Chapter 43

THE REFORMATION INTERPRETED

The purpose of the following list is not to give the titles of all general histories of the Reformation, but of those books and articles in which some noteworthy contribution has been made to the philosophical interpretation of the events. Many an excellent work of pure narrative character, and many of those dealing with some particular phase of the Reformation, are omitted. All the noteworthy historical works published prior to 1600 are listed in the bibliography to Chapter XII, section 2, and are not repeated here. The chronological order is here adopted, save that all the works of each writer are grouped together. In every case I enter the book under the year in which it first appeared, adding in parentheses the edition, if another, which I have used.

Francis Bacon (1561-1626): Essay lviii; also Essays i, iii, xxxv; Novum Organum Bk. i, aphorisms xv and lxv; Advancement of Learning, Bk. ix, and i.

Jacques-Auguste de Thou (Thuanus): _Historiae sui temporis_. 1604-20.

Hugo Grotius: _Annales et historiae de rebus belgicis_. 1657. (Written 1611 ff).

William Camden: _Annales Rerum Anglicarnm et Hibernicarum regnante Elizabetha_. Pars I, 1615; Pars II, 1625.

Agrippa d'Aubigné: _Histoire Universelle_. 1616-20.

Paolo Sarpi: _Istoria del Concilio Tridentino_. 1619. (P. Sarpi: Histoire du Concile du Trente, French translation by Amelot de la Houssaie. 1699).

Arrigo Caterino Davila: _Storia delle guerre civili di Francia_. 1630.

Giulio Bentivoglio: _Guerra di Fiandria_. 1632-39.

Famiano Strada: _De bello belgico decades duo_. 1632-47.

Francois Eudes, [called] de Mézeray: _Histoire de France_. 1643-51.

David Calderwood (1575-1650): _History of the Kirk of Scotland_, ed. T. Thompson, 1842-9.

Lord Herbert of Cherbury: _Life and Reign of Henry VIII_. 1649.

Thomas Fuller: _Church History_, 1655. (Ed. Brewer, 6 vols. 1845).

J. Harrington: _Oceana_, 1656. (Harrington's Works, 1700, pp. 69, 388).

Sforza Pallavicino: _Istoria del Concilio di Trento_. 1656-7.

_Annales ecclesiastici . . . auctore Reynaldo_, ed. J. D. Mansi. Tomi 33-35. Lucae. 1755. (Oderic Reynaldus, who died 1671, was a continuator of Baronius, covering the period in church history 1198-1565).

Jean Claude: Défense de la Réformation. . . . 1673. (English translation: An historical defense of the Reformation. 1683).

Gilbert Burnet: _History of the Reformation of the Church of England_. 3 vols. 1679, 1681, 1715. (Ed. by Pocock, 6 vols. 1865 ff).

Louis Maimbourg: _Histoire du Luthéranisme_. 1680.

Pierre Jurieu: _Histoire du Calvinisme et celle du Papisme mises en parallèle_. 1683. (English translation, 2 vols. 1823).

Veit Ludwig von Seckendorf: _Commentarius historicus et apologeticus de Lutheranismo_. 1688-92.

Jacques Benigne Bossuet: _Histoire des variations des églises protestantes_. 1688. (I have used the editions of 1812 and 1841).

Pierre Bayle: _Dictionnaire historique et critique_, 1697., s.v. "Luther," "Calvin," &c.

Gabriel Daniel: _Histoire de France_. 1703.

Jeremy Collier: _Ecclesiastical History_, 2 vols. 1708-14. (ed. Lathbury, 9 vols. 1852).

Rapin Thoyras: _Histoire d'Angleterre_. 1723ff.

Johann Lorenz Mosheim: _Institutiones historiae christianae recentiores_. 1741.

Montesquieu: _Esprit des Lois_, 1748, Livre xxiv, chaps. 2, 5, 25; Livre xxv, chap. 2, 6, 11.

Frederick II (called The Great) of Prussia: _De la Superstition et de la Religion_. 1749. (Oeuvres, 1846, i, 204 ff).

Voltaire: _Essai sur les moeurs et l' esprit des nations, et sur les principaux faits de l' histoire depuis Charlemagne jusqu'à Louis XIII_. 1754. (_Cf_. also a passage in his Dictionnaire philosophique).

David Hume: _History of England from the Invasion of Julius Caesar to the Revolution of 1688_. The volumes on the Tudor period came out in 1759.

William Robertson: _A History of Scotland_. 1759.

William Robertson: _History of the Reign of the Emperor Charles V_. 1769.

Edward Gibbon: _The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire_. 1776-88. (On the Reformation, chap. liv, end).

_Encyclopédie_, 1778, s.v. "Luthéranisme." (Anonymous article).

Johann Gottfried von Herder: _Das Weimarische Gesangbuch_, 1778, Vorrede.

Herder: _Briefe das Studium der Theologie betreffend_, 1784. (Sämtliche Werke, Teil 14).

Herder: _Briefe zur Beförderung der Humanität_, 1793-7. (Samtliche Werke, Teil 14).

Michael Ignaz Schmidt: _Geschichte der Deutschen_. Aeltere Geschichte (to 1544), 1778 ff. Neuere Geschichte (1544-1660), 1785 ff.

Jakob Gottlieb Planck: _Geschichte des protestantischen Lehrbegriffs_, 6 vols. 1783-1800.

[M. J. A. N. de Caritat, Marquis] De Condorcet: _Esquisse d'un tableau historique des Progrès de l' Ésprit humain_. 1794. (I use the fourth edition, 1798, pp. 200 ff.)

F. A. de Chateaubriand: _Essai historique sur les Révolutions_, 1797. (Oeuvres, 1870).

Chateaubriand: _Analyse raisonnée de l'histoire de France_. (Oeuvres, 1865, Tome 8).

Friedrich von Hardenberg (called Novalis): _Die Christenheit oder Europa_, 1799 (Novalis' Schriften hg. von Minor, 1907, Band ii. Also English translation).

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832): _Sämtliche Werke_, Jubiläumsausgabe, no date, Stuttgart and Berlin, i, 242 and ii, 279, and other obiter dicta for which see the excellent index. See also Gespräche mit Eckermann, 1832, English translation in Bohn's library, p. 568.

Friedrich Schiller: _Geschichte des Abfalles der Vereinigten Niederlande von der spanischen Regierung_. 1788. (2d ed., much changed, 1801; translation in Bohn's library). Cf. also Schiller's letter to Goethe, Sept. 17, 1800, in Schiller's Briefe, hg. von F. Jonas, 1895, vi, 200.

Christoph Martin Wieland (1733-1813). His opinion, in 1801 is given in _Diary &c of Henry Crabb Robinson_, ed. T. Sadler, 3 vols., 1869, i, 109, and in "Charakteristik Lulhers," in Pantheon der Deutschen, 1794.

Charles de Villers: _Essai sur l'esprit et l'influence de la Réforme de Luther_. 1803. (English translation by James Mill, 1805).

William Roscoe: _Life and Pontificate of Leo X_. 1805.

J. G. Fichte: _Reden an die deutsche Nation_, 1808. Nr. 6.

Mme. de Staël: _De l'Allemagne_. 1813.

E. M. Arndt: _Ansichten und Aussichten der deutschen Geschichte_. 1814.

Arndt: _Vom Worte und vom Kirchenliede_. 1819.

Arndt: _Christliches und Türkisches_. 1828, pp. 255 ff.

Arndt: _Vergleichende Völkergeschichte_. 1814.

Friedrich von Schlegel: _Geschichte der alten und neuen Literatur_. 1815. (Sämtliche Werke, 1822, ii, 244 ff).

Schlegel: _Philosophie der Geschichte_. 1829. (English translation in Bohn's Library).

Joseph de Maistre: _De l'église gallicane_. 1820, cap. 2. (Oeuvres, 1884, ii, 3 ff).

De Maistre: _Lettres sur l'Inquisition espagnole_. 1815 ff. (Oeuvres ii).

John Lingard: _History of England_, vols. 4, 5. 1820 ff.

G. W. F. Hegel: _Philosophie der Geschichte_. Lectures delivered first 1822-3, published as vol. ix of his Werke by E. Gans, 1837. (English translation by J. Sibree, 1857, in Bohn's Library).

Leopold von Ranke: _Geschichte der romanischen und germanischen Völker von 1491-1535_. Band i, (bis 1514). 1824. Appendix: Zur Kritik neuerer Geschichtschreiber.

Ranke: _Die römischen Päpste, ihre Kirche und ihr Staat im XVI. und XVII. Jahrhiindert_. 1834-6. (Many editions and translations of this and other works of Ranke).

Ranke: _Deutsche Geschichte im Zeitalter der Reformation_. 1839-47.

Ranke: _Zwölf Bücher Preussischer Geschichte_. Band i und ii, 1874.

Ranke: _Die Osmannen und die Spanische Monarchie im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert_. 1877.

C. H. de Rouvroy, Comte de Saint-Simon: _Nouveau Christianisme_, Oeuvres, 1869, vii, 100 ff. (written 1825).

Henry Hallam: _Constitutional History of England from the accession of Henry VII to the death of George II_. 1827.

Hallam: _Introduction to the Literature of Europe in the 15th, 16th and 17th Centuries_. 1837-9.

A. Thierry: _Vingt-cinq letters sur l'histoire de France_. 1827.

François-Pierre-Guillaume Guizot: _Histoire de la civilisation en Europe_. 1828. (English transl. by Hazlitt. 1846).

Guizot: _Histoire de la civilisation en France_. 4 vols. 1830.

Philipp Marheineke: _Geschichte der deutschen Reformation_. 4 vols. 1831-4.

Heinrich Leo: _Geschichte der Niederlanden_. 2 vols. 1832-5.

Leo: _Lehrbuch der Universalgeschichte_, 6 vols. 1835-44.

Friedrich von Raumer: _Geschichte Europas seit dem Ende des 15. Jahrhundert_. 1832-50.

A. Vinet: _Moralistes des 16. and 17. siècles_. 1859 (Lectures given 1832-47).

H. Martin: _Histoire de France_. 1833-6.

Heinrich Heine: _Zur Geschichte der Religion und Philosophie in Deutschland_. 1834.

Jules Michelet: _Memoires de Luther écrits par lui-même, traduits et mis en ordre_. 1835.

Michelet et Quinet: _Les Jésuites_. 1842.

Michelet: _Histoire de France_, vols. 8-10, 1855 ff.

J. H. Merle d'Aubigné: _Histoire de la Réformation du 16. siècle_. 5 vols. 1835-53. (English translation, 1846).

Thomas Babington Macauley: "On Ranke's History of the Popes," 1840, published in his _Essays_, 1842. There are also remarks on the effect of the Reformation in his _History of England_, 1848 ff.

John Carl Ludwig Gieseler: _Lehrbuch der Kirchengeschichte_. Band iii, Abteilung 1, 1840. (Many later editions, and an English translation).

Jaime Balmes: _El protestantismo comparado con el catolicismo en sus relaciones con la civilizacion Europea_. 4 vols. 1842-4. (English translation as, Protestantism and Catholicism compared, 2d ed. 1851).

Thomas Carlyle: _Heroes and Hero-worship_. 1842.

Philarète Chasle: "La Renaissance sensuelle: Luther, Rabelais, Skelton, Folengo," _Revue des deux Mondes_, March, 1842.

Edgar Quinet: _Le génie des religions_. 1842.

Quinet: (see Michelet).

Quinet: _Le Christianisme et la Révolution française_. 1845.

Johann Joseph Ignaz von Döllinger: _Die Reformation_. 3 vols. 1846-8.

Döllinger: _Luther, eine Skizze_. 1851.

Döllinger: _Kirche und Kirchen_. 1861, p. 386.

Döllinger: _Vorträge über die Wiedervereinigungsversuche zwischen den christlichen Kirchen und die Aussichten einer künftigen Union_. 1872.

F. C. Baur: _Lehrbuch der christlichen Dogmengeschichte_. 1847.

Baur: _Die Epochen der kirchlichen Geschichtschreibung_. 1852.

Baur: _Geschichte der christlichen Kirche_, Band iv, 1863.

E. Forcade: "La Réforme et la Révolution," _Revue des Deux Mondes_, Feb. 1849.

William Corbbett: _A History of the Protestant "Reformation" in England and Ireland, showing how that event has impoverished and degraded the main body of the People in these countries_. 1852.

Napoleon Roussel: _Les nations catholiques et les nations protestantes comparées sous le triple rapport du bien-être, des lumières et de la moralité_. 1854.

William H. Prescott: _History of the Reign of Philip II, King of Spain_. 1855-72.

John Lothrop Motley: _The Rise of the Dutch Republic_. 1855.

Motley: _History of the United Netherlands from the death of William the Silent to the Synod of Dort_. 1860-7.

Motley: _Life and Death of John of Barneveldt_. 1874.

James Anthony Froude: _History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the Death of Elizabeth_. (Later: To the Spanish Armada). 1856-70.

Froude: _Short Studies on Great Subjects_. 1867-83.

Froude: _The Divorce of Catharine of Aragon_. 1891.

Froude: _The Life and Letters of Erasmus_. 1894.

Froude: _Lectures on the Council of Trent_. 1896.

Henry Thomas Buckle: _History of Civilization in England_. 1857-61.

Paul de Lagarde: "Ueber das Verhältnis des deutschen Staates zu Theologie, Kirche und Religion." _Deutsche Schriften_, 1886, pp. 48 ff. (Written in 1859, first printed 1873).

David Friedrich Strauss: _Ulrich von Hutten_. 1858.

Gustav Freytag: _Bilder aus der deutschen Vergangenheit_. 1859-62.

Ferdinand Gregorovius: _Geschichte der Stadt Rom im Mittelalter_. 1859-71.

Lord Acton: Many essays and articles, beginning about 1860, mostly collected in his _History of Freedom and Other Essays_, 1906, and _Historical Essays and Studies_, 1907.

Acton: _Lectures on Modern History_. 1906. (I use the 1912 edition; the lectures were delivered in 1899-1901).

Acton: _Letters to Mary Gladstone_, ed. H. Paul, 1904.

Jacob Burckhart: _Die Cultur der Renaissance in Italien_. 1860. (English translation by S. G. C. Middlemore, 1878). Twentieth ed. by L. Geiger, 1919.

W. Stubbs: _Lectures on European History_. 1904. (Delivered 1860-70).

François Laurent: _Études sur l'histoire de l'humanité_. 18 vols. Vol. viii: La Réforme. (No date, circa 1862). Vol. xvii: La Religion de l'avenir. 1870. Vol. xviii: Philosophie de l'histoire. 1870. (pp. 340 ff).

John William Draper: _History of the Intellectual Development of Europe_. 1863.

Draper: _History of the Conflict of Science and Religion_. 1874.

W. E. H. Lecky: _History of the Rise and Influence of the Spirit of Rationalism in Europe_. 1865.

K. P. W Maurenbrecher: _Karl V und die deutschen Protestanten_. 1865.

Maurenbrecher: _England im Reformationszeitalter_. 1866.

Maurenbrecher: _Studien und Skizzen zur Geschichte der Reformationszeit_. 1874.

Maurenbrecher: _Geschichte der katholischen Reformation_. 1880.

Henry Charles Lea: _Superstition and Force_. 1866.

Lea: _Historical Sketch of Sacerdotal Celibacy_. 1867.

Lea: _Chapters from the Religious History of Spain connected with the Inquisition_. 1890.

Lea: _History of Auricular Confession and Indulgences in the Latin Church_. 1896.

Lea: _History of the Inquisition in Spain_. 1906-7.

Lea: "The Eve of the Reformation," _Cambridge Modern History_, ii, 1902.

