Part 7
In French, a forename is sometimes joined to a surname by a hyphen. In such cases make the entry under the family name, with a cross-reference from the forename: e.g., entry, _Rochette, Désiré Raoul_; cross-reference, _Raoul-Rochette, Désiré_. See _Rochette_.
(_c_) In foreign compound names of women also, although the first part is usually the maiden name and the second the husband's name, the entry should generally be under the first, with a cross-reference from the second[51]: e.g., _Rivé-King_, with cross-reference from _King, born Rivé_.
Index surnames preceded by prefixes:
(_a_) In French and Belgian, under the prefix when it is or contains an article, _Le, La, L', Du, Des_; under the word following when the prefix is a preposition, _de, d'_: e.g., _Des Essarts, Du Cange, La Fontaine, Le Sage, L'Estoille_; but _Charlevoix, P. F. X. de_; _Estrées, Mme d'_.
_La_ and _Le_ are often, _Des_ is usually, and _Les_ is almost without exception printed as one word with the name following, as _Lafontaine, Lesage, Lesdiguières_; _de_ and _d'_ are sometimes so printed; when they are, enter under the _D_: e.g., _Debucourt, Decamps, Delisle_; but _Bucourt, A. de_, _Camps, C. de_, _Lisle, J. de_.
(_b_) In English, under the prefix, no matter from what language the name is derived, with cross-references when necessary: e.g., _De Quincey_, _Van Buren_.
(_c_) In all other languages, under the name following the prefix, with cross-references whenever the name has been commonly used in English with the prefix, as _Del Rio_, _Vandyck, Van Ess_: e.g. _Gama, Vasco da_, _Goethe, J. W. von_.
But when the name is printed as one word, entry is made under the prefix, as _Vanderhaeghen_.
(_d_) Naturalized names with prefixes are to be treated by the rules of the nation adopting them.
Thus German names preceded by _von_, when belonging to Russians, are to be entered under _Von_, as this is the Russian custom. So when Dutch names compounded with _van_ are adopted into French or English (as _Van Laun_) the _Van_ is treated as part of the family name.
Prefixes are _d', de, de La_ (the name goes under _La_ not _de_), _Des, Du, L', La, Le, Les, St, Ste_ (to be arranged as if written _Saint, Sainte_), _da, dal, dalla, dalle, dai, dagli, del, della, delle, dei_ (_dé_ or _de_), _degli, da, dos_, _das, ten, ter, thor, Van, vander, van't, ver, am, auf, auf'm, aus, aus'm, in, im, von, vom, zu, zum, zur, A', Ap, O', Fitz, Mac_ (which is to be printed as it is in the title, whether _M'_, or _Mc_, or _Mac_, but to be arranged as if written _Mac_).
Index names of capes, lakes, mountains, rivers, forts, etc., beginning with _Cape_, _Lake_, _Mt._, etc., under the word following the prefix, but when the name is itself used as a prefix, do not transpose _Cape_, etc., nor in such names as _Isle of the Woods_, _Isles of Shoals_; but there is more reason for writing _France, Isle de_; _Man, Isle of_; _Wight, Isle of_: e.g., _Cod, Cape_; _George, Lake_; _Washington, Mt._; _Moultrie, Fort_; but _Cape Breton Island_. When the name of a fort becomes the name of a city, of course the inversion must be abandoned, as _Fort Wayne_.
Forenames are to be used in the form employed by their owners, however unusual, as _Will Carleton, Sally (Pratt) McLean, Hans Droysen, Fritz Reuter_.
Give names of places in the English form. (Cross-reference from the vernacular, if necessary): e.g., _Munich_ not _Muenchen_ or _München_, _Vienna_ not _Wien_, _Austria_ not _Oesterreich_.
But if both the English and the foreign forms are used by English writers, prefer the foreign form: e.g., _Dauphiné_ rather than _Dauphiny_.
Use the modern name of a city and cross-reference to it from the ancient, provided its existence has been continuous and there is no doubt as to the identity.
Distinctive epithets are to be in the same language as the name: e.g.,
_Kniaz, fürst von, Freiherr zu, duc de Magenta, Bishop of Lincoln, évêque de Meaux_; but _Emperor of Germany, King of France_, not _kaiser_ and _roi_, when names of sovereign princes are given in English. Treat in the same way patronymics habitually joined with a person's name; as, _Clemens Alexandrinus_.
