtique,” vol. iii.

POJUAQUE.

AMERICAN: San Aldefonso Mission, New Mexico.

POKOMAM, POKOMAN, POKONCHE, _see_ MAME.

POLABIAN, POLATIAN.

Wendic: (1) Polatian, extinct dialect of SLAVONIC.

(2) Polabian, modern sub-dialect of POLISH.

⁂ Forms of SLAVONIC spoken along the River Elbe.

POLEN, _see_ POSEN.

POLISH.

Wendic: a dialect of SLAVONIC, somewhat allied to CZECH or BOHEMIAN, vernacular in Poland. Dicty., Polish and English, Berlin, 1851.

For POLISH-LITHUANIC, _see_ SAMOGITIAN.

POLYNESIAN.

(1) Eastern: the language of the brown Polynesians of the S. Pacific. It is spoken in many dialects, such as MAORI, SAMOAN, TONGAN, TAHITIAN, HAWAIAN, NIUEN. A large percentage of words in Eastern Polynesian are identical with MALAYAN, to which family it undoubtedly belongs. W. G. L.

(2) Western: the language spoken by the black Polynesians or those of Papuan origin. The different dialects are very numerous, and widely distributed over the New Hebrides, Loyalty Is., New Caledonia, &c. W. G. L. _See_ KELÆNONESIAN, MICRONESIAN. ☞

POLYSYLLABIC.

“Of many syllables,” used of languages “when roots are modified by the addition of prefixes and suffixes.” JAPANESE is a typical language of polysyllabic character.

POLYSYNTHETIC.

Said of languages that _incorporate_ many distinct words into one compound; the native languages of America are essentially incorporating. _See_ AGGLUTINATIVE.

POME.

PAPUAN: dialect of N. Guinea.

POMMERN, POMERANIAN.

Sub-dialect of LOW-GERMAN. See “Baltische Studien ... für Pommern,” Stettin, 1833.

PONCAR, PONCHA, _see_ PUNCA.

PONDERAY.

AMERICAN: tribes of Flat Heads. _See_ PEND D’OREILLES.

PONGO, PONGUA, _see_ MPONGWE.

PONKATAGE.

AMERICAN: tribes of Jahyco.

PONOSAKEN.

Malayan: sub-dialect of MENADU, classed as ALFURU.

POULAINS, PULLANI.

Ethnological term: mixed race; FRANK and SYRIAN during the Crusades.

POPO, _see_ PAPAA.

POPOLUCA, _see_ PAPOLOKA.

PORT DOREH, _under_ D.

PORT JACKSON.

Australian: See Flinder’s “Voyage,” London, 1814; King’s “Narrative,” London, 1827.

PORT LINCOLN, _see_ PARNKALLA.

PORT MACQUARIE, _under_ M.

PORTO RICO, _see_ W. INDIES.

PORTUGUESE.

Romance: a language derived from LATIN, and closely allied to the Spanish GALLICIAN; it is the vernacular speech of Portugal, and much spread by colonization in both hemispheres. Dicty. by Fonseca and Roquette, Paris, 1869; by Vieyra (a very handy book); Grammar by D’Orsey, London, 1868. _See_ BRAZILIAN.

POSEN.

Teutonic: (1, 2) sub-dialects of HIGH and LOW-GERMAN. See Bernd: “Die D. S. in ... Posen und ... Polen,” Bonn, 1820.

POTTAWATTOMIE.

American: ALGONKIN of Lake Michigan (S.).

POULA (POULE).

African: FRENCH form of FOULAH. _See_ FULA.

POWHATTAN.

American: extinct dialect of ALGONKIN, formerly spoken in Maryland and Virginia.

POYES, POYUS.

AMERICAN: tribes of Vuta-Huilliche.

PRACRIT, PRAKRIT.