Ludwig Häusser: _Geschichte des Zeitalters der Reformation_. 1867-8.

Frederic Seebohm: _The Oxford Reformers_, 1867.

Seebohm: _The Era of the Protestant Revolution_. 1874.

H. H. Milman: _Savonarola, Erasmus and other Essays_. 1870.

Eichhoff: Dr. Martin Luther: _100 Stimmen namhafter Männer aus 4 Jahrhunderten_. 1872.

George Park Fisher: _The Reformation_. 1873. (New ed. 1906).

John Richard Green: _Short History of the English People_. 1874.

Green: _History of the English People_, 4 vols. 1877-80.

John Addington Symonds: _The Renaissance in Italy_, 7 vols. 1875-86.

Symonds: "Renaissance," article in _Encyclopaedia Britannica_, 9th, 10th, 11th ed.

Johannes Janssen: _Geschichte des deutschen Volkes seit dem Ausgange des Mittelalters_, 1876-88. (Twentieth ed. of vols. 1, 2; eighteenth ed. of vols. 3-8, by L. Pastor, 1913 ff).

Emile de Laveleye: _Le protestantisme et le catholicisme dans leurs rapports avec la liberté et la prosperité des peuples_, 1875.

Richard Watson Dixon: _History of the Church of England from the abolition of the Roman jurisdiction_, 6 vols. 1878-1902.

Friedrich Nietzsche: _Menschliches, Allzumenschliches_. 1878, p. 200.

Nietzsche: _Die fröhliche Wissenschaft_. 1882, Sections 35, 148, 149, 385. (And other obiter dicta, cf. Werke, vii, 401).

Pasquale Villari: _Niccolò Machiavelli e i suoi tempi_. 1878. (English transl., 1891).

Ludwig (von) Pastor: _Die kirchliche Unionsbestrebungen unter Karl V_, 1879.

Pastor: _Geschichte der Päpste seit dem Ausgange des Mittelalters_, 7 vols. 1886-1920. (English translation of German vols. 1-5, making 12 vols, ed. by Antrobus and Kerr).

H. M. Baird: _The Rise of the Huguenots in France_. 1879.

Baird: _The Huguenots and Henry of Navarre_. 1886.

Georg Christian Bernhard Pünjer: _Geschichte der christlichen Religionsphilosophie seit der Reformation_. 2 Bände. 1880-3. (English translation of the first volume as, _History of the Christian Philosophy of Religion from the Reformation to Kant_, by W. Hastie. 1887).

J. E. Thorold Rogers: _History of Agriculture and Prices in England_, vol. iv, 1882, pp. 72 ff.

Rogers: _The Economic Interpretation of History_, 1888, pp. 83 ff.

K. W. Nitzsch: _Geschichte des deutschen Volkes bis zum Augsburger Religionsfriede_, hg. von Matthäi, 1883-5.

Heinrich von Treitschke: "Luther und die deutsche Nation," 1883. (English translation in _Germany, France, Russia and Islam_, 1915, 227 ff. Other criticisms of the Reformation may be found in his other works, e.g., _Deutsche Geschichte im 19. Jahrhundert_, 1 Teil,[5] 1895, pp. 86, 391).

Charles Beard: _The Reformation of the Sixteenth Century in its relation to Modern Thought and Knowledge_. 1883.

A. Stern: _Die Socialisten der Reformationszeit_. 1883.

Matthew Arnold: _St. Paul and Protestantism_. 1883.

Adolf (von) Harnack: _Martin Luther in seiner Bedeutung für die Geschichte der Wissenschaft und der Bildung_. 1883 (Fifth ed. 1910).

Harnack: _M. Luther und die Grundlegung der Reformation_. 1917.

Harnack: _Lehrbuch der Dogmengeschichte_, Band iii, 1890. (Fourth ed. 1910, and English translation by Neil Buchanan, 1897).

Harnack: _Das Wesen des Christentums_. 1900. (English translation, _What is Christianity_? 1901).

Harnack: "Die Bedeutung der Reformation innerhalb der allgemeinen Religionsgeschichte," _Reden und Aufsätze_, Baud ii, Teil ii, 1904.

Harnack: "Die Reformation," _Internationale Monatsschrift_, xi, 1917.

M. Monnier: _La Réforme, de Luther à Shakespeare_. (Histoire de la littérature moderne). 1885.

Leo Tolstoy: _Thoughts and Aphorisms_. 1886-93. Tolstoy's Works, English, 1905, xix, 137 f.

Philip Schaff: _History of the Christian Church_. Vol. VI, The German Reformation. 1888. Vol. VII, The Swiss Reformation. 1892.

F. von Bezold: _Die Reformation_. 1890. (In Oncken's Allgemeine Geschichte in Einzeldarstellungen).

F. von Bezold, E. Gotheim und R. Koser: _Staat und Gesellschaft der neueren Zeit_. 1908. (Die Kultur der Gegenwart, Teil ii, Abteilung V).

William Cunningham: _Growth of English Industry and Commerce during the early and Middle Ages_. 1890. (Fourth ed. 1905).

Cunningham: _Growth of English Industry and Commerce in Modern Times_. 1882. (3d ed. 1903).

Cunningham: _Western Civilization in its Economic Aspects in Ancient Times_. 1898.

Cunningham: _Western Civilization in its Economic Aspects in Modern Times_. 1900. (I also have the advantage of having taken notes of Dr. Cunningham's lectures at Columbia University, November, 1914).

Rudolph Cristoph Eucken: _Die Lebensanschauungen der grossen Denker_. 1890. (7th ed. 1907: English translation, _The Problem of Human Life_, by W. Hough and Boyce Gibson, 1909).

F. Simmel: _Soziale Differenzierung_. 1890.

Robert Flint: History of the Philosophy of History. 1893.

C. Borgeaud: _The Rise of Modern Democracy in Old and New England_. Translated by Mrs. B. Hill. Preface by C. H. Firth. 1894. (First published in French periodicals 1890-1).

Herbert L. Osgood: "The Political Ideas of the Puritans," _Political Science Quarterly_, vi, 1 ff., 201 ff., 1891.

Wilhelm Dilthey: "Auffassung und Analyse des Menschen im 15. und 16. Jahrhundert." _Archiv für die Geschichte der Philosophie_, iv, (1891) 604 ff., v, (1892), 337 ff.

Dilthey: "Die Glaubenslehre der Reformatoren," _Preussiche Jahrbücher_, lxxv, (1894), pp. 44 ff.

Dilthey: "Weltanschauung und Analyse des Menschen seit Renaissance und Reformation." _Gesammelte Schriften_, ii, 1914.

E. A. Freeman: Historical Essays, 4th series, 1892.

Karl Lamprecht: _Zum Verstãndnis der wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Wandlungen in Deutschland vom. 14. bis zum 16. Jahrhundert_. 1893.

Lamprecht: _Deutsche Geschichte_, Band 5, 1894-5.

Otto Pfleiderer: _Philosophy and Development of Religion_. (Gifford Lectures at Edinburgh), 1894, vol. ii, pp. 321 ff.

Pfleiderer: "Luther as the founder of Protestant civilization." In _Evolution and Theology_, 1900, pp. 48-79. (Address given 1883).

E. Belfort Bax: _German Society at the Close of the Middle Ages_. 1894.

Bax: _The Peasants' War in Germany_. 1899.

Bax: _The Rise and Fall of the Anabaptists_. 1903. (Large portions of the three works by Bax have been reprinted in his _German Culture Past and Present_. 1915).

Brooks Adams: _The Law of Civilisation and Decay_. 1895.

Brooks Adams: _The New Empire_. 1902.

Karl Kautsky: _Vorläufer des neuren Sozialismus_, Band i, "Der Kommunismus in der deutschen Reformation," 1895. (Communism in Central Europe in the Time of the Reformation, transl. by J. L. and E. G. Mulliken. 1897).

A. Berger: _Die Kulturaufgaben der Reformation_. 1895. ([2] 1908).

Berger: _M. Luther in kulturgeschichtlicher Darstellung_, 3 parts, 1895, 1907, 1919.

Berger: _Ursachen und Ziele der deutschen Reformation_. 1899.

Berger: _Sind Humanismus und Protestantismus gegensätzig?_ 1899,

H. Hauser: "De l'humanisme et de la Réforme en France," _Revue Historique_, July-Aug. 1897.

Karl Sell: "Die wissenschaftliche Aufgaben einer Geschichte der christlichen Religion," _Preussische Jahrbücher_, xcviii. (1899), 12 ff.

Sell: _Christentum und Weltgeschichte seit der Reformation_. 1910.

Sell: _Der Zusammenhang von Reformation und politischer Freiheit_. Abhandlungen in Theologischen Arbeiten aus dem rheinischen wissenschaftlichen Predigerverein. N. F. 12. 1910.

John Mackinnon Robertson: _A Short History of Freethought_. 1899. ([3] 1915).

Robertson: _A Short History of Christianity_. 1901. ([2] 1913).

S. N. Patten: _The Development of English Thought_. A Study in the Economic Interpretation of History. 1899. (Fanciful).

Ferdinand Brunetière: "L'oeuvre littéraire de Calvin." _Revue des Deux Mondes_, Oct. 15, 1900.

Brunetière: "L'oeuvre de Calvin." (1901). _Discours de Combat_, ii, 1908, pp. 121 ff.

Williston Walker: _The Reformation_. 1900.

Walker: _A History of the Christian Church_. 1918.

A. Loisy: L'Évangile et l'Église. 1901. (Answer to Harnack's Wesen des Christentums).

A. Lang: _History of Scotland_, i, 1901, p. 382.

A. F. Pollard: _Henry VIII_. 1902.

A. F. Pollard: _Thomas Cranmer_. 1904.

Pollard: _Political History of England 1547-1603_. 1910.

James Gairdner: _The English Church in the Sixteenth Century_ (1509-58). 1902.

J. Gairdner: Chapters in the _Cambridge Modern History_, ii, 1902.

Gairdner: _Lollardy and the Reformation_. 4 vols. 1908 ff.

Mandell Creighton: _A History of the Papacy_, vol. 5, 1902.

E. Armstrong: _The Emperor Charles V_. 1902.

H. Lemonnier: _Histoire de France_ (ed. par E. Lavisse), v, 1903-4.

James Harvey Robinson: "The Study of the Lutheran Revolt," _American Historical Review_, viii, 205. 1903.

J. H. Robinson: "The Reformation," _Encyclopaedia Britannica_, 1911.

Auguste Sabatier: _Les religions d'autorité et la religion de l'esprit_. 1903. ([4] 1910. English translation 1904).

(H. M.) Alfred Baudrillart: _L'Église catholique, la Renaissance, le Protestantisme_. 1904. (English translation by Mrs. Philip Gibbs. 1908).

W. H. Frere: _The English Church in the Reigns of Elizabeth and James I_, 1904.

H. A. L. Fisher: _A Political History of England 1486-1547_. 1904.

Fisher: _The Republican Tradition in Europe_, 1911, pp. 34 ff.

J. H. Mariéjol: _Histoire de France_ (ed. par E. Lavisse), Tome vi, 1904.

E. P. Cheyney: _The European Background of American History_, 1904, p. 168.

O. Hegemann: _Luther in katholischem Urteil_. 1904.

Friedrich Heinrich Suso Denifle: _Luther and Luthertum in der ersten Entwicklung_, i, 1904; ii, hg. von A. M. Weiss, 1909.

Max Weber: "Die protestantische Ethik und der 'Geist' des Kapitalismus," _Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik_, xx and xxi, 1905.

George Santayana: _Reason in Religion_, 1905, pp. 114-124.

Santayana: _Winds of Doctrine_, 1913, pp. 39-46.

Santayana: _Egotism in German Philosophy_, 1917, pp. 1 ff., 23.

P. Imbart de la Tour: _Les Origines de la Réforme_, 3 vols. 1905-13.

P. Imbart de la Tour: "Luther et l'Allemagne," in _Revue de métaphysique et morale_, 1918, p. 611.

David J. Hill: _A History of Diplomacy in the International Development of Europe_, vol. 2, 1906, pp. 422 f, 460.

A. W. Benn: _A History of English Rationalism in the Eighteenth Century_, 1906, pp. 76 f.

J. Mackinnon: _A History of Modern Liberty_, Vol. iii, The Age of the Reformation, 1906.

T. M. Lindsay: _A History of the Reformation_. 2 vols. 1906-7.

H. Böhmer: _Luther im Lichte der neueren Forschung_. 1906. (2d. ed. 1909, 3d. 1913, 5th 1918, each much changed).

Ernst Troeltsch: _Bedeutung des Protestantismus für die Entstehung der modernen Welt_. 1906. (2d ed. 1911; English translation, "Protestantism and Progress." 1912).

Troeltsch: _Protestantisches Christentum und Kirche in der Neuzeit_, 1906. (Kultur der Gegenwart, I, Teil iv, 1). 2d ed. 1909.

Troeltsch: "Protestantismus und Kultur," in _Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart_, 1912.

Troeltsch: _Die Soziallehren der christlichen Kirchen und Gruppen_, 1912.

Troeltsch: "Renaissance und Reformation," _Historische Zeitschrift_, cx. 519 ff., 1913.

Troeltsch: "Die Kulturbedeutung des Kalvinimus," _Internationale Wochenschrift_, iv, 1910.

Troeltsch: "Luther und der Protestantismus," _Neue Rundschau_, Oct. 1917.

T. Brieger: "Die Reformation." In _Weltgeschichte 1500-1648_, ed. Pflugk-Harttung, 1907. (Published separately, enlarged, 1909).

F. Loofs: _Luther's Stellung zum Mittelalter und zur Neuzeit_. 1907.

Horst Stephan: _Luther in den Wandlungen seiner Kirche_. 1907.

A. Kalthoff: _Das Zeitalter der Reformation_. 1907.

Otto Pfleiderer: _Die Entwicklung des Christentums_. 1907.

Joseph Fabre: _La pensée moderne, de Luther à Leibnitz_. 1908.

F. Lepp: _Schlagwörter des Reformationszeitalters_. 1908.

Paul Sabatier: _Les Modernistes_, 1908 (Translated, _Modernism_, 1908, pp. 75 ff).

Paul Sabatier: _L'Orientation religieuse de la France actuelle_, 1911. (Translated, _France Today, its Religious Orientation_, 1913, pp. 49-51).

John Morley: _Miscellanies_, Fourth Series, 1908, pp. 120 ff.

R. Eckert: _Luther im Urteil bedeutender Männer_. 1908. (2d ed., expanded, 1917).

E. Boutroux: _Science et religion dans la philosophie contemporaine_, 1908, p. 13.

L. Zscharnack: "Reformation und Humanismus im Urteil der deutschen Aufklärung," _Protestantische Monatshefte_, 1908, xii, 81 ff, 153 ff.

F. Rachfahl: "Kalvinismus und Kapitalismus," _Internationale Wochenschrift_, iii, 1909.

E. Fueter: "Die Weltgeschichtliche Bedeutung des Calvinismus." _Wissen und Leben_, ii, 1909, pp. 269 ff.

E. Fueter: _Geschichte der neueren Historiographie_. 1911. (French translation, 1916).

E. Fueter: _Geschichte des Europäischen Staatensystems 1492-1559_. 1919.

W. Windelband: _Allgemeine Geschichte der Philosophie_, p. 395. (_Kultur der Gegenwart_, Teil I, Abt. 5, 1909).

Solamon Reinach: _Orpheus_, 1909.

Jacob Salwyn Schapiro: _Social Reform and the Reformation_. 1909.

F. Katzer: _Luther und Kant_. 1910.

Emil Knodt: _Die Bedeutung Calvins und des Calvinismus für die protestantische Welt_. 1910.