Prefixes (i.e., titles which in speaking come before the name), as _Hon., Mrs., Rev._, etc., should in the heading be placed before the Christian name (as _Smith, Capt. John_), and suffixes as _Jr., D.D., LL.D._, after it (as _Channing, James Ellery, D.D._).
Hereditary titles generally follow the Christian name, as _Derby, Thomas Stanley, 1st earl of_; but British courtesy titles (i.e., those given to the younger sons of dukes and marquesses) precede, as _Wellesley, Lord Charles (2d son of the Duke of Wellington)_. In other languages than English, French, and German the title usually precedes the forename; as, _Alfieri, Conte Vittorio_. Occasionally a French nobleman uniformly places his title before his forenames; as, _Gasparin, Comte Agénor de_.
_Lord_ should be replaced by the exact title in the names of English noblemen: e.g., Lord Macaulay should be entered as _Macaulay, 1st baron_. _Lord_ in the title of Scotch judges follows the family name; as, _Kames, H. Home, afterwards Lord_.
The title Baronet is given in the form _Scott, Sir Walter, bart._
Patronymic phrases, as _of Dedham_, follow all the names; but they must immediately follow the family name when they are always used in close connection with it, as _Girault de St. Farjeau, Eusèbe_; similarly _aîné_, _fils_, _jeune_, as _Dumas fils, Alexandre_; _Didot fils, Ambroise_. Latin appellatives should not in general be separated from their nouns by a comma; as, _Caesar Heisterbacensis_.
The name of a king's wife should be written thus: _Charlotte, Queen, consort of George III of England_. _Anne Boleyn Queen, 2d consort of Henry VIII of England._
=Countries and places:=
Index under countries or places important events relating to them: e.g., _Montreal, Cartier's description of houses at_. Also make reference under name: e.g., _Cartier, description of houses at Montreal_.
Enter congresses of several nations under the name of the place of meeting (as that usually gives them their name), with cross-references from the nations taking part in them, and from any name by which they are popularly known: e.g., the _Congress of London, of Paris, of Verona, International Peace Congress at the Hague_.
Enter treaties under the name of each of the contracting parties, with a cross-reference from the name of the place of negotiation, when the treaty is commonly called by that name, and from any other usual appellation: e.g., treaty of _Versailles_, _Barrier_ treaty, _Jay's_ treaty.
=Parties and sects:=
Enter the official publications of any political party or religious denomination or order, under the name of the party, or denomination, or order: e.g.,
Platforms, manifestoes, addresses, etc., go under _Democratic Party, Republican Party_, etc.
Confessions of faith, creeds, catechisms, liturgies, breviaries, missals, hours, offices, prayer books, etc., go under _Baptists, Benedictines, Catholic Church, Church of England, Friends_, etc.
That part of a body which belongs to any place should be entered under the name of the body, not the place: e.g., _Congregationalists in New England_, _Congregationalists in Massachusetts_, not _New England Congregationalists_, _Massachusetts Congregationalists_. But cross-references must be made from the place (indeed in cases like _Massachusetts Convention_, _Essex Conference_, it may be doubted whether those well-known names should not be the headings).
Enter corporations and quasi corporations, both English and foreign, under their names as they read, neglecting an initial article or serial number when there is one.
Enter orders of knighthood, both those of medieval times and their honorary modern equivalents, under the significant word of the English title: e.g., _Garter, Order of the_; _Malta, Knights of_; _Templars, Knights_; _Teutonic Order_; _Freemasons_. But the American Knights Templars, being merely a division of the Freemasons, belong under _Freemasons_; so of other regular masonic bodies.
The colleges of an English university and the unnamed professional schools of an American university go under the university's name. Such professional schools, if they have a distinctive name, particularly if at a distance from the university, or for any other reason less closely connected with it, go under their own name: e.g., _Oxford University, Magdalen College_; _Harvard University, Veterinary School_; but _Barnard College, Columbia University_; _Radcliffe College, Harvard University_; _Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University_.
College libraries go under the name of the college: e.g., _Harvard College, University Library_. But the Bodleian Library may be put under _Bodleian_.
Local college societies go under the name of the college; intercollegiate societies and Greek letter fraternities under their own names: e.g., Φ B K _A, of Harvard_.
Alumni and Alumnæ associations go under the name of the school or college: e.g., _Harvard Alumni Association of New York_.
Schools supported by public taxation go under the name of the city or town maintaining them, whether they have an individual name or not.
When a corporation is much less known by the first words of its name than by a later part, enter under the later part: e.g., _Christian Endeavor, Young People's Society of_.
