Part 8

Thus _Grace_ before meals, _Grace_ of body, _Grace_ the musical term, and _Grace_ the theological term, must be four distinct headings.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

NOTE.--_(b) Signifies terms used in connection with binding only. (c) Terms usually employed in connection with the composing-room. (e) Terms used in engraving. (el) Terms used in electrotyping. (g) Terms used with general significance. (p) Terms used in connection with presswork._

=Accents= (_g_).--Small marks placed over, under, or through particular letters, used to indicate pronunciation.

=Adams Press= (_p_).--A large platen printing-machine, used for bookwork.

=Agate= (_c_).--A small size of type equal to 5½ points. See _Point_.

=Alignment= (_c_).--The arrangement of type in straight lines, also the adjustment of the lines of type so that their ends appear in line, vertically.

=All-along= (_b_).--In sewing a book, when the thread is passed from kettle-stitch to kettle-stitch, or from end to end in each sheet, it is sewed all-along.

=Alley= (_c_).--The floor space between stands where compositors work.

=American Russia= (_b_).--See _Cowhide_.

=Antique Type= (_c_).--Fonts of type of an old or medieval character. The lines of all the characters are nearly uniform as to thickness; the corners square and bold.

=Aquatint= (_e_).--A peculiar style of etching on copper or steel in imitation of drawings in sepia or India ink.

=Arabic Numbers= (_c_).--The numeral figures as distinguished from Roman characters.

=Art Canvas= (_b_).--A book cloth known both as Art Canvas and Buckram.

=Art Work= (_e_).--See _Retouching_.

=Ascending Letters= (_c_).--Letters that ascend to the upper shoulder of the type body; as, _b_, _d_, _f_, _h_, _l_, etc.

=Author's Proof= (_c_).--Proof sent to the author for inspection and approval.

=Azure Tools= (_b_).--Used in binding, where the heavy and wide marks, instead of being a solid mass, are made with horizontal lines.

=Backing= (_b_).--The process of forming the back in preparing the book for the cover or case, commonly called Rounding and Backing. It is done in three ways; viz. (1) by hand with a hammer, (2) by a hand rounding-and-backing machine, (3) by a steam- or electric-driven machine.

=Backing Up= (_p_).--Printing the second side of a sheet.

=Band Driver and Nippers= (_b_).--Tools used in forwarding, to correct irregularities in the bands of flexible backs.

=Bands= (_b_).--The cords on which the sheets of a volume are sewed. When sewed "flexible," the bands show on the back of the book; when bands are let in the back by sawing grooves, narrow strips of leather are glued across the back to look like raised bands.

=Bank= (_c_).--A high table or bench with a sloping top; when used for type only it is called a _standing galley_.

=Basket Cloth= (_b_).--This is a fancy weave of cloth, of construction similar to the weaving of wickerwork baskets. It is a novelty binding.

=Bastard-Title= (_c_).--The title of a book printed upon a page by itself and preceding the regular title-page.

=Battered= (_c_).--Type, electrotype, or engraving accidentally injured.

=Bead= (_b_).--An old-time term meaning the head-band, _q. v._

=Bearers= (_p_).--Strips of metal or wood, type-high, made up with type to sustain impression while proving, or to bear off the impression on light parts, and to carry the rollers evenly over a form in printing.

(_c_).--Type-high pieces of metal placed around pages or forms to be electrotyped, to prevent injury to the face of the type or the plates in the subsequent processes, and cut away from the plates before printing.

=Bed= (_p_).--The flat part of a press upon which the type or form is placed. The part on which the sheet is placed is called the platen, or the cylinder.

=Benday Plates= (_e_).--Plates made by laying shaded tints on copper or zinc, and etching them to produce colors or combination of colors when printed.

=Beveled Sticks= (_c_).--Strips of furniture wider at one end than the other; they are used with wooden quoins in locking up on galleys and in chases.

=Bible India Paper= (_g_).--The thinnest paper made for books, formerly only made in England and Italy; now made in America. A very high-grade stock. See _Oxford Bible Paper_.

=Binder= (_b_).--A temporary cover for periodicals and pamphlets, usually arranged so that it may be taken off and attached to subsequent copies of a publication. A bookbinder.

=Black Letters= (_c_).--A style of letter or type characterized by black face and angular outlines. It was designed by the early printers from a current form of manuscript letter.

=Blank= (_g_).--A page upon which no printing appears.

=Blank Books= (_b_).--Applied to a large variety of books which are bound with blank leaves, or leaves having ruled lines and little or no printing: account books, memorandum books, ledgers, etc.