Jaeger: "Germanisierung des Christentums," _Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart_, 1910.

A. Dide: _J. J. Rousseau, le Protestantisme et la Révolution française_. (1910).

J. Rivain: _Politique, Morale, Religion; Sur l'Esprit protestant; Protestantisme et progrès; l'Église et l'État_. 1910.

C. Burdach: "Sinn und Ursprung der Worte Renaissance und Reformation." Königliche-preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften, _Sitzungsberichte_, 1910, pp. 594-646.

W. Köhler: _Idee und Persönlichkeit in der Kirchengeschichte_. 1910.

W. Köhler: "Luther," in _Morgenrot der Reformation_, hg. von Pflugk-Harttung, 1912.

W. Köhler: _Martin Luther und die deutsche Reformation_. 1916.

W. Köhler in _Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart_, 1909. i, 2117 ff.

Köhler: "Erasmus," 1918. (_Klassiker der Religion_).

Köhler: _Dr. M. Luther, der deutsche Reformator_. 1917.

H. T. Andrews: "The Social Principles and Effects of the Reformation." In _Christ and Civilization_, ed. J. B. Patten, Sir P. W. Bunting and A. E. Garvie, 1910.

Fernand Mouret: _Histoire générale de l'Église_. Tome 5. La Renaissance et la Réforme. 1910. ([2] 1914).

A. Humbert: _Les Origines de la Théologie moderne_, 1911.

Hartmann Grisar: _Luther_. 3 vols. 1911-13.

Preserved Smith: _Life and Letters of Martin Luther_, 1911. (Especially the preface to the second edition, 1914).

Preserved Smith: "Justification by Faith," _Harvard Theological Review_, 1913.

Preserved Smith: "Luther," _International Encyclopaedia_, 1915.

Preserved Smith: "The Reformation 1517-1917." _Bibliotheca Sacra_, Jan. 1918.

Preserved Smith: "English Opinion of Luther," _Harvard Theological Review_, 1917.

Hillaire Belloc: "The Results of the Reformation." _Catholic World_, Jan. 1912.

P. Wernle: _Renaissance und Reformation_. 1912.

Alfred Plummer: _The Continental Reformation_. 1912.

Maxime Kowalewsky: _Die ökonomische Entwicklung Europas bis zum Beginn der kapitalistischen Wirtschaftsform_. Aus dem Russischen überstezt von A. Stein. Vol. vi, 1913, pp. 51 ff.

J. B. Bury: _A History of Freedom of Thought_. 1913.

G. L. Burr: "Anent the Middle Ages," _American Historical Review_, 1913.

Burr: "The Freedom of History," _American Historical Review_, Jan. 1917.

W. J. Ashley: _Economic Organization of England_, 1914, pp. 64 ff.

A. Elkan: "Entstehung und Entwicklung des Begriffs 'Gegenreformation,'" _Historische Zeitschrift_, cxii, pp. 473-93, 1914.

E. M. Hulme: _The Renaissance, the Protestant Revolution and the Catholic Reformation_. 1914. (Second ed. 1915).

G. Wolf: _Quellenkunde der deutschen Reformationsgeschichte_, 2 vols. 1915, 1916.

A. E. Harvey: "Economic Self-interest in the German Anti-clericalism of the 15th and 16th Centuries," _American Journal of Theology_, 1915.

Harvey: "Economic Aspects of the Reformation," _Lutheran Survey_, Aug. 1, 1917, pp. 459-64.

Harvey: "Martin Luther in the Estimate of Modern Historians," _American Journal of Theology_, July, 1918.

W. P. Paterson: "Religion," chap. 9 of _German Culture_, ed. by W. P. Paterson, 1915.

John Dewey: _German Philosophy and Politics_. 1915.

H. Cohen: _Deutschtum und Judentum_. 1915.

G. Kawerau: _Luther's Gedanken über den Krieg_. 1916.

G. Monod: "La Réforme Catholique," _Revue Historique_, cxxi, 1916, esp. pp. 314 f.

F. S. Marvin: _Progress and History_, 1916. (Essays by various authors).

Shailer Mathews: _The Spiritual Interpretation of History_, 1916, esp. pp. 57 ff.

Frank Puaux: "La Réformation jugée par Claude et Jurieu." _Bulletin de la Société de l'histoire du Protestantisme_, Juillet-Sept. 1917.

L. Marchaud: _La Réformation: ses causes, sa nature, ses consequences_. 1917.

N. Weiss: "Pour le Quatrième Centénaire de la Réformation," _Bulletin de la Société de l'histoire du Protestantisme_, 1917, pp. 178 ff.

K. D. Macmillan: _Protestantism in Germany_. 1917.

Georg von Below: _Die Ursachen der Reformation_, 1917.

H. M. Gwatkin: "Reformation," in _Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics_, 1917.

Alfred Fawkes: "Papacy," _ibid._

Max Lenz: "Luthers weltgeschichtliche Stellung," _Preussische Jahrbücher_, clxx, 1917.

Chalfant Robinson: "Some Economic Aspects of the Protestant Reformation Doctrines." _Princeton Theological Review_, October 1917.

Arthur Cushman McGiffert: "Luther and the Unfinished Reformation." Address given at Union Seminary Oct. 31, 1917, published in the _Union Seminary Bulletin_, 1918.

_Revue de Métaphysique et Morale_, Sept.-Dec., 1918. Special number on the Reformation with important articles by C. A. Bernouilli, Imbart de la Tour, N. Weiss, F. Buisson, F. Watson, Frederic Palmer, E. Doumergue and others.

W. K. Boyd: "Political and Social Aspects of Luther's Message," _South Atlantic Quarterly_, Jan., 1918.

H. Scholz: "Die Reformation und der deutsche Geist." _Preussische Jahrbücher_, clxx, 1, 1918.

F. Heiler: _Luther's Religionsgeschichtliche Bedeutung_. 1918.

F. T. Teggart: _The Processes of History_, 1918, pp. 162 ff.

Lucy H. Humphrey: "French Estimates of Luther," _Lutheran Quarterly_, April, 1918. (Interesting study).

J. Paquier: _Luther et l'Allemagne_. 1918.

Wilbur Cross Abbott: _The Expansion of Europe 1415-1789_. 2 vols. 1918.

H. E. Barnes: "History," _Encyclopaedia Americana_, 1919.

George Foot Moore: _History of Religions: Judaism, Christianity, Mohammedanism_. 1919.

P. Hume Brown: _Surveys of Scottish History_. 1919. (Essays posthumously collected).

J. Haller: _Die Ursachen der Reformation_. 1919.

F. Arnold: _Die deutsche Reformation in ihren Beziehungen zu den Kulturverhältnissen des Mittelalters_. 1919.

D. H. Bauslin: _The Lutheran Movement of the Sixteenth Century_. 1919.

{819}

INDEX

Aalst, 264. Aberdeen, University of, 12. Abgarus, 585. Abyssinia, 405. Acontius, J., 627. Acton, Lord, 357, 377, 642, 737, 741. Adams, B., 726. Adrian VI, Pope, appeal to Germany, 84 f., 378. and Luther, 241, 378. and Inquisition, 242, 378, 415. pontificate, 378 f., 389. in Spain, 427. and art, 690. Aerschot, Duke of, 269. Aeschylus, 574. Aesop, 574. Africa, 10, 437, 441, 443, 445 f., 473, 525, 533, 616. Agriculture, 540 ff. Agrippa of Nettesheim, H. C., 420, 508, 510, 638 f. Aigle, 161. Aix-in-Provence, 203. Alamanni, L., 373. Albertinus, A., 453. Albertus Magnus, 612. Albigenses, 35. Albuquerque, A. d', 443. Alcalá, University of, 12, 400, 565, 673. Aleander, J., 78, 80, 191, 195, 241. Alençon, 195. Charles, Duke of, 189. Aleppo, 446. Alesius, A., 354. Alexander VI, Pope, 17 f., 407, 418, 435, 709. Algiers, 449. Allenstein, 618. Almeida, F. d', 442. Altdorf, 670. Alva, Duke of, defeats German Protestants, 120. besieges Metz, 200. regent of the Netherlands, 254, 257 ff., 672. and England, 332, 335, 339 f. art of war, 488. Amazon, 438. America, 275, 407, 416, 430, 435 ff., 457, 512, 523, 616, 651. gold and silver from, 473 ff. Amboise, 197. Tumult of, 210 f. Amboyna, 524. Ameaux, 175. Ammonius, A., 649. Amsterdam, 244, 257, 261 f., 275, 531. Amyot, 576. Anabaptists, 82. in Germany, 99 ff. and Melanchthon, 117. and polygamy, 120. in Sweden, 138. in Poland, 142. in Transylvania, 145. in Switzerland, 154 ff. in Netherlands, 237, 243 f., 248 f., 295. in England, 295, 308, 315. in Italy, 376, 417. and Council of Trent, 392. and Bible, 573. communism, 606. persecuted, 644 f. for toleration, 646. judged by Bax and Kautsky, 726. Andalusia, 433 f. Andelot, 205. Andrea del Sarto, 680. Anghierra, P. M. d', 702. Anjou, Francis, Dnke of, 269 f., 272, 274, 602. Anne Boleyn, Queen of England, 287, 290 f., 293, 295, 298 f., 548, 588, 676. Anne of Cleves, Queen of England, 306 f. Anne, Queen of France, 182 f. _Anthology_, 574. Antwerp, 237, 239 ff., 245, 256 f., 260, 265, 284, 355, 442, 454, 467, 472, 565. trade, 523 ff., 531 f., 537. charity, 559. art, 683. Appenzell, 146. Aquaviva, 410. Aquinas, T., 34, 43, 47, 163, 529, 590, 624. Arabs, 442 f., 448. Aragon, 428. Arbuthnot, A., 355. Archangel, 526. Arcimboldi, 136. Aretino, P., 694. Argyle, Earl of, 360. Ariosto, 11, 19, 374, 502, 508 ff., 628, 692. Aristarchus, 617. Aristophanes, 574. Aristotle, 49, 52, 63 f., 66, 513, 574, 590, 609, 612, 617, 623. reaction against, 636 f. Armentières, 256. Armstrongs, 505. Arndt, 718. Arras, League of, 271 ff. Art, 3, 674, 91. [Transcriber's note: 691?] Gothic, 7. rewards of artists, 472. history of, 582 f. painting, 674 ff. architecture, 685 ff. Reformation and Counter-reformation, 689 ff. Artois, 239. Arzila, 446. Ascham, R., 327, 497 f., 634 f., 667 f., 671, 692. Ashley, 729. Asia, 447 f., 474, 616. Aske, R., 304. Askewe, A., 309. Atahualpa, 440. Atlantic, 10, 442, 490, 523. Aubigné, M. d', 723. Aubigné, T. A. d', 600 f. Augsburg, 74, 113, 128, 454. Diet of (1518), 46, 67. Diet of (1530), 110, 116 ff. Diet of (1548), 129, 239. Diet of (1555), 130. Religious Peace of, 114, 130 ff., 255, 650. Confession, 116 f., 122, 130, 145, 299, 392. banks, 520 f., 527 f. pauperism, 559 f. Augustine, 34, 65, 584, 606. Augustinian Friars, 67, 240, 702, 708. Australia, 443. Austria, 74 ff., 79, 146, 158, 238. Rudolph IV, Duke of, 44. Don John of, 266 ff., 272. Matthew, Archduke of, 268 ff. Auvergne, 202. Avicenna, 513. Avignon, popes at, 14, 42. Azores, 435, 441. Aztecs, 438 f.

Babington, A., 338. Bacon, F., 392, 487, 591 f., 609, 623, 626, 650, 666, 669. on effect of the Reformation, 635 f. Baden, 157, 238. Badius, J., 471. Balboa, 438. Baldwin, J., 635. Bale, J., 578. Balearic Isles, 535. Baltic, 523, 526. Bamberg, 114, 658. Bandini, P. A., 377. Baptista Mantuanus, 667. Baptists, 102. Barbarossa, 449. Barbary, 535. Barcelona, 428, 535. University of, 12, 400. Barnabites, 397. Barnes, R., 308. Baronius, C., 585. Barton, E., 290. Basil III, Czar, 447. Basle joins Swiss Confederacy, 146. center of humanism, 147, 150. Reformation, 156 f., 160, 162. Council of, 15 f., 40, 45, 147 f., 389. University of, 11, 149. Baur, F. C., 720 f. Bavaria, 44, 74, 114, 127, 406, 454. Bax, B., 725 f. Baxter, R., 656, 729. Bayard, 501. Beard, C., 739. Beaton, D., 356 f., 382. Beatus Rhenanus, 53. Becket, T., 59, 305. Beda, N., 161. Beirut, 446. Beham, B., 103, 628. Beham, H. S., 103, 628. Belgium, 76, 555. Belgrade, 449. Bellay, J. du, 576, 579. Bellay, M. du, 582, 704. Bellay, R. du, 196. Bellinis, 677. Below, G. von, 739. Bembo, P., 51, 374, 376. Benedict, St., 397. Bengal, 524. Ben Mosheh, G., 565. Benn, A. W., 742. Ber, L., 106. Berger, A. E., 728. Bernard, St., 34, 397. Berne, 146 ff., 153, 157 f., 160 f., 168 f., 179, 645. Berni, F., 376. Berquin, L. de, 193. Berthelier, P., 175. Berwick, 358. Berwickshire, 362. Besançon, University of, 672. Bessarion, 52. Beucklessen, 101 f. Beza, T., 172, 181, 213, 565, 585, 598, 647, 671. Bezold, 732. Bible first printed, 9. number of editions, 26. Vulgate, 26, 188, 392, 396, 566. French, 26, 175, 188, 196, 570. German, 26, 81, 86, 100, 111 f., 157, 569 f. English, 37 f., 243, 284, 289, 300, 329, 354 ff., 359, 566, 570 f. Swedish, 138. Polish, 142. Greek, 147, 188, 374, 420, 564 ff. Dutch, 243. Spanish, 245. new Latin translations, 374, 565 f. Italian, 374. Hebrew, 565. Complutensian Polyglot, 565 f. authority of, 35, 37 f., 40, 165 f., 392, 571 ff. exegesis and criticism of, 566 ff. by Valla, 49, 566 f. by Lefèvre, 52 f. by Colet, 53. by Reuchlin, 54. by Erasmus, 60, 564 ff. by Luther, 568 f. new translations condemned, 192, 203, 284, 309, 420 ff. price of, 468. popularity, 571 f. effect of bibliolatry, 573, 655 f. illustrated by Raphael, 679. _Biblia Pauperum_, 8, 26. Biel, G., 160, 743. Bijns, A., 246. Bion, 574. Blaurer, A., 179. Blaurer, T., 134. Blaurock, G., 645. Blois, 197, 210. States General, 222. Blue Laws, 171 ff., 482 ff. Boccaccio, 47 f., 422. Bodin, J., 222, 582, 601 f., 608, 623. on religion, 630. on witchcraft, 657, 659 f. Boece, H., 354. Bohemia, 38 ff., 74, 144, 290. Bohemian Brethren, 40 f., 142, 144. Böhm, H., 87. Böhmer, 739. Boiardo, 376. Bologna, 393. University of, 11, 603, 613, 618, 627. Concordat of, 42 f., 184, 230. Bolsec, J., 167, 176, 375. Bombasius, 564. Boniface VIII, Pope, 14, 23, 41 f. Bonivard, 168. Bonn, 657. Bonner, 604. Books numbers of, 9, 691 f. prices of, 468. royalties, 471 f. literature, 691-8. Borgeaud, C., 743. Borgia family, 15, 676. Caesar, 17, 590, 676. Lucretia, 17, 676. Borgia, F., 410. Borneo, 524. Borromeo, C., 386, 417. Borthwick, D., 355 note. Bossuet, 702 f. Botero, J., 608. Bothwell, Earl of, 366 ff. Boucher, J., 190, 600, 605. Bourbon, Anthony of, 205, 210, 213. Bourbon, Charles, Constable of, 185, 205, 380. Bourbon, Charles, Cardinal of, 223. Bourgeoisie, 5, 236, 278, 549 ff. Bourges, 195. University of, 11, 162. Pragmatic Sanction of, 42 f. Archbishop of, 227. Boyneburg, 313. Brabant, 245, 253, 255, 264, 269, 274. population, 454. Brahe, T., 623. Bramante, 686. Brandenburg, 74, 468, 540. population, 454. Joachim I, Elector of, 77. Joachim II, Elector of, 119, 127. Albert of, Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, 113, 139. John, Margrave of, 398. Brandenburg-Culmbach, Albert of, 130. Brant, S., 88. _Ship of Fools_, 54, 147. Brantôme, 211, 350, 582, 704. Brask, J., 137. Brazil, 405, 408, 435, 444. Breda, 251. Brederode, 257. Brentano, 729. Brenz, 645. Brescia, 455, 565, 658. Brethren of the Common Life, 12, 26, 32. Briçonnet, W., 180 ff. Brielle, 260. Bristol, 323. Brittany, 182, 195. Brothers of Mercy, 397. Browne, R., 345. Brück, G., 116. Bruges, 273, 559. Bruno, 507, 623, 639 f. Brunswick, Henry, Duke of, 120. Brussels, 235, 242, 245, 253, 255 ff., 264, 266, 268, 272, 439, 502, 540. Bucer, M., 110, 120, 122, 164, 169, 312 f., 322, 375, 508, 596, 645. Buchanan, G., 354, 579 f., 603, 703. Buckingham, Duke of, 280. Buckle, H. T., 722. Budé, W., 187, 190, 193 f., 667, 672. Bugenhagen, J., 137. Bullinger, H., 102, 123, 150, 160, 179, 299, 312, 326, 356, 420, 587. Burckhardt, J., 732. Burghley, W. Cecil, Lord, 327, 333 f., 337 f., 554, 635. Burgos, 457. Burgundy, Free County of, 76, 234, 257, 455, 553. Philip the Good, Duke of, 234. Charles the Bold, Duke of, 235. Burgundy (France), 186. Burnet, G., 701. Burr, G. L., 732. Busleiden, J., 672. Butts, W., 470 f.

