Chapter 1124

&hand; The term penalty is in law mostly applied to a pecuniary punishment.

Bill of pains and penalties . See under Bill . -- On , ∨ Under , penalty of , on pain of; with exposure to the penalty of, in case of transgression.

Penance <Xpage=1059>

Pen"ance (?) , n. [OF. penance , peneance , L. paenitentia repentance. See Penitence .] 1. Repentance. [Obs.]

Wyclif (Luke xv. 7).

2. Pain; sorrow; suffering. [Obs.] "Joy or penance he feeleth none."

Chaucer.

3. (Eccl.) A means of repairing a sin committed, and obtaining pardon for it, consisting partly in the performance of expiatory rites, partly in voluntary submission to a punishment corresponding to the transgression. Penance is the fourth of seven sacraments in the Roman Catholic Church.

Schaff-Herzog Encyc.

And bitter penance , with an iron whip. Spenser.

Quoth he, "The man hath penance done, And penance more will do." Coleridge.

Penance <Xpage=1059>

Pen"ance , v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Penanced (?) .] To impose penance; to punish. "Some penanced lady elf."

Keats.

Penanceless <Xpage=1059>

Pen"ance*less , a. Free from penance. [R.]

Penang nut <Xpage=1059>

Pe*nang" nut` (?) . [From the native name.] (Bot.) The betel nut. Balfour (Cyc. of India) .

Penannular <Xpage=1059>

Pen*an"nu*lar (?) , a. [L. pene , paene , almost + E. annular .] Nearly annular; having nearly the form of a ring. " Penannular relics."

D. Wilson.

Penary <Xpage=1059>

Pe"na*ry (?) , a. Penal. [Obs.]

Gauden.

Penates <Xpage=1059>

Pe*na"tes (?) , n. pl. [L.] (Rom. Antiq.) The household gods of the ancient Romans. They presided over the home and the family hearth. See Lar .

Penaunt <Xpage=1059>

Pen"aunt (?) , n. [OF. penant , peneant . See Penitent .] A penitent. [Obs.]

Chaucer.

Pence <Xpage=1059>

Pence (?) , n. , pl. of Penny . See Penny . <-- chiefly Brit. -->

Pencel <Xpage=1059>

Pen"cel (?) , n. [See Pennoncel .] A small, narrow flag or streamer borne at the top of a lance; -- called also pennoncel . [Obs.]

Piers Plowman. Chaucer.

Penchant <Xpage=1059>

Pen`chant" (?) , n. [F., fr. pencher to bend, fr. (assumed) LL. pendicare , L. pendere . See Pendant .] Inclination; decided taste; bias; as, a penchant for art .

Penchute <Xpage=1059>

Pen"chute` (?) , n. See Penstock .

Pencil <Xpage=1059>

Pen"cil (?) , n. [OF. pincel , F. pinceau , L. penicillum , penicillus , equiv. to peniculus , dim. of penis a tail. Cf. Penicil .] 1. A small, fine brush of hair or bristles used by painters for laying on colors.

With subtile pencil depainted was this storie. Chaucer.

2. A slender cylinder or strip of black lead, colored chalk, slate etc., or such a cylinder or strip inserted in a small wooden rod intended to be pointed, or in a case, which forms a handle, -- used for drawing or writing. See Graphite .

3. Hence, figuratively, an artist's ability or peculiar manner; also, in general, the act or occupation of the artist, descriptive writer, etc.

4. (Opt.) An aggregate or collection of rays of light, especially when diverging from, or converging to, a point.

5. (Geom.) A number of lines that intersect in one point, the point of intersection being called the pencil point .

6. (Med.) A small medicated bougie.

Pencil case , a holder for pencil lead. -- Pencil flower (Bot.) , an American perennial leguminous herb ( Stylosanthes elatior ). -- Pencil lead , a slender rod of black lead, or the like, adapted for insertion in a holder.

Pencil <Xpage=1059>

Pen"cil , v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Penciled (?) or Pencilled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Penciling or Pencilling .] To write or mark with a pencil; to paint or to draw.

Cowper.

Where nature pencils butterflies on flowers. Harte.

Penciled <Xpage=1059>

Pen"ciled (?) , a. [Written also pencilled .] 1. Painted, drawn, sketched, or marked with a pencil.

2. Radiated; having pencils of rays.

3. (Nat. Hist.) Marked with parallel or radiating lines.

Penciling <Xpage=1059>

Pen"cil*ing (?) , n. [Written also pencilling .] 1. The work of the pencil or bruch; as, delicate penciling in a picture .

