Part 9

=Guard-line Proof= (_c_).--See _Foundry Proof_.

=Guinea Edge= (_b_).--The edge of a book rolled with a pattern similar to the milled edge of an old guinea coin.

=Gutters= (_p_).--The inside back margin of a book; opposite of front margin.

=H Pattern= (_b_).--Embossing on book cloth of small diamond-shaped figures.

=Hair-space= (_c_).--Any space thinner than one-fifth of an em.

=Half-binding= (_b_).--When a book is covered with leather on the back and corners, and the sides covered with cloth or paper, it is said to be half-bound, half-morocco, half-russia, half-calf, etc.

=Half-leather Binding=.--A binding which consists of leather back and paper sides.

=Half-title= (_g_).--The title of a volume, appearing above the text on the first page, or on a separate leaf immediately preceding the first page of text. Sometimes wrongly used synonymously with _Bastard-title_ (_q.v._).

=Half-tone= (_e_).--A style of engraving, made by etching a plate of polished copper.

=Halftone, Direct= (_e_).--A halftone to produce which the screen negative is made by direct exposure from the article itself, and not from a photograph or drawing.

=Halftone, Highlight= (_e_).--A halftone plate in which the elimination of the dots in the highlights is accomplished by a photo-chemical process instead of by cutting them out with a tool.

=Halftone, Outlined= (_e_).--A halftone with the background outside of the object entirely cut away, leaving a definite edge without shading or vignetting.

=Halftone, Outlined and Vignetted= (_e_).--A halftone in which part of the background is cut away and part vignetted.

=Halftone, Square Plate= (_e_).--A halftone in which the outside edges are rectangular and parallel, may be with or without single black line border.

=Halftone, Two-color= (_e_).--Two halftone plates, either or both plates an etched plate containing parts or all of the design, to be printed in two contrasting colors.

=Halftone, Vignetted= (_e_).--A halftone in which one or more of the edges of the object are shaded from dark tones to pure white.

=Hand Letters= (_b_).--Letters made usually of brass, so that they may be heated, and affixed singly in a handle, for lettering covers, etc.

=Hand-Tooling= (_e_).--Any work done by use of a tool upon the plate to increase the contrast of the etched plate.

=Hanging Indention= (_c_).--Where the first line of the matter is the full width of the measure, and indents one or more ems on the left all the lines following. Sometimes called "Reverse Indention."

=Head and Tail= (_b_).--Top and bottom of a book.

=Head-band= (_b_).--A small ornamental accessory fixed to the head and tail of a volume inside the back to give it greater strength and a more finished appearance. It was originally part of the sewing.

=Head-piece= (_g_).--A decorative engraving placed at the top of the first page of text in a book, or at beginning of each chapter.

=Height to Paper= (_c_).--The extreme length of a type from its face to its foot.

=Hub= (_b_).--A thick band on the back of a large blank book.

=Imitation Russia= (_b_).--See _Cowhide_.

=Imposing Stone= (_c_).--The flat surface upon which forms are locked up for the press; usually of polished stone, but now often made of iron.

=Imposition= (_c_).--Arranging pages in a chase and preparing them in a form for the press.

=Imprint= (_g_).--The name of the printer or publisher affixed to his work.

=In Boards= (_b_).--When a book is cut after the boards are in place to form the sides, it is cut _in boards_. When cut before the boards are affixed it is _out of boards_, with projecting covers. Most books are bound in the latter manner.

=Indent= (_c_).--To put a quad at the beginning of a line, as at the first line of a paragraph.

=Indention= (_c_).--Indention is the leaving of a blank space at the beginning of a line to mark a change in the subject, or the importance of a particular portion of the matter, thus forming a paragraph.

=India Paper= (_g_).--A thin, soft, absorbent paper, made in China and Japan, and imitated in England and the United States, used for the finest impressions of engravings. See also _Bible India Paper_.

=India Proof= (_e_).--An early choice impression of an engraving taken on India Paper.

=Inferior Letters or Figures= (_c_).--Small characters cast on the bottom of the line or for footnote references.

=Ink Fountain= (_p_).--A reservoir for holding ink, and attached to the press.

=Inlay= (_b_).--Cloth, paper, or leather set into the cover of a book flush with the surface.

=Insert= (_g_).--An illustration or map, printed separately from the text, but pasted in the book.

=Inset= (_b_).--When one sheet is placed inside of another, both being folded, the first sheet is said to be inset. Also, a picture set into the front cover of a book is said to be an _inset_.