Cabot, S., 446. Cabral, 442. Cabrières, 203. Cadiz, 341, 524 f. Cairo, 446. Cajetan, T. de Vio, Cardinal, 46, 67 f., 393, 566, 605, 624. Calais, 200, 281, 302, 319, 332 Calcagnini, C., 620. Calderon, 433. Calendar, reform of the, 623 f. Calicut, 441 f. Calixtus III, Pope, 16. Calvin, G., 161. Calvin, I., 169. Calvin, J.: and _German Theology_, 32. doctrine of the eucharist, 110, 165 f. and Lutherans, 134. and Zwingli, 134, 159 f., 166. and Bohemian Brethren, 144. early life, 161 f. and Erasmus, 162, 164. and Luther, 162, 164 f. conversion, 162. _Institutes of the Christian Religion_, 162 ff., 169, 198, 208, 645. doctrine of predestination, 164 ff., 746. in Italy, 168, 376. in Geneva, 168 ff., 179. at Strassburg, 169. at Colloquy of Ratisbon, 169. marriage, 169. social reform, 170 ff., 483. persecutes, 175 ff., 645 f. and Servetus, 177 f. international position, 179 f. death and character, 180 f. and French Reformation, 189, 201, 230 f. and Rabelais, 194 f. and French Bible, 196. political theory, 211, 592, 596 f., 604. influence in Netherlands, 248. influence in England, 312, 326 f., 335. influence in Scotland, 359. and Bolsec, 375. and Council of Trent, 392. and Index, 420. on torture, 481. on amusements, 485. biblical exegesis, 569, 572. on usury, 609. and free thought, 626. and witchcraft, 656. and art, 690. judged by Gibbon, 710 f. judged by Christie, 731. Calvinism barred by Peace of Augsburg, 130. and Lutheranism, 134, 179 f. in Scandinavia, 138. in Poland, 142 f. international, 179 f. in France, 201 ff. in Netherlands, 247 ff. in Scotland, 353. in Spain, 416. in Italy, 417. political effect, 594, 707. and Capitalism, 728 f. Camden, 703. Cambrai Treaty of, 186. Archbishopric of, 252. Cambridge, University of, 56, 471, 604, 671, 687. and Reformation, 281 f. Cambridgeshire, 323. Camoens, 11, 444 f. Campanus, 626. Campeggio, 122. Canisius, P., 32, 406. Cano, S. del, 441. Canon Law, 43 f., 69, 71, 78. Canossa, 43. Cape of Good Hope, 10, 441. Cape Verde Islands, 435, 441. Capitalism, 3-5, 515-562. and Reformation, 515, 727 f., 748. origins, 515 ff. first great fortunes, 517 f. banking, 518 ff. mining, 522 f. commerce, 523 ff. manufacture, 536 ff. gilds, 537 ff. agriculture, 541 ff. bourgeoisie, 548 ff. proletariat, 552 ff. pauperism, 556 ff. Capito, W., 110, 150, 157, 189, 508, 645. Cappel First Peace of, 158. battle of, 158 f. Capuchins, 375, 397. Caracci, 689. Caracciolo, M., 78. Caraffa, J. P., see Paul IV. Cardan, J., 610 f., 614. Carlstadt, A. Bodenstein of, 69, 81, 83, 90, 108, 120, 136, 241, 420, 569. Carlyle, T., 718. Carpi, Berengar of, 613. Cartier, J., 446, 526. Cartwright, T., 343. Cassander, 248, 255. Castellio, S., 175, 646 f. Castiglione, B., 492, 501, 510. Castile, 412, 427 f. Cateau-Cambrésis, Treaty of, 200, 206, 372. Catechisms, 112, 142, 395, 406 f. Catharine of Aragon, Queen of England, 279, 286 f., 290 f., 321. Catharine Howard, Queen of England, 307. Catharine Parr, Queen of England, 307. Catharine de' Medici, Queen of France, marriage, 198 f. character, 211. policy, 211 ff. "flying squadron," 215. and St. Bartholomew, 217 f. as seen by Huguenots, 220 f. death, 224. and Pius V, 386. invents corsets, 497. and Machiavelli, 591. and art, 688. judged by Michelet, 717. Catholic Church (see also Papacy and Counter-reformation). revolt from, 4. history in later Middle Ages, 13-20. heir of the Roman Empire, 13, 747. abuses, 20 f. wealth, 21. temporal power, 29, 37, 70 f. attacked by Luther, 123, 388. intolerance, 641 ff. Celibacy, sacerdotal, effect on race, 13, 453. vow not kept, 25. rejected by Wyclif, 37. repudiated by Luther, 71, 81. in England, 306, 313. and Inquisition, 508. Cellarius, C., 561. Cellini, B., 504, 583, 653, 688. Censorship of the press, 417 ff., 423 f. Cerdagne, 426. Cerratani, B., 377. Cervantes, 433, 692. Ceuta, 446. Ceylon, 408, 524. Chambre Ardente, 203 f. Chancellor, R., 447. Chapuis, 288, 291. Charles V, Emperor, heir of Burgundy and Spain, 76, 126. elected emperor, 77. crowned, 78. religious policy, 79 ff., 116 ff., 121 f., 236, 322 note. conquers Tunis, 121. war with France, 121, 185 ff., 198, 427. Schmalkaldic War, 126, 383. abdicates, 132, 246. in Netherlands, 235, 238. suppresses rebellion of Ghent, 236 f. and England, 278 ff., 294, 317 f. and papacy, 378 ff. and Inquisition, 417. character, 427, 498. betrothed to Mary Tudor, 432. and Moors, 433. and Russia, 447. finance, 467. in Spain, 477. and Fuggers, 528. portrait, 678. Charles VIII, King of France, 17, 35. Charles IX, King of France, 143, 211 ff., 217 f. Charron, P., 633. Chartres, 227. Chateaubriand, Edict of, 204. Chaucer, G., 25. Cheshire, 323. Chesterton, G. K., 729. Cheyney, E. P., 742 f. Chieregato, F., 84, 377. Children, 510 f., 555. China, 443. Christian II, King of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, 136. Christian III, King of Denmark, 119, 137. Christianity, 13, 583, 627, 744 f. Christie, R. C., 731. Cicero, 49, 488, 619. Ciceronians, 577 f. Cisneros, G. de, 401. Civita Vecchia, 535. Clement of Rome, 568. Clement V, Pope, 14. Clement VII, Pope, 186, 250. and Charles V, 236, 433. and Henry VIII, 287, 291 pontificate, 379 ff., 389. forbids duelling, 485 f. and Copernicus, 622. and art, 690. Clement VIII, Pope, 228. Clenoch, M., 325. Clergy morals, 25, 493 f. power of, 27 f. denounced by Wyclif, 37. attacked in _Gravamina_, 45. assailed by Luther, 71. in Netherlands, 236. reform in England, 314. in Scotland, 353 f., 356. pay of, 470. position of, 493 ff. spoliation, 550 f. Cleves, 44. William, Duke of, 306. Clocks and watches, invention of, 7 f., 688. Cochin, D., 738. Cochin (India), 442. Cochin-China, 408. Cochlaeus, 284, 588, 702. Coeur, J., 460. Cognac, League of, 186. Cole of Faversham, 167. Colet, J., 26, 53, 57, 280 f., 510, 665, 667. Coligni, G. de, 199, 205, 214 ff., 261. Cologne, 44, 54, 74, 252, 454. University of, 77, 241, 655, 666, 670. reformation of, 120, 127, 283. counter-reformation of, 128. Colonna family, 16. Vittoria, 375. Columbus, C., 3, 10 f., 62, 430, 434 f., 614 f. Commerce, 442 ff., 523 ff. Communism, 94, 155. Como, 658. Compass, invention of, 7, 614 f. Compostella, 499. Condé, Prince of, 211, 214 f. Condorcet, 713. Congo, 405. Constance, Council of, ends Great Schism, 14. deals with heresy, 14, 39 f. reforms, 14 f., 45. memory of, 148, 389, 703. Constantinople, 9, 16, 448. Consubstantiation, 33, 108. Contarini, G., 117, 122, 377, 382, 393, 402. Coornheert, D. V., 249, 251. Cop, 172. Copenhagen, University of, 12. Copernicus, N. Bible quoted against, 573. economic theory, 608. trigonometry, 610. life, 618. astronomy, 3, 618 ff. _De Revolutionibus Orbium Caelestium_, 620. reception of his theory, 621 ff., 632. influence on philosophy, 637 ff. Cordus, E., 558. Correggio, 680. Corsica, 456. Cortez, H., 438 f. Cossacks, 139 f. Cotta, U., 63. Counter-reformation, 377-424. turns back Protestants, 388. Spanish Spirit, 389. and art, 690 f. origin of word, 721. Courtenay, W., 36. Coutras, battle of, 223. Coverdale, M., 299 f., 327, 355, 570 f. Cox, R., 508. Cracow,140, 144. University of, 618. Craig, J., 603. Cranach, L., 376, 683. Cranmer, T., 290, 299, 313 f., 322 f., 495. Creighton, M., 741. Crépy, Peace of, 121, 198. Crespin, 585. Cromwell, T. alliance with France, 187. and Reformation, 289, 295 ff., 299 ff., 306 f. death, 307. fortune, 518. and Machiavelli, 591. Cuba, 438. Cugnatis, I. de, 502. Cumberland, 304. Cunningham, W., 729. Cusa, N. of, 48, 617, 640.

Damascus, 446. Dancing, 500. Daniel, G., 704. Dante, 47, 423. Danzig, 140 f., 454. Darnley, Lord, 366 f. Dauphiné, 202. Davila, 704. Delft, 264. Demonology, 63, 653 ff. Demosthenes, 574. Denifle, 741. Denmark and Lübeck, 118. early emigration, 135. Reformation, 136 ff. population, 458. church property, 551. Dessau, League of, 114. Deventer, school, 56, 662. Diaz, B., 10. Digby, E., 639. Digges, L., 614. Dillenburg, 251, 258. Dilthey, W., 730. Diodorus, 574. Dionysius the Areopagite, 50, 52 f. Dispensations, papal, 22 f. Dolet, S., 187, 203, 231, 629 f. Döllinger, I., 723 f. Dominic, St., 397, 399. Dominicans, 148, 407, 702, 708. Donatus, Latin grammar of, 8 f., 663. Dordrecht, 240. Doria, A., 449. Douai, 186, 672. Drake, F., 339 ff., 446. Dress, 496 f. Drinking, 485, 497 f. Dublin, 347. Dudley, Edmond, 279. Dudley, Guilford, 317, 518. Duelling, 485 f. Dundee, 354. Durand, 108. Dürer, A., 510. at Basle, 147. in Netherlands, 240, 454, 466 ff., 537. and Mexican spoils, 439. property, 472. art, 683 ff.