2. (Brickwork) Lines of white or black paint drawn along a mortar joint in a brick wall.

Knight.

Pencillate, Pencillated <Xpage=1059>

Pen"cil*late (?) , Pen"cil*la`ted (?) , a. Shaped like a pencil; penicillate.

Pencraft <Xpage=1059>

Pen"craft (?) , n. 1. Penmanship; skill in writing; chirography.

2. The art of composing or writing; authorship.

I would not give a groat for that person's knowledge in pencraft . S<?/e<?/ne.

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Pend <Xpage=1060>

Pend (?) , n. Oil cake; penock. [India]

Pend <Xpage=1060>

Pend , v. i. [ imp. & p. p. Pended ; p. pr. & vb. n. Pending .] [L. pendere .] 1. To hang; to depend. [R.]

Pending upon certain powerful motions. I. Taylor.

2. To be undecided, or in process of adjustment.

Pend <Xpage=1060>

Pend , v. t. [Cf. pen to shut in, or AS. pyndan , E. pound an inclosure.] To pen; to confine. [R.]

ended within the limits . . . of Greece. Udall.

Pendant <Xpage=1060>

Pend"ant (?) , n. [F., orig. p.pr. of pendre to hang, L. pendere . Cf. Pendent , Pansy , Pensive , Poise , Ponder .] 1. Something which hangs or depends; something suspended; a hanging appendage, especially one of an ornamental character; as to a chandelier or an eardrop; also, an appendix or addition, as to a book.

Some hang upon the pendants of her ear. Pope.

Many . . . have been pleased with this work and its pendant , the Tales and Popular Fictions. Keightley.

2. (Arch.) A hanging ornament on roofs, ceilings, etc., much used in the later styles of Gothic architecture, where it is of stone, and an important part of the construction. There are imitations in plaster and wood, which are mere decorative features. "[A bridge] with . . . pendants graven fair."

Spenser.

3. (Fine Arts) One of a pair; a counterpart; as, one vase is the pendant to the other vase .

4. A pendulum. [Obs.]

Sir K. Digby.

5. The stem and ring of a watch, by which it is suspended. [U.S.]

Knight.

Pendant post (Arch.) , a part of the framing of an open timber roof; a post set close against the wall, and resting upon a corbel or other solid support, and supporting the ends of a collar beam or any part of the roof.

Pendence <Xpage=1060>

Pend"ence (?) , n. [See Pendent .] Slope; inclination. [Obs.]

Sir H. Wotton.

Pendency <Xpage=1060>

Pend"en*cy (?) , n. 1. The quality or state of being pendent or suspended.

2. The quality or state of being undecided, or in continuance; suspense; as, the pendency of a suit .

Ayliffe.

Pendent <Xpage=1060>

Pend"ent (?) , a. [L. pendens , -entis , p.pr. of pendere to hang, to be suspended. Cf. Pendant .] 1. Supported from above; suspended; depending; pendulous; hanging; as, a pendent leaf . "The pendent world."

Shak.

Often their tresses, when shaken, with pendent icicles tinkle. Longfellow.

2. Jutting over; projecting; overhanging. "A vapor sometime like a . . . pendent rock."

Shak.

Pendentive <Xpage=1060>

Pen*den"tive (?) , n. [F. pendentif , fr. L. pendere to hang.] (Arch.) (a) The portion of a vault by means of which the square space in the middle of a building is brought to an octagon or circle to receive a cupola. (b) The part of a groined vault which is supported by, and springs from, one pier or corbel.

Pendently <Xpage=1060>

Pend"ent*ly , adv. In a pendent manner.

Pendice <Xpage=1060>

Pen"dice (?) , n. [Cf. Pentice .] A sloping roof; a lean-to; a penthouse. [Obs.]

Fairfax.

Pendicle <Xpage=1060>

Pen"di*cle (?) , n. [Cf. Appendicle .] An appendage; something dependent on another; an appurtenance; a pendant.

Sir W. Scott.

Pendicler <Xpage=1060>

Pen*di*cler (?) , n. An inferior tenant; one who rents a pendicle or croft. [Scot.]

Jamieson.

Pending <Xpage=1060>

Pend"ing (?) , a. [L. pendere to hang, to be suspended. Cf. Pendent .] Not yet decided; in continuance; in suspense; as, a pending suit .

Pending <Xpage=1060>

Pend"ing , prep. During; as, pending the trail .

Pendragon <Xpage=1060>

Pen"drag*on (?) , n. A chief leader or a king; a head; a dictator; -- a title assumed by the ancient British chiefs when called to lead other chiefs.

