Part 14
A gipsey tribe of U. India. W. E. _See_ NUT.
NAYADI.
Outcast race of Malabar, inhabiting the forests N. of Cochin. They wear a covering of leaves, and their language is not intelligible to the people of the plains. Corruptly NAIADIS. W. E.
NESAKULA, NESABIDARU.
A class of bird-catchers in the Carnatic, speaking a corrupt dialect. W. E.
NEW CALEDONIA, _see_ TAKULLI.
NIHAL.
An aboriginal race of Central India, said to be older than the Gonds. W. E.
NISOVI.
Ugrian: local dialect of SAMOIED, spoken N. of the Beresov.
NOMADIC.
A term applied to the TURANIAN dialects, as the languages of nomades or wandering tribes, in contradistinction to the ARYAN and SEMITIC dialects, which have been called “state or political languages.” G. R.
NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.
A dialect of England. See the Glossaries by Miss Baker and Sternberg. W. W. S.
NUKONONO.
Polynesian: mixed dialect of TAHITIAN and RAROTONGAN. One of the Manüki group. W. G.
O.
OAMPI, _see_ OYAPOK.
OB, OBI, OBDORSKER.
Ugrian: dialects of SAMOYED: true OSTIAK. Small Vocaby. in Latham’s “Elements,” p. 134. _See_ ODH.
OBANE _or_ OBANY.
African: a form of the word BONNY. The class includes OKULOMA and UDSO, and is allied to SOBO, EGBELE, BINI, and OLOMO. Vocaby. by Köler in the “Geographical Journal of Berlin,” 1843. H. C.
OBERLAND.
Romance: name for UPPER ENGADINE. _See_ ROMANA.
OBER SACHSEN.
GERMAN of Switzerland.
OBISPO, _under_ LUIS.
OBOTRITIAN.
SLAVONIC: Spoken in Mecklenburg. _See_ LUITIZIAN.
OCCITANIAN.
Romance: name for PROVENÇAL or LANGUE D’OC. _See_ OSSET.
OCEANIC.
General name for all classes of POLYNESIAN, taken collectively. _See_ INTRODUCTION.
OCOLES.
AMERICAN: tribe of Vilela.
ODH.
Ugrian: in full, ODH-SHOSH; name for the DENKA or Sable Ostiaks.
ODJII, _see_ ASHANTEE.
OEZBEG, _under_ U.
OGHAM (TREE ALPHABET).
Name of ancient linear characters found in some IRISH lapidary inscriptions. See Prospectus of Vallancey’s Dicty., Dublin, 1802.
OJE.
American: tribe of TAMANAQUE.
OJIBWA, OJIBWAY.
American: name for CHIPPEWAYAN.
Chief dialect of ALGONKIN: tribes with dialectical variations are distinguished at St. Mary’s, Grand Traverse Bay, Saganaw, Michilimackmac, Chegoimegon; the name is also written OTCHIPWE. _See_ OGIBOIS.
OKANAGAN.
American: (1) Tribe of ATNAH: “chin” or “flat heads.”
(2) Tribe of SAHAPTIN, or “nez-percées,” on the upper part of Frazer’s river.
OK-KOW-ISH.
AMERICAN: native name of the Moadocs; the latter word means “alien” in the SHASTA language.
OKSHEE.
American: name applied to the Klamath-Lake Indians; they are allied to the MODOCS.
OKTOLAKTO.
AMERICAN: a name for the Oto Indians of Platte river.
OKULOMA.
African: dialects of BONNY, allied to EGBELE, UDSO, ZOBO, BINI, and OLOMO. H. C.
OLAMENTKE.
AMERICAN: native name for the Bodega Indians of California. _See_ TCHOKOYEM.
OLD BACTRIAN, _see_ ZEND.
OLD ENGLISH, _see_ ANGLO-SAXON.
OLD HIGH-GERMAN.
TEUTONIC: period of language till 12th century.
OLD NORSE, _see_ ICELANDIC.
OLD PERSIAN, _under_ P.
OLD-PRUSSIAN, _under_ P.
OLD SAXON.
Teutonic: extinct dialect of LOW-GERMAN; allied to FRISIAN and ANGLO-SAXON. See Heyne’s edition of the “Heliand.”
OLD SLAVONIC, _see_ CYRILLIC.
