The Age of the Reformation

3. Causes of the Reformation. Corruption of the church not a main cause. Condition of the church. Indulgences. Growth of a new type of lay piety. Clash of the new spirit with ol...

2. The Revolution. Condition of Germany. Maximilian I. Charles V. The bull _Exsurge Domine_ burned by Luther. Luther at Worms and in the Wartburg. Turmoil of the radicals. The R...

3. The Wars of Religion. Catharine de' Médicis. Massacre of Vassy. The Huguenot rebellion. Massacre of St. Bartholomew. The League. Henry IV. Edict of Nantes. Failure of Protest...

2. The Calvinist Revolt. National feeling against Spain. Financial difficulties of Philip II. Egmont and William of Orange. The new bishoprics. The Compromise. The "Beggars." Al...

1. Henry VIII and the National Church. Character of Henry VIII. Foreign policy. Wolsey. Early Lutheranism. Tyndale's New Testament. Tracts. Anticlerical feeling. Divorce of Cath...

Backward condition of Scotland. Relations with England. Cardinal Beaton. John Knox. Battle of Pinkie. Knox in Scotland. The Common Band. Iconoclasm. Treaty of Edinburgh. The Rel...

1. Spain. Unification of Spain under Ferdinand and Isabella. Charles V. Revolts of the Communes and of the Hermandad. Constitution of Spain. The Spanish empire. Philip II. The w...

Though in some sense every age is one of transition and every generation sees the world remodelled, there sometimes comes a change so startling and profound that it seems like t...

It is superfluous in these days to point out that no great historical movement is caused by the personality, however potent, of a single individual. The men who take the helm at...

Amid the snow-clad Alps and azure lakes of Switzerland there grew up a race of Germans which, though still nominally a part of the Empire, had, at the period now considered, lon...

Though, at the opening of the sixteenth century, the French may have attained to no greater degree of national self-consciousness than had the Germans, they had gone much farthe...

The Netherlands have always been a favorite topic for the speculation of those philosophers who derive a large part of national character from geographical conditions. A land th...

"The heavens laugh, the earth exults; all is full of milk and honey and nectar." With these words the accession of Henry VIII was announced to Erasmus by his pupil and the king'...

One of the most important effects of modern means of easy communication between all parts of the world has been to obliterate or minimize distinctions in national character and...

It is sometimes so easy to see, after the event, why things should have taken just the course they did take, that it may seem remarkable that political foresight is so rare. It...

If, through the prism of history, we analyse the white light of sixteenth-century civilization into its component parts, three colors particularly emerge: the azure "light of th...

Political history is that of the state; economic and intellectual history that of a different group. In modern times this group includes all civilized nations. Even in political...

Parallel with the Reformation was taking place an economic revolution even deeper and more enduring in its consequences. Both Reformation and Revolution were manifestations of t...

Were we reading the biography of a wayward genius, we should find the significance of the book neither in the account of his quarrels and of his sins nor in the calculation of h...

Because religion has in the past protested its own intolerance the most loudly, it is commonly regarded as the field of persecution _par excellence_. This is so far from being t...

The historians who have treated the Reformation might be classified in a variety of ways: according to their national or confessional bias, or by their scientific methods or by...

Article "Typography" in Encyclopedia Britannica. (The author defends the now untenable thesis that printing originated in Holland, though the numerous and valuable data given by...

_Dr. Martin Luther's Werke_. Kritische Gesamtausgabe, von Knaake und Andern. Weimar. 1883 ff. (The standard edition of the Reformer's writings, in course of publication, approac...

A. Molinier, H. Hauser, E. Bourgeois (et autres): _Les Sources de l'histoire de France depuis les origines jusqu'en 1815_. Deuxième Partie. Le XVIe siècle, 1494-1610, par. II. H...

H. Pirenne: _Histoire de Belgique_. Vols 3 and 4. 1907-11. (Standard work. A German translation by F. Arnheim was published of the third volume in 1907, before the French editio...

Similar series of "Calendars of State Papers" have been published for English papers preserved at Rome (1 vol. 1916), Spain, (15 vols.), Venice (22 vols), Ireland (10 vols.), Do...

Consilium delectorum cardinalium et aliorum praelatorum de emendanda ecclesia 1537. In Mansi: _Sacrorum Conciliorum et Decretorum collectio nova_, 1751, Supplement 5, pp. 539-47...

As the sources for this chapter would include all the extant literature and documents of the period, it is impossible to do more than mention a few of those particularly referre...

Polydore Vergil: _Anglicae Historiae libri. xxvii, (to 1538)_. First edition, to 1509, Basle, 1534; 2d ed. 1555. (I use the edition of 1570. The best criticism is in H. A. L. Fi...

Reginald Scott: _The Discoverie of Witchcraft, wherein the Lewde dealing of Witches and Witchmongers is notably detected . . . whereunto is added a Treatise upon the Nature and...

The purpose of the following list is not to give the titles of all general histories of the Reformation, but of those books and articles in which some noteworthy contribution ha...