Enter guilds under the name of the trade: e.g., _Stationers Company_, not _Master and Keepers or Wardens and Commonality of the Mystery and Art of Stationers of the City of London_, which is the corporate title.
Enter bodies whose legal name begins with such words as _Board_, _Corporation_, _Trustees_ under that part of the name by which they are usually known: e.g., Trustees of the _Eastern Dispensary_; President and Fellows of _Harvard College_; Proprietors of the _Boston Athenæum_; Contributors to the _Asylum for the Relief of Persons Deprived of their Reason_. Cross-reference from the first word of the legal name.
Enter the name of a firm under the family name rather than the forename, and do not fill out the forenames: e.g., _Friedlander und Sohn, Raphael_, not under _Raphael_; _Stokes, F. A. Co._, not _Stokes, Frederick A. Co._
The consulter is much more likely to remember the family than the Christian name. Whether the Christian name is written at the end or thus, _Town (John)_ and _Bowers (Henry)_, all firms should be arranged after all the other entries of the first family name, i.e., _Friedlander und Sohn_ after all the _Friedlanders_.
This rule might be extended to include corporations, colleges, libraries, etc., whose legal names include forenames. Entry under a forename, as _Silas Bronson Library_, and especially under initials, as _T. B. Scott Public Library_, is awkward. But the public habit is not yet sufficiently settled to justify an exception.
Enter the universities of the European continent and of Central and South America under the name of the place; all other societies under _Königliche_, _Herzogliche_, etc.
Cross-reference from the first word in the university names and from the place of societies.
A few learned academies, commonly called by the names of the cities where they are established, may be entered under the place with a cross-reference from the name. These are _Berlin, Göttingen, Leipzig, Lisbon, Madrid, Munich, St. Petersburg, Vienna_.
Enter national libraries, museums, and galleries, as well as libraries, museums, and galleries instituted or supported by a city, under the place, provided they have not a distinctive name.
Example of place: _Paris Bibliothèque Nationale_. _Boston Public Library._
Example of name: _Berkshire Athenæum_; _Boston Athenæum_; _British Museum_; _Forbes Library_; _Marucceliana, Biblioteca_; _Reuben Hoar Public Library_.
Enter observatories under the name of the place: e.g., _Greenwich, Observatory_. _Pulkowa, Sternwarte_; except that:
(_a_) University observatories go under the university: e.g., _Harvard College. Astronomical Observatory, at Cambridge._ (Cross-reference from _Cambridge_.)
(_b_) Any observatory having an individual name may go under that: e.g., _Lick Observatory_, _Yerkes Observatory_.
Enter expositions under the place where they were held: e.g.,
_Buffalo, Pan-American Exposition, 1901_; _Chicago, World's Columbian Exposition, 1893_; _New Orleans, World's Industrial and Cotton Centennial Exhibition, 1884-85_; _Philadelphia, Centennial Exhibition, 1876_.
Cross-reference from an individual name.
Enter American State universities and State historical, agricultural and medical societies, whether supported by the State or not, under the name of the State, unless they are better known by a distinctive name. The State's name usually enters into the name of these societies and they are known outside of the State by its name. Cross-reference when necessary.
Enter churches under the name of the place.
Single churches have usually been entered under the place, a practice which arose in American indexes from our way of naming churches "The First Church in----," "The Second Church of----," etc., and applies very well to a majority of English churches, whose name generally includes the name of the parish. It is more in accordance with indexing principles to limit the local entry of churches to _First Church_, etc., and those which have only the name of the town or parish, and to put all others (as _St. Sepulchre's_, _St. Mary Aldermansbury_) under their names, as they read, and to treat convents and monasteries in the same way; but the convenience of having a single definite rule has been held to outweigh in this case the claims of consistency.
The parishes of London (as _Kensington_, _Marylebone_, _Southwark_), like the parts of Boston (_Dorchester_, _Roxbury_, etc.), or of any other composite city, would be put under their own names, not under the name of the city.
A few cathedrals generally known by some other name may be entered under it: e.g., _St. Paul's, London; Notre Dame, Paris; St. Peter's, Rome; St. Sophia, Constantinople_.
Put monasteries and convents, like churches, under the place, unless better known by the name.
National banks designated merely by number (as _First National Bank of Boston_) go under the name of the place.
Young men's Christian associations, mercantile library associations, and the like, should have local entry.
Private schools having no distinctive name go under the name of the proprietor.