OLDENBURG.
Teutonic: dialect of LOW-GERMAN or DUTCH. See Work by Wolke, Leipzig, 1804.
OLHONES.
AMERICAN: Costanos; Indians of the coast in N. California.
OLOMO.
AFRICAN: dialect of the Niger, with the same affinities as OKULOMA. H. C.
OLONETS _or_ OLONETZIAN.
(1) Finnish: a sub-dialect of KARELIAN.
(2) Slavonic: provincial dialect of RUSSIAN.
OLOT, _see_ ULUT.
OMAGUA.
AMERICAN: dialect of the Amazons; allied to the GUARANI and the TUPI.
OMAHA.
American: dialect of Sioux. “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., p. 117. Vocaby. by Dr. Hayden. H. C.
OMAR.
PAPUAN: dialect of New Guinea.
OMBAY.
Negrito: insular dialect of POLYNESIAN.
ONEGA, ONIGA.
AMERICAN: a form of “Ongwe,” speech of the Irokese; it became MAQUA with the Dutch, MINGO with the French.
ONEIDA.
American: a dialect of IROQUOIS, closely allied to MOHAWK, and spoken in the W. of N. York State. See Schoolcraft’s “Ind. Tribes,” vol. ii., p. 482.
ONIM.
PAPUAN: dialect of New Guinea.
ONOLASCHA, _under_ U.
ONOMATOPŒIA.
MIMETIC speech; treats of the formation of words in imitation of natural sounds. It is the origin of many reduplicated words, and, when applied to the science of language, has sometimes been called “the bow-wow theory.”
ONONDAGA.
American: dialect of IROQUOIS, closely allied to MOHAWK and ONEIDA. Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” vol. ii., p. 482; Dicty. by Shea, London, 1860.
ONTHAGAMIES, OTTOGAMI.
AMERICAN: a name for the Fox-Indians. _See_ SAC.
ONTOAMPA.
AMERICAN: tribe of Vilela.
OODEYPOORA.
HINDI of Mewar or Chitore in Rajpootana. The Rajah of Oodeypoor is said to hold the most ancient hereditary sovereignty in the world.
OOJEINI.
HINDI of Malwa.
OORDU.
Same as URDU. _See_ HINDOSTANI.
OPATA.
American: dialect of Sonora, in Mexico. Classed with PIMA and EUDEVE.
OPATORO.
AMERICAN: dialect of Honduras.
OPULU.
Polynesian: dialect of SAMOAN.
ORANG.
MALAY word for man; hence “orang-benua,” “orang-laut,” “orang-utan,” &c.
OREGONES, OREJONES.
(1) AMERICAN: dialects of large-eared tribes on the R. Amazon and the Iça or Putumayo and the Negro. Castelnau V., appdx.
(2) Indians of Texas.
⁂ The State of Oregon, N. America, is said to have been named from the abundance of _labiatæ_, called “Oregano” or “Wild marjoram,” _i.e._, “mountain-joy.” _See_ ORELHUDOS.
ORENBURG-TATAR.
Dialect of KIRGHIS: closely allied to KARAGAS; it is spoken in the Ural provinces of Russia.
ORINOKO.
AMERICAN: geographical class name for a group of languages including BETOI, OTOMAKA, YARURA, &c.
ORISTINE.
American: dialect of LULE; it is closely allied to VILELA.
ORIYA, ORISSA, URIYA.
Indic: closely allied to BENGALI; spoken in the sacred city of Jugganath. The alphabetical character only faintly resembles the DEVANAGARI. Grammar by Lacey, Calcutta, 1861.
ORKNEY IS.
Language of the Orkney Isles, N. Britain, containing many words of ICELANDIC or OLD NORSE; also called ORCADIAN.
ORNE.
Romance: French _patois_, Dept. de l’Orne.
ORO, _see_ ORU.
OROSZ.
SLAVONIC: dialect of the Carpathians; a form of Russ. _See_ RUSSNIACK.
OROTONG or OROTSHONG.
Turanian: dialects of TUNGUS.
ORTHOGRAPHY.
The proper spelling of words. In the present work all various spellings are treated as synonyms. Some difficulty will always be found in trans-literating proper names from foreign languages; modes of spelling fluctuate rapidly, becoming in general a mere matter of habit or fashion. It would be impossible to ignore the long-established usage in such words as Mongol and Tartar; but an attempt has been made to give the most recent forms in addition.