=Intaglio= (_g_).--A word adapted from the Italian, signifying an image engraved into and sunken below the surface containing it; for example, a seal, having its design cut into its surface so that, when impressed in wax, the design will be in relief.

=Italic= (_c_).--A style of type, designed by Aldus Manutius, said to be in imitation of the handwriting of Petrarch.

=J Pattern= (_b_).--Embossing on book cloth of pebble design larger than C pattern. The figure is slightly elongated.

=Jackets= (_g_).--The printed or unprinted wrappers folded around a bound book for protection.

=Jansen= (_b_).--Without line or ornament in blank or gold. Ornamentation is allowed on the inside of the cover, but absolute plainness is demanded on the outside, except lettering.

=Japan Paper= (_g_).--Paper made in Japan from the bark of the paper-mulberry.

=Jogger= (_p_).--An attachment to the delivery table of a press to straighten up sheets as they are printed. To jog up sheets is to straighten them up in an even pile.

=Joints= (_b_).--The part of the cover where it joins the back on the inside, forming a kind of hinge.

=Justify= (_c_).--To space out lines to the proper length and tightness.

=Keratol or Buffinette= (_b_).--A water-proof cloth made in imitation of leather. It is excellent for the sides of books when there is much wear, as it does not show water or finger marks. It outwears the majority of cloths.

=Kerned Letters= (_c_).--Those which have part of the face projecting over the body.

=Kettle-stitch= (_b_).--The stitch made at the head and tail of a book, a chain-stitch.

=Kip Calf= (_b_).--Made from the skin of a heifer, and stronger than ordinary calf.

=L Pattern= (_b_).--Embossing on book cloth known as Levant and somewhat resembling Leather.

=Laced In= (_b_).--When the boards are fastened in a book by means of the bands being passed through holes in the boards, they are laced in.

=Laid Paper= (_g_).--A book paper having lines water-marked or running through it at equal distances, the lines being made by the pressure of the wire screen during manufacture.

=Law Binding= (_b_).--A plain style of leather binding used for law books; also called law calf.

=Law Calf= (_b_).--Calf leather that is uncolored, in the natural state, pale brown.

=Law Sheep= (_b_).--Sheepskin left wholly uncolored, used for binding law books.

=Leaders= (_c_).--Dots or short dashes set at intervals in lines to guide the eye across to figures, etc., as in a table of contents.

=Leads= (_c_).--Thin strips of metal, cast in various thicknesses (2-point is most common) and less than the height of type, to separate lines, etc.

=Leatherette= (_b_).--Cloth or paper prepared in imitation of leather.

=Legend= (_g_).--See _Caption_.

=Letterpress Printing= (_p_).--That done from type, as distinguished from presswork from plates, engravings, etc.

=Levant Morocco= (_b_).--Morocco leather made from the skin of the Levant goat, having a larger grain than Turkish morocco leather. See _Morocco_.

=Library Buckram= (_b_).--Is a special heavy weave suitable for law book and library bookbinding. It is dyed and covered with a light coat of color.

=Ligatures= (_c_).--Two letters tied together and cast on one body, fi, fl, ff, etc.

=Limit Page= (_g_).--A special page to indicate that the edition is limited.

=Limp= (_b_).--Leather or cloth bindings which are flexible and bend easily, in distinction from boards or stiff covers.

=Line-plates= (_g_).--Etchings in relief on plates of zinc or copper, reproduced from pen-and-ink drawings by photo-mechanical process.

=Linen Cloths= (_b_).--Styles X and B are known as Linens. The fabric receives a light coat of color, not enough to conceal the weave. Their popularity is largely due to the thready appearance.

=Lining= (_b_).--A term applied to cased books to indicate the re-enforcement of head-band, super or crash, and paper which are applied with glue and paste to the back of books before they are put into covers.

=Linotype= (_c_).--A machine for setting type, casting it in lines instead of single characters.

=Lithograph= (_c_).--A print from a lithographic stone.

=Live Matter= (_c_).--Type or other matter in preparation or ready for printing.

=Locking Up= (_c_) (_p_).--Tightening, by means of quoins, the type and material in a form, so that it will lift in a solid mass.

=Logotypes= (_c_).--Two or more separate letters or a complete word cast as one piece.

=Long Primer= (_c_).--The old-style name of a size of type equal to 10-point.

=Lower Case= (_c_).--The case that contains the small letters, figures, points, and spaces.