East Indies, 274 f., 409. Eck, J., 68 f., 77 f., 117 f., 122, 608. Eckhart, 30 f. Edinburgh, 355 f., 360, 367, 671. Treaty of, 361 f. Education, 661-73. method, 662 f., 667 f. curriculum, 663 f. effect of Reformation, 664 f., 670. Edward II, King of England, 296. Edward VI, King of England, foreign policy, 200. and Reformation, 286. birth, 299. reign, 310-7. and Scotland, 352. a law of, 483. and gilds, 540. and Bible, 572. schools, 666. accomplishments, 668. Edwards, J., 166 f. Egmont, L., Count of, 200, 251, 257, 259. Egmont, N. of, 240. Egypt, 449. Einsiedeln, 140, 150. Eisenach, 63, 81. Eleanor, Queen of France, 186. Elizabeth, Queen of England, and St. Bartholomew, 219. and Netherlands, 253, 267, 275. birth, 291. heir to the throne, 316 f. character, 324. religious policy, 324 ff., 336 ff. refuses to marry, 331. foreign policy, 332 ff. and popes, 335, 337 f., 386 f. and Ireland, 346, 348. and Knox, 361. and Mary, Queen of Scots, 368. censorship, 419. government, 477, 479. navy, 491. dancing, 500. commercial policy, 527. and Bible, 572. and liberty, 604 f. skepticism, 634. tolerance, 650. accomplishments, 668. and universities, 671. and art, 688. and Spenser, 693. Elizabeth of Valois, Queen of Spain, 226. Ely, H., 338. Elyot, T., 510, 667. Emden, 260. Emerson, R. W., 718. Empson, R., 279, 518. Emser, J., 702. England pays Peter's Pence, 21. church of, 41 f., 327, 330. literature, 135. and French Calvinists, 204, 214, 219. and Netherlands, 238, 248 f., 260, 275, 288, 339. foreign policy under Henry VIII, 277 ff., 288, 309. Reformation, 281 ff., 310 ff. Reformation Parliament, 288 ff. dissolution of monasteries, 296 f., 551. alliance with Schmalkaldic League, 300 f., 305 f. Pilgrimage of Grace, 302 ff. religious parties and statistics, 308, 311, 323, 325 f., 328. Book of Common Prayer, 312, 329 f., 344, 358. social disorders, 314 ff. Catholic reaction, 318 ff. war with France, 319, 332. conversion of masses to Protestantism, 327 f. Thirty-nine Articles, 329 f., 343. finances, 331 f., 522. war with Spain, 332, 339 ff., 433. rebellion of Northern Earls, 334 f., 550. buccaneers, 339 f., 533. Puritanism, 343 ff. and Scotland, 359, 361 f. censorship, 419. population, 453, 458. coinage, 462, 474. navy, 470, 490 f. criminal law, 481 f. army, 489. clergy, 494. brigandage, 505. commerce, 526 f., 532 ff. gilds, 540 f. inclosures, 543 ff. agriculture, 546 ff. serfs, 553. regulation of labor, 554. poor-relief, 561 f. and Polydore Vergil, 581. chronicles, 582. skeptics, 633 ff. witchcraft, 656, 658. schools, 665 f. universities, 671. Enzinas, F., 245. Epictetus, 574. _Epistolae Obscurorum Virorum_, 55. Erasmus, 51. _Enchiridion Militis Christiani_, 26, 57, 193, 684. on worship of saints, 28 f. and Colet, 53. early life and works, 56-61. _Praise of Folly_, 57. "philosophy of Christ," 58, 583, 698. _Colloquies_, 59 f., 667 f. Latin style, 60 f., 577 f. foresees Reformation, 61. and Luther, 104 ff., 134, 241, 649, 733. _Diatribe on Free Will_, 105, 167. edits New Testament, 147, 564 f. and Zwingli, 149 f., 153 f., 160. and Farel, 160 f. and Calvin, 162, 164. biblical criticism, 188. on persecution, 191, 642, 646 f. influence in France, 193. and Netherlands, 235, 239 ff. and Henry VIII, 277, 287 and English Reformation, 281 f. on polygamy, 287, 507. influence in Italy, 376. and Index, 420 ff. income, 471. on war, 488. on German inns, 499 f. anecdote, 502. on treatment of women, 509. political theory, 557, 592 f. edits Fathers, 575. on Roman capitol, 575. on books, 577. biographies, 582. and witchcraft, 655. on education, 667, 669, 672. portrait, 683. on hymn-singing, 690. wit, 693. Erastus, T., 594. Erfurt, 30, 82, 350, 454. University of, 63 f., 670. Eric XIV, King of Sweden, 138. Ermeland, 618. Esch, J., 242. Essex, 323. Earl of, 348. Esthonia, 139. Estienne family, 187, 203. Henry, 220. Henry, junior, 575. Robert, 565, 575 Eton, 662 f. Eucharist, doctrine of the, 86, 107 ff., 133, 160, 165 f., 206, 241, 301, 314, 711. Eucken, 740. Euclid, 574, 610. Eugene IV, Pope, 15. Euripides, 574. Exeter, 323. Exploration, 10 f., 434-50. _Exsurge Domine_, 77 f. Eyemouth, 362.

Faber, see Le Fèvre and Lefèvre. Fagius, 312, 322. Fallopius, 613. Farel, W., 160 f., 164, 168 f., 176, 178, 195 f. Farnese, A., 272 ff. Farnese, O., 250. Faust, 696 f. Ferdinand, Emperor, 76, 238. and Württemberg, 79, 119. and Luther, 86. opposes German reforms, 114. elected King of Romans, 118. tolerates Lutherans, 131. becomes emperor, 132, 246. in Hungary, 144. and Elizabeth, 333. and Council of Trent, 391, 394 f. commercial grants, 528. Ferdinand, King of Aragon, 76, 398, 412, 426, 590. Ferrara, 375 f. Alphonso, Duke of, 492. Renée, Duchess of, 168, 376, 646. University of, 618, 627. Fichte, 718. Ficino, M., 51. Field, J., 623. Figgis, N., 742. Finland, 138, 458. Fish, S., 283, 296. Fisher, G. P., 739. Fisher, H. A. L., 735. Fisher, J., 282 f., 290, 294, 382. Fisher, R., 635. Fitzherbert, 543. Flacius Illyricus, 133, 584. Flanders, 239 f., 246, 257, 274, 288, 525. Flemings, 270. Flodden, battle of, 279, 353, 488. Florence, 17 f., 372, 381, 456, 463 f., 514, 520, 686. Florida, 437. Flushing, 260. Folengo, 374. _Formula of Concord_, 133 f. Forzio, B., 376. Fox, E., 301. Foxe, J., 327, 585 f., 701. France Universities, 11 f. Reformation, 12, 187 ff. invades Italy, 17, 185. Gallican church, 42, 184, 215, 551. war with Germany, 79, 116, 121, 123, 127, 185 ff., 198, 207. relations with Switzerland, 147. Calvin, 162. condition, 182, 184. royal pedigrees, 183. Renaissance, 187. expansion of, 199 f. wars of religion, 210 ff., 455. failure of Protestantism, 228 ff. war with England, 279, 309, 319, 332. civilization, 350. and Scotland, 359. and Council of Trent, 395. Jesuits in, 405 f. censorship, 419. population, 455, 458. wealth, 459 ff. army, 459. coinage, 462 f. finance, 467, 470, 480, 522. duelling, 486. trade, 525 f. serfs, 553. poor-relief, 561. memoirs, 582. republicans, 597 ff. skeptics, 628 ff. Franche Comté, see Burgundy, Free County of. Francis, St., 397, 399, 404. Francis I, King of France, candidate for imperial throne, 77. and Zwingli, 157 f. and Calvin, 162. character, 184 f., 278 f. and Lnther, 191, 231. alliance with German Protestants, 197. death, 198. and Waldenses, 203. army, 459, 489. finance, 461, 467, 470. on gambling, 485. Collège de France, 672. portrait, 678. and art, 688. Francis II, King of France, 210 f., 330, 359, 362. Francis, Dauphin, 221. Franciscans, 148, 397, 407. Francke, S., 583, 627. Franconia, 91. Franeker, University of, 673. Frankenhausen, 95. Frankfort-on-the-Oder, University of, 11, 670. Frankfort-on-the-Main, 31, 76, 321, 358, 523. Treaty of, 122. Frauenburg, 618. Frederic III, Emperor, 45. Frederic I, King of Denmark, 136 f. Free Will, 105, 164 ff. Freiburg-in-the-Breisgau, University of, 11. Freiburg in Switzerland, 146, 168. Freytag, G., 718 f. Friesland, 235, 238, 259, 272. Froben, J., 147, 190, 280. Frobisher, M., 446. Froude, J. A., 343, 367, 717. Frundsherg, 380, 488. Fugger, Bank of, 77, 461, 520 ff. family, 461, 479, 522 f. Anthony, 528. James, 527 f. Jerome, 528. Raymond, 528. Funk, 133. Fust, J., 9.

Gaetano di Tiene, 397. Galateo, J., 375. Galen, 513, 574. Galileo, 424, 621 f. Gama, Vasco da, 3, 10 f., 441 ff. Gambling, 485. Gandia, Duke of, 517. Garland, John of, 663. Garv, N., 347. Gascony, 216. Gasquet, 740. Gelasius, Pope, 418. Gembloux, battle of, 269. Geneva evangelized by Zwingli's missionaries, 158, 160. Calvin at, 168 ff. constitution, 168 f. theocracy, 170 ff. immigration, 174 f., 204, 321. Libertines, 175 f. capital of Protestantism, 179. under Beza, 181. Knox at, 358 f. dancing, 500. witch persecution, 656, 658. school, 668, 671 f. university, 671. Genoa, 381, 456, 468, 520, 525. Gentillet, 591. Germaine de Foix, Queen of Spain, 398. _German Theology, The_, 31. Germany universities, 11, 53, 670 f. mystics, 30 ff. nationalism, 43 ff. humanism, 53. condition, 74 ff. Peasants' War, 87-95, 552. causes, 87 ff. _Twelve Articles_, 92 f. suppression, 94 f. Luther, 97 f. effect of, 155, 192, 531, 593 f. rebellion of the Knights, 83 f., 505. religious statistics, 132 f. effect of religious controversy, 134. French Calvinists in, 204. and Netherlands, 237 ff. Ascham's opinion of, 327. civilization, 350. and Italy, 371. and Spain, 372. Counter-reformation, 388. and Council of Trent, 395. Jesuits in, 405 ff. censorship, 419. and Reformation, 425. population, 454, 458. coinage, 463. inns, 499 f. mines, 522 f. trade, 526 f. agriculture, 543. serfs, 553. labor, 554 f. poor-relief, 560 f. constitution, 595 f. reform of calendar, 624. witch hunt, 657 f. schools, 665. books, 691. Gertruidenberg, 251. Gesner, C., 611 f. Ghent, 236 f., 240, 256, 269 f., 272 f., 454. Pacification of, 265, 270. Ghislieri, see Pius V. Giberti, M., 382. Gibbon, E., 167, 710 f. Gilbert, H., 532 f. Gilbert, W., 615, 639. Gilds, 3 ff., 263 f., 537 ff. Giorgione, 677. Gipsies, 558. Giulio Romano, 680, 690. Giustiniani, 280. Glarus, 146, 149, 157. Glasgow, 354; 368. University of, 12. Glencairn, Earl of, 360. Gloucester, 323. Goa, 408, 443, 445. Goch, J. Pupper of, 420. Goethe, J. W. von, 697, 711 f. Gold, production of, 473 ff., 516 f. Gonzalez, 588. Gosson, 658. Gotha, 128. Gouge, J., 519. Granada, 426, 433. Granvelle, A. P., 250 ff. Gratius, O., 55. _Gravamina_, 45 f. Gravelines, battle of, 200. Great Schism, 14. Greek, 16, 53, 667 ff. classics, 574 ff. Gregory VII, Pope, 43. Gregory XI, Pope, 36, 44. Gregory, XIII, Pope, and St. Bartholomew, 218 f., 387. and Elizabeth, 337 f., 387. pontificate, 386 f. reform of Calendar, 624. Gregory XIV, Pope, 226. Greifswald, University of, 11, 670. Grenoble, 195. Gresham, T., 534. Grey, Lady Jane, 316 ff., 511. Gribaldi, M., 178 f. Grimani, 575. Grisar, H., 741. Grisons, Confederacy of, 146 f. Groningen, 235, 238. Groote, G., 32. Grotius, H., 276, 704. Gruet, J., 176. Grumbach, 132. Guadegni, T., 520. Guam, 440. Guelders, 235, 238, 262, 272. Guicciardini, F., 373, 422, 580, 704. Guicciardini, L., 454. Guinea, 533. Guinegate, 279. Guines, 200, 280 f., 319. Guise Claude, Duke of, 199. Francis, Duke of, 199 f., 210 f., 214, 319, 597. Henry, Duke of, 217 f., 221, 223 f. Guizot, 714. Gustavus Vasa, King of Sweden, 137 f. Gutenberg, J., 8 f.

Haarlem, 101, 262. Hagenau, 122. Hague, 240. Haiti (Espaniola, Hispaniola), 436, 533. Hales, J., 608. Hall, E., 284, 582, 703. Hallam, H., 723. Hamburg, 113, 454, 559. Hamilton, P., 354. Haring, C. H., 475. Harnack, A. von, 739. Harrington, 706. Harrison, 498, 547. Harzhorn, E., 420. Haug bank, 521. Hawkins, 339, 533. Health, public, 486 f., 511 ff. Hebrew, 53 f., 668, 672. Hegel, 719 f. Hegius, 662. Heidelberg, 67; Heilsberg, 618. Heimburg, Gregory of, 46. Heine, H., 112, 715 f. Helmont, 255. Helmstadt, University of, 670. Henlein, P., 688. Henry VII, King of England, 279, 517. Henry VIII, King of England, and France, 186, 279. character, 277 ff. and Luther, 277, 287 f., 472. Empson and Dudley, 279. and Scotland, 279, 356. and Charles V, 280 f. "Defender of the Faith," 283. divorce from Catharine, 286 f., 290 f., 704, 708. Supreme Head of the Church, 289 ff., 293. will, 316, 321. and Ireland, 346, 348. finances, 461. government, 477, 479. navy, 491. commercial policy, 526. and Polydore Vergil, 581. and Sanders, 588. and Melanchthon, 605. and education, 666. portrait, 683. Henry II, King of France character, 198 f. suppresses Protestantism, 203 f. death, 206 f. and Council of Trent, 393. income, 461. Henry III, King of France, 143, 219 ff., 600. Henry IV, King of France, 597. policy, 167, 212, 225. leader of Huguenots, 223 ff. character, 224 f. conversion, 227 f. Edict of Nantes, 228 f. Henry d'Albret, King of Navarre, 189. Henry, King of Portugal, 432, 446. Heracleides, 617. Herder, 718. Herodotus, 574. Hertford, 322. Hesse, 84, 113, 551. Philip, Landgrave of, suppresses Peasants' Revolt, 95. calls conference at Marburg, 109. attacks Würzburg and Bamberg, 114. signs Protest, 115. restores Ulrich of Wurttemberg, 119. commits bigamy, 119. expels Henry of Brunswick, 120. captivity, 128, 130. and Zwingli, 157. Heywood, J., 283. Hindoos, 443. Hippocrates, 513. Historiography in the sixteenth century, 579-588. humanistic, 579 ff. memoirs, 582. chronicles, 582. biography, 582 f. church history, 583 ff. later treatment of Reformation, see Reformation. Hobbes, T., 594. Höchstetter, C., 529. Hochstraten, J., 54. Hoen, 108, 240 f. Hofen, U. T. von, 160. Hoffberg, P. von, 538. Hoffmann, M., 101, 243. Holbein, H., 278, 548, 677, 683, 685. Holland, 76, 251. Anabaptists, 301. Reformation, 240, 250, 256, 270. war with Spain, 260, 263 f., 271 f., 274, 342. population, 454. Hollinshed, R., 582. Holyrood, 356. Homer, 574. Hooker, R., 344 f., 604, 606. Hooper, 314. Horn, Count of, 257, 259. Hotman, F., 218, 220, 223, 582, 598. Howard of Effingham, Lord, 342. Hübmaier, B., 92. Huguenots origin of the name, 208. character, 208 f. history, 210 ff. guaranteed liberty of worship, 228 f. in Netherlands, 248, 260. and England, 332. politics, 596 ff. caricatured, 685. judged by French secular historians, 704. judged by Michelet, 716. Hulst, F. van der, 242. Humanism patronized by papacy, 16. prepares for Reformation, 47, 61. turns against Luther, 102 ff. in Poland, 140. in Netherlands, 254 f. in Scotland, 354. decay, 692. Hume, D., 708 ff. Hungary, 144, 350, 449, 463. universities, 12. Huss, J. protected by a university, 12. death, 14, 39. life and work, 38 ff. influence on Luther, 41, 69, 71 f., 86, 744. influence in Poland, 140. followers in Bohemia, 144. on Index, 420. Hussites, 75, 80, 649. Hütlin, M., 558. Hutten, U. von, 684. mocks Julius II, 24. publishes Valla's _Donation of Constantine_, 49, 55, 70. character and work, 55 f. supports rebellion of knights, 83. incites peasants, 91. and Luther, 96. taunts Erasmus, 105. commercial ideas, 530. Hutton, M., 604. Huxley, 730.