ORU (EJO).
AFRICAN: native dialect of Brass-Town. It belongs to the Ashantee group, and as a class name, includes ARO, EBO, and MBOFIA, and is allied to ISOAMA and ISIELE. H. C.
OSAGE, OSAWSES, OUS.
AMERICAN: Sioux Indians of Arkansas, on the R. Osage. It is also written HUZZAW and WASHAS. Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” vol. iv., p. 275; Bradbury’s “Travels,” London, 1817.
OSCAN.
Italic: early dialect of Italy, allied to LATIN, UMBRIAN, &c.; but belonging especially to Central and S. Italy. Known by archaic inscriptions. See Mommsen’s “Unteritalischen Dialekte,” Leipzig, 1851; “Versuch,” &c., by Enderis, Zürich, 1871.
OSMANLI.
ALATYAN: dialect of WESTERN TURKISH; it is the typical literary language of the family, spoken by the Oghuz or Ottoman Turks; it is closely allied to TSHUVASH, KIRGHIZ, TURCOMAN, and IGUR or UIGUR and JAGATAI, but very much softened.
OSNABRÜCK, OSNABURG.
Teutonic: dialect of LOW-GERMAN. See Strodtmann: “Idioticon,” Leipzig, 1756.
OSSET, OSSETIAN, _or_ OSSITINIAN.
Caucasian: modern dialect of Abascia, classed as ARMENIC. Also called IRON (_i.e._, Irân), from the name of the Caucasian people who speak it. See Klaproth: “Asia P.,” p. 89; Dicty. by Sjögren, St. Petersburg, 1844; Grammar by Rosen, St. Petersburg, 1846.
OSTIAK.
Ugrian: dialect of FINNISH spoken in Asiatic Russia, on and between the R. Obi and the Yenisey. Chief divisions are the Lake and Sable Ostiaks. (Klaproth.) Vocaby. by Castrén and Schiefner, St. Petersburg, 1858. _See_ DENKA.
OTAHEITE.
POLYNESIAN: an erroneous spelling of Tahiti. W. G. L. _See_ TAHITIAN.
OTAKAPA, _under_ A.
OTAM.
African: dialect of KAFFIR, spoken on the Old Calabar R. Used also as a class name for the languages of that district. It is also written UDOM. R. G. L.
OTCHAGRAS.
American: same as WINNEBAGO. French spelling of HOCHUNGORAH.
OTHOMI _or_ OTOMI.
AMERICAN: monosyllabic dialect spoken in Sonora, to the frontier of Guatemala, 24° N.L. to 16° W.L. Grammar and Vocabulary, Paris, 1863.
⁂ Much has been written of this language on the strength of its real or supposed monosyllabic structure—indeed, it has been compared with the CHINESE. It is, however, truly American, differing, so far as it indeed does differ from the others, in the fact of its agglutination being either less, or less represented in the grammars and vocabularies. See Grammar by Piccolomini, Rome, 1841. R. G. L.
OTO, OTOUEZ.
American: SIOUX dialect of the Platte R. Vocaby. in Long’s “Expedition,” &c., Philadelphia, 1822.
OTSHI.
African: name for ASHANTEE, the dialect of the Gold Coast; otherwise called ODJII, OJI, or OCHI. See Riis: “Elemente ... der Odschi-sprache,” Basel, 1853.
⁂ ASHANTEE is much like FANTEE, and is allied to WHYDAH, DAHOMEY, ORO, EBO, DZELANA, &c. H. C.
OTTARE.
AMERICAN: Mountain Cherokees.
OTTAWA, OTTOWAY.
American: dialects of ALGONKIN, closely allied to CHIPPEWAYAN, spoken by tribes now located in Michigan and Ohio, but formerly belonging to the R. Ottaway, a confluent of the St. Lawrence. See Tanner’s “Narrative,” N. York, 1830; “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., p. 107.
OTTOGAMI, _see_ ONTHAGAMIES.
OTTOMACA.
AMERICAN: spoken by Indians of Venezuela, on the Meta and Orinoco. _See_ TAPARITA.
OTUKE, OTUGUE.
AMERICAN: a tribe of Chiquitos missions.
OTYIHERERO.
