Part 69

+-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+ |=B. C.=| =Egypt= | =Hebrews= : =Persia= | +-------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+ | |485. Xerxes quelled a| :485-465. XERXES I. | | |revolt. | : | | | | :480. Xerxes invaded | | | | :Greece, Thermopylæ, | | | | :Salamis. Elaborate | | | | :great palace at | | | | :Persepolis. Hypostyle| | | | :Hall, fine bull- | | | | :capitals, good bas- | | | | :reliefs with invoca- | | | | :tions to Ahura Mazda.| | | | :Propylæa, winged | | | | :human-headed bulls. | | | | :Hanging draperies. | | | | :Xerxes and his eldest| | | | :son murdered. | | | | : | | | | :479. Persians ex- | | | | :pelled from Greece. | | =475= | | : | | | | :465-424. Artaxerxes | | | | :I. succeeded to the | | | | :throne. | | | | : | | | | :462-455. Second | | | |458(?). Ezra. :revolt of the | | |455(?). Herodotus in | :Egyptians. | | =450= |Egypt. | : | | | |444. NEHEMIAH, gover-: | | | |nor of Jerusalem. Re-: | | =425= | |builds the city : | | | |walls. :424. Xerxes II. | | | | :murdered by his | | | | :brother Sogdianus | | | | :same year. | | | | : | | | | :423. Darius II. | | | |415. Death of : | | | |Nehemiah. High :412. Sparta recog- | | | |priests rule under :nized Persian rule in| | | |Persian authority. :Asia minor. | | | | : | | | | :405. Egypt declared | | | | :its independence. | | | | : | | |404. Egypt indepen- | :404. ARTAXERXES II. | | |dent of Persia for | :Revolt of his younger| | |short period. | :brother Cyrus, aided | | | | :by Greeks. | | | | : | | | | :401. Cyrus defeated | | | | :at Cunaxa and slain. | | | | :“Retreat of the Ten | | | | :Thousand.” | | =400= | | : | | | | :398. Artaxerxes II. | | | | :War with Greece. | | | | :Egypt and Cyprus | | | | :assisted Greece. | | | | : | | | | :394. Persian fleet | | | | :defeated the Spartans| | | | :at Cnidus. | | =375= | | : | | | |370. Persian satrap :370-363. Renewed re- | | | |suppressed civil war.:volts in Asia Minor. | | |361. Treaty with | :Egypt joined the | | |Sparta vs. Persians. | :rebels and invaded | | | | :Syria. | | |359-342. Persian in- | : | | |vasions of Egypt. | :358. Artaxerxes III. | | |Nectanebo II. last | :seized the throne. | | =350= |native king. |350. Temple destroyed:Persians defeated in | | | |by Persians. Many :Egypt. | | | |Jews deported. : | | | | :340. CONQUEST OF | | | | :EGYPT. | | | | : | | | | :337. MITHRIDATES I. | | | | :of Pontus became in- | | | | :dependent of Persia. | | | | : | | | | :335. Darius III. | | +---------------------+---------------------+ascended the throne. | | :334-323. Alexander : :334-332. Alexander | | :the Great overthrows :333. Palestine under :the Great defeated | | :Persians, and is :Alexander the Great. :Darius at Granicus | | :master of Egypt. :Remained under Greek :and Issus. | | :Greek domination. :domination to 198 +---------------------+ | :Alexandria founded. :B. C. : | | : : :331. Battle of | | :EUCLID (Alexandria). : :=Arbela=. The | | :(fl. 325). : :Persians defeated by | | : : :the Macedonians and | | : : :Greeks under | | : : :Alexander the Great. | | : : :END OF THE PERSIAN | | : : :EMPIRE. | | +-----------------------------------------------------------------+ | | =The Immense Greek Empire of Alexander The Great= | | +-----------------------------------------------------------------+ | =325= | | | |323. Death of Alexander at Babylon. His empire split up among his| | |generals after his death. Perdiccas became regent in Asia for | | |Alexander’s half brother and his posthumous son. Antipater and | | |Craterus shared the regency of the west. The other generals re- | | |ceived lieutenancies: Ptolemæus, Egypt; Antigonus, Pamphylia, | | |Phrygia and Lycia; Eumenes, Alexander’s secretary, Paphlygonia | | |and Cappadocia; and Cassander, Caria; Leonnatus, Phrygia on the | | |Hellespont. | | | | | |323-301. WARS OF ALEXANDER’S SUCCESSORS