Part 70

+-------+---------------+-----------------+----------------+----------------+ |=B. C.=| =Carthage= | =Rome= | =Macedonia= | =Greek States= | +-------+---------------+-----------------+----------------+----------------+ | | |=III. Epoch of | | | | | |the Punic Wars, | | | | | |and Beginning of | | | | | |the Universal | | | | | |Rule of Rome= | | | | | |(264-146) | | | | | | | | | | |264-241. FIRST PUNIC WAR. Cartha-| | | | |ginians led by Hamilcar, father |262. Antigonus | | | |of Hannibal. |took Athens. End| | | | | |of its indepen- | | | | |260. First Roman |dence and poli- | | | |256. Regulus |fleet built. |tical impor- | | | |invades Africa |Victory at sea. |tance. |255. Antigonus | | |and is defeated| | |liberates | | |by Xanthippus, |SCIPIO AFRICANUS.| |Athens. | | |a Spartan | | |Athens joins the| | |general. | _ARCHIMEDES_| |Achæan League. | | | | (287-212).| | | | =250= | | | | | | |241. Peace with Carthage. The | | | | |ceded parts of Sicily formed the | | | | |first Roman province there. | | | | | | | | | | | |241. The Roman | | | | |238. HAMILCAR |fleet under | | | | |begins estab- |Catulus defeats |227. War between| | | |lishment of |the Carthaginians|Cleomenes, King | | | |Carthaginian |off the Ægatian |of Sparta, and | | | |power in Spain.|Islands. |the Ætolian | | | | | |league. | | | | HANNIBAL| | | | | | (247-183).| |226. Athens | | | =225= | | |freed from Mace-| | | | |224. The Romans |donia allied | | | |221. Hannibal |first cross the |with Rome. | | | |succeeds |Po. | | | | |Asdrubal in the| | | | | |command. |219. Hannibal | | | | | |takes Saguntum | | | | | |and crosses the | | | | | |Alps. | | | | | | | | | | |218-201. SECOND PUNIC WAR. | | | | |Hannibal crossed the Alps. | | | | | | | | | | | |217. Romans de | | | | | |feated at Lake | | | | | |Trasimeno. | | | | | | | | | | | |216. Romans at | | | | | |Cannæ totally de-| | | | | |feated by Hanni- | | | | | |bal. Fabius | | | | | |Maximus, | | | | | |Dictator. | | | | | | | | | | | |215. Treaty be- | | | | | |tween Hannibal | | | | | |and Philip V. of | | | | | |Macedonia. | | | | | | | | | | | |214-205. FIRST | | | | | |WAR WITH | | | | | |MACEDONIA. | | | | | | | | | | | |212. Syracuse | | | | | |taken by Marcel- | | | | | |lus. Archimedes | | | | | |killed. | | | | | | | | | | | |211. Capua taken |211. Alliance of|211. The Æto- | | | |by the Romans. |Rome, the Æto- |lians secure the| | | | |lians, Spartans,|alliance of Rome| | | |209. Publius |Eleans and |against the | | | |Scipio takes New |Illyria. |Achæans and the | | | |Carthage. | |Macedonians. | | | | | | | | | |207. Nero and | |207. Battle of | | | |Livy defeat | |Mantinea: Philo-| | | |Hasdrubal at the | |pœmen, the | | | |=Metaurus=-- | |general of the | | | |Hasdrubal killed.| |Achæan League, | | | |Here it was de- | |defeats the | | | |cided that the | |Spartans. | | | |civilization of | | | | | |the world was to | | | | | |be Roman rather | | | | | |than Carthagi- | | | | | |nian. | | | | | | | | | | | |206. The Cartha- | | | | |204. Scipio |ginians defeated |204. General | | | |carries the war|in the battle of |peace. | | | |into Africa. |Ilipa and driven | | | | | |out of Spain. |203. Philip | | | | | |wages war | | | |202. Flight of Hannibal. Carthage|against Attalus | | | |conquered. Battle of Zama. End of|and the | | | |Punic War. |Rhodians. | | | | | | | | | =200= | | |200-197. SECOND | | | | | |MACEDONIAN WAR. |198. The Achæans| | | | | |and Spartans | | | | |197. Philip V. |join the Romans | | | | |defeated at |against Macedo- | | | | |Cynoscephalæ by |nia. | | | | |the Romans under| | | | | |Flamininus. | | | | | | | | | |196. Hannibal | |196. Macedonian | | | |joins Anti- |195. Cato in |Greece declared | | | |ochus, whom he |Spain. |free by the | | | |urges to carry | |Romans. | | | |on war against | | | | | |the Romans. | | | | | | | | | | | |193. Masinissa,| | | | | |King of Numi- |192-190. War with| | | | |dia, harasses |Antiochus of | | | | |the Carthagini-|Syria, who is | | | | |ans, and in- |totally defeated | | | | |jures their |at Magnesia by | | | | |commerce. |Scipio Asiaticus.