African: allied to NANO. _See_ HERERO.
OUGIA, _see_ AROO.
OUIGOUR.
Most ancient form of the alphabetic character used by the Turks; it is still used in a modified form in MOGHOL and MANCHU, which are written in vertical columns, from top to bottom, but not the older OUIGOUR. _See_ UIGUR.
OULOFF (OUOLOFE).
African: French spelling of WOLOFT. Vocaby. by Faidherbe, St. Louis (Africa), 1860. _See_ JALLOOF.
OULX.
Romance: intermediate between FRENCH and the ITALIAN.
OUS, _see_ OSAGE.
OWYHEE.
POLYNESIAN: properly spelled HAWAII.
OYAMPIS, OYAPOK.
AMERICAN: Carib of French Guiana; also called OAMPI. See “Bulletin de la Soc. de Géographie,” Paris, 1834. R. G. L. _See_ EMERILLON.
OZBEG, _under_ U.
ADDENDA.
OGIBOIS, OJIBOIS.
AMERICAN: name of the E. Chippeways; also called SAUTEU, SALTEUX. _See_ OJIBWA.
OJI, _see_ OTSHI.
OLOSENGA.
Polynesian of the SAMOAN family, with a few words and letters of the more easterly islands. W. G.
ONDO, OTA, OWORO.
African: AKU languages. Vocaby. by Kölle. H. C.
OORIAH.
INDIAN: the language of Orissa, a province of Bengal. See Hunter’s “Orissa,” &c. A. C.
ORAON, _see_ URAON.
ORELHUDOS.
PORTUGUESE word—“large-eared”—applied to the Oregones or Orejones, and also to the Aroaquis.
OTA, _see_ ONDO.
OTCHIPWE, _see_ OJIBWA.
OWORO, _see_ ONDO.
P.
PACAGUARA.
AMERICAN: language of Bolivia, belonging to the missions of Moxos. Allied to QUICHUA and PANOS. H. C.
PACASAS, _see_ PAKASA.
PADA _or_ PODO.
JAVANESE: marks of punctuation and modes of address used in composition.
PADERBORN.
Teutonic: sub-dialect of LOW-GERMAN.
PADOVANI, PADUESE.
ITALIC: dialect of Padua. “Tratta,” by Brunacci, Venice, 1759.
PADSADE.
African: somewhat allied to BIAFADA.
PADUCA.
American: Dr. Latham’s class name for the COMANCHE, SHOSHONI, UTAH, and other allied languages, including the NETELA and KIJ.
PAEGAN.
American: same as PIEDS-NOIRS.
PAHI _or_ PAHRI.
Dialect of NEWARI. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”
PAHLAVI, _see_ PEHLEVI.
PAHOJA.
American: sub-dialect of OTO.
PAICOTSCHI.
Indic: a dialect of PRAKRIT.
PAIOCONECA.
AMERICAN: language of Bolivia, belonging to the Mission of Chiquitos. _See_ PAUNACA.
PAIURE.
AMERICAN: tribe of Tamanaque.
PAKASA.
American: sub-dialect of AYMARA.
PAKHYA.
Non-Aryan: a dialect of Nipal, allied to THARU Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”
PAKPAK.
Malayan: sub-dialect of BATTA.
PALÆO-GEORGIAN.
Class name for primitive languages of the Caucasus, and for others resembling them, including AMAZON and ETRUSCAN. H. C.
PALÆOGRAPHY.
The science which deals with ancient forms of writing in inscriptions, MSS., &c., and sometimes applied to the ancient forms of writing themselves. G. R.
PALÆO-SLAVIC, _see_ CYRILLIC.
PALÆOTYPE, _see_ GLOSSOTYPE.
PALAIK.
American: dialect of Oregon and California (frontier), allied to LUTUAMI, SHASTI, and more remotely to SAHAPTIN. “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., p. 98.
PALAONG.
Indo-Chinese: dialect of Siam, allied to AHOM.
PALAOS, _see_ PELEW.
PALEMBANG.
The MALAY language, as it is spoken at Palembang, on the eastern coast of Sumatra, where it is mixed with a good deal of JAVANESE, in consequence of the Javanese having anciently colonised this country. It is written partly with the ARABIC, partly with an indigenous alphabet; also used for the REJANG and PASSUMAH dialects, and called “Satra renchong.” P. J. V.
