Part 97

+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+ |=A. D.=| =Britain= | =Spain and Portugal=| =Holland= | +-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+ | | |The power of Spain | | | | |grew rapidly. | | | | |Greatest power in | | | | |Europe during most of| | | | |Sixteenth Century. | | | | | | | | | |1492. America dis- | | | | |covered by COLUMBUS. | | | | | | | | | |1494-1529. WARS WITH | | | | |FRENCH for control of| | | | |Italy. | | | | | | | | | |1497-1503. Voyages of| | | | |AMERIGO VESPUCIUS. | | | | |South American coast | | | | |explored. | | | | | | | | | |1498. Vasco de Gama | | | =1500=| |reaches India via | | | |1502. Marriage of |Cape of Good Hope. | | | |Henry’s eldest | | | | |daughter, Margaret, |1506. Columbus dies |1506-1530. =Margaret | | |with James IV., King |at Valladolid. |of Austria regent for| | |of Scotland. | |her nephew Charles.= | | | | | | | |1509. HENRY VIII., | | | | |King. | | | | | | | | | |1512. War with | | | | |France. Alliance with| | | | |Spain and the Pope | | | | |against France. | | | | | | | | | |1513. Battle of | | | | |Flodden; James IV. | | | | |killed. | | | | | | | | | |1515. WOLSEY, chan- | | | | |cellor and cardinal. |1516-1556. CHARLES I.| | | | |of Spain and V. of | | | | |Germany. | | | | | | | | | |1519. Conquest of | | | | |Mexico by Cortez. | | | =1525=| | | | | |1529. =Reformation | | | | |begins in England.= |_Rivalry of Spain and| | | | |France begins._ | | | | | | | | | |1531-1532. Conquest | | | |1532. The king mar- |of Peru by PIZARRO. | | | |ries Anne Boleyn. | | | | | | | | | |1535. Henry excommu- |_IGNATIUS LOYOLA_ | | | |nicated by the Pope. |(1491-1556). | | | | | | | | | |1540. Lisbon the | | | | |market of the world. | | | | | | | | | |1541. De Soto disco- | | | |1543. Invasion of |vers the Mississippi | | | |France. |River. | | | | | | | | |1547. Edward VI., | | | | |King. Formal estab- | | | | |lishment of Protes- | | | | |tantism. | | | | =1550=| | | | | |1553. MARY TUDOR, | | | | |Queen of England. | | | | | | | | | |1554. Lady Jane Grey | | | | |executed. | | | | | | | | | |1555. Persecution of | | | | |the Protestants. |1556. PHILIP II., | | | | |King. | | | |1558. ELIZABETH, | | | | |Queen. Rise of the |_CAMOENS_ (1525- | | | |Puritans. |1579). | | | | | | | | | |1564. Acquisition of | | | | |the Philippines. | | | | | | | | | |1567. DUKE OF ALVA, | | | |1568. MARY, QUEEN OF |Governor of the |WAR OF LIBERATION. | | |SCOTS, takes refuge |Netherlands. |1568-1648. Sanguinary| | |in England. | |tribunals. Egmont and| | | | |Horn beheaded, 1568. | | |_SPENSER_ (1553- | | | | |1599). |1571. Battle of |_Reign of Terror | | | |Lepanto. |under Alva._ | | |_SIR WALTER RALEIGH_ | | | | |(1552-1618). | | | | =1575=| | | | | | | |1579. Commencement of| | | |1580. Portugal passes|the Dutch Republic by| | | |under Spanish |the Union of Utrecht;| | | |dominion. |WILLIAM, PRINCE OF | | | | |ORANGE, stadholder. | | | | | | | |1584. Raleigh’s | |1584. William of | | |colony in Virginia. | |Orange assassinated. | | | | | | | |1585. War with Spain.| | | | | | | | | |1588. Spanish Armada |1588. Defeat of the | | | |destroyed. |=Spanish Armada=. | | | | |England saved from | | | |=Maritime supremacy |Spanish invasion. | | | |of England begins.= | | | | | |_CERVANTES_ (1547- | | | |1596-1597. Naval ex- |1616). | | | |peditions of Drake | | | | |and Raleigh in South |1598-1621. Philip | | | |America. Cadiz taken,|III. | | | |and the Spanish fleet| | | | |burned. | | | | | | | | | |_SHAKESPEARE_ (1564- | | | | |1616). | | | | =1600=| | | | | |1603. UNION OF | | | | |ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND.| | | | | | | | | |_BACON_ (1561-1626). | |1583-1645. _GROTIUS._| | | | | | | |1607. English settle-| | | | |ment at =Jamestown=. |1609. Expulsion of | | | | |the Moors. | | | +---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+ | | 1618-1648. THIRTY YEARS WAR--THIRTY YEARS WAR--THIRTY YEARS WAR | | +---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+ | |1620. Emigration of | | | | |Pilgrims to New |1621. Dutch War. |1621. Dutch West | | |England and founding | |India Company in- | | |of =Plymouth=. | |corporated. | | | | | | | |_HARVEY_ (1578-1657).| | | | | | | | | =1625=|1625. Charles I., |1625. Naval war with |1625. Breda taken by | | |King. |England. |Spinola. | | | | | | | |1632. Maryland | | | | |settled by a colony | |1639. Great naval | | |sent out by Lord |1640. Portugal re- |victory by Van Tromp,| | |Baltimore. |gains independence. |over the Spanish | | | | |fleet in the Downs. | | |1642-1649. CIVIL WAR |_VELASQUEZ_ (1599- | | | |AND REVOLUTION. |1660). |_Vandyck_ (1599- | | | | |1641). | | |1648. Cromwell routs | | | | |the Scotch. The pres-| | | | |byterians expelled | | | | |from parliament, | | | | |which receives the | | | | |name of “the Rump.” | | | +-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+