| | | | | | | | | | | |_Rome the Arbi- | |189. The Ætolian| | |_The dangers |tress of Nations,| |League crushed | | |which threaten |from the Atlantic| |by the Romans. | | |Carthage are |to the | | | | |much increased |Euphrates._ | |188. Philopœmen | | |by the rising | | |abrogates the | | |jealousy of | | |laws of Lycurgus| | |Rome, the | | |in Sparta. | | |daring hostili-| | | | | |ties of Masi- | | |183. Philopœmen | | |nissa, and the | |181. Demetrius |is taken prison-| | |factious spirit| |is put to death |er and put to | | |of her own | |by his father. |death by the | | |citizens._ | | |Messenians. _De-| | | | |179. Death of |cline of the | | | |177. Istria sub- |Philip. |Achæan League._ | | =175= | |dued. | | | | | | | |172. The Romans | | | |171-168. THIRD | |effect the dis- | | | |MACEDONIAN WAR. | |solution of the | | | | | |Bœotian con- | | | |168. Decisive | |federacy. | | | |battle of | | | | | |=Pydna=, and | | | | | |overthrow of the | | | | | |kingdom of | | | | | |Macedon. | | | | | | | | | | | |_The Romans | | | | | |aspire to univer-| | | | | |sal empire. In- | | | | | |creased patronage| | | | | |of literature and| | | | | |the arts. Grecian| | | | | |system of educa- | | | | | |tion adopted at | | | | | |Rome._ | | | | | | | | | | | |155-150. SPANISH | |155. Embassy of | | |152. Masinis- |WAR. The Roman | |Diogenes, | | |sa’s party ex- |arms unsuccessful| |Carniades, and | | |pelled from |in Spain. | |Critolaus to | | |Carthage, which| | |Rome. | | |leads to a war.| | | | | |Masinissa de- | | | | | |feats the Car- | | | | | |thaginians. | | | | | |_Carthage at | | | | | |this time con- | | | | | |tained 700,000 | | | | | |inhabitants._ | | | | | =150= | | | |150. Dissensions| | |149-146. THIRD PUNIC WAR. | |between the | | | |149-8. FOURTH | |Spartans and | | | |MACEDONIAN WAR. |148. Macedon |Achæans. | | | |_Cato’s continual|reduced to a | | | |146. P. Scipio |harangue “Delenda|_Roman |146. Fall of | | |Æmilianus takes|est Carthage.”_ |province_. |Corinth. _Roman | | |and destroys | | |province of | | |Carthage. | | |Achæa._ | | | | +----------------+----------------+ | |_A Roman pro- | | | |vince._ | | | +---------------+ | | | =IV. Epoch of the Civil Wars= | | | Down to the Absolute Rule of Octavian, After the | | | Battle of Actium. | | | | | | AFFAIRS IN THE WEST : AFFAIRS AND CIVIL : AFFAIRS IN THE EAST | | | : WARS IN ROME : | | | : : | | |146-140. War with : : | | |Viriathus, the gallant:A struggle arises be- : | | |leader of the Lusita- :tween the aristocracy : | | |ni, who maintains a :(the nobiles and : | | |six years’ war with :optimates, or rich : | | |Rome. :families of senators : | | | :and magistrates) and : | | |145. Æmilianus is sent:the plebs, or common : | | |against Viriathus. :people. : | | | : : | | |143-133. NUMANTINE WAR: : | | |of ten years. : : | | | : : | | |140. Viriathus is : : | | |treacherously mur- :133-121. CIVIL :133. Pergamus be- | | |dered, and Lusitania :TROUBLES UNDER THE :queathed to Rome by | | |becomes a Roman pro- :GRACCHI. :Attalus III. | | |vince. : : | | | :130. The Tribunes ob- : | | |128. Flaccus reduces :tain a seat and the : | | |the Transalpine :right of voting in the: | | |Ligurians. :senate. : | | |_Increase of Roman : : | | |power in Transalpine : : | | |Gaul._ : : | | =125= | : : | | | :123. Tribunate of : | | |122. Aix, the first :CAIUS GRACCHUS. Re- : | | |Roman colony in Gaul. :newal of the Agrarian : | | | :Law. : | | |_Gaul a Roman pro- : : | | |vince._ :121. General struggle : | | | :in the city. C. :118. Death of | | | :Gracchus and 3000 :Micipsa, King of | | | :citizens killed. :Numidia, and assassi-| | | :_Triumph of the :nation of Hiempsal by| | | :aristocracy._ :Jugurtha. | | | : : | | |113-101. CIMBRIAN WAR.: : | | |The Cimbrians and : :111-106. JUGURTHINE | | |Teutones migrate along: :WAR. Mummius and | | |the Danube to the : :Metellus take part in| | |boundaries of Illyria.: :it; and Marius ends | | | : :it by the capture of | | | : :Jugurtha, 106. | | =100= | : : | | | : :96. Cyrene bequeathed| | | : :to the Romans by | | | : :Apion. | | | : : | | | : :92. Sulla settles the| | |91-88. MARSIAN OR SOCIAL WAR which costs the :affairs of Asia | | |lives of 300,000 men; and ends in the conces-:Minor. | | |sion of the rights and privileges