=Maiole= (_b_).--A binding generally composed of a framework of shields or medallions with a scroll design flowing through it.

=Make-up= (_g_).--(1) The quantity of signatures or illustrations or books needed to complete an order or edition. (2) The layout of the book showing the order of pages and illustrations.

(_c_).--To arrange lines of type into pages of proper length, with page numbers, head-lines, etc.

=Making Margins= (_p_).--Putting furniture and other material around and between pages in a form, so that when printed they will be properly imposed upon the sheet.

=Making Ready= (_p_).--Preparing a form on the press for printing, by giving each part the proper impression, making overlays, setting gauges, etc.

=Marbled Calf= (_b_).--Calfskin so treated with acid that it resembles marble.

=Marbling= (_b_).--A process of decorating sheets of paper and edges of books with variegated colors in irregular patterns.

=Matrix= (_c_).--A plate of metal, usually of copper, suitably formed to mold the face of a type.

=Matter= (_c_).--Composed type. Open matter is wide-leaded, or has many break-lines; when set by piecework it is _fat_. Solid matter is without leads; with few or no break-lines is _lean_ in piecework.

=Measure= (_c_).--The length of the type line; the width to which the composing stick is set.

=Metzograph= (_e_).--A halftone made by the use of a grained screen instead of a cross-line screen.

=Mezzotint= (_g_).--A copperplate engraving in which the entire surface of the plate is slightly roughened, after which the drawing is traced, and then the portions intended to show the high-lights and middle-lights are scraped and burnished, while the shadows are strengthened.

=Mill Board= (_b_).--A thick, heavy card, used for making book covers.

=Minion=.--The old-style name of a size of type equal to 7-point.

=Miter= (_c_).--To chamfer or bevel the ends of rules in order that they may join closely in forming a border.

=Mitered= (_b_).--When the cover of a book is ornamented with straight lines which meet each other without overrunning, it is said to be mitered.

=Modern Type= (_c_).--A class of Roman type, of which the leading forms are: broad-face, Scotch-face, French-face, thin-face, bold-face.

=Molders= (_p_).--The set of electrotype plates kept in reserve, from which to mold new plates as the _workers_ become worn on press.

=Monotype Caster= (_c_).--A machine for automatically casting type in single characters.

=Monotype Keyboard= (_c_).--A machine for setting type.

=Morocco= (_b_).--A leather made from goatskins; it is tanned with sumac. The texture is very firm though flexible. The grain, of which there are many varieties, is produced by rolling and folding; this process is called _graining_; genuine morocco makes the most durable bookbinding.

=Mosaic= (_b_).--A design inlaid with different colors.

=Mottled Calf= (_b_).--A light-brown calfskin, mottled by treatment with acid.

=Negative Etching= (_e_).--A plate from which the blacks of the original copy will print white and the whites will print black.

=News-tone= (_e_).--A name sometimes given to coarse-screen halftones, always etched on zinc and used mostly for newspaper work. Also known as "quartertone."

=Nonpareil= (_c_).--The old-style name of a size of type equal to 6-point.

=Octavo= (_g_).--A sheet of book paper about 18 × 24 when folded in eight leaves is an octavo or 8vo.

=Off= (_p_).--Signifies that all the sheets for a form have been printed.

=Off its Feet= (_c_).--When type does not stand squarely on its base.

=Offset= (_g_).--A transfer of ink or color to another page or sheet of paper.

=Offset Printing= (_g_).--A method of putting ink on paper through the process of chemical or surface printing, rather than through the process of relief or impressional printing. It is based, like lithography, upon the principle that oil and water will not mix. The design is transferred to a thin zinc or aluminum plate, which takes the place of the stone in lithography. The transfer ink is of a greasy consistency, having an affinity for zinc or aluminum, and a repellent attitude toward water. In the operation of the press, the plate is clamped around the cylinder, and two sets of rollers pass over it. The first set is moistened with water, and its function is to dampen the entire surface of the plate except where the design appears, the greasy consistency of which repels the water. Inking rollers pass over the plate immediately following the water rollers. The dampness on all parts of the plate except at the design points repels the greasy consistency of the ink, and allows a deposit of surplus ink upon the design, due to the similar consistency of the two ingredients. The design is then printed onto a rubber blanket, which is clamped around a second cylinder, and is reprinted or "offset" onto the paper, which passes between this second cylinder and a third cylinder.

=Old-style Type= (_c_).--Reproductions of the styles of early printers: the Caslon, Baskerville, French, Elzevir and Basle.