FOR HIS ASIATIC | | |DOMINIONS. The first partition of the empire was made 322, but | | |twenty-two years elapsed before peace was concluded between the | | |contending claimants. | | | | | |_KINGDOMS AND STATES which arose upon the DIVISION OF THE | | |MACEDONIAN EMPIRE AT THE DEATH OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT._ | | | | | | /------------\ /------------\ /--------------\ /-----------\ | | | =Egypt= =Palestine= =Phrygia, Lycia, =Syria= | | | Pamphylia= | +-------+----------------+----------------+---------------+---------------+ | :323. Ptolemy I. :323. Annexed : : | | :Soter, the son :with Phœnicia to: :321. The King- | | :of Lagus. :Syria. : :dom of the | | : : : :Seleucidæ | | :320. Ptolemy : :320. Phrygia, :founded by | | :makes himself : :Lycia, Pamphy- :SELEUCUS | | :master of Cyprus: :lia fell to the:NICATOR, who | | :and Syria. : :share of Anti- :received Baby- | | : : :gonus, who de- :lon as his | | : : :feats Eumenes :province. | | : : :and makes him- : | | : : :self master of : | | : : :all Asia Minor.: | | : : : : | | : : :315. Formation : | | : :312. Capture of :of a league :312. Syria | | : :Jerusalem by :against Anti- :ruled by | | : :Ptolemy. Colony :gonus by :Seleucus | | : :of Jews in :Ptolemy, Cas- :Nicator; he | | : :Alexandria. :sander, :takes Babylon. | | : : :Seleucus, and :Era of the | | : :311-301. Subject:Lysimachus. :Seleucidæ. | | :305. Ptolemy :to Antigonus. : : | | :assumes the : : : | | :regal title of :301. Again under:301. Battle of :301. After the | | :Egypt. :Egypt. :Ipsus. Anti- :battle of | | : : :gonus killed. :Ipsus, Seleucus| | :Alexandria be- : : :gains the pro- | | :gins a great : : :vinces of | | :period. : : :Syria, Cappado-| | : : : :cia, Mesopota- | | : : : :mia, and | | : : : :Armenia. | | : : : : | | |301. AFTER THE BATTLE OF IPSUS ALEXANDER’S EMPIRE WAS AGAIN | | |DIVIDED INTO FOUR CHIEF PARTS. | | +----------------+----------------+-------------------------------+ | | =Egypt= : =Palestine= | =Seleucid Kingdom= | | +----------------+----------------+-------------------------------+ | =300= :The empire of :300. Canon of | | | :the Ptolemies :Old Testament, |299. Seleucus built or improved| | :extended over :under Simon the |a great number of cities in- | | :Egypt, Libya, :Just. |cluding Antioch, Seleucia, | | :Cyrene, Arabia : |Apamea, and Laodicea. | | :Pettræa, Judæa, : | | | :Phœnicia, Damas-: | | | :cus, and Cyprus.: | | | :Golden age of : | | | :the Ptolemies. : |287. Seleucus defeats Demetrius| | : :284. The |Poliorcetes and keeps him | | :283-247. PTOLEMY:_Septuagint_ |prisoner. | | :II. Philadel- :translation of | | | :phus, the most :the _Old Testa- |280. Antiochus I. succeeds | | :magnificent of :ment_, begun at |Seleucus. | | :the Egyptian :Alexandria, by | | | :kings, is asso- :order of Ptolemy|278-250. Nicomedes I. | | :ciated by his :Philadelphus. | | | :father in the : |277. Gauls (Galatia) invaded | | :kingdom. : |Asia Minor. | | :Canal of : | | | :Arsinoë. : | | | :Obelisk. : | | | : : | | | :273. Ambassadors: | | | :sent to Rome. : | | | : : | | | :272. Roman : | | | :embassy sent to : | | | :Egypt. : | | +-------+----------------+----------------+-------------------------------+

V. FROM THE BEGINNING OF THE PUNIC OR CARTHAGINIAN WARS TO THE FOUNDING OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE, 264-30, B. C.

GREAT EVENTS OF PERIOD. 300-200: Rome mistress of Italy; then, victorious over Carthage, extends her influence to Greece and Spain. Peasant proprietors replaced by slaves in Italy. 200-100: Greece, Macedonia, Carthage, and Spain under Roman rule; decline of the Roman Oligarchy; the Gracchi begin the democratic revolution which ends in the empire. Eastern luxury introduced among the Romans. 100-1: The Romans govern all the countries around the Mediterranean. Roman Oligarchy is followed by establishment of the empire.