of Roman : | | |citizenship to the Italian states. : | | | : : | | | :88-82. FIRST ROMAN :88-63. WARS WITH | | |83-72. Sertorius, the :CIVIL WAR OF MARIUS :MITHRIDATES THE | | |opponent of Sulla, :AND SULLA. Sulla ob- :GREAT, KING OF | | |goes into Spain, be- :tains the command :PONTUS. | | |comes general of the :against Mithridates. : | | |Lusitani. :Marius by an alliance : | | | :with Sulpicius and the: | | | :people. Sulla is : | | | :created perpetual : | | | :dictator. : | | | : : | | | : _CICERO_ (106-43).: | | | : : | | | :79-78. Abdication and : | | |78. War with Rome. :death of Sulla. : | | | :_Rising splendor of : | | | :Rome. Marble theater : | | | :of Saurus for 80,000 : | | | :spectators. Magnifi- : | | | :cent houses of the : | | | :Roman nobles. Library : | | | :of Lucullus._ : | | | : :74. Bithynia be- | | | :73-71. WAR WITH SPAR- :queathed to Rome by | | |72. The Helvetii and :TACUS the gladiator, :King Nicomedes III. | | |other tribes, under :at the head of 70,000 : | | |Ariovistus, advance :slaves in Italy. Con- :66. Pompey in Asia, | | |into Gaul, but are :cluded by Crassus and :about the Caucasus, | | |defeated by JULIUS :Pompey. :65, in Syria, 64. | | |CÆSAR, 58. : :Settles the affairs | | | :65-62. Catiline’s con-:of Asia, 63. | | | :spiracy suppressed by : | | | :the vigilance of : | | | :Cicero. : | | | : : | | | :60. FIRST TRIUMVIRATE:: | | | :Cæsar, Pompey and : | | | :Crassus. : | | |58-51. GALLIC WAR. : : | | |Cæsar’s eight cam- : : | | |paigns in Gaul--he : : | | |arrests the invasion : : | | |of the Helvetii and : : | | |expels the Germans. : : | | | : : | | |55. First invasion of : : | | |Britain, and expedi- : : | | |tion into Germany. : : | | | : : | | |54. Second invasion of: :54-53. Parthian War, | | |Britain. : :in which Crassus is | | | : :slain. | | |54-53. Cæsar crosses : : | | |the Rhine, but is un- : : | | |successful in his : : | | |attack upon the : : | | |Germans. : : | | =50= | : : | | |49-31. SECOND ROMAN CIVIL WAR between Cæsar : | | |and Pompey: Cæsar crosses the Rubicon with : | | |6,000 men, and in sixty days makes himself : | | |master of Italy. Cæsar marches into Spain, : | | |and forces Pompey’s troops to surrender. : | | | : : | | | :48. Cæsar gains the : | | | :decisive victory of : | | | :=Pharsalla= over : | | | :Pompey, who flees into: | | | :Egypt and is there : | | | :slain. : | | | : : | | | : _VIRGIL_ (70-19).: | | | : : | | | :47. Cæsar in Asia. War with Pharnaces, King | | | :of Bosporus, (“veni, vidi, vici.”) | | | : : | | | :46. AFRICAN WAR: defeat of Scipio and Juba | | | :at Thapsus. Cato kills himself at Utica. | | | :Cæsar returns to Rome. Dictator for ten | | | :years. | | | : : | | |45. War in Spain: defeat of Pompey’s two sons: | | |at Munda--Cæsar returns to Rome--Perpetual : | | |dictator, and Consul for ten years. : | | | : : | | | :44. Plans an expedi- : | | | :tion against the : | | | :Parthians, but is : | | | :assassinated in the : | | | :senate house by : | | | :Brutus, Cassius, and : | | | :other conspirators, on: | | | :the ides of March. : | | | :Antony and Octavianus : | | | :(Cæsar’s heir) obtain : | | | :the upper hand in : | | | :Rome. : | | | : : | | | :SECOND TRIUMVIRATE: : | | | :Antony, Octavianus, : | | | :and Lepidus. : | | | : : | | | :42. Civil war of the : | | | :triumvirate against : | | | :the republicans-- : | | | :Philippi--death of : | | | :Brutus and Cassius. : | | | : : | | | :41-30. Quarrels of the: | | | :Oligarchy. : | | | : : | | | :36. Defeat and death :36. Marcus Antonius | | | :of Pompey. :invades Parthia but | | | : :is compelled to re- | | | : :treat with loss. | | | : : | | | : :34. Antony subdues | | | :33-30. Civil war be- :Armenia. | | | :tween Octavianus and : | | | :Antony. : | | | : : | | | :31. Defeat of Antony at Actium. Cæsar gains | | | :his fleet and army--death of Antony. | | | : | | | :OCTAVIANUS CÆSAR sole master of the repub- | | | :lic. | | | : | | |30. PERIOD OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE BEGINS. HISTORY OF THE EMPIRE IS NOW| | |PRACTICALLY THAT OF THE CIVILIZED WORLD, DIVIDED INTO LATIN, GREEK | | |AND ORIENTAL PROVINCES. | +-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+