Indic: a later form of SANSKRIT, also called SARAWASTI; formerly vernacular in the Punjab. The word “prakrit” means “derived.” It was the more popular form of speech, as opposed to the cultivated dialect. Inaccurately used as a class-name for all families of Indian languages. Grammar by Cowell, London, 1868.

PRAIRIE.

FRENCH word: the PAMPAS of N. America. Not used now as a class-name.

PRASLIN.

MALAYAN: dialect of the Indian Archipelago.

PRECOPENSIAN.

Teutonic: sub-dialect of GOTHIC.

PRESSBURG.

Teutonic: dialect of HIGH-GERMAN. See “Description,” by Korabinski, Presburg, 1784.

PREUSSISCH, _see_ PRUSSIAN.

PRINCES IS.

JAVANESE: island in the Straits of Sunda.

PRINCE WILLIAM’S SOUND.

American: ESKIMO of the W. Coast.

PRIYADASI.

Inscriptions in the early SANSKRIT of W. India, known as the Edicts of Priyadasi.

PROVENÇAL.

Romance: early language of S. France, derived from LATIN, and originated in the district known as the Roman “Provincia”: the modern Provence. It is also called LANGUE D’OC, LIMOUSIN, OCCITANIAN, and ROMAUNT. It was the dialect used by the poets called Troubadours. Allied dialects are CHURWALSCHE or ENGADINE, RHÆTO-ROMAN, ROMANESE or ROMANSCH. Grammar by Bartsch, Elberfeld, 1868. _See_ ROMAUNT.

PRUSSIAN.

(1) Old-Prussian: an extinct dialect of LITHUANIC. See Nesselmann: “Die ... alten Preussen,” Berlin, 1845.

(2) Teutonic: a sub-dialect of LOW-GERMAN. See Dicty. by Henning, Königsberg, 1785.

(3) Slavonic: a sub-dialect of POLISH. Spoken in Prussia. ☞

PUAN _or_ PUANT.

American: FRENCH name for the Winnebago.

PUCTUNC.

American: language of the MAYA class spoken in Yucatan.

PUEBLO.

American: SPANISH term “town or village” used for “settled”—_i.e._ “civilised”—Indians. See Davis’s “New Mexico,” N. York, 1857.

⁂ The chief missions among the Pueblo Indians are San Aldefonso (Pojuaques), Santa Anna, Santa Clara, San Domingo, San Felipe (Sillas), San Juan. _See_ KERES.

PUELCHE.

American: CHILENO name for Indians of the Pampas; tribes are named Chechehet, Divihet, and Taluhet. Allied to BODE and HOUSSA. H.C.

PUEMAJA.

AMERICAN: same as Camoyes, a sub-tribe of Cuchans. _See_ YUMA.

PUERTO RICO, _see_ PORTO.

PUINIPET.

Micronesian: dialect of ULEA.

PUJUNI.

American: dialect of U. California, spoken on the R. Sacramento, and somewhat allied to TSAMAK. “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., p. 124.

⁂ Related to ATNA, ATTAKAPA, GALELA, and the AGAW group. H. C. ☞

PUKHTU, _see_ PUSHTOO.

PULE, PULEN, PULAH.

African: same as FULAH. ☞

PULLANI, _see_ POULAINS.

PUMPOPOLSK.

Ugrian: a dialect of OSTIAK allied to INBAZK. Vocaby., Klaproth’s “Asia P.,” p. 171.

PUNCA, PUNCAW.

American: dialect of SIOUX, closely allied to OMAHA.

PUNDRABEE.

Indo-Chinese: tribes speaking one of the languages of KUNAWAR.

PUNIC.

Semitic: the dialect of PHŒNICIAN belonging to ancient Carthage, in N. Africa, sometimes called CARTHAGINIAN; it is known only by inscriptions and some dialogues in Plautus. Kopp’s “Bemerkungen,” Heidelberg, 1824. _See_ POENULUS.

PUNJABI, _see_ SIKH.

PUNTI.

Sub-dialect of CHINESE. Dicty. by Lobscheid, 1866-9.