Iceland, 137. Idria, 528. Imbart de la Tour, P., 736. Incas, 439 f. Independents, 102, 345 f. _Index of Prohibited Books_, 32, 245, 381, 383, 388, 395, 420 ff., 591. Congregation of, 422. _Index Expurgatorius_, 422 f. effect, 423 f. and Copernicus, 622. and Weyer, 659. India, 10, 441 ff., 446, 523, 616. Indians (American), 436 ff. Individualism, 6, 28, 515, 677, 749. Indulgences, letters of first printed, 9. theory and practice of, 23 f. denounced by Wyclif, 37. denounced by Huss, 39. Erasmus's opinion of, 57. attacked by Luther, 66 f. in Denmark, 136. in Switzerland, 151. in Netherlands, 236. and Fuggers, 527. Inghirami, 51. Ingolstadt, 51. University of, 11, 406. Innocent III, Pope, 14, 35. Innocent VIII, Pope, 16 f., 35, 654. Inquisition in Netherlands, 242 ff., 257. Spanish, 242, 412 ff., 431. in Venice, 376. and Loyola, 400. medieval, 412. procedure, 413. penalties, 414. number of victims, 414 f. scope, 415. in Spanish dependencies, 416. Roman, 416 f. _Index_, 420, 423. in Portugal, 445. suppresses books on anatomy, 613. and philosophy, 628. and Bruno, 639. judged by modern Catholics, 642 f. and witchcraft, 655, 658. judged by Froude, 717. Institoris, H., 654. Intelligence, growth of, 12 f. Intelligentsia, 551 f. Inventions, 6 ff. Ireland, 346-9, 453, 535. Jesuits in, 405. and Inquisition, 417. Isabella, Queen of Castile, 76, 412, 426. Isabella of Portgual, Queen of Spain, 432. Isocrates, 574. Italy first printers in, 9. lack of national feeling, 43, 372. and Renaissance, 47, 372 f., 425. decadence, 135. invaded by France, 17, 185. civilization, 350. and Reformation, 371 ff. Jesuits in, 405. population, 455 f., 458. coinage, 463 f. hospitals, 514. banks, 519 f. trade, 525. reform of calendar, 624. universities, 673. Ivan IV, Czar, 143, 447, 748. Ivry, battle of, 225.

Jagiello dynasty, 139. James IV, King of Scotland, 279, 352. James V, King of Scotland, 199, 210, 352 f., 355 f., 580. James VI, King of Scotland, 367, 369 f., 484, 505, 660. James, W., 167, 740. Jane Seymour, Queen of England, 299. Janizaries, 449, 489. Jansen, 276. Jansenists, 406. Janssen, J., 740. Japan, 405, 408, 443, 616. Jarnac, battle of, 215. Java, 443, 616. Jena, University of, 670. Jerome, St., 192, 684. Jerome of Prague, 14, 40. Jerusalem, 400, 402, 499. Jesus Christ, 13, 29, 63. Jesuits, 396-411. in Poland, 143 f. in Bohemia, 144. in France, 202, 216, 231. in Netherlands, 249. in England, 328, 336 f. origins, 381, 402 f. and Paul IV, 384. at Council of Trent, 393 f. typical, 398. organization, 403 f. obedience, 404 f. growth, 405 f. combat heresy, 405 ff. foreign missions, 407 ff. decay, 409 ff. casuistry, 411, 506. in Portugal, 445. and tyrannicide, 605. and philosophy, 628. colleges, 666, 670 f. art, 691. judged by Michelet, 717. Jetzer, J., 148, 708. Jewel, J., 327, 344, 656. Jews, 415 ff., 426, 445, 649. Joan d'Albret, Queen of Navarre, 205, 213. Joan of Arc, 581. Joanna, Queen of Spain, 76, 477. John the Baptist, 63. John XXIII, Pope, 39. John III, King of Portugal, 409, 445. John III, King of Sweden, 138. Jonas, J., 420, 508. Josephus, 574. Jovius, P., 580 ff., 703. Jud, L., 157. Julius II, Pope, 18 f., 24, 51, 686, 709. Julius III, Pope, 383 f., 393, 420. Justification by faith only, Lefèvre, 53, 65. Luther, 65 f., 86, 570, 625, 724, 745. Contarini, 122. At Ratisbon Colloquy, 127. in France, 196, 206. in England, 301, 314. in Italy, 375, 377. at Council of Trent, 392 f. historical estimate of the doctrine, 745 f.

Kaiserberg, G. of, 530. Kant, I., 165, 625, 715 f. Kaulbach, 715. Kautsky, K., 726. Kawerau, O., 737. Keller, L., 508. Kempis, Thomas à, _Imitation of Christ_, 26, 32 f., 401. Kent, 322. Kett, 314. Khair-ed-Din, 449. Knodt, 729. Knollys, 603. Knox, J., 167. at Geneva, 174, 358 f. in England, 313, 325, 358. political theory, 325, 363 f., 366, 602 ff. character, 357 f. early life, 358. _Monstrous Regiment of Women_, 361. and Mary, 364 ff. on women, 361, 509. and Buchanan, 580. as an historian, 586 f. Koberger, A., 510. Köhler, W., 739. Kohlhase, J., 505. Königsberg, 526, 670. Koran, 420, 584. Kovalewsky, 729. Kurdistan, 449. Kurtz, 737. Küstrin, J. von, 127, 130.

La Boétie, 599 f. Lactantius, 667. Ladrones, 440. Lagarde, P. de, 736. Lamprecht, K., 737. Lancaster, John of, 36. Landau, 495. Landstuhl, 84. Lang, A., 367. Lang, M., 557. Languedoc, 216. La Rochelle, 216, 219, 229, 260, 526. Las Casas, B. de, 436. Laski, J., 141, 312. Lasso, O., 689. Lateran Council, Fifth, 19, 418 f., 628. Latimer, H., 294, 299, 322, 495, 504. Latin, 53, 63, 451, 663 ff. classics, 574 ff. La Tour, 354. Laurent, 739. Laveleye, E. de, 737. Laynez, 394, 401. Lea, H. C., 423, 731. Lecky, 723. Lefèvre d'Étaples, J., early life, 52. biblical work, 52, 188, 196, 566, 570. justification by faith, 53, 65. and Farel, 160. and Calvin, 162. and French Reformation, 188 ff., 196 f. Le Fèvre, P., 400, 406. Leghorn, 535. Leicester, Robert Dudley, Earl of, 275, 331. Leinster, 348. Leipheim, 95. Leipzig University of, 38, 671. debate, 68 f., 77, 191. Interim, 129. Lemnius, S., 502 f. Lemonnier, 732. Leo X. character and policy, 19, 77. finance, 22. Concordat of Bologna, 43. and Diet of Augsburg (1518), 46. and indulgences, 66 ff. condemns Luther, 77. and Charles V, 81, 236. death, 84. attacked by Sachs, 86. and Henry VIII, 283. Oratory of Divine Love, 397. and Sapienza, 673. portrait, 678. and art, 688. Leo, Emperor, 744. Leon, P. de, 437. Leonardo da Vinci, income, 472. scientific work, 612 f., 637 f. anatomy, 613. physics, 613 f. astronomy, 617. on necromancy, 658. art, 674 ff. Lepanto, battle of, 266, 432, 490. Lerma, Duke of, 517 f. Leslie, J., 354. Lessing, 712. Levant, 442. Lewis, King of Hungary, 144. Leyden, 263. John of, 101 f. University of, 275, 673. L'Hôpital, M. de, 213, 215, 597. Liège, 235, 260. Lilienstayn, J., 40. Lille, 186, 559. Lima, 416. Lincolnshire, 303, 323. Lisbon, 9, 408, 442, 444, 524. Lister, G., 240. Lithuania, 138 ff. Livonia, 139. Livy, 667. Lochleven, 368. Loisy, A., 739, 741. Lollards, 38, 354, 649. Lombardy, 456. London, 288, 317, 332. first printers in, 9. Netherlanders in, 253. and Reformation, 281, 301, 322 f. population, 453. credit, 467. and theater, 485. brothels, 506. death-rate, 511 f. trade, 524, 533 f., 539, 548. pauperism, 559. Loretto, 499. Lorraine, 257. Charles, Cardinal of, 199, 210 f. Lotto, L., 376. Lotzer, 92. Louis XI, King of France, 42, 556. Louis XII, King of France, 19, 182 f. Louvain, University of, 77, 241, 245, 253, 378, 420, 422, 668, 672. Loyola, I., early life, 398 f. conversion, 399 f. and Luther, 400, 405. first disciples, 400 f. _Spiritual Exercises_, 401 f. founds Company of Jesus, 402 f. death, 405. autobiography, 588. judged by Lagarde, 736. Lübeck, 113, 118 f., 454. Lublin, 140. Union of, 141. Lucca, 420, 456. Lucerne, 146, 153. Ludolph of Saxony, 399. Luther, C. von Bora, 123, 288. Luther, M. career changes in his life-time, 3. alludes to New World, 11, 497. and University of Wittenberg, 12. influenced by mystics, 32 ff. nationalism, 44, 46 f. early life, 62 ff. becomes a friar, 64. inner development, 64 ff. journey to Italy, 64, 514. summoned to Augsburg (1518), 67 f. debates with Eck, 68 f. condemned by Catholic church, 77. burns bull and Canon Law, 78. at Diet of Worms, 79 f., 132, 398, 441, 741. under ban of the Empire, 81. at Wartburg, 81. opposes radicals, 82 ff., 96 ff. and Peasants' War, 91, 93, 97 f., 557 f. wins German ruling classes, 111. reforms church service and government, 112 f. illnesses, 123. marriage, 123 f., 284. death, 124, 322 note. real estate and income, 468, 471. anecdotes, 495 f., 580. closes brothels, 506 f. doctrines, opinions and character doctrine of eucharist, 36 (see controversy with Zwingli). justification by faith only, 65. declares councils can err, 69. literary genius, 111, 125. political theory, 116, 549, 594 ff., 606. opinion of polygamy, 120, 286, 507, 703. virulence, 123. character, 124 f. opinion of theater, 485. on Sunday observance, 171. on Aristotle, 637. opinion of war, 487. on hunting, 500. on Reformation, 504, 700 f. on lying, 506. on marriage, 506, 508 f. on education, 511, 665, 667. commercial ideas, 530 f., 608. on poor relief, 560. biblical criticism, 568 f., 572. refutes Koran, 584. on Copernican theory, 621. philosophy, 624 ff. on toleration, 642 ff. on witchcraft, 652, 655 f. on art and music, 687, 690. writings translates Valla on _Donation of Constantine_, 49. lectures on Bible, 64. _Ninety-five Theses_, 67, 281. _Address to the Christian Nobility_, 70 ff., 376, 530, 560. _Babylonian Captivity of Church_, 72 f., 120, 164, 282. translation of Bible, 73 f., 81, 111 f., 569 f. _On Monastic Vows_, 81. _Bondage of the Will_, 105 f., 164. hymns, 112, 354, 689, 737. catechisms, 112, 164, 407. _Jack Sausage_, 120. _Schmalkaldic Articles_, 121. _Against the Papacy at Rome_, 123. _Table Talk_, 124. influence and relations with contemporaries Lefèvre, 53. Hutten, 56. general influence, 62, 80 f., 83, 698. Sachs, 86 f. deserted by humanists, 102 ff. and Erasmus, 104 ff., 241, 649. and Zwingli, 107 ff., 150 ff., 154, 159 f. and Melanchthon, 133. invited to Denmark, 136. hailed by Bohemian Brethren, 144. and Calvin, 162, 165, 179 f. More, 167. influence in France, 188 ff., 203. influence in Netherlands, 239 ff. and Henry VIII, 277, 282 f., 285, 287. influence in England, 281 ff., 299 f., 312, 326, 635. influence in Scotland, 354 ff. influence in Italy, 373 ff., 380. influence on Catholic reform, 388. _Index_, 420. Loyola, 400, 405. Lemnius, 503. and Raphael, 678 f. and Dürer, 684. caricatured, 685. and Faust, 697. judged by posterity, Sleidan, 587, 705. earily biographers, 588. Des Périers, 629. Montaigne, 631 f. Charron, 633. Bruno, 639. R. Burton, 700. early Catholics, 702. Bossuet, 703. Vettori, 704. Guicciardini, 704. Brantôme, 704. Robertson, 709. Hume, 710. Gibbon, 710 f. Wieland, 711. Goethe, 712. Lessing, 712. Condorcet, 713. and French Revolution, 713 ff. and Romantic Movement, 715 ff. Mme. de Staël, 715. Heine, 715 f. Michelet, 716 f. Carlyle, 718. Emerson, 718. Herder, 718. Arndt, 718. German patriots, 718 f. Hegel, 720. Döllinger, 723 f. Bax, 725 f. Nietzsche, 730 f. Troeltsch, 733. Santayana, 734. Imhart de la Tour, 736. Lagarde, 736. The Great War, 737 f. Paquier, 738. Harnack, 739. Loisy, 739. W. James, 740. Grisar, 741. Acton, 741. secularization of the world, 748. Lutheranism, in England, 38, 308, 330. in Germany, 111, 133 f. in France, 195 ff. in Netherlands, 243 ff. in Italy, 376 f., 417. and papacy, 383. in Spain, 415 f. political theory, 594, 707. Luxemburg, 76, 238. Lyly, J., 635. Lyndsay, D., 351, 355 note, 356, 615. Lyons, 512, 523, 526, 556. Waldenses, 35. and Reformation, 192, 195, 218.

