Part 6

===================================================== | Abbreviated | Pages | Watermarks Name | to | to one | in | | sheet | hand-made ------------------+-------------+--------+----------- Folio | Fo. | 4 | Vertical Quarto | 4to | 8 | Horizontal Octavo | 8vo | 16 | Vertical Duodecimo | 12mo | 24 | Horizontal Sextodecimo | 16mo | 32 | Horizontal Octodecimo | 18mo | 36 | Vertical Vigesimo-quarto | 24mo | 48 | Vertical Trigesimo-secundo | 32mo | 64 | Vertical ------------------+-------------+--------+-----------

OCTAVOS

Foolscap 6¾ × 4¼ may become Crown 7½ × 5 inches Crown 7½ × 5 " " Demy 8¾ × 5⅝ Post 8 × 5 " " Medium 9½ × 6 Demy 8¾ × 5⅝ " " Royal 10 × 6¼ Medium 9½ × 6 " " Super Royal 10¼ × 6⅞ Royal 10 × 6¼ " " Imperial 11 × 7½

QUARTOS

Foolscap 8½ × 6¾ may become Crown 10 × 7½ inches Crown 10 × 7½ " " Demy 11¼ × 8¾ Post 10 × 8 " " Medium 12 × 9½ Demy 11¼ × 8¾ " " Royal 12½ × 10 Medium 12 × 9½ " " Super Royal 13¾ × 10¼ Royal 12½ × 10 " " Imperial 15 × 11

Pott 15½ × 12½ Foolscap 17 × 13½ Crown 20 × 15 Post 20 × 16 Demy 22½ × 17½ Medium 24 × 19 Double Pott 25 × 15½ Royal 25 × 20 Double Foolscap 27 × 17 Super Royal 27½ × 20½ Double Crown 30 × 20 Imperial 30 × 22 Double Post 32 × 20 Columbia 34½ × 23½ Atlas 36 × 26

Octavo Quarto Pott 6¼ × 3⅞ 7¾ × 6¼ Foolscap 6¾ × 4¼ 8½ × 6¾ Crown 7½ × 5 10 × 7½ Post 8 × 5 10 × 8 Demy 8¾ × 5⅝ 11¼ × 8¾ Medium 9½ × 6 12 × 9½ Royal 10 × 6¼ 12¼ × 10 Super Royal 10¼ × 6⅞ 13¾ × 10¼ Imperial 11 × 7½ 15 × 11

MARGINS

A feature not to be overlooked in the appearance of a well-printed book is that of the margins. The perfect type-page is supposed to be proportioned in such a way that its diagonal is twice its width. With this page as a basis, the location of the type upon the paper leaf is to be studied carefully. In general, the two pages, right and left, should be considered as a unit, and the top margin and the inside margin of each page should be approximately the same. Doing this, the total blank between the two pages is supposed approximately to equal the outside and the bottom margins.

The proportion of margin is, to a certain extent, dependent upon the size of the book, the margins becoming greater as the volume increases from the thirty-two mo size up to the folio. A student of typography has ingeniously estimated that, taking the height of the paper leaf as 100 units, the height of the type page of the ordinary trade book should be from 72% to 75%; that of a library edition, from 66% to 71%; that of a de luxe volume, from 60% to 65%.

MAKING THE INDEX

EVERY book of a permanent nature, or intended as a work of reference, requires an index. The length of the Index, or its minuteness, depends upon the nature of the subject treated, and the importance of making it easily available to the reader. The Index belongs to the same family as the Table of Contents, and the Topical Analyses often placed at the beginning of each chapter: the Contents gives a general idea of the divisions into which the author has separated his subject; the Topical Analyses still further divide each chapter; and the Index is ordinarily still more minute, with the further advantage of having its references arranged in alphabetical order.

The proper person to make an index is, first of all, the author of the book, provided that he possesses the natural characteristics. It does not at all naturally follow, however, that all authors are competent to do this, for the art of indexing is not as simple as many superficially suppose. The author should be the one best fitted, because he knows better than any reader the exact meaning each of his sentences is intended to convey,--and this meaning should be expressed in the index. The ideal index is that which gives every topic, thought, or reference contained in the book itself, without a single superfluous word, and with no description or comment.