=Blanking= (_b_).--Term employed in reference to stamping. Impression made on cloth or leather by heated brass die.

=Bleed= (_b_).--When the margins of a book or a pad of printed sheets have been trimmed so as to cut into the printing, they are said to bleed.

=Blind Tooling or Stamping= (_b_).--Impressions of finisher's tools or book-dies without ink or gold-leaf. Sometimes called _antique_.

=Blocking Press= (_b_).--A stamping press for impressing blocks or dies on covers.

=Blocks= (_c_).--The wood or metal bases on which electrotypes and engravings are mounted.

(_p_).--Mechanical devices used on printing-presses for the purpose of holding plates in their proper positions in the form.

=Board Papers= (_b_).--The part of the end-papers pasted on the board covers.

=Boards= (_b_).--Applied generally to many kinds of heavy cardboard. A book with stiff sides covered with paper of any color is said to be bound in paper boards.

=Bock Morocco= (_b_).--A term given to a leather made of Persian sheepskin, finished in imitation of morocco.

=Bodkin= (_c_).--A sharp tool, like an awl, used for picking out letters from a body of set type, when making corrections.

=Body= (_c_).--The shank of a type as determining its size.

=Bold-face= (_c_).--A heavy-faced type, used for contrast. It is also known as _Full-face_.

=Bolt= (_b_).--The closed ends of leaves of an uncut book which presents a double or quadruple fold.

=Book Cloth= (_b_).--Cloth used for making covers or cases for books. It is made by special processes and in many different grades and patterns. See also _Cloths_.

=Borders= (_c_).--Ornamental characters cast in type, the pieces being adjustable in lines, or designs to surround pages, panels, etc.

=Bourgeois= (_c_).--The old-style name of a size of type equal to 9-point.

=Boxes= (_c_).--The small compartments of a type case.

=Box-head= (_c_).--A column heading in a ruled table. Any heading enclosed in rules.

=Brass Rule= (_c_).--Thin strips of brass, type-high, of different thicknesses and many styles of face--used for straight lines, column rules, etc.

=Brasses or Brass Boards= (_b_).--Boards made for pressing books, called by these names because of the narrow brass strips on the edges by which the grooves are formed at the joints or hinges of the cases.

=Brayer Roller= (_c_).--A small hand roller for distributing ink.

=Break-line= (_c_).--A short line--the last line of a paragraph.

=Brevier= (_c_).--The old-style name of a size of type equal to 8-point.

=Brochure= (_b_).--A pamphlet, an unbound book of which the sheets are held together by sewing only.

=Buckrams= (_b_).--These are the heavier weaves of cloth finished like Linens. They should be used whenever the books will receive more than ordinary wear.

=Buffing= (_b_).--The layer of cowhide taken off in buffing or splitting the hide.

=Bulk= (_g_).--The thickness of a book before the covers are put on.

=Bundling= (_b_).--The process of pressing and tying together signatures or folded-and-gathered books for the purpose of (1) ejecting air and making them solid, (2) for convenience in handling.

=Burnished Edges= (_b_).--Edges which, after being colored, are made smooth and bright by a tool especially made for polishing the surface.

=C Pattern= (_b_).--Embossing on book cloth of small, pebble-shaped figures, scarcely larger than the head of a pin.

=Cabinet= (_c_).--A frame for holding type cases.

=Calendered Paper= (_g_).--See _Super-calendered Paper_.

=Calf= (_b_).--Leather made of the skin of a calf. It has a smooth, uniform surface.

=Cameo Paper= (_p_).--A dull-surface coated paper on which most artistic effects may be secured in printing from halftone plates.

=Canceled Matter= (_c_).--Set-up type or plates which have been suppressed or _killed_.

=Cancels= (_b_).--Printed leaves containing errors, which have to be cut out and replaced with corrected pages.

=Cap= (_c_).--An abbreviation of Capital. Caps and Small Caps are contained in the upper case, and are called upper-case letters.

=Caps= (_b_).--Paper coverings used to protect the edges while a book is being covered and finished. Also the leather covering the headband.

=Caption= (_g_).--The title-line placed below an illustration.

=Caret= (_c_).--A sign or mark used in proofreading and writing to show that a letter or word has been omitted.

=Case= (_b_).--The cover of a cloth-bound book.

(_c_).--A shallow, open wooden tray, divided into small compartments, in which the types are placed.

=Case Binding= (_b_).--A method of binding books in which the case or cover is made separately and afterwards fastened upon the book.