Maastricht, 258, 273. MacAlpine, J., 354. Macaulay, 432, 717. McGiffert, A. C., 739. Machiavelli, N. _The Prince_, 295, 589. and _Index_, 421 f. on war, 487 ff. ethics, 505 f. on classics, 576. as an historian, 580. political theory, 589 ff., 599, 601 f., 608. and Christianity, 628, 649. Mackinnon, 742. Madagascar, 443. Madeira, 441, 444. Madrid, 9. Treaty of, 185 f., 379. Madgeburg, 63, 66, 129. _Magdeburg Centuries_, 584 f. Magellan, F., 3, 440 f., 615. Magni, O., 138. Magrath, 417. Maitland, 365. Majorca, 415. Malabar, 524. Malacca, 443. Malay Peninsula, 446, 616. Maldonato, 106. Malines, 252 f., 262. Malory, T. _La Morte d'Arthur_, 692. Malta, 456. Manchester, 538. Manners, 500 ff. Manresa, 399, 401. Manichaeans, 418. Mansfeld, 62, 523, 662. Mantua, 121. Benedict of, 376. Isabella d'Este, Marchioness of, 376, 572. Manz, F., 645. Marburg, Colloquy at, 109 f. University of, 287, 354, 670. Marcellus II, Pope, 384. Marcion, 583, 744. Marcourt, A. de, 197. Marcus Aurelius, 574. Margaret d 'Angoulême, Queen of Navarre, 29, 324, 572, 676. and Reformation, 189 f., 194 f. Margaret Tudor, Queen of Scotland, 330, 352. Mariana, 605. Marignano, battle of, 147, 150, 185, 488. Marlowe, C., 635, 697. Marnix, P. van, 263. Marot, C., 187, 194, 197, 203, 232, 693. Marranos, 240, 445. Marriage, prohibited degrees, 22 f. Protestant regulation of, 112, 173. Catholic reform, 395. esteemed, 507 f. Marsiglio of Padua, 43. Mary, Mother of Jesus, worshiped, 29, 63, 148, 358, 495. Mary of Burgundy, Empress, 76, 235. Mary Tudor, Queen of England, 287, 291. foreign policy, 200, 319. and Netherlands, 248 f. succession, 316 f. marriage, 318 f., 432. religious policy, 319 ff. and Knox, 358, 361. censorship, 419. commercial policy, 526. and universities, 671. Mary Tudor, Queen of France, 281, 316, 432. Mary of Hapsburg, Queen of Hungary, 237, 244, 249. Mary of Lorraine, Queen of Scotland, 199, 352, 359, 361. Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, and England, 325, 330, 333 f., 336, 338, 340, 352, 365, 368. execution, 339 f., 368 f. marriage with Francis II, 210, 351, 359. birth, 356. and Knox, 364 ff. marriage with Darnley, 366. marriage with Bothwell, 367 f. Casket Letters, 367 f. deposed, 367, 602 f. dress, 466. and Buchanan, 580. Martyr, Peter, see Vermigli and Anghierra. Marx, C., 724 f. Masuccio, 50. Mathesius, 588. Mathews, S., 725. Matthews, T., 300. Matthys, J., 101 f. Maurenbrecher, 740. Maurer, H., 91. Maurolycus, 611. Maximilian I, Emperor, and Julius II, 19. and Luther, 68. policy, 75 f. death, 77. and Netherlands, 235, 238, 486. Maximilian II, Emperor, 132, 144, 258. Mayence, 8 f., 74, 666, 670. Albert, Elector of, 66, 79, 496. Berthold, Elector of, 418. Mayenne, Duke of, 225 ff., 492. Mayr, C., 528. Meaux, 192, 195, 202, 218. Mecca, 446. Medici, de', family, 15, 17, 519. Lorenzo the Magnificent, 19, 682. Lorenzo II, 198 f. Alexander, 250, 381. Cosimo, 372. Medina, 446, 513 ff. Medina Sidonia, Duke of, 341. Mediterranean, 442, 523. Melanchthon, P. doctrine of eucharist, 70. and Luther, 81, 111, 124, 133. and Peasants' War, 98, 558. at Marburg Colloquy, 109. drafts Augsburg Confession, 117. on polygamy, 120, 287. reforms Cologne, 121. negotiates with Catholics, 122. attacked by Lutherans, 129, 133. and Zwingli, 134. and Calvin, 164. and Servetus, 178. and France, 187, 203. and England, 299, 301, 312, 326 f. and Scotland, 356. on _Index_, 420. salary, 471. and Lemnius, 503. and Bible, 569. political theory, 596, 605. and Copernicus, 621 f. persecutes, 644 f. on education, 667. Mendelssohn, 715. Mercator, G., 616. Merindol, 203. Metz, 184, 200. Mexico, 416, 438 f., 474 f. Meyerbeer, 715. Mézeray, de, 704. Michaelangelo, 472, 681 ff., 686, 690. Michelet, J., 398, 716 f. Middleburg, 263. Milan, 185 f., 372, 380 f., 416 f., 456. Milne, W., 359. Miltitz, C. von, 68. Milton, J., 74, 423, 608, 668. _Mirabilia Urbis Romae_, 74. Mirandola, Pico della, 51 ff., 108, 374, 606. Miritzsch, M., 240. Mississippi, 437. Modena, 456. Mohács, battle of, 144. Mohammedanism, 433, 448, 583 f., 627, 707 f., 745. Moluccas, 408, 443. Monarchy, 476 f., 549. Moncontour, battle of, 215. Money value of, in the sixteenth century, 461 ff., 472 f. coins, 462 ff. interest, 467 f. power of, 548. Monod, G., 735. Monopolies, 85, 88, 528 ff. Mons, battle of, 216, 261. Montaigne, M. de, and New World, 11. and Reformation, 231 f. on torture, 482. on classics, 576 f. and La Boétie, 599 f. skepticism, 631 f. on toleration, 648. on witchcraft, 660 f. Montauban, 219. 229. Montbéliard, 161. Monte, A. C. del, 382. Montesquieu, 707. Montluc, B. de, 216, 582. Moutmorency, A. de, 185, 187, 517. Montpellier, 229. Mook, battle of, 263. Moors, 426, 428, 433 f. Morals, 503 ff. of clergy, 25, 493 f. Morata, O., 374. Moravians, see Bohemian Brethren. Moray, Earl of, 334, 367 f. More, T. _Utopia_, 11, 26, 509, 558, 606 f., 648, 698. debt to Lefèvre, 53. and Reformation, 167, 281 ff., 295, 299. on Henry VIII, 279, 295. death, 294 f. on persecution, 294 f., 648. drinks only water, 497. on hunting, 500. marriages, 508 f. and Bibles, 571. and religion, 633 f., 649. and witchcraft, 655. portrait, 683. judged by Robertson, 731 Moriscos, 415, 433 f., 517. Morley, Lord, 592. Mornay, P. Duplessis, 264, 598 f. Morocco, 446. Morone, 394. Mortmain, Statute of, 41. Morton, Earl of, 360. Moschus, 574. Moscow, 512. Mosheim, 712. Motley, 718. Mountjoy, Lord, 277. Mühlberg, battle of, 128, 238. Mühlhausen in Thuringia, 94. Mülhausen in Alsace, 160. Munich, 666. Münster, 101 f., 244. Münster, S., 420, 565. Münster, T., 82, 91, 94 f., 97, 112, 594, 701. Muret, 576. Murner, T., 472, 694. Muscovy, 139, 143 f., 447. Music, 689. Mutian, 54, 103. Myconius, 160, 313. Mystics, 29-34, 744.

Naarden, 262. Namur, 267. Nanak, 745. Nantes University of, 11. Edict of, 228 f., 406, 650. Naples French in, 42, 186. Spanish, 372, 380, 416 f. Reformation, 375 f. population, 456. Narva, 534. Nash, T., 635. Nassau, 251. Louis of, 257 ff., 263. Nationalism rise of, 5. effect on church, 41-47. in France, 182. Naumburg, Bishop of, 120. Negroes, 437, 525, 533. Neo-Platonism, 51, 54. Nesbit, J., 354. Netherlands mystics, 32 f. Charles V, 78. and French Calvinists, 204, 216. constitution, 234 ff. Mary, Regent of, 237, 244, 249. Margaret of Austria, Regent of, 237. relations with the Empire, 237 f. Reformation, 239 ff., 271 ff. and Spain, 246 ff., 254 ff., 488. and Alva, 258 ff. Northern Provinces declare independence, 272 ff., 602. "Beggars," 256 ff., 342. and England, 332, 344 f. civilization, 350. Jesuits, 405 f. censorship, 419. population, 453, 458. post office, 486. commerce, 531 ff. agriculture, 547. serfs, 553. poor-relief, 559 f. reform of calendar, 624. Newcastle, 358. Nice, Truce of, 121, 198. Nicholas V, Pope, 16, 45, 566. Nicoletto, 374. Nietzsche, F., 730 f. Niklashausen, Piper of, 87. Nîmes, 219. Bishop of, 205. Nobility, 236, 491 f., 550. Nola, 639. Norfolk, 323. Duke of, 334 f. Norman, R., 615. Normandy, 202. North, T., 576. Northumberland, John Dudley, Duke of, 316 f., 321. Norway, 135, 137,458. Norwich, 254, 315. Novara, battle of, 150. Noyen, 161. Nuremberg, 74, 79, 86, 90, 128, 454, 483, 688. humanism, 54. Diet of (1522), 84 f., 528. Diet of (1524), 85 f. "godless painters," 103, 628. revolts from Rome, 113. Peace of, 118. Dürer, 472, 684. poor-relief, 560.

Occam, William of, 35 f., 43, 108, 625, 743. Ochino, B., 174, 312, 375, 397, 420. Oecolampadius, J., 108 ff., 156 f., 159, 161, 299, 312, 420, 508, 626. Oldenbarneveldt, J. van, 275, 602. Olivetan, 162, 196, 570. Orange, Anne, Princess of, 251, 253. Orange, Charlotte, Princess of, 251. Orange, William, Prince of, 167, 246, 250 ff., 258. character, 251, 274. elected Statholder of Holland, 261. death, 274, 340. and England, 339. Orellana, 438. Orinoco, 436. Orleans, University of, 162. Reformation, 197, 202, 218. States General, 212 f. Osgood, H. L., 743. Osiander, A., 420, 620, 623. Oudewater, 264. Overyssel, 235. Oxford, University of, 36, 38, 281, 471, 639, 671, 687. Oxfordshire, 314.

Pacific Ocean, 438, 440. Paciolus, L., 610. Pack, O. von, 114. Paderborn, University of, 670. Padua, University of, 618, 627. Paget, Lord, 310. Palatinate, 74, 79, 84, 121, 127. Frederic III, Elector Palatine, 121, 128. Palermo, 416. Palestrina, 384, 689. Palma, University of, 12. Pampeluna, 399 f. Papacy history of in the later Middle Ages, 13-20. triumphs over Councils, 15. secularization, 15. patronizes art and letters, 16. denounced by Wyclif, 37. rejected by Bohemian Brethren, 40. attacked by Marsiglio, 43. assailed by Valla, 49. rejected by Luther, 68 ff., 123, 388. dependent on Spain, 372. history, 1522-90, 377-88. and Turks, 449. finance, 480. judged by Creighton and Acton, 642, 741. Paquier, 738. Paracelsus, T., 513, 632, 638 f. Paraguay, 408. Paré, A., 513 f. Paris first printers at, 9. university of, 11, 42, 161, 190 f., 202 ff., 227, 250, 400, 422, 561, 566, 600, 642, 664. College of Montaigu, 161, 400 f., 669. Parlement of, 42, 184 f., 191, 227, 229, 406. and Reformation, 192, 195 ff., 213, 217, 221, 228. Jesuits, 202. besieged by Henry IV, 225 f., 455. population, 455. credit, 467. constabulary, 482. brothels, 507. hospitals, 514. trade, 539. Parker, 604. Parma, Duke of, 226, 456. Parma, Margaret of, 250, 256 f. Pascal, B., 398. Passau, Convention of, 130. Pastor, A., 626. Pastor, L. von, 740 f. Patten, S. N., 726. Paul the Apostle, 13, 52 f., 65, 98, 150, 356, 377, 418, 742. Paul II, Pope, 16. Paul III, 250. and oecumenical council, 121, 389 f. and Luther, 123. alliance with Charles V, 127. and Margaret of Navarre, 189. and Rabelais, 194. and England, 292 ff. pontificate, 381 ff. reforms, 381 ff. foreign policy, 383. and Jesuits, 401. and Inquisition, 416. and American Indians, 436. and Sapienza, 471, 673. and artists, 472, 504. and Copernicus, 620, 622. and philosophy, 628. Paul IV, 382, 384, 397, 417, 421 f. Paulet, Sir A., 339. Paulus Diaconus, 608. Pauperism, 558 ff. Pausanias, 574. Pavia, battle of, 94, 185, 372, 379, 459. Penz, G., 103, 628. Périers, Des, 629. Perrin, A., 176. Persia, 449. Perth, 360. Peru, 416, 438 ff., 474 f. Pescia, Domenico da, 18. Petrarch, 47. Petri, L., 138. Petri, O., 137. Pfefferkorn, J., 54. Philibert, E., 249. Philip IV of France, 14, 42. Philip the Handsome of Hapsburg, 76, 235. Philip II, King of Spain, 130, 132. and France, 212, 226 ff., 252. on St. Bartholomew, 218. and Netherlands, 246 ff., 272 ff., 602. marriage with Mary of England, 318 f. and Elizabethan England, 331 ff., 338, 362, 533. and papacy, 384 ff. and Council of Trent, 395. finances, 431. character and policy, 431 ff. and Portugal, 446. and Turks, 449 f. portrait, 678. Philippine Islands, 440 f. Philosophy, 624-40. Reformers, 624 ff. skeptics, 627 ff. science, 637 ff. Piacenza, 250, 456 Picardy, 161, 202. Piccolomini family, 15. Piedmont, 35. Pindar, 574. Pinkie, battle of, 359. Pirckheimer, W., 104, 106, 683. Pisa, 627. Council of (1409), 14. Schismatic Council of (1511), 19. Pistoia, 488. Pius II, Pope, 16, 24 f., 42, 350. Pius IV, Pope, 384 ff., 393 ff. Pius V, Pope, 334 f., 338, 386 f., 417, 422. Pizarro, 439 f. Plato, 51, 150, 418, 574, 606, 629. Pliny the Elder, 667. Plutarch, 574, 576, 619. Pocock, R., 48. Podiebrad, 40. Poggio, 51, 421. Poissy, Colloquy of, 213 f., 598. Poitiers, Diana of, 199. Poitou, 216. Poland, pays Peter's Pence, 21. suzerain of Prussia, 113. literature, 135. constitution, 138 f. wars, 139 f., 447. Reformation, 140-44. Henry III, 143, 219. civilization, 350. Counter-reformation, 388. and Council of Trent, 395. Jesuits, 405. population, 458. gilds, 540. reform of calendar, 624. Pole, R., 318 ff., 377, 382, 396, 591, 604. Political theory, 588-609. the state as power, 589 ff. republicanism, 592 ff. church and state, 593 ff. constitution, 595 ff. tyrannicide, 606. radicals, 606 f. economic, 607 ff. Pollard, A. F., 742. Polybius, 574. Polygamy, 102, 120, 507, 574. Pomponazzi, P., 105, 627, 649. Ponet, J., 604 f. Pontano, 508. Pontoise, Estates of, 598. Porta, J. B., della, 614. Portsmouth, 322. Portugal exploration, 10, 435. literature, 135. civilization, 350. and Council of Trent, 395. Jesuits, 405. colonies, 407 ff., 435, 441 ff. Inquisition, 416, 445. annexed to Spain, 432, 446. decadence, 444 ff. population, 458. navy,490. commerce, 524. reform of calendar, 624. Porzio, S., 627. Posen, 140, 144. Post Office, 468 f., 486. Praemunire, Statute of, 41 f., 289. Prague, University of, 38, 639. Predestination, doctrine of, 164 ff., 176, 249, 682. Prescott, 718. Pressburg, University of, 12. Prices, 88, 315, 464 ff. wheat, 464 f. animals, 465. groceries, 466. drygoods, 466 f. metals, 467. real estate, 468. books, 468. rise of, 473, 516 f., 608. Priscillian, 564. Printing, 3, 8 ff., 239, 349 f., 418 f. Probst, J., 240, 242. Proletariat, 552 ff. Prostitution, 506 f. Protestantism origin of the name, 115. period of expansion, 132, 388 f. varieties of, 179 f. in France, 229 ff. judged by Renan, 742. Provisors, Statute of, 41, 289. Prudentius, 667. Prussia, 113, 133, 139, 141, 350. Ptolemy, 574, 616 note, 617. Puglia, Francis da, 18. Pulci, 628. Puritans, 167, 286, 328, 339, 343 ff, 358, 483, 486, 604, 690.

Quakers, 102. Quinet, E., 718. Quirini, 595.

Rabelais, F., 187. and Reformation, 194 f., 197, 231 f. given a benefice, 471. anarchism, 606. philosophy, 629. love of life, 694. Racau, 142. Racovian catechism, 142. Radewyn, 32. Raleigh, W., 532. Ramus, P., 637. Ranke, L. von, 343, 367, 379, 721 f. Raphael, Sanzi, 472, 492, 677 ff., 686. Ratisbon League of, 114. Diet of, 122. Book of, 122. Colloquy of, 127, 169. Recorde, R., 616 Reinach, S., 735. Reformation antecedents, 4 ff. causes, 20-29, 743 f. and Renaissance, 47, 187 f., 231 ff., 730, 732 f., 749 f. and morals, 503 f. and capitalism, 515. historiography in 16th century, 585 ff. and state, 593 ff. and education, 664 ff. and art, 684 f., 689 f. and books, 691. parallels to, 744 f. religious changes, 745 ff. political and economic changes, 747 f. intellectual changes, 749 f. the word, 700. various interpretations, 699-750. Protestant, 699 ff., 739 f. Catholic, 701 ff., 740 f. political, 703 ff. economic, 106, 708, 724 ff. rationalist, 706 ff. French Revolutionary, 713 ff. romantic, 715 ff. liberal, 716 ff., 742. scientific, 719 ff. Darwinian, 729 ff. Teutonic, 736 f., 747. _Reformation of the Emperor Frederic III_, 90. _Reformation of the Emperor Sigismund_, 89 f. Reinhold, E., 621, 623. Rembrandt, 276. Renaissance, 4. and Reformation, 47, 187 f., 231 ff., 730, 732 f., 743, 749 f. in France, 187. in Netherlands, 239. Renan, 742. Renard, 320 f. Renaudie, 210 f. Reni, G., 689. Requesens, L., 263. Reuchlin, J., 54 f., 103. Reval, 534. Rheims, 252, 672. Rheticus, G. J., 610, 620 ff. Rhodes, 449. Ribadeneira, 588. Riccio, D., 366. Richmond, Duke of, 287, 471. Ridley, 299, 322. Riga, 144, 534. Rink, M., 100. Ritschl, 723. Robertson, J. M., 731. Robertson, W., 367, 709. Robespierre, 716. Robinson, J. H., 743. Rode, H..240. Rodrigo, 416. Rogers, J., 322. Rohrbach, J., 94, 98. Rome and Luther, 64, 67. sack of, 185, 372, 380, 456. population, 456. university of, 471, 673. administration, 481, 504. pilgrimages, 499. prostitutes, 507. and Copernicus, 618. St. Peter's Church, 686. Pasquino and Marforio, 693. Rönnow, 137. Ronsard, P. de, 231 f., 693. Rosenblatt, W., 508. Rostock, University of, 670. Roth, C., 529. Rotterdam, 235, 260. Rouen, 197, 214. Rousillon, 426. Rovere family, 15, 18. Rubeanus, C., 55, 103 f. Rudolph II, Emperor, 268. Russell, B., 735. Russia, 446 f., 534, 551. Ruthenians, 138. Rüxner, G., 90. Ruysbroeck, John of, 32, 34.