To make an index requires a quick grasp of the idea contained in each sentence or paragraph, an immediate discernment of the main thought, an instinctive classification, absolute accuracy in translating this thought into its briefest expression, ability to condense, and a sensing of the reader's needs in adequate cross-references. All this demands a mind more logical and more sensitive to codified detail than is possessed by many able writers. Under these circumstances, it is desirable to place the making of the index in the hands of one possessing these qualifications, either instinctively or as a result of experience.

Every publishing-house and most printing establishments of any consequence are in a position to have indexes prepared when required, but the danger is always present that the indexer, approaching his subject from the outside, will fail to place himself sufficiently in the author's attitude, and thus lessen the value of his work. It is most desirable, in order to prevent this, that the author carefully inspect the index while in manuscript. He can thus detect possible departures in the indexer's condensed expression of his own thought.

The following rules and suggestions are given with a twofold object in mind: _first_, to prevent those authors who possess the necessary qualifications from avoiding the preparation of their own indexes because of unfamiliarity with the technical details; _second_, to enable authors intelligently to criticize the form as well as the matter of those indexes which are prepared for their volumes by other hands.

WHAT TO INDEX

The closeness with which a book is to be indexed depends partly upon the nature of its contents and partly upon the ideas of the author or publisher. Some indexes contain only the page references; some are so analytical that a reader can gain an excellent idea of the subject-matter itself. These, however, represent the two extremes. The ordinary index aims to give every reference necessary to enable the reader to locate easily the subject-matter for which he searches, but not a synopsis of that subject-matter. The entries should cover, then, with more or less minuteness, as desired, the following:

(_a_) Proper names, whether of persons, places, religious or political bodies, etc. (_b_) Events and periods. (_c_) Titles of books to which reference is made. (_d_) Specific topics or subjects. (_e_) Definitions. (_f_) Vital statements.

PLAN

The indexer should decide definitely in his mind just what his procedure is to be before actually beginning work. At first, it is well to make the index too full rather than the reverse, as it is easier to cut out than to fill in. Most important of all, he must be sure that the matter to be indexed is clearly understood before he attempts to transcribe the idea. The character of the book to be indexed must be carefully considered, taking into account the class of people who will probably consult it, and the lines on which they will probably seek information.

Judgment is required in deciding whether it is wise to choose the exact words of the author or to condense the idea into other words. In technical books, the exact wording is sometimes essential, but otherwise it is more important to express the _idea_ than the exact terms in which it is expressed.

Always prefer simple words and expressions to those which are unusual and cumbersome.

Omit every unessential word.

When the book being indexed is one written upon a specific subject, this main subject should not be indexed unless necessary to indicate some reference for which a searcher would look. Ordinarily, the Contents covers this point rather than the Index.

Bear in mind particularly the two extremes: the importance of including every reference necessary to enable the searcher to find what he wishes without delay or confusion, the mistake of overloading the index with useless entries.

Use ink, as pencil entries often become illegible.

Write plainly, and do not try to economize space in preparing the copy.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

=Subject=: includes events, places, persons, facts, definitions or topics: e.g., _Boston, 7_; _Bonnet, Father, 155_; _Huron Mission, plans for, 129_; _Onontio, meaning of, 102_; _Absolutism, contest with liberty, 274._

=Heading=: the word or words used by the indexer to express the subject or idea. In the examples above, the headings are _Boston_, _Bonnet_, _Father_, _Onontio_, etc.

=Entry=: the amplification of the Heading, with the addition of the supplementary phrase. In the example above, the entry is _Absolutism, contest with liberty_, the supplementary phrase being _contest with liberty_.

=Cross-reference=: a heading referring to an entry: e.g., _Michabou._ See _Manabozho_.

PROCEDURE

Having settled upon a definite plan, the indexer seats himself at a good-sized table, and lays out his materials in front of him. After testing every possible method, the present writer strongly urges the use of individual slips of paper, about 2½ inches by 4 inches. Arranged within easy reach in front of the indexer, but leaving room for the proof-sheets, should be twenty small pasteboard boxes,[48] a little larger than the slips themselves.[48] On the inside bottom of each box mark a letter of the alphabet, combining O and Q, U and V, and X Y Z. As soon as a slip is written, throw it into its proper box, and continue throughout the work. It is a false economy to search out the slips for subsequent entries, unless they can be easily found, as it is a simple matter at the end to combine the several slips which belong to the same heading.