The dread Pendragon , Britain's king of kings. Tennyson.

Pendular <Xpage=1060>

Pen"du*lar (?) , a. Pendulous.

Pendulate <Xpage=1060>

Pen"du*late (?) , v. i. To swing as a pendulum. [R.]

Pendule <Xpage=1060>

Pen"dule (?) , n. [F.] A pendulum. [R.]

Evelyn.

Penduline <Xpage=1060>

Pen"du`line (?) , n. [F. See Pendulum .] (Zo\'94l.) A European titmouse ( Parus, &or; \'92githalus, pendulinus ). It is noted for its elegant pendulous purselike nest, made of the down of willow trees and lined with feathers.

Pendulosity <Xpage=1060>

Pen`du*los"i*ty (?) , n. [See Pendulous .] The state or quality of being pendulous.

Sir T. Browne.

Pendulous <Xpage=1060>

Pen"du*lous (?) , a. [L. pendulus , fr. pendere to hang. Cf. Pendant , and cf. Pendulum .] 1. Depending; pendent loosely; hanging; swinging. Shak. "The pendulous round earth. Milton .

2. Wavering; unstable; doubtful. [R.] "A pendulous state of mind."

Atterbury.

3. (Bot.) Inclined or hanging downwards, as a flower on a recurved stalk, or an ovule which hangs from the upper part of the ovary.

Pendulously <Xpage=1060>

Pen"du*lous*ly , adv. In a pendulous manner.

Pendulousness <Xpage=1060>

Pen"du*lous*ness , n. The quality or state of being pendulous; the state of hanging loosely; pendulosity.

Pendulum <Xpage=1060>

Pen"du*lum (?) , n. ; pl. Pendulums (#) . [NL., fr. L. pendulus hanging, swinging. See Pendulous .] A body so suspended from a fixed point as to swing freely to and fro by the alternate action of gravity and momentum. It is used to regulate the movements of clockwork and other machinery.

&hand; The time of oscillation of a pendulum is independent of the arc of vibration, provided this arc be small.

Ballistic pendulum . See under Ballistic . -- Compensation pendulum , a clock pendulum in which the effect of changes of temperature of the length of the rod is so counteracted, usually by the opposite expansion of differene metals, that the distance of the center of oscillation from the center of suspension remains invariable; as, the mercurial compensation pendulum , in which the expansion of the rod is compensated by the opposite expansion of mercury in a jar constituting the bob; the gridiron pendulum , in which compensation is effected by the opposite expansion of sets of rodsof different metals. -- Compound pendulum , an ordinary pendulum; -- so called, as being made up of different parts, and contrasted with simple pendulum . -- Conical &or; Revolving , pendulum , a weight connected by a rod with a fixed point; and revolving in a horizontal cyrcle about the vertical from that point. -- Pendulum bob , the weight at the lower end of a pendulum. -- Pendulum level , a plumb level. See under Level . -- Pendulum wheel , the balance of a watch. -- Simple &or; Theoretical , pendulum , an imaginary pendulum having no dimensions except length, and no weight except at the center of oscillation; in other words, a material point suspended by an ideal line.

Penelope <Xpage=1060>

Pe*nel"o*pe (?) , n. [From. L. Penelope , the wife of Ulysses, the hero of the Odyssey, Gr. <?/.] (Zo\'94l.) A genus of curassows, including the guans.

Penetrability <Xpage=1060>

Pen`e*tra*bil"i*ty (?) , n. [Cf. F. p\'82n\'82trabilit\'82 .] The quality of being penetrable; susceptibility of being penetrated, entered, or pierced.

Cheyne.

Penetrable <Xpage=1060>

Pen"e*tra*ble (?) , a. [L. penetrabilus : cf. F. p\'82n\'82trable .] Capable of being penetrated, entered, or pierced. Used also figuratively.

And pierce his only penetrable part. Dryden.

I am not made of stones, But penetrable to your kind entreats. Shak.

-- Pen"e*tra*ble*ness , n. -- Pen"e*tra*bly , adv.

Penetrail <Xpage=1060>

Pen"e*trail (?) , n. Penetralia. [Obs.]

Harvey.

Penetralia <Xpage=1060>

Pen`e*tra"li*a (?) , n. pl. [L., fr. penetralis penetrating, internal. See Penetrate .] 1. The recesses, or innermost parts, of any thing or place, especially of a temple or palace.