=Cast Proof= (_c_).--See _Foundry Proof_.

=Catch Word= (_c_).--A word placed under the end of the last line on the page of some old-time books, the word being the same as the first word on the next page; a "carry over" or direction word.

=Center Tools= (_b_).--Tools cut for ornamentation of center of panels and sides of book covers.

=Chase= (_c_).--The iron frame in which type and other matter is locked up for the press, or for sending to foundry.

=Chased Edges= (_b_).--See _Goffered Edges_.

=Circuit Edges= (_b_).--Bibles and prayer-books are sometimes bound with projecting covers turned over to protect the edges. These are circuit or divinity edges.

=Clarendon Type= (_c_).--A bold-faced, condensed antique with a bold bracketed serif, used in display work.

=Clasp= (_b_).--A hook or catch for fastening the covers of a book together, usually at the fore-edge.

=Cloth= (_b_).--A stiffly sized and glazed variety of cotton or linen cloth--usually colored and decoratively embossed.

=Cloth Boards= (_b_).--Stiff cloth covers.

=Coated Paper= (_p_).--An art paper coated or covered with some mineral substance such as china clay, etc., on which halftone cuts are printed.

=Collating= (_b_).--Examining the signatures after a book is gathered, to see that they are arranged in correct order.

=Colophon= (_g_).--An emblematic device, or a note, especially one relating to the circumstances of production, as the printer's or scribe's name, place, and date, put at the conclusion of a book or manuscript.

=Column Rules= (_c_).--Strips of brass rule used to divide columns of type.

=Combination Plates= (_e_).--_Black only_--Plates made by the use of two or more halftone or line negatives, the films stripped together and printed and etched on one copper or zinc plate. _Color_--Plates made by the use of a key-plate and color plates, either halftone or line, to be printed in two or more colors.

=Combs= (_b_).--Instruments with wire teeth used in marbling. The colors being upon the surface, the comb is drawn across a portion in such a way that a new pattern is developed.

=Common Cloths= (_b_).--Before receiving the final coat of color this cloth is dyed. The thready appearance so noticeable in the linen-finished cloths is less apparent in Commons on account of the dye and extra coloring.

=Composing Stick= (_c_).--A flat, oblong tool, made of polished steel, in which the compositor places the type as he takes it from the case.

=Composition= (_c_).--That part of the work of printing which relates to typesetting, and making up.

=Compositor= (_c_).--One who sets type.

=Copper-thin Spaces= (_c_).--Very thin spaces made of copper, used in the spacing and the justification of type.

=Copy= (_c_).--The matter or manuscript to be set up in type by the printer.

(_e_).--Subjects to be reproduced by the engraver.

=Corners= (_b_).--(1) The material covering the corners of "half-bound" books, (2) the triangular tools used in gold- or blind-tooling.

=Correcting= (_c_).--Changing wrong words, letters, types, etc., or adding new matter in type that has been set.

=Cowhide= (_b_).--A thick, coarse leather made from the skin of a cow, commonly known as "American Russia" or "imitation Russia." It has a slight grain, and is tough and strong.

=Cropped= (_b_).--When a book has been trimmed down too much, it is said to be cropped.

=Cross-bars= (_c_).--The bars which divide a large chase into sections.

=Crushed Levant= (_b_).--Levant morocco with the grain crushed down till the surface is smooth and polished.

=Cut= (_g_).--An obsolete term for an engraving. See _Engraving_.

=Cut-in Side Note= (_c_).--A note set into the side of a page of printed matter.

=Cylinder Press= (_p_).--A printing-machine which gives the impression by means of a cylinder instead of a platen.

=Dandy= (_g_).--A roller affixed to paper-making machines. The wet web of paper carried on the endless wire of the machine passes under this roller and is pressed by it. It gives the laid or wove appearance to the sheet, and when letters, figures, or other devices are worked in fine wire on its surface it produces the effect known as water-marking.

=De Luxe= (_g_).--A term applied to books manufactured with superior materials, and with unusual care and expense.

=Dead Matter= (_g_).--Type or plates for which there is no further use.

=Deckle-edges= (_g_).--The rough, natural edges of hand-made paper. Deckle-edges are also formed on two edges of machine-made paper. They are poorly imitated by cutting or tearing paper.

=Dedication= (_g_).--An address prefixed to a literary composition, inscribed to a patron or a friend as a mark of respect or affection.

=Deep Etching= (_e_).--Additional etching made necessary to secure proper printing depth where this cannot be accomplished by routing, and usually caused by the use of dense black lines, or line negatives and halftone negatives being combined in one plate.