Private libraries, galleries and museums go under the name of the proprietor.
Buildings are for the most part provided for in the above rules, as museums, galleries, libraries, churches, etc. Any others should be entered under their names, with a cross-reference from the city.
Headings like _Charles_, _George_, _Henry_, when very numerous, must be divided into classes, in this order: Saints, Popes, Emperors, Kings, Princes, and Noblemen, others. The Saints are sub-arranged by their usual appellatives, the Popes by their number, Sovereigns and Sovereign princes in alphabetical order of countries, and under countries numerically. Other persons are sub-arranged by their usual appellatives, neglecting the prepositions:[52] e.g.,
_Peter_, Saint. _Peter_, Pope. _Peter_, the Great, Emperor of Russia. _Peter II_, of Aragon. _Peter III_, of Aragon. _Peter I_, of Portugal. _Peter_, Duke of Newcastle. _Peter_, of Groningen, enthusiast. See _Pieter_. _Peter_, John Henry. _Peter, Lake._ _Peter, Mt._ _Peter-Hansen_, Erik. _Peter_ Lewis, a true tale.
When there are two appellatives coming in different parts of the alphabet, cross-reference from the rejected one, as _Thomas Cantuariensis_. See _Thomas Becket_.
Arrange in two alphabets names that differ slightly in spelling and come close together in the alphabet: e.g.,
_Brown_ and _Browne_, and the French names beginning with _Saint_ and _Sainte_. As readers may not always know the spelling of the author's name, cross-references should be made: e.g., _Brown_. See also _Browne_.
Arrange by the forename headings in which the family name is the same.
No attention is to be paid to prefixes, as _Bp., Capt., Dr., Hon., Sir, Fräulein, Miss, Mlle., Mme., Mrs._, or to suffixes, as _D.D., F.R.S., LL.D._, etc.
When the forenames are the same, arrange chronologically.
No attention is to be paid to the titles _Sir_, etc.: e.g., _Bart, T. L._, comes before _Bart, Thomas_, for the same reason that _Bart_ comes before _Barta_.
Forenames not generally used should be neglected in the arrangement.
When an author is generally known by one of several forenames he will be looked for by that alone, and that alone should determine the arrangement. The form should be _Harte, Bret_ (in full _Francis Bret_), or _Harte, Bret_ (i.e., _Francis Bret_).
Make cross-references whenever the omission of a name will change the alphabetical arrangement, as from _Müller, F. Max_, to _Müller, Max_.
When there are two names exactly the same, add dates if available: e.g., _Franklin, John (d. 1759)_; _Franklin, John (d. 1863)_.
If an author uses both the shorter and the longer forms in different works, and yet is decidedly better known by the shorter, arrange by that.
Arrange a nobleman's title, under which entry is made, and the name of a bishop's see, from which reference is made to the family name, among the personal names, not with the places: e.g.,
_London_, Alfred. _London_, David, bp. of. _London_, John. _London_, Conn. _London_, Eng. not _London_, John. _London_, David, bp. of. _London_, Conn. nor _London_, John. _London_, Conn. _London_, David, bp. of. _London_, Eng.
_Danby_, John. _Danby_, Thomas _Osborne_, earl of. _Danby_, Wm. _Danby_, Eng. _Holland_, C. _Holland_, 3d baron (H: R. Vassal Fox). _Holland_, 4th baron (H: E. Vassal Fox). _Holland_ (the country).
The possessive case singular should be arranged with the plural: e.g.,
_Bride_ of Lammermoor. _Brides_ and bridals. _Bride's_ choice. _Boys'_ and girls' book. _Boy's_ King Arthur. _Boys_ of '76.
Arrange Greek and Latin personal names by their patronymics or other appellatives: e.g.,
_Dionysius._ _Dionysius_ Areopagita. _Dionysius_ Chalcidensis. _Dionysius_ Genuensis.
Arrange English personal and place names compounded with prefixes as single words; also those foreign names in which the prefix is not transposed: e.g.,
_Demonstration._ _De Montfort._ _Demophilus._ _De Morgan._ _Demosthenes._
Other such names are _Ap Thomas, Des Barres, Du Chaillu, Fitz Allen, La Motte Fouqué, Le Sage, Mac Fingal, O'Neal, Saint-Réal, Sainte-Beuve, Van Buren_.
This is the universal custom, founded on the fact that the prefixes are often not separated in printing from the following part of the name. It would, of course, be wrong to have _Demorgan_ in one place and _De Morgan_ in another.