=Out= (_c_).--A word or more omitted by mistake in composing.

=Out of Boards= (_b_).--See _In Boards_.

=Out Page= (_b_).--The first or signature page of a sheet.

=Outset= (_b_).--A four-page sheet folded round a signature.

=Overlay= (_p_).--A piece of paper put on the tympan to give more impression to a letter, line, or part of an engraving.

=Overrun= (_c_).--To take words backward or forward from one line to another in correcting.

(_p_).--To print beyond the number ordered.

=Oversheets= (_g_).--The signatures or sheets remaining after an edition is completely bound.

=Oxford Bible Paper= (_g_).--A thin, strong, opaque printing paper, made in England, on which Bibles and other large volumes are printed when a small bulk is desired. See also _Bible India Paper_.

=Packing= (_p_).--The sheets of paper, card, etc., used to make the tympan; this term is applied to the covering for cylinders.

=Page= (_g_).--One side of a written or printed leaf.

(_c_).--Type, or type and illustration properly arranged for printing on one side of the leaf of a book.

=Page-cord= (_c_).--Twine used to tie up pages.

=Page-Proof= (_c_).--An impression of the type after it has been made up into page form.

=Parchment= (_g_).--A paper-like sheet made from the skins of sheep or goat. The skins are first soaked in lime to remove the hair, and then are shaved, washed, dried, stretched, and ground with fine chalk, or lime and pumice-stone. Paper parchment, or vegetable parchment, is made by chemically treating ordinary paper. See also _Vellum_.

=Persian Morocco= (_b_).--A kind of morocco made from the skins of hairy sheep called Persian goats.

=Photo-engraving= (_g_).--The reproduction of engraved plates by means of photography, for use in printing.

=Photogravure= (_g_).--Intaglio plates on copper for the reproduction of paintings, etc., in monochrome. "Photo-Intaglio" and "Photogravure" are essentially synonymous terms, the latter being the French equivalent of the former. Technically, however, "photo-intaglio" means a halftone engraving, the design of which is etched into the plate, leaving the ground (i.e., the whites) of the picture on the surface, instead of in relief with the whites etched down below the surface. The term "photogravure" is applied to a similar engraving in which the effects of light and shade are produced not by dots and stipples produced through a halftone screen, but by variations in depth of the depressions in the form of grain. In printing these plates the ink is run into the depressions, and the surface then wiped clean before being impressed upon the paper.

=Pi= (_c_).--Type mixed up and in confusion.

=Pica= (_c_).--A size of type equal to 12-point. It is the standard of measurement for leads, rules, furniture, and also for width and length of pages. Six picas equal, approximately, one inch.

=Picking for Sorts= (_c_).--Taking type out of one page to use in another, when type is scarce.

=Pigskin= (_b_).--Leather made from the skin of the pig. It is very tough and wears well.

=Planer= (_p_).--The smooth-faced block used to level down the face of a form.

=Planogravure= (_e_).--A form of engraving printed from a flat surface.

=Plate= (_b_).--Any full-page illustration printed on paper different from the book is termed a plate.

(_el_).--An electrotype.

=Platen Press= (_p_).--That style of press which gives the impression from a flat surface--the hand press, Adams press, and nearly all small job presses; distinctive from the cylinder machine.

=Point= (_c_).--The unit of measurement of type, approximately 1/72 of an inch.

=Point Folder= (_b_).--A machine for folding sheets. The accuracy of the register is obtained by placing the perforated point holder of the printed sheet on the projecting pins of the folding machine.

=Points= (_p_).--Small holes made in the sheets by the printer, which serve as guides in registering and folding.

(_p_).--Sharp metal pins placed in the form when it is imposed, to pierce the sheets as they are printed so that they can be folded on the point-folding machine.

=Polished Buckram= (_b_).--Its special qualities are uniformity of color, finish, and fabric, tensile strength and easy application of decoration.

=Press Proof= (_p_).--The final proof passed for press.

=Publisher's Binding= (_b_).--Commonly understood as ordinary cloth binding.

=Quadruple Imposition= (_p_).--The imposition of the plates for printing so that when folded on the Quadruple Folding Machine the pages will follow in rotation.

=Quads= (_c_).--Brief form of _quadrat_; large metal blanks used to fill lines and other spaces.

=Quarter-binding= (_b_).--A binding in leather or cloth backs, with board sides cut flush.

=Quarto= (_g_).--A sheet of book paper approximately 18 × 24 inches in size, when folded in four leaves, is called a quarto or 4to.