PALENCA.
American: dialect of the R. Orinoco, allied to TAMANAQUE.
PALI.
Indic: an extinct dialect of SANSKRIT, derived through PRACRIT, forming the sacred language of the Buddhists; it has a peculiar alphabetic character of its own. BALI and LANKA-BHASA (ancient SINHALESE) are derived from it, and it has very largely influenced modern CINGHALESE. Dicty. by Thero and Subhuti, Colombo, 1865; and one now in progress by R. C. Childers; Kachcháyana’s “Grammar,” by Mason, London, 1870.
PALIMPSEST.
PALÆOGRAPHIC: “written-over”; used of MSS. having a second inscription laid over a previous one.
⁂ A term signifying “twice-rubbed,” or “scratched,” and applied properly to parchments which, after having been written on, have been prepared for a fresh writing by an erasure of the original one. In the middle ages, when parchment came to be scarce and dear, many valuable MSS. were thus used, and a second worthless writing placed over one infinitely more precious. In some cases the original MS. has been recovered by careful examination, _e. g._, the text of Cicero’s treatise, “De Republica.” G. R.
PALLA.
SUB-TURANIAN: tribe of Awalias in Nipal.
PALMYRENE.
Semitic: the SYRIAC of Tadmor or Palmyra, with an alphabet of very ornamental character derived from OLD ARAMAIC, but not earlier than the third century A.D., and connected with lapidary SASSANIAN. W. S. W. V.
PALPA.
Indic: SANSKRIT of Nipal.
PAMPANGA.
MALAYAN of the Philippine Islands: classed with BISSAYAN and TAGALA.
PAMPAS.
American: QUICHUA word for “field” or “plain,” applied to the district of roving tribes who occupy vast level regions between Buenos-Ayres and Chili. The Spanish limit the appellation to the DIVIHET and TALUHET. _See_ PUELCHE.
PAMPTICOUGH.
American: ALGONKIN dialect of N. Carolina.
PANCH.
Indian term signifying “five”: (1) PANCH GAURA, used for the five northern languages of India, taken collectively, including BENGALI, GUZARATI, HINDI, SCINDI, and URYA. (2) PANCH DRAVIDA, used for the five southern dialects, including CANARESE, MALAYALIM, TAMIL, TELUGU, and TULU. W. E.
PANI, _see_ PAWNEE.
PANJABI _or_ PUNJABI, _see_ SIKH.
PANOS.
American: dialect of the R. Apurimac or Ucayale in Peru. Somewhat allied to the BAURE of Moxos, to the PACAGUARA and QUICHUA. H. C.
PAN T’HAI.
Mohammedans of Yunnan, W. China; also written PANTHAY.
PAPAA.
African: same as POPO. A NIGRITIAN dialect of the Slave-coast. _See_ NAGOE.
PAPE.
Indo-Chinese: dialect of the MONG-JUNG in Assam.
PAPEL.
African: dialect of the Bejugas or Bissagos Is.; it is allied to KANYOP, to FELUP, BAGNON, SARAR, BOLAR, &c., and spoken also on the coast S. of the Cacheo. H. C.
PAPIAH.
African: dialect of KAFFIR.
PAPOLOKA.
American: the POKOMAN of Oajaca. A dialect of the MAYA class.
PAPUAN.
NEGRITIC: typical language of dark-skinned Polynesians. It is the vernacular speech of New Guinea, and spread through many smaller islands. “Papua” is said to be a Malay word for “frizzled hair,” but see the Greek πάππος (lanugo carduorum), and our own “pappous” = “woolly.” See Wallace’s “Malay Archipelago,” and Dissertation: Crawfurd’s Malay Grammar. _See_ ALFUROS.
PARAM.
African: a dialect of KAFFIR.
PARANAPURA, _see_ XEBERO.
PARAUANA, _see_ WAPISIAN.
PARBUTTIA.
This word means “the language of the hills”—“purbut” “a hill.” It is a dialect of HINDI, the Court language of Nipal, and is spoken generally by the Khus, a military tribe of Nipal, and generally by all the Nipalese people, as Hindustani is in British India. A. C.
PARECHI.
AMERICAN: tribe of Tamanaque.
PARENI.