PUQUINA.

American: dialect of Peru, E. of the Andes, sometimes classed with QUICHUA.

PURANAS.

SANSKRITIC: ancient poetry, explanatory of the Hindoo faith.

PURBI-BHAKA.

HINDI: dialect of Oude and Benares.

PURUGOTO.

American: classed by Humboldt with the CARIB.

PURUS, PURYS.

AMERICAN: Indians of Brasil; the dialect is spoken in Rio Janeiro and Espiritu Santo.

PUSHTOO, PUSHTU, _or_ PUKHTU.

The native dialect of Afghanistan, an important district of Asia, W. of the Indus; it is also called PATAN and SHIA-PUSH, has lately been classed, with other Caucasian languages, as ARMENIC, and is closely allied to KURDISH and OSSETIC; it is written in the TAÂLIK character. Dicty. and Grammar by Ravesty, London, 1860.

PUSTOSERSK.

Ugrian: a dialect of SAMOIED.

PUTTOOS.

INDIAN: a name for the Juanga, a very barbarous tribe in the tributary Mahals of Cuttack, wearing only a covering of leaves, and speaking a peculiar dialect. Specimens are given by Mr. Samuel in the “Jnl. A. S. of Bengal.” W. E.

PWO KAREN.

Indo-Chinese: monosyllabic dialect of BURMAH. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

PYGMEAN.

The people known as Mincopie belong to the most remarkable ancient race of short, small people with glossy skins, called Negrito; as the affinities of their dialects are with the languages of other short races, I propose the name PYGMEAN: (1) The SEPTENTRIONAL PYGMEAN includes Colebrooke’s Mincopie; in N. America, UTAH, COMANCHE, &c.; in S. America, KIRIRI; in N.E. Africa, CONGA, DALLA, &c. (2) The AUSTRAL PYGMEAN includes the languages of Terra del Fuego; in N. America, the NATCHEZ and CREEK; in Australia the TASMANIAN. H. C.

ADDENDA.

PAGEI, _see_ POGGY.

PAPIAH.

AFRICAN: a language of the Gaboon, allied to BAYON and BAGBA. H. C.

PILLAGERS.

American: dialect of CHIPPEWAY, called NORTHERN OJIBWAY.

Q.

QAMAMYL, _see_ QUAMAMYL.

QUA.

AFRICAN: dialect of Calabar. Vocabulary by Robertson, “Notes on Africa,” London, 1819.

QUABAILY, _under_ KABYLE.

QUADA, QUADO.

AMERICAN: dialect of Miranda, Brazil; same as GUATO.

QUADROONS.

Quarter-blood: issue of white and mulatto.

QUAIN _or_ QUANIAN.

Tchudic: name used for that dialect of FIN, called also NORWEGIAN-LAPLANDISH; vernacular in Finmark, a portion of Lapland belonging to Sweden and Norway. It is the Norwegian and Swedish name for the northern half of the Gulf of Bothnia, and the name of the people is Kainulaiset.

QUAIQUAI.

African: same as HOTTENTOT.

QUAKWOLTH.

AMERICAN: dialect of Vancouver Is., spoken N. of Nanaimo on the E. coast, and also by the Comoucs, but mixed with COWICHAN at Port Augusta. R. B.

QUAMAMYL (GAMAMYL).

AFRICAN: a vocabulary under this name is given by Cailliaud, which seems to be the FAZOGLO of Rüppell under an earlier name. R. G. L.

QUAPPA.

AMERICAN: Sioux tribe of the Arkansas; dialect closely allied to OMAHA.

QUAQUA.

American: same as MAPOJE.

QUARATSHI.

Romany: PERSIAN Gipsy.

QUEDAH.

Malayan: same as SEMANG-JAN.

QUEEN CHARLOTTE CAPE.

MELANESIAN: a district of New Caledonia; the language is known as BALADEA, but the name of DUAURA has been proposed by Gabelentz.