2. Hidden things or secrets; privacy; sanctuary; as, the sacred penetralia of the home .

Penetrance, Penetrancy <Xpage=1060>

Pen"e*trance (?) , Pen"e*tran*cy (?) , n. The quality or state of being penetrant; power of entering or piercing; penetrating power of quality; as, the penetrancy of subtile effluvia .

Penetrant <Xpage=1060>

Pen"e*trant (?) , a. [L. penetrans , p.pr. of penetrare : cf. F. p\'82n\'82trant .] Having power to enter or pierce; penetrating; sharp; subtile; as, penetrant cold . " Penetrant and powerful arguments."

Boyle.

Penetrate <Xpage=1060>

Pen"e*trate (?) , v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Penetrated (?) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Penetrating .] [L. penetratus , p.p. of penetrare to penetrate; akin to penitus inward, inwardly, and perh. to pens with, in the power of, penus store of food, innermost part of a temple.] 1. To enter into; to make way into the interior of; to effect an entrance into; to pierce; as, light penetrates darkness .

2. To affect profoundly through the senses or feelings; to touch with feeling; to make sensible; to move deeply; as, to penetrate one's heart with pity .

Shak.

The translator of Homer should penetrate himself with a sense of the plainness and directness of Homer's style. M. Arnold.

3. To pierce into by the mind; to arrive at the inner contents or meaning of, as of a mysterious or difficult subject; to comprehend; to understand.

Things which here were too subtile for us to penetrate . Ray.

Penetrate <Xpage=1060>

Pen"e*trate , v. i. To pass; to make way; to pierce. Also used figuratively.

Preparing to penetrate to the north and west. J. R. Green.

Born where Heaven's influence scarce can penetrate . Pope.

The sweet of life that penetrates so near. Daniel.

Penetrating <Xpage=1060>

Pen"e*tra`ting (?) , a. 1. Having the power of entering, piercing, or pervading; sharp; subtile; penetrative; as, a penetrating odor .

2. Acute; discerning; sagacious; quick to discover; as, a penetrating mind .

Penetratingly <Xpage=1060>

Pen"e*tra`ting*ly , adv. In a penetrating manner.

Penetration <Xpage=1060>

Pen"e*tra`tion (?) , n. [L. penetratio : cf. F. p\'82n\'82tration .] 1. The act or process of penetrating, piercing, or entering; also, the act of mentally penetrating into, or comprehending, anything difficult.

And to each in ward part, With gentle penetration , though unseen, Shoots invisible virtue even to the deep. Milton.

A penetration into the difficulties of algebra. Watts.

2. Acuteness; insight; sharp discoverment; sagacity; as, a person of singular penetration .

Walpole.

Syn. -- Discernment; sagacity; acuteness; sharpness; discrimination. See Discernment , and Sagacity .

Penetrative <Xpage=1060>

Pen"e*tra*tive (?) , a. [Cf. F. p\'82n\'82tratif .] 1. Tending to penetrate; of a penetrating quality; piercing; as, the penetrative sun .

His look became keen and penetrative . Hawthorne.

2. Having the power to affect or impress the mind or heart; impressive; as, penetrative shame .

Shak.

3. Acute; discerning; sagacious; as, penetrative wisdom . "The penetrative eye."

Wordsworth.

Led on by skill of penetrative soul. Grainger.

Penetrativeness <Xpage=1060>

Pen"e*tra*tive*ness , n. The quality of being penetrative.

Penfish <Xpage=1060>

Pen"fish` (?) , n. (Zo\'94l.) A squid.

Penfold <Xpage=1060>

Pen"fold` (?) , n. See Pinfold .

Pengolin <Xpage=1060>

Pen"go*lin (?) , n. (Zo\'94l.) The pangolin.

Penguin <Xpage=1060>

Pen"guin (?) , n. [Perh. orig. the name of another bird, and fr. W. pen head + gwyn white; or perh. from a native South American name.] 1. (Zo\'94l.) Any bird of the order Impennes, or Ptilopteri. They are covered with short, thick feathers, almost scalelike on the wings, which are without true quills. They are unable to fly, but use their wings to aid in diving, in which they are very expert. See King penguin , under Jackass .

&hand; Penguins are found in the south temperate and antarctic regions. The king penguins ( Aptenodytes Patachonica , and A. longirostris ) are the largest; the jackass penguins ( Spheniscus ) and the rock hoppers ( Catarractes ) congregate in large numbers at their breeding grounds.

2. (Bot.) The egg-shaped fleshy fruit of a West Indian plant ( Bromelia Pinguin ) of the Pineapple family; also, the plant itself, which has rigid, pointed, and spiny-toothed leaves, and is used for hedges. [Written also pinguin .]