Here are sample slips, showing a heading which requires full entries and one to which the text contains fewer references. The first shows a slip on which the various entries have been combined:

+-------------------------------------------------------+ | Andastes, the, 5; location and characteristics of, | | 36; synonyms of, 36; plans for converting, 130; | | war with Mohawks, 147; Hurons ask aid from, | | 162; mortal quarrel with Mohawks, 163; promise | | to aid Hurons, 163; Huron fugitives try to reach, | | 240, 250; Mohawks first to bear brunt of war | | with, 268; receive aid from Swedish colonists, 268; | | attack Senecas, 269; courage their only strength | | 270; finally overborne by Senecas, 270. | +-------------------------------------------------------+

This slip shows the method of indexing a work in more than one volume:

+-------------------------------------------------+ | James, Edwin, gives account of Nanabush, i. 67; | | on Indian ideas of another life, ii. 79. | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------+

In the rules which follow, the basis adopted is "Cutter's Rules for a Dictionary Catalogue,"[49] prepared for library cataloguing. Such portion as applies to book indexing has been freely drawn upon, adapted and added to from the present writer's experience.

ARRANGEMENT

When, under a single entry, there are both subject-references and references by folios only, place the folio-references together at the end of the entry, following the subject-references.

Arrange entries according to the English alphabet, whatever the order of the alphabet in which a foreign name might have been entered in its original language.

Arrange German names spelled with the vowels ä, ö, ü as if spelled ae, oe, ue, but retain the form employed by the author.

When the same word serves for several kinds of entries, the order should be as follows: person, place, subject, title: e.g., (1) _Brown, G. F._ (person). (2) _Brown Village_ (place). (3) _Brown-tail Moth_ (subject). (4) _Brown Family, the_ (title).

Forenames precede surnames: e.g., _Francis I_ precedes _Francis, Charles_.

ADJECTIVE-HEADINGS

In general, a noun or a substantive phrase should be selected for the heading, but when an adjective forms part of a name or well-known term, the entry should include it: e.g., _Alimentary canal, hereditary genius, perpetual motion_, etc.

SUBJECT-MATTER

It is not possible to formulate rules for indexing subject-matter as definitely as has already been done with names, places, etc. The judgment of the indexer and his analytical skill will be called fully into play. The effort should be to express in the index, in the clearest yet briefest form, the _idea_ which the author has amplified in his text. As an aid to the nature and form of the entries, a page of text is shown on the opposite page, and the entries which would appear in the index from this page, are given below. This is what would be considered as a medium full index:

Bressani, Joseph, tortured by Iroquois, 73; life spared by Iroquois, 73; sent to Fort Orange, 73; ransomed by Dutch, 73; sent to Rochelle, 73.

Dutch, the, ransom Bressani, 73.

Indian Torture, See _Torture, Indian_.

Iroquois Indians, the, torture Bressani, 73; spare Bressani's life, 73.

Jogues, Isaac, referred to, 73.

Orange, Fort, Bressani sent to, 73.

Rochelle, Bressani sent to, 73.

Torture, Indian, Bressani by the Iroquois, 73.

ESCAPE OF BRESSANI 73

march of several days,--during which Bressani, in wading a rocky stream, fell from exhaustion and was nearly drowned,--they reached an Iroquois town. It is needless to follow the revolting details of the new torments that succeeded. They hung him by the feet with chains; placed food for their dogs on his naked body, that they might lacerate him as they ate; and at last had reduced his emaciated frame to such a condition that even they themselves stood in horror of him. "I could not have believed," he writes to his Superior, "that a man was so hard to kill." He found among them those who, from compassion or from a refinement of cruelty, fed him, for he could not feed himself. They told him jestingly that they wished to fatten him before putting him to death.

The council that was to decide his fate met on the nineteenth of June, when to the prisoner's amazement, and, as it seemed, to their own surprise, they resolved to spare his life. He was given, with due ceremony, to an old woman, to take the place of a deceased relative; but since he was as repulsive, in his mangled condition as, by the Indian standard, he was useless, she sent her son with him to Fort Orange, to sell him to the Dutch. With the same humanity which they had shown in the case of Jogues, they gave a generous ransom for him, supplied him with clothing, kept him until his strength was in some degree recruited, and then placed him on board a vessel bound for Rochelle. Here he

PAGE FROM PARKMAN'S WORKS. BY PERMISSION LITTLE, BROWN, & CO.