QUEEN CHARLOTTE’S IS.

AMERICAN: The following races are found there: Cumshewar, Keesarn, Kigarnee, Massit, and Skittegat.

QUELLIMANE.

AFRICAN: dialect of the Mozambique.

QUENGUES.

American: same as CAYUGA.

QUERES, _see_ KERES.

QUICHE, KICHE.

American: MAYA language of Guatemala; dialects are CACHIQUEL and SUTUGIL. Grammar by De Bourbourg, Paris, 1862.

QUICHUA, KECHHUA.

AMERICAN: native dialect of Peru, formerly spoken by the Incas, and still vernacular along the W. course of the Andes. A dialect is called CHINCHAYSAYO. Analogies with SANSKRIT suggested by Lopez. Grammars by Markham, London, 1864; by Tschudi, Vienna, 1853.

⁂ Allied to AYMARA, PANOS, and PACAGUAYRA. H. C. ☞

QUINTIKUK.

AMERICAN: tribe of Narraganset Indians.

QUITO.

American: local dialect of QUICHUA.

QUOJA.

AFRICAN: short vocabulary for the delta of the Niger, probably the IBO of R. Kwá. Mithridates iii., 1. R. G. L.

R.

RABBINIC.

Later HEBREW; applied also to the cursive alphabet used by the Rabbins, and in a modified form by German and Polish Jews. _See_ TALMUDIC.

RADACK, RALICK.

POLYNESIAN: chain of islands in Lord Mulgrave’s archipelago; allied to Carolines.

RADIGEURS.

American: FRENCH name for Shoshones.

RAFAEL, _see_ RAPHAEL.

RAFFLES’ BAY.

AUSTRALIAN: See Wilson’s “Narrative,” London, 1835.

RAFIZIES.

Shiah-Mohammedans of Ghazan, Central Asia.

RAGUSAN.

Slavonic: local dialect of ILLYRIAN, spoken in Dalmatia.

RAHWA.

Native name for aborigines of Western Esthonia and Eastern Livonia. _See_ LIEF.

RAJ-MAHALI.

DRAVIDIAN: dialect of Tamil. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

RAKKAING (RUKHENG).

Monosyllabic: dialect of this tribe in N. Arracan, classed as INDO-CHINESE. A. C. _See_ RO.

RALICK, _see_ RADACK.

RAMASI (RAH-MÁR-SYÁNA).

INDIAN: slang of Thugs. Wilson.

RAMOSI, RAMOOSEE.

Dialect of MAHRATTA spoken by a low race, resembling the Bheels, ranging from Poona, S. to Kolapur. Wilson.

RAPHAEL, SAN.

American: Tchokoyem Indians of Californian Mission; closely allied to TALATUI, and classed as DIEGUNOS.

RAROTONGAN.

A dialect of Eastern Polynesia spoken by the natives of the entire Hervey group comprising the Islands of Rarotonga, Mangaia, Aitutaki, with several smaller ones. The group is situated 18° to 22° S. lat., and 157° to 160° W. long. W. G. L.

RARUNG, RASGRAMEE.

INDIAN: local dialects of Kunawar.

RAS, RASENA.

Native appellation of Old Etruscans; the word is supposed to survive in RHÆTIAN, and Tschudi quotes a list of Romansch words, which he considers to have been derived from the Etruscan. See Taylor’s “Words and Places,” p. 49, 2nd edit.

RATAHAN.

Malayan: sub-dialect of MENADU. Vocaby. in Wallace’s “M. Archipelago.”

RAVENSBERG.

Teutonic: dialect of LOW-GERMAN, “Westphalian Magazine” for 1788.

RDJAGAR.

Indian: a SANSKRITIC dialect of Thibet.

REDSCAR BAY.

Negrito: dialect of PAPUAN. Vocaby. in Macgillivray’s “Voyage of the Rattlesnake,” vol. ii., p. 318.