=Dentelle= (_b_).--A fine, tooled border resembling lacework.

=Descending Letters= (_c_).--Letters that descend below the type body, as _g, p, q_, etc.

=Devil= (_g_).--The printer's errand boy or apprentice.

=Dies= (_b_).--Brass, zinc, or heavy electro plates used for embossing or stamping on covers the lettering and ornamental designs.

=Display= (_c_).--Composition in which different styles or sizes of type are used, such as on a title-page.

=Distributing= (_c_).--Returning types to their respective boxes.

=Divinity Calf= (_b_).--A dark-brown calf binding, decorated with blind-stamping and without gilding.

=Divinity Edges= (_b_).--See _Circuit Edges_.

=Doublé= (_b_).--The ornamented inside of the cover of a book, made with tooled leather, silk, or other material. Also termed _doublure_.

=Doubletone Ink= (_p_).--An ink in which the linseed oil medium, ordinarily transparent, is tinted with a lighter shade of the color. When this sinks into the paper, it automatically prints a second shade.

=Drop-folio= (_c_).--A page number, placed at the bottom of a page.

=Duck= (_b_).--Often called Canvas. A heavy cotton cloth, firmly woven and smooth. It is a desirable cloth for heavy books.

=Dummy= (_g_).--Pages of a book put together so as to show the general format of the finished book.

=Duodecimo= (_g_).--When a sheet of book paper is folded in twelve leaves it is called a duodecimo or 12mo.

=Duograph= (_e_).--Two halftone plates made from one copy, and usually printed in black and one tint, or two shades of the same color, the two plates made with different screen angles.

=Duotype= (_e_).--Two halftone plates made from one copy, both from the same negative and etched differently.

=Edition Work= (_b_).--Books bound in large numbers, as distinguished from single books or jobbing.

=Electrotype= (_el_).--A replica of composed type, plates, etc., forming a printing surface. This is produced by covering an impression made from the set type, etc., in wax or similar substance, with a galvanic coating of copper which is afterwards backed up by an alloy.

=Em= (_c_).--The square of any type body.

=Embossing= (_g_).--The process of stamping leather, cloth, or paper with a plate for the purpose of producing a raised or relief effect.

=Embossing Plate= (_e_).--A plate cut or etched below the surface for the purpose of raising the image of the printed surface.

=En= (_c_).--One half the width of an em body.

=Enameled Paper= (_g_).--See _Super-calendered Paper_.

=End-papers= (_b_).--Usually known to the public as _fly-leaves_. The white or colored sheets placed by the binder at the beginning and end of a volume, one-half being pasted down upon the inside of the cover.

=English= (_c_).--The old-style name of a size of type equal to 14-point.

=English Finish Paper= (_g_).--A finished-surface paper, with a duller surface than super-calendered.

=English Linen or Low Buckram= (_b_).--A linen cloth, highly polished, well colored and durable.

=Engraving= (_g_).--A picture or design cut or etched on metal or wood.

=Etching= (_e_).--A process of engraving in which the plate after being varnished is smoked, and the design or drawing is then cut through the varnish, afterwards being treated with acid which eats into the exposed parts of the metal.

=Extra Binding= (_b_).--A trade name for the hand-sewed and hand-bound book.

=Extra Cloths= (_b_).--These in the plain finish and the various patterns are largely used for binding works of fiction, and are among the most expensive grades of book cloth. The fabric is heavily coated with color, entirely concealing the weave, producing a solid color surface.

=Extract= (_g_).--A passage taken from a book or work; a quotation, excerpt, citation.

=Fanfare= (_b_).--A style of binding in which there is great profusion and repetition of flowers, foliage, and other small ornaments.

=Figure= (_b_).--A cut or diagram inserted in printed text.

=Fillet= (_b_).--A cylindrical instrument upon which simple lines are engraved, used in finishing.

(_c_).--A rule with broad or broad and narrow lines.

=Finisher= (_el_).--A workman who performs the final operations in plate-making.

(_b_).--The workman who does hand-tooling, and performs the final operation or finishing on extra-bound books.

=Finishing= (_b_).--The part of a binder's work which consists in lettering and ornamenting the cover.

=FL Pattern= (_b_).--Embossing known as Fancy Line. A special design and very popular for diaries, blank books, and other similar lines.

=Flexible= (_b_).--When a book is sewed on raised bands and the sewing thread passed entirely around each band. A term applied also to the covers of the book, as for example, _full flexible_ or entirely _limp_ or _semi-flexible_, when a thin board or heavy paper is used in making the cover.