RULES AND EXAMPLES

=Names:=

Index under the Christian name or forename:

(_a_) Sovereigns, popes, queens, princes and princesses. _Exceptions_: Greek or Roman sovereigns, princes of the French Empire.

(_b_) Persons canonized: e.g., _Thomas a Becket, Saint_.

Also make cross-reference: e.g., _Becket, Thomas a._ See _Thomas a Becket_.

(_c_) Friars required by the constitution of their order to relinquish their surname: e.g., _Paolino da S. Bartolomeo_.

Also make cross-reference under family name: e.g., _Wesdin, J.P._ See _Paolino da S. Bartolomeo_.

(_d_) Persons known only by their first names, whether or not their profession, rank or native place be added: e.g., _Michelangelo Buonarroti_, _Rembrandt van Rhijn_.

Cross-reference under family name is optional, dependent upon closeness of indexing.

(_e_) Oriental authors, including Jewish rabbis: e.g., _Abu Bakr ibn Badr_.

This rule has many exceptions. Some Oriental writers are known and should be entered under other parts of their name than the first, as "_Abu-l-Kasim, Khalaf ibn Abbas_," _Firdusi, Abul Kasim_, etc., _known as_, or under some appellation as "_al-Masudi_," "_at-Tabari_."

In Arabic names, the words of relationship _Abu_ (father), _Umm_ (mother), _Ibn_, _Bin_ (son), _Ahu_ (brother), though not to be treated as names by themselves, are yet not to be disregarded. They form a name in conjunction with the word following (e.g., _Abu Bakr_), and determine the alphabetical place of the entry. But the article _al_ (changed by assonance to _ad_-, _ar_-, _as_-, _at_-, _az_-, according to the letter it precedes) is neglected (al- _Masudi_).

In all Oriental names, the indexer must be careful not to take titles, as _Emir, Bey, Pasha, Sri, Babu, Pundit_, for names.

In regard to East Indian names, Dr. Feigl gives the rule: If there are two names, enter under the first, which is the individual name, with a cross-reference from the second; if there are three or more, enter under the third, which is the family name, with a cross-reference under the first or individual name; the second may be neglected.

Index under the surname:

(_a_) In general, all persons not included under previous rules.

In a few cases, chiefly of artists, a universally-used sobriquet is to be taken in place of the family or forename, as _Tintoretto_ (whose real name was Giacomo _Robusti_). Similar cases are _Canaletto_ (Antonio _Canale_ and also B. _Belotto_), _Correggio_ (Ant. _Allegri_), _Garofalo_ (Benvenuto Piero _Tisi_), Il _Sodoma_ (Giov. Ant. _Bazzi_), _Spagnoletto_ (Jusepe _Ribera_, now however oftener called _Ribera_), _Uccello_ (Paolo _Doni_). Always cross-reference from the family name.

(_b_) In particular, ecclesiastical dignitaries: e.g., _Kaye_, John, Bishop of Lincoln. _Lincoln_, John, Bishop of. See _Kaye_.

Bishops usually omit their family name, canons their forename: e.g., _Canon Liddon_, _Bishop of Ripon, Henry Edward_, _Archbishop of Westminster_, i.e., _H. E. Manning_. Care must be taken not to treat Canon as a forename or Edward as a family name.

(_c_) Married women, using the known form:

Wives often continue writing, and are known in literature only under their maiden names (as _Miss Freer_ or _Fanny Lewald_), or after a second marriage retain for literary purposes the first husband's name. Enclose the maiden name in parenthesis: e.g., _Ward, Mrs. Elizabeth (Phelps)_. Use the form _White, Mrs. Julia Charlotte, wife of J. C._, when the husband's name is used: e.g., _Hopkins, Mrs Sarah (Drake) Garretson_. _Stowe, Mrs. Emily Howard (Jennings)_. _Soyaux, Frau Frieda (Schanz)_. _Gasparin, Valérie (Boissier) Comtesse de_.

Women known under their husbands' names are to be entered as follows: _Hinkson, Mrs. Katherine (Tynan), Mrs. H. A. Hinkson_. Cross-reference to be made from the latter form.