+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+ |=A. D.=| =France= | =Holy Roman Empire= | | | | =Italy and Church= |=Germany and Austria=| +-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+ | |1491. Bretagne united| | | | |to the crown. | |1493-1519. MAXIMILIAN| | | | |I. | | |1494-1529. WARS FOR |1494. Expedition of | | | |THE CONTROL OF ITALY |Charles VIII. into | | | |between the French |Italy. | | | |and Spanish. | | | | | |1494-1559. =Sixty- | | | | |five years of Italian|1495. Diet at Worms. | | | |Wars.= | | | | | |_COPERNICUS_ (1473- | | | | |1543). | | =1500=| |1500. Partition of | | | | |Naples between France| | | | |and Spain. | | | | | | | | | |1503. Naples annexed | | | |1510. Council of |to the Spanish crown.| | | |Tours. |JULIUS II., pope. |1512. Maximilian di- | | | | |vides the empire into| | | |1513. Pope LEO X. |ten circles. | | | |patron of literature | | | | |and the arts. |_LUTHER_ (1483-1546).| | |1515. FRANCIS I. in- | | | | |vades Italy. |_ARIOSTO_ (1474- |1517. =Beginning of | | | |1533). |the Reformation.= | | | | | | | | |_RAPHAEL_ (1483- |1519-1556. CHARLES | | | |1520). |V., King of Spain, | | | | |Emperor. | | | | | | | |1521. First war with | |1521. Accession of | | |Charles V. | |Bohemia and Hungary | | | | |to the House of | | =1525=|1525. Francis de- |1525. Spanish ascen- |Hapsburg. | | |feated and taken |dency by the victory | | | |prisoner at Pavia. |of Pavia. | | | | | | | | |1527. Second war with|_MICHAELANGELO_ | | | |Charles V. |(1475-1564). | | | | | | | | |_CALVIN_ (1509-1564).|_TITIAN_ (1477-1576).|_HOLBEIN_ (1498- | | | | |1559). | | |1532-1544. Struggle | | | | |for possession of |1540. Order of | | | |Italy. |Jesuits founded by |1543. Alliance with | | | |LOYOLA. |England against | | | | |France. | | | |1545. Council of | | | | |Trent. |1546-1547. | | |1547. Henry II., | |SCHMALKALDIC WAR. | | =1550=|King; CATHERINE DE’ |1550. Julius III., | | | |MEDICI, Queen. |Pope. |1551. Treaty of | | | | |Passau secures reli- | | |1552. Fifth war with | |gious liberty to the | | |Charles V. | |Protestants. | | | | | | | |_PALISSY_ (1510- | |1556. =Charles V. | | |1589). |1559. Termination of |abdicates.= | | | |French wars in Italy.| | | |RELIGIOUS WARS IN | | | | |FRANCE 1562-1598. | | | | | | | | | |1562. Religious |_Tintoretto_ (1512- | | | |liberty granted to |1594). |1564. MAXIMILIAN II.,| | |the Huguenots. | |Emperor. | | | | | | | |_MONTAIGNE_ (1533- |1569. Florence a | | | |1592). |grand duchy. | | | | | | | | |1572. Massacre of St.|_Torquato Tasso_ | | | |Bartholomew. |(1544-1595). | | | =1575=| | | | | |1576. The Catholic | |1576. Rudolph II., | | |league. | |(King of Bohemia and | | | | |Hungary), Emperor. | | |1577. Sixth religious| | | | |war. |1585. Pope SIXTUS V. | | | | |restores the Vatican | | | |1588. Revolt of |library. | | | |Paris. | | | | | | | | | |1589-1792. =House of | | | | |Bourbon.= | | | | | | | | | |1589-1610. HENRY IV. | | | | | | | | | |1590. Siege of Paris | | | | |raised by the |1592. The Rialto and | | | |Spaniards. |Piazza di San Marco |1594. Union of | | | |built at Venice. |Protestants at | | | | |Heilbronn. | | |1598. =Edict of | | | | |Nantes= toleration | |_KEPLER_ (1571-1630).| | |granted to the |_GALILEO_ (1564- | | | |Protestants. |1642). | | | =1600=| | | | | | | |1608. Protestant | | | |1609. Leghorn becomes|union under Frederick| | |1610. Assassination |the emporium of the |the Elector. | | |of Henry IV. |Levant trade. | | | | | | | | |1614. Last assembly | | | | |of the states- | | | | |general. | | | | +---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+ | | 1618-1648. THIRTY YEARS WAR--THIRTY YEARS WAR--THIRTY YEARS WAR | | +---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+ | | | |1620. Massacre of | | |1624. Ministry of | |Prague. | | =1625=|Cardinal Richelieu. | | | | | |1626. =St. Peter’s= | | | | |dedicated. |1628. Victories of | | | | |Wallenstein. | | |_DESCARTES_ (1596- | | | | |1650). | |1629. Gustavus | | | |1631. Influence of |Adolphus lands in | | | |France increases. |Germany. | | | | | | | | | |1632. Battle of | | |1638. Invasion of | |Lutzen. | | |Spain. | | | | | | | | | |1640. Turin taken by | | | | |the French. | | | | | | | | | |1643. LOUIS XIV., | | | | |King. |1646. Revolt of | | | | |Naples under | | | |1648. WARS OF THE |Masaniello. |1648. PEACE OF WEST- | | |FRONDE. | |PHALIA, THE BASIS OF | | | | |ALL SUBSEQUENT | | | | |TREATIES; SIGNED AT | | | | |MUNSTER. | | | | | | | | | |_At this time begins | | | | |the policy of the | | | | |“Balance of Power” in| | | | |Europe._ | +-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+