Arrange proper names beginning with _M', Mc, St., Ste._ as if spelled _Mac, Saint, Sainte_.
Because they are so pronounced. But _L'_ is not arranged as _La_ or _Le_, nor _O'_ as if it stood for _Of_, because they are not so pronounced.
Arrange compound names of places as separate words, except those beginning with prefixes: e.g.,
_New_, John. _New Hampshire._ _New_ legion of Satan. _New Sydenham Society._ _New York._ _Newark._ _Newfoundland._ _Newspapers._ not _New_, John. _New_ legion of Satan. _Newark._ _Newfoundland._ _New Hampshire._ _Newspapers._ _New Sydenham Society._ _New York._
Arrange personal names compounded of two names with or without a hyphen after the first name, but before the next longer word: e.g.,
_Fonte_, Bart. de. _Fonte Resbecq_, Auguste. _Fontenay_, Louis. _Fontenay Mareuil_, François.
Arrange names of societies as separate words.
See _New Sydenham Society_ in the list above.
Arrange hyphened words as if separate: e.g.,
_Happy_ home. _Happy-Thought_ Hall. _Happy_ thoughts. _Home_ and hearth. _Home_ rule. _Homely_ traits. _Homer._ _Sing_, pseud. _Sing_, James. _Sing_, James, pseud. _Sing-Sing Prison._ _Singapore._ _Singing._ _Grave and Reverend Club._ _Grave County._ _Grave Creek._ _Grave-digger._ _Grave-mounds._ _Grave_ objections. _Grave de Mézeray_, Antoine. _Gravel._ _Gravestone._ _Graveyard._ _Out_ and about. _Out_ in the cold, a song. _Out-of-door_ Parliament. _Outer_ darkness, The.
Arrange pseudonyms after the corresponding real name: e.g.,
_Andrew_, pseud. _Andrew_, St. _Andrew_, St., pseud. _Andrew_, John. _Andrew_, John, pseud. _Andrew_, John Albion.
Arrange incomplete names by the letters. When the same letters are followed by different signs, if there are no forenames, arrange in the order of the complexity of signs; but if there are forenames, arrange by them: i.e., put a dot before a line, a line before a star (three lines crossing), etc.: e.g.,
_Far_ from the world. _Far_ ... _Far_ *** _Far_, *** B. F. _Far_ ..., J. B. _Farr_, John.
The arrangement of title-entries is first by the heading words; if they are the same, then by the next word; if that is the same, by the next; and so on. Every word, articles and prepositions included, is to be regarded, but not a transposed article: e.g.,
_Uncovenanted_ Mercies. _Under_ a Cloud. _Under_ the Ban. _Under_ the Greenwood Tree; a novel. _Under_ the Greenwood Tree; a poem. _Under_ Which King. _Undone_ Task, The. _Undone_ Task Done.[53]
It makes no difference whether the words are connected with one another in sense or not; the searcher should not be compelled to think of that. Let the arrangement be by words as ordinarily printed. Thus _Home Rule_ is one idea but it is two words, and its place must be determined primarily by its first word _Home_, which brings it before _Homeless_. If it were printed _Homerule_ it would come after _Homeless_. Similarly _Art Amateur_ is one phrase, but as the first word _Art_ is followed by a word beginning with _am_, it must come before _Art_ and _Artists_, although its parts are more closely connected than the parts of the latter phrase.
The French _d'_ and _l'_ are not to be treated as part of the following word: e.g.,
_Art d'économiser._ _Art d'être grandpère._ _Art d'instruire._ _Art de faire._ _Art de l'instruction._ _Art de linguistique._ _Art des mines._ _Art digne._ not _Art de faire._ _Art de linguistique._ _Art de l'instruction._ _Art d'économiser._ _Art des mines._ _Art d'être grandpère._ _Art digne._ _Art d'instruire._
Arrange titles beginning with numeral figures as if the figures were written out in the language of the rest of the title: e.g.,
100 deutscher Männer--Ein hundert deutsche Männer; 1812--Mil huit cent douze.
Arrange abbreviations as if spelled in full, but elisions as they are printed: e.g.,
_Dr., M., Mlle., Mme., Mr., Mrs., St., as Doctor, Monsieur, Mademoiselle, Madame, Mister, Mistress, Saint_.
But _Who'd be a king?_ _Who killed Cock Robin?_ _Who's to blame?_
Care must be taken not to mix two subjects together because their names are spelled in the same way.