=Quoins= (_c_) (_p_).--Wedges used in locking up forms; formerly made of wood and used with beveled sidesticks, but now made of iron in several styles.

=Quotations= (_c_).--Large hollow quads for filling blank spaces; hollow metal furniture.

=Recto= (_b_).--The right-hand page of a book. The _recto_ of a cover is the front.

=Register= (_p_).--To adjust the form, feed-guides, etc., so that the printing will be properly located on the sheet; to strike the different forms of a colored job; to make pages on both sides of a sheet back each other.

(_c_).--The exact imposition of the type pages of a book so that when printed they back one another precisely, and are truly square.

(_b_).--When two or more adjacent colors meet without infringing, they are said to be _in register_, otherwise _out of register_.

=Reglet= (_c_).--Thin strips of wood similar to leads, 6-point and thicker, used as substitute for leads and slugs in large spaces.

=Relief= (_e_).--Processes of engraving in which the dots or lines of the design are made to stand out so that it can be used for printing as if from type.

=Retouching= (_e_).--(1) The act of going over a plate with a graver, deepening the lines which have become worn. (2) The correcting of defects on a photographic negative or print by means of a pencil or fine camel's-hair brush.

=Reverse Indention= (_c_).--See _Hanging Indention_.

=Revise= (_c_).--A proof taken after corrections have been made; to compare a proof so taken to see that the marked errors have been corrected.

=Ribbon Marker= (_b_).--A small ribbon placed in a book as a marker.

=Roan= (_b_).--Unsplit sheepskin.

=Roller= (_p_).--An iron rod covered with an elastic composition, to spread ink on the type or other printing surface.

=Roman= (_c_).--The class of type in general use as distinguished from _italic_ or _fancy_ types.

=Roman Figures= (_g_).--Numerals expressed by letters as distinguished from those expressed by Arabic characters, e.g., I, II, III, etc.

=Rotary Press= (_p_).--A printing press in which the types or plates are fastened on a rotating cylinder, and are impressed on a continuous roll of paper.

=Rotogravure= (_g_).--A recent photo-intaglio process, now coming into use for illustrations in newspaper magazines. It is a combination of the intaglio and the gravure processes, producing sunken engravings on copper rollers, which are then printed from on the principle of calico printing.

=Rounding= (_b_).--See _Backing_.

=Routing= (_e_).--The operation of gouging out from an electrotype plate that portion of the metal which is not required.

=Roxburgh Binding= (_b_) (_pronounced Roxboro_).--A book bound with leather back, cloth or paper sides, no leather corners, with gold stamping on the shelf back, with gilt top, is said to be bound in Roxburgh binding.

=Rule= (_c_).--A plain strip of metal type-high, used for printing rules and lines.

=Running Head or Title= (_g_).--The title of a book or subject placed at top of each page.

=Russia Leather= (_b_).--A fine leather prepared in Russia. Its preparation consists in carefully tanning with willow-bark, dyeing with sandal wood, and soaking in birch oil. It is of a brownish red color and has a characteristic odor.

=S Pattern= (_b_).--Embossing of small diagonal lines finer than T pattern, giving the cloth a silky appearance, commonly known as Silk Pattern.

=Score= (_g_).--To crease cardboard or heavy paper so that it will fold neatly at the desired place. This is often done with rules locked in the form, or put on afterward, running the sheets through the press without ink.

=Script= (_c_).--A style of type in imitation of handwriting.

=Sheepskin= (_b_).--Leather made from the skin of a sheep.

=Sheet= (_g_).--A separate piece of paper of definite size; a twenty-fourth part of a quire. In printing, a _sheet_ is defined by its size; in binding, by its fold.

=Sheet-wise= (_p_).--Presswork in which the two sides of the sheets are printed from different forms.

=Shooting Stick= (_c_).--An implement made of wood, steel, or other hard material, used with a mallet, to tighten up the wooden quoins.

=Shoulder= (_c_).--The blank space above and below the face of a letter on the end of a type.

=Signature= (_b_).--A sheet after it has been folded and is ready to be gathered. It usually consists of 16 pages, but may comprise 4, 8, 16, 32, or 64 pages.

=Silk Pattern= (_b_).--See _S Pattern_.

=Skiver= (_b_).--The outer or grainside of sheepskin which has been split; much used for binding.

=Slug= (_c_).--A thick lead.

=Slur= (_p_).--A blurred impression.