REDUPLICATED.

Words found in all languages having sounds or syllables doubled, as “hoddy-doddy” for “snail;” “hogan-mogan,” “a Dutch man of rank.” Dicty. by Wheatley, London, 1866.

REINDEER.

Ugrian: a dialect of KORIAK spoken by Tshuktshi in Kamskatka.

REJANG, REDJANG.

A dialect of MALAY, perhaps sufficiently distinct to be considered as a peculiar language, and spoken in Sumatra in the Rejang districts of the interior, and in the adjacent districts of Bencoolen. It is written with the Palembang or Renchong alphabet. P. J. V. _See_ PALEMBANG.

REKHTA.

“Mixed language,” applied to HINDOSTANI or URDU.

REMBOKENG.

Malayan: sub-dialect of MENADU.

RENNES.

Romance; _patois_ of FRENCH. “Memoirs Fr. Antiq. Society,” vol. vi.

RENNTHIER.

German form of “rein-deer,” applied to the TSHUKTSHI.

REVAL, REVEL.

Finnish: local dialect of ESTHONIAN. _See_ DORPAT.

RHÆTIAN.

The class of languages spoken in the Tyrol, to which the ETRUSCAN has also been referred. _See_ PALÆO-GEORGIAN.

RHÆTO-ROMANIC.

Same as CHURWALSCHE; name for the _patois_ of La Suisse Romane as spoken in the Rhætian Alps. Glossary by Bridel, Lausanne, 1866.

RHATORE, _see_ MEWARA.

RHENISH.

Germanic: sub-dialect of NIEDER-DEUTSCH. See Müller’s “Provinzialismen,” Aachen, 1838.

RICCARI.

AMERICAN, also written ARICARA; name for the Satrahe tribes of Pawnee Indians.

RIHANI.

ARABIC: term used for titular characters, or inscriptions on monuments.

RO.

Monosyllabic; sub-dialect of RAKKENG. _See_ ROSSAWN.

RODIYA.

Indian: rude dialect of Ceylon, allied to HINDI. Small Vocaby. by Dr. Roth in Latham’s “Elements,” p. 233.

RODONG.

Non-Aryan language of Nipal, belonging to the KIRANTI group. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

ROKA.

MALAYAN: dialect of Flores or Mangeyle, E. Indies.

ROMA, ROMANY, _see_ ROMMANY.

ROMAGNOL, ROMAGNA, ROMAN.

ITALIC: dialect of Central Italy. See “Racotta,” Osinio, 1769.

ROMAIC.

HELLENIC: language of Modern Greece, called also NEO-HELLENIC. The vernacular speech is largely augmented with SLAVONIC, TURKISH, and ITALIAN, but not the written language.

⁂ Several dialects have been distinguished: there is most TURKISH in the languages of Macedonia; most ITALIAN in the languages of the Ionian Islands.

ROMAN.

Alphabetic character in universal use; adopted in early ITALIC from the PHŒNICIAN or early GREEK, and spread by means of the LATIN language.

ROMANA, ROMANESE, RUMONSCH.

A modification of LATIN, including upper and lower ENGADINE, vernacular in the Grisons, Swiss Alps.

ROMANCE, _or_ ROMANIC.

Class name for all modern languages derived from LATIN; including, in chief, FRENCH, ITALIAN, PORTUGUESE, SPANISH, WALLACHIAN, and ROMANSCH. See Etymological Dictionary by Diez and Donkin, London, 1864; Essay by Lewis, London, 1862.

ROMANCE, ROMAUNT, _or_ ROMAN.

A name awkwardly used as equivalent to PROVENÇAL, or the LANGUE D’OC of South France; thus Raynouard’s Dicty. of Provençal is called “Lexique de la Langue Roman.” W. W. S. _See_ ROMAINE.

ROMANO-MOLDAVIAN.

Dialect of Romanic, intermediate between MOLDAVIAN and WALLACHIAN.