AMERICAN: spoken by tribes of Maypur Indians on the R. Mataveni in Venezuela. _See_ BARRE.
PARIA, PARIAGOTO.
American: classed with TAMANAQUE.
PARIAH.
Indian term: “an outcast,” lower than a Sudra; from a word in the TAMUL language, signifying “mountaineer.” _See_ NISHADA.
PARIGI.
Malayan: sub-dialect of MENADU.
PARITA, _see_ PIEDE.
PARMA, PARMESAN, PARMIGIANO.
Romance: sub-dialect of ITALIAN. Dicty. by Peschieri, Parma, 1840.
PARNKALLA.
AUSTRALIAN: dialect of Spencer’s-gulf and Port Lincoln. Vocaby. by Schürmann, Adelaide, 1844; Eyre’s “Journals,” London, 1845.
PAROPAMISAN.
Dr. Latham’s class name for the HINDU-KUSH dialects, as DARD, SHINA, &c.
PARSEE.
(1) Indians of Persian descent. The modern Parsees or fire-worshippers speak GUJERATTEE.
(2) Fire-worshippers of Persia. _See_ GUEBRE.
PARSI.
Iranic: extinct dialect of OLD PERSIAN, belonging to the province of Farsistan; it is the same as PAZEND, and is derived from PEHLEVI, being the third stage of OLD BACTRIAN or ZEND, and was the dialect used by Firdusi, the poet (Farrar: “Families of Speech,” p. 104). See Spiegel: “Grammatik der Parsi Sprache.”
PARTHIAN.
The Parthians have been classed as MEDO-SCYTHIC, but few words remain of their original language; the later dialect on their coins is akin to the PEHLEVI. Prof. Rawlinson regards them as TURANIAN. See “The Sixth Great Oriental Monarchy,” London, 1873.
PASAINE.
AMERICAN: tribes of Vilela.
PASANBANGKO, _see_ BENTENANG.
PASCHAI, PASHAI.
Kafirs of Kohistan; the dialect is allied to LUGHMAN. See “Jnl. A. S. of Bengal,” 1838.
PASSAMAQUODDS.
American: Indians of St. John’s, N. Brunswick, classed as ABENAKI.
PASSANG.
Malayan: a sub-dialect of MENADU.
PASSUMAH, _see_ SARAWI.
PASUKU.
Monosyllabic: dialect of PEGUESE, classed as KAREN.
PASUMMAH.
Malayan: same as LEMBA.
PATACHO.
American: dialect of Brasil, classed as CAMACAN.
PATAGONIAN, _see_ TEHUELET.
PATANI (PATHAN).
The language of Affghanistan. The Affghan rulers of Delhi were called Patans. W. S. W. V. _See_ PUSHTOO.
PATERNOSTERS.
Derived from the LATIN for “Our Father”; versions of the Lord’s Prayer in polyglot. See “Linguarum duodecim introductio,” by Postel, 1538; De Mofra’s “Exploration,” Paris, 1840-2; “The Lord’s Prayer in 100 Languages,” by Apostolides; and the large works by Pallas and Adelung. _See_ BIBLIOGRAPHY.
PATI.
African: a dialect of KAFFIR.
PATOIS.
FRENCH word for local or provincial dialects.
PATOS.
Malayan: sub-dialect of MENADU.
PAUMOTU.
Polynesian: somewhat allied to KANAKA.
PAUNACA.
American: sub-dialect of PAIOCONECA.
PAUNCH INDIANS (VENTRUS).
AMERICAN: name for the Allakaweah; Crow Indians of Snake R. For Big-bellies (Gros Ventres). _See_ MINETARI.
PA-UTA, _see_ PADUCA.
PAVIA.
Romance: sub-dialect of ITALIAN. “Dizionario Domestico,” Pavia, 1829.
PAWNEE.
American: typical dialect of the Riccaree Indians, spoken between the R. Quicourre or Running Water and R. Platte or Shallow, W. of the Missouri. Both PAWNEE and RICAREE are classed together by Dr. Latham as allied sub-dialects of CADDO. “Amer. Ethnol.,” ii. 96.
PAYA.
MALAYAN: dialect of Malacca. _See_ SEMANG.
PAYAGUA.
American: dialect of Brasil, at present only spoken by a small remnant, removed to the town of Assuncion in Paraguay, somewhat allied to BORORO.