=Floret= (_c_).--A flower or leaf-shaped ornament.

=Fly-Leaves= (_b_).--The leaves at the beginning and end of a book. See _End-papers_.

=Foil= (_b_).--A special product, neither gold nor ink, used in stamping the lettering and ornamentation on covers.

=Folder= (_b_).--A mechanism for folding book and periodical sheets. A small flat piece of bone or ivory used in folding and in other ways. The first is more properly called a folding machine.

=Folio= (_g_).--A sheet of book paper of approximately 18 × 24 inches size when folded in two leaves is called a folio.

(_c_).--A page number.

=Follow Copy= (_c_).--Means that the compositor should follow exactly the copy supplied by the author or publisher as regards punctuation, capitals, etc.

=Font= (_c_).--A complete assortment of types of one size.

=Footnote= (_g_).--A reference or explanation at the bottom of a page. As a rule this is set in type several sizes smaller than that of the text.

=Fore-Edge= (_b_).--The outer side of a book.

=Form= (_g_).--A page or number of pages or plates locked up in a chase ready for the press.

=Format= (_g_).--The bibliographical term for the physical size, shape, and appearance of a book.

=Forwarding= (_b_)--An expression covering the operations performed in binding a book by hand up to the time when it is sent to the finisher for tooling, etc.

=Foul Case= (_c_).--When the type is badly mixed up in the case by distributing, the case is called _foul_ or _dirty_.

=Foul Proof= (_c_).--A proof-sheet containing the author's corrections.

=Foundry= (_el_).--The department where the electrotypes are made from the types set in page form.

=Foundry Proof= (_c_).--A proof of the type page after it has been corrected and is ready for an electrotype cast to be made from it. Sometimes called _Cast Proof_.

=Four-color Process Plates= (_e_).--Same as the three-color process (_q.v._), with the addition of a gray or black plate.

=Frame= (_c_).--A stand to support the type cases when used by the compositor.

=French Morocco= (_b_).--A quality of Levant Morocco, having usually a less prominent grain.

=Front Matter= (_g_).--That which precedes the main text of a printed book; e.g., Bastard-title, title-page, contents, preface, etc.

=Full Binding= (_b_).--A book which is entirely covered with leather is said to be full-bound.

=Full Face= (_c_).--See _Bold Face_.

=Full Gilt= (_b_).--A book having the edges of the leaves gilded on head, front, and tail is said to be _full gilt_.

=Furniture= (_g_).--Pieces of wood and metal for filling blank spaces in pages, and between and around pages in a form, etc.

=Galley= (_c_).--The shallow tray, either all brass, or wood, brass, or zinc, made in many sizes, used to hold type after the lines have been taken from the composing stick; usually has a thin brass bottom with three perpendicular sides a little more than half an inch high.

=Galley Press= (_c_).--A roller apparatus for taking proofs of type while on the galley.

=Galley Proof= (_c_).--An impression from the type while still in the galley.

=Galley Rack= (_c_).--A receptacle for galleys when filled with set type.

=Gathering= (_b_).--Collecting the folded sheets of a book according to the order of the signatures and pagination.

=Gauge= (_c_).--A piece of wood or metal to determine the length of pages. Also a piece of wood, card, or metal (usually a quad) pasted to the tympan sheet as a guide to feed sheets to; a feed-guide.

=Get In= (_c_).--To take a word or syllable into the line by thin-spacing.

=Glair= (_b_).--The whites of eggs beaten up and used in finishing and gilding the edges of the leaves.

=Goffered Edge= (_b_).--An indented, decorative design on the edges of a book. An old fashion in bookbinding, applied to gilded or silvered edges.

=Gordon Press= (_p_).--A small, platen printing-machine used for job printing.

=Gothic= (_c_).--The simplest of all styles of type. It is without serif and evidently an imitation of the old lapidary characters of the Greeks and Romans.

=Grain= (_b_).--The outer side of a piece of leather from which the hair has been removed.

=Great Primer= (_c_).--The old-style name of a size of type equal to 18-point.

=Grippers= (_p_).--On a job press, the iron fingers attached to the platen which take the sheet off the form after each impression; on printing cylinders, the apparatus which catches and carries the sheet around to the impression.

=Guarded Signatures= (_b_).--Signatures with cambric pasted around the outside back edge for the purpose of strengthening the paper and binding. Often done on the first and last signatures of a book because of the extra strain at those points.