Index under the highest title:

British and foreign noblemen, with cross-reference from earlier titles by which they have been known, and, in the case of British noblemen, from the family name: e.g., _Chesterfield, 4th Earl of (Philip Dormer Stanhope)_. _Chesterfield, 5th Earl of (Philip Stanhope)_. Cross-reference from _Stanhope_. _Saint-Simon, Louis de Rouvroi, Duc de_.

Authors should be put under their names. The definition of a name is "that by which a person or thing is known." Noblemen are known by their titles, not by their family names.

In the few cases in which the family name[50] or a lower title is decidedly better known, index under that and cross-reference from the title: e.g., _Francis Bacon, Baron Verulam_; _Robert Curzon, 14th Baron Zouche_; _John Napier, Baron of Merchiston_; _Horace Walpole, 4th Earl of Oxford_; likewise the military nobles and princes of the French Empire: e.g., _Lucien Bonaparte, Prince de Canino_; _McMahon, Duc de Magenta_.

Englishwomen's titles-of-honor are to be treated by the following rules. In the matter of titles an Englishwoman in marrying has everything to gain and nothing to lose. If she marries above her own rank she takes her husband's title in exchange for her own, if below her own rank she keeps her own title.

(_a_) The wife of a peer takes her husband's style.

That is, she is Baroness, Viscountess, Marchioness, etc. In indexing, say _Brassey, Annie (Allnutt), Baroness_; not _Brassey, Annie (Allnutt), Lady_.

(_b_) The wife of a knight or baronet is _Lady_. Whether this title precedes or follows her forename depends upon whether she had a title before her marriage.

That is, if Lady Mary Smith marries Sir John Brown (either knight or baronet), she is _Lady Mary Brown_, also if Hon. Mary Smith marries Sir John Brown (knight or baronet) she is _Lady Mary Brown_; but if Miss Mary Smith marries Sir John Brown (knight or baronet), she becomes _Mary, Lady Brown_.

(_c_) A maid of honor retains her _Hon._ after marriage, unless, of course, it is merged into a higher title.

Thus, if she marries a baronet she is the _Honᵇˡᵉ Lady Brown_; if a peer, the _Lady So and So_. In either case as though she had been a peer's daughter.

(_d_) The wife of an earl's (or higher peer's) younger son is never the _Honᵇˡᵉ Lady_; if she used the _Lady_ before marriage in her own right she does not, of course, add anything by such marriage, but the wife of a younger son of a lower peer than an earl is _Honᵇˡᵉ Mrs._ (not _Lady_)--the younger children of all peers using, of course, the family name, with or without their forenames, according to their rank.

(_e_) If the lady to whom the title _Hon._ belongs in virtue of her father's rank marries a commoner, she retains her title, becoming _Hon. Lady_ if she marries a knight or baronet, and _Hon. Mrs._ if her husband has no title.

None of these courtesy titles is inherited by the children of those who bear them, the third generation of even the highest peer being simply commoners unless raised in rank by marriage or merit.

(_f_) The title _Lady_ belongs to daughters of all noblemen not lower than earl.

(_g_) The title _Hon._ belongs to daughters of viscounts and barons; also to an untitled woman who becomes a maid-of-honor to the Queen, and this title is retained after she leaves the service. If a woman who has the title _Lady_ becomes maid-of-honor she does not acquire the title _Hon._

Index compound names according to the usage of the author's fatherland, though if it is known that his practice differs from this usage, his preference should be followed. Compound names then go:

(_a_) If English, under the last part of the name, when the first has not been used alone by the author: e.g., _Gould, Sabine Baring-_; but _Halliwell (afterwards Halliwell-Phillipps), J. O._, and _Locker (afterwards Locker-Lampson)_, because they are well-known under the first names.

(_b_) If foreign, under the first part.

Both such compound names as _Gentil-Bernard_ and such as _Gentil de Chavagnac_. There are various exceptions, when a name has been more known under the last part, as _Fénelon_, not _Salignac de Lamothe Fénelon_; _Voltaire_, not _Arouet de Voltaire_; _Sternberg_, not _Ungern-Sternberg_. Moreover, it is not always easy to determine what is a compound surname in French. Cross-references are necessary whichever way one decides each case, especially when the second part of a foreign compound name has been used alone, as _Merle d'Aubigné_ (index under _Merle_ with a cross-reference from _Aubigné_).