PAYCOBGE, PAYKOGE.
AMERICAN: tribe of Jahyco in Brasil.
PAYS DE VAUD, _under_ V.
PAZAND, PAZEND.
Iranic: same as PARSI. Glossary by Haug and Asa, London, 1870.
PEAGANS.
American: same as PIEDS-NOIRS.
PEBA.
American: dialect of the Amazons, spoken in N.W. Brasil, and probably allied to OREGONES.
PEDRO, SAN.
American: missions of Brasil of the ALMEIDA class. See Da Silva’s Dicty., Bahia, 1854.
⁂ It is allied to GUARANI and AGAW. H. C.
PEGUESE.
Indo-Chinese: a monosyllabic dialect, called TALAIN or MON, allied to BURMESE, and spoken in Pegu.
PEHLVI _or_ PEHLEVI.
IRANIC: extinct dialect of OLD PERSIAN, belonging to the Pahlav district of Western Iran or Media, but with large Semitic infusion. It is the language of the Sassanian coins, of several inscriptions of early Sassanian kings, and of the earliest comments on the Avesta, closely allied to the ZEND and OLD PERSIC; it is also called HUZVARESH, a suggestion of Spiegel’s. See Spiegel’s “Grammatik der Huzvareschen Sprache;” Haug’s Old Pahlavi-Pazand Glossary, by Asa, Bombay, 1870.
PEHUENCHE.
AMERICAN: tribes of Araucans.
PEKINESE, _see_ KHUM.
PELASGIAN.
An aboriginal tribe of Greece. Herodotus states that their speech was “barbarous”—_i.e._, distinct from or unintelligible to the Hellenes; but it seems to have been the basis out of which was developed classical GREEK. Later writers propose to class the pre-historic dialects of Greece with the ILLYRIAN.
PELASGIC.
Class name for combined GREEK and LATIN stems, sometimes called GRÆCO-ITALIC, otherwise ILLYRIAN or THRACO-ILLYRIAN.
PELEW, PELU.
Dialects of the Palaos or Pelew Is., allied to TOBI, and classed as MICRONESIAN.
PELU.
MOGHOL: dialect of N. W. tribes.
PEND D’OREILLES.
American: FRENCH name for the KULLESPELM.
PENDSCHABI.
Same as PUNJABI; German form. _See_ SIKH.
PENNSYLVANIAN.
American: State formerly called New Sweden, and inhabited by Algonkin and Iroquois. See “Thomas’ Account,” N. York, 1848.
PENOBSCOT.
American: language of Indians in the States of Maine and N. Brunswick; classed as a dialect of ABENAKI.
PEQUOD _or_ PEQUOT.
American: dialect of ALGONKIN spoken in Connecticut.
PERIODS OF LANGUAGE.
Successive stages in the development of a language, each occupying a certain interval of time. The changes sometimes indicate growth, sometimes decay and approaching extinction. G. R.
PERMIAN _or_ PERMIC.
Tchudic: UGRIAN dialect of Perm in Russia, closely allied to WOTIAK and ZIRIANIAN. Also called BIARMIAN. The Permians were the first of their race converted to Christianity by St. Stephen, apostolic King of Hungary, 997 or 1000 A.D. Dicty. by Rogord, 1869.
PERSIAN.
Iranic: modern dialect of Persia, derived from OLD PERSIAN, but with a large infusion of ARABIC words, and written in a modification of the Nishki-Arabic characters, called TAALIC, and in a running hand called SHIKESTAH. Grammar by Vullers, Gissæ, 1870; Dictys. by Johnson and Richardson. Dialects are MAZENDERAN; see Klaproth’s “Beschreibung,” Berlin, 1814. TATT, the dialect of Baku in Daghestan; see Eichwald’s “Reise,” Stuttgart, 1834. Twelve are specified by Von Hammer, “Asiatic Jl.,” 1833. _See_ TAJIK.
PERSIC.
Under this term are comprehended all the various forms of the Persian language, with the exception of the dialect now spoken. The Persic is known to us in three stages:—
(1) The language of the Achæmenian dynasty, recovered from the cuneiform inscriptions of Cyrus, Darius, Xerxes, and other kings. See Spiegel: “Die Altpersischen Keilinschriften,” Leipzig, 1862.