ROMMANY.

A name for GIPSY, self-applied; also called BOHEMIAN, ZINCALI, TCHINGHIANES, ZIGEUNER, GITANO, &c. ☞

ROMOHON.

Malayan: sub-dialect of MENADU.

ROMONAN.

AMERICAN: tribe of Costanos in California.

RON.

Negrito: dialect of PAPUAN spoken in New Guinea.

ROOT-DIGGERS _or_ DIGGERS.

American: Indians of the Sierra Nevada, California, classed as SHOSHONES. They are also called Gens de Pitie, Radigeurs, and Maradiços; the most degraded race of Red Indians in N. America.

⁂ The language is allied to the NEGRITIC or PYGMEAN of the Andamans. H. C.

ROOTS.

Ultimate forms of words, the primitive basis of a language, serving to connect related languages in different parts of the globe, and frequently transferred from one family of speech to another.

ROSETTA-STONE.

EGYPTIAN: remarkable object of antiquity in the B. Museum; Bilingual inscription of Ptolemy Epiphanes, B.C. 196, in Hieroglyphic, Demotic, or Enchorial, and Uncial Greek.

ROSSAWN, RUSAN.

Indian: a dialect of BENGALI spoken by Hindus of Arakan. _See_ RUINGA.

ROTHWALSH.

GERMAN term for cant, slang, or gibberish. _See_ DIEBES-SP.

ROTTI.

MALAYAN: Island of the Sunda group S. W. of Timor; it has straight-haired Polynesians, with a separate language. See Dissertation in Crawfurd’s “Malay Gr.”

ROTUMAN.

The language of the Island of Rotumah, situated in 12° S. lat. and 177° E. long., which appears to be a compound of Eastern and Western Polynesian. W. G. L.

ROUCHI-FRANÇAISE.

The same as WALLON. See Dicty. of Hécart, Paris, 1834.

ROUMAN, ROUMANA, RUMANYO (RUMANJE.)

A name for DACIAN. _See_ WALLACHIAN.

ROVEREDO.

Romance: sub-dialect of ITALIAN. “Lezione,” by Pannetti, Roveredo, 1761.

RUCAHEE.

AMERICAN: tribe of Abipones.

RUINGA.

Indian: dialect of BENGALI spoken by Mohammedans of Arakan. _See_ RAKKAING.

RUKHENG, _see_ RAKKAING.

RUMAHKAI.

MALAYAN: dialect of Ceram.

RUMONSCH, _see_ ROMANA.

RUMSEN, RUNSIENES.

AMERICAN: Achastlian Indians of the San Carlos Mission, Monterey.

RUNDA.

African: sub-dialect of KAFFIR.

RUNES, RUNIC.

Early alphabet of N. Europe, attributed to primitive GOTHIC, and found in Scandinavian or old Norse and Icelandic inscriptions; called FUTHORC, from the first five letters. The Anglo-Saxon names are FEOH, UR, THORN, OS, RAD, CEN. Dicty. by Dieterich, Stockholm, 1845; Work by Stephens: “Old Northern Runic Monuments,” London, 1869.

⁂ Historically viewed, RUNES may be considered as associated with the Pagan era of Scandinavian races, having apparently been relinquished as each tribe, in succession, adopted the Roman alphabet in consequence of embracing Christianity. In English the rune WEN, or W., continued in use till about A.D. 1280; the rune THORN, or TH, lingered till A.D. 1500, and is even used now, though miswritten “y,” as in “ye,” pronounced “the.” W. W. S.

RUNGCHENBUNG.

NON-ARYAN: dialect of Kiranti group E. Nipal. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

RUNGO.

AFRICAN: dialect of Sierra Leone. See Kilham’s Specimens.

RUNSIENES, _see_ RUMSEN.

RUSAN, _see_ ROSSAWN.

RUSLEN.

AMERICAN: Indians of California.

RUSS _or_ RUSSIAN (ROOSKIE).