Saal, M. von der, 120. Sabatier, P., 737 f., 742. Sachs, H., 86 f., 696. Sacraments Catholic doctrine of, 27, 745. Protestant doctrine of, 72 ff., 301, 314, 625, 745 f. Sacro Bosco, J. de, 615. Sadoleto, 169, 566. St. Andrews, 355, 358, 360. St. Bartholomew, massacre of, 217 f., 261 f., 387, 597. St. David's, 323. St. Gall, 101, 157, 160, 645. St. Quentin, battle of, 200. Saints, worship of, 28 f., 57, 206, 747. Salamanca, University of, 400, 673. Salerno, University of, 11. Salisbury, 323. Salmeron, 393, 401. Samosata, Paul of, 627. Sanchez, F., 639. Samson, B., 151. Sanders, N., 325, 588, 702. Sandomir, 142. San Gallo, 686. Santayana, G., 734 f. Saracens, 448. Saragossa, University of, 12. Sardinia, 456. Sarpi, P., 377, 390, 395, 423, 705 f. _Satyre Menippée_, 226 f. Savonarola, 16 ff., 51, 580, 649 Savoy, 35, 168, 372, 395, 455 f., 658. Charles III, Duke of, 168. Louise of, 185. Saxony division into Albertine and Ernestine, 119 note. Albertine George, Duke of, 24, 56, 119, 191, 283, 528, 554 f., 700. Henry, Duke of, 119. Maurice, Duke and Elector of, 119. alliance with Charles V, 127 f. attacks John Frederic, 128. becomes elector, 128. captures Magdeburg, 129. turns against Charles V, 130, 393. death, 130. and Council of Trent, 393. Ernestine nationalism, 44. indulgences, 66. mentioned, 74. Peasants' War, 91 ff. Anabaptists, 103, 644. becomes Lutheran, 113. brigandage, 505. church property, 551. Frederic, Elector of, 77, 82, 93. supports Luther, 66, 79, 81, 104, 113, 283. John, Elector of, 113, 283, 595, 644. signs Protest, 115. votes against Ferdinand, 118. John Frederic the Elder, Elector and Duke of, 305. expels Bishop of Naumburg, 120. defeated and captured by Charles V, 128. freed, 130. loses electoral vote, 128. John Frederic the Younger, Duke of, 132. Scaliger, J. J., 575, 585. Scandinavia, 21, 135 ff., 350. Schaffhausen, 146, 157, 160. Schärtlin, 128. Scheldt barred by Holland, 274. Schenck, M., 134. Schenitz, J., 518. Schleswig-Holstein, 136. Schmalkalden, League of, 118 ff., 187, 197, 300 f., 305 f. Schmalkaldic War, 126 ff., 198, 200, 376, 383, 393. Schmidt, 712. Schönberg, 622. Schools, 12, 471, 662 ff. Schoonhoven, 264. Schwenckfeld, C. von, 164. Schwyz, 146, 153. Science, 609-24. inductive method, 609. mathematics, 609 ff. zoölogy, 611 f. anatomy, 612 f. physics, 613 ff. geography, 615 f. astronomy, 616 ff. schools, 666. Scotland and England, 279, 309, 351 f., 358 f., 369. condition, 350 ff. and France, 351 f., 358 f. Reformation, 352 ff., 359 ff., 369 f. the kirk, 364, 369 f. Black Acts, 369. population, 453 f., 458. theater, 485. duelling, 486. brigandage, 505. serfdom, 553. Scott, R., 659 f. Scotus, Duns, 34. Sea power, 490 f. Sebastian, King of Portugal, 446. Seckendorf, 701. Selim I, Sultan, 449, 748. Sell, K., 737. Semblançay, 518. Seneca, 162. Serfdom, 89 f., 97 f., 552 f. Seripando, 417. Servetus, M., 177 f., 613, 626 f., 645. Severn, 322. Seville, 341, 416, 457, 524 f. University of, 12. Seymour, T., 315. Shakespeare, W., 424, 581, 693, 698. Sicily, 416, 455. Sickingen, F. von, 56, 83 f., 505, 550, 684. Sidney, H., 348. Sidney, P., 336, 501. Siena, 375, 381. Sievershausen, battle of, 130. Sigismund, Emperor, 39. Sigismund I, King of Poland, 139 ff. Sigismund II, King of Poland, 141 ff. Sigismund III, King of Poland, 144. Sigüenza, University of, 12. Sikhism, 745. Silver, production of, 473 ff., 516 f. Simmel, F., 726. Simons, M., 244. Sixtus IV, Pope, 16, 412. Sixtus V, Pope, 223, 341, 387 f., 504 f., 670. Skelton, J., 283. Sleidan, 587 f., 704 f. Smith, H.. 635. Socinians, 376. Somascians, 397. Somerset, E. Seymour, Duke of, 310, 352, 359. Sophocles, 574. Soto, H. de, 437. Sozini, F., 145, 375, 626. Sozini, L., 142, 145, 375. Spain universities, 12, 673. Charles V, 76. literature, 135. and Netherlands, 238, 246 ff., 430, 488. and England, 318 f., 332, 339 ff., 348, 431 f. Armada, 341 f., 387, 433. civilization, 350. and papacy, 378 ff. and Counter-reformation, 389. Jesuits, 405. colonies, 407, 425, 430 f., 435 ff. Inquisition, 412 ff. censorship, 419. unification, 426. revolt of Communes, 78, 427 f., 477, 550, 552. revolt of Hermandad, 78, 428, 552. empire, 430. Cortes, 428 f. and Portugal, 432 f. and Moors, 433 f. population, 455 ff. coinage, 463. finances, 480, 522. navy, 490 f. clergy, 494. trade, 524 f. the Mesta, 624. reform of calendar, 624. judged by Froude, 717. Spencer, H., 718. Spenser, E., 327, 347, 692 f. Spinoza, B., 276. Spires, 666. Diet of (1526), 114. Diet of (1529), 109, 115, 644. Diet of (1542), 122. Diet of (1544), 123. Sprenger, J., 654. Spurs, battle of the, 279. Staël, de, 715. Sterling, 356. Steven Báthory, King of Poland, 144. Stevin, S., 610, 614. Stockholm, 9, 136. Stourbridge, 523. Stow, J., 582. Strabo, 574. Strassburg, 31, 101, 110, 113, 169, 260, 464, 506, 658. Strauss, D. F., 719. Stühlingen, 91, 93. Stunica, D., 622. Suffolk, 323. Charles Brandon, Duke of, 316. Henry Grey, Duke of, 316. Suleiman, Sultan, 187, 449. Sully, Duke of, 215, 218, 228. Sumatra, 443, 616. Surrey, Earl of, 693. Suso, H., 31. Sussex, 323. Swabia, 93 ff., 119. Sweden universities, 12. Reformation, 113, 137 f. Christian II, 136. war with Poland, 139. population, 458. a law of, 511. church property, 551. Switzerland, 88, 146 f. Reformation, 146-181. civilization, 350. population, 454. Symonds, J. A., 398, 730. Syria, 449, 535.

Taborites, 40. Tacitus, 574, 606. Tangier, 446. Tapper, 254. Tartaglia, N., 610, 614. Tartars, 139, 447. Tasso, T., 374, 449, 628, 692 f. Tauler, J., 31, 65. Tetzel, J., 66 f. Teutonic Order, 31, 44 f., 113, 139, 618. Tewkesbury, J., 299. Theater, 485, 695 ff. Theatines, 384, 397. Theocritus, 574. Theognis, 574. Thierry, 718. Thorn, 618. Edict of, 140. Thou, de, 217, 703. Thucydides, 574. Tierra del Fuego, 616. Tintoretto, 677. Titian, 677 f. Tobacco, 498. Toledo, 428, 457. Enriquez de, 502. Toleration, 641-51. Peace of Augsburg, 131. Edict of Nantes, 229 f. and Bible, 573. intolerance of Catholics, 641 ff. intolerance of Protestants, 643 ff. Renaissance, 649. Reformation, 650 f., 750. Tolstoy, L., 730. Tordesillas, Treaty of, 435. Torgau, League of, 114. Torquemada, 643. Toul, 184, 200. Toulouse, 214. Tournai, 235, 274. Tours, 195, 197. Transubstantiation, rejected by Wyclif, 37. rejected by Taborites, 40. attacked by Melanchthon and Luther, 70, 72. Lateran Council, 108. in Augsburg Confession, 117. in England, 306, 314. and Council of Trent, 393. Transylvania, 144 f. Treitschke, 736 f., 742. Trent, Council of, 388-96. and Protestants, 127, 383, 389 f., 393. decrees in France, 215. reforms, 231, 382, 388, 393 ff., 486. decrees in England, 333 f. opening, 381, 390. and Pius IV, 385. preparation, 389 ff. constitution, 390 f. dogmatic decrees, 391 ff., 566. result, 395 f. and Index, 420 ff. and charity, 561. political theory, 606. and reason, 625. and Louvain, 672. and art, 690. judged by Sarpi, 705. Trèves, 74, 84, 657 f. University of, 11, 666. Diet of Trèves-Cologne, 530. Trie, William, 177. Trinity College, Dublin, 349, 671. Troeltsch, E., 732 ff. Tübingen, University of, 11. Tunis, 121. Tunstall, C., 38, 282, 284, 305 Turks, capture Constantinople, 16. war with Germany, 46, 116, 122, 132. war with Hungary, 144. conquer Transylvania, 145. alliance with France, 200. and papacy, 383. and Spain, 432. empire, 448 ff. army, 489. trade, 535. Tuscany, 372. Duke of, 613. Tyler, Wat, 37. Tyndale, W., 284 f., 300, 304, 355, 570 f., 596.

Udal, N., 471, 663. Ukraine, 140. Ulm, 113, 128. Ulster, 348. Unitarians, 142 f., 145, 177, 375, 626, 646. Universities in fifteenth century, 11 f. and Reformation, 12. reform of, 72. and Henry VIII, 287. pay of professors, 471. in sixteenth century, 668 ff. Unterwalden, 146, 153. Upsala, University of, 12. Uri, 146, 153. Ursulines, 397. Usingen, 637. Usury, 72, 529 f., 608 f. Utrecht, 235, 238, 240, 252, 268, 272, 274. Union of, 272, 650.

Vaga, P. del, 690. Valais, 146 f. Valangin, 161. Valdes, J. de, 376. Valence, University of, 11. Valencia, 428. University of, 12. Valla, L., 16, 48 ff., 649. _Donation of Constantine_, 48,70. _Annotations on New Testament_, 49, 566 f. _Dialogue on Free Will_, 50, 105. _On Monastic Life_, 50. _On Pleasure_, 50. Vallière, J., 191. Van Dyke, 276. Varthema, L. de, 446. Vasari, G., 582 f., 676, 679. Vassy, massacre of, 214. Velasco, 457. Velasquez, 433. Venezuela, 457. Venice, 372, 402, 512. war with Julius II, 19. alliance with France, 186. and Reformation, 375 f. Inquisition, 417, 658. trade, 442, 525, 535. population, 456. coinage, 463 f. bank, 522. church property, 551. art, 677. Verdun, 184, 200. Vergerio, P. P., 377, 390. Vergil, Polydore, 581, 703. Vermigli, P. M., 213, 312, 322, 375. Verona, 455. Vespucci, A., 436, 606 f. Vettori, 704. Vienna, 448 f. Concordat of, 45. University of, 149, 406, 666, 670. Vienne, 168, 177. Vieta, F., 610 f. Villalar, battle of, 428. Villavicenzio, L. da, 561. Villers, C. de, 714. Villiers, 258 f. Vilvorde, 284 f. Vitrier, J., 26, 57. Vives, L., 559 f., 574, 606, 609, 667. Voes, H., 242. Volmar, M., 162. Voltaire, 388, 707 f. Volterra, D. da, 690.

Wages and salaries, 469 ff., 556 f. Waitz, 737. Waldenses, 35, 82, 203. Waldo, P., 35. Waldseemüller, M., 616. Wales, 298, 323, 453, 458, 559. Arthur, Prince of, 286 f. Walker, W., 739. Walloons, 260, 270 f. Walsingham, 305, 499. Walsingham, F., 347. Warham, W., 557. Warsaw, Compact of, 143, 650. Waterford, 347. Wealth of the world, 458 ff. Weber, M., 728. Wedderburn, James, 355. Wedderburn, John, 355. Weinsberg, 94. Weiss, N., 738. Welser bank, 520 f. Werner, 715. Wernle, 739. Westeras, Diet of, 137. West Indies, 274, 436 f., 524, 535. Westmoreland, 304. Weyer, J., 658 f. White, Andrew D., 731. Widmanstetter, A., 622. Wied, H. von, 120. Wieland, 711. Wilna, 144. Wilson, W., 743. Winchester, 323, 662. Wishart, G., 357 f. Witchcraft, 63, 422, 651-61. ancient magic, 651 f. the witch, 652 f. the devil, 653. the Inquisition, 655. Protestantism, 655 f. the witch hunt, 656 ff. growing skepticism, 658 ff. Wittenberg, 66, 81 ff., 96 f., 128, 240, 301, 322 note, 354 f., 390, 461, 464, 560 f. University of, 11, 64, 287, 471, 494, 502, 509, 620 ff., 639, 670, 696 f. Concord, 110. Articles, 301. Wolsey, T., 243, 518, 671. character and policy, 280 f., 292, 294. and Reformation, 282 f., 355. death, 288. Women, position of, 361, 509 f. Worms, 284. Concordat of, 43. Diet of (1495), 75. Diet of (1521), 78 ff., 96, 282, 398. Diet of (1545), 123. Edict of, 81, 85, 114, 116, 241, 479. Colloquy of, 122, 134. Wullenwever, G., 118. Württemberg, 79, 128. Ulrich, Duke of, 79, 90, 119. Wurzach, 95. Würzburg, 114, 350, 454, 658. Wyatt, Sir T. (conspirator), 318. Wyatt, Sir T. (poet), 693. Wyclif, J., 12. life and doctrine, 36 ff., 42, 284. condemned at Constance, 39 f. and Reformation, 41, 289, 354, 744. and Bible, 571.

Xavier, F., 400, 408 f., 499, 736. Xenophon,574. Ximénez, 426, 565.

Yorkshire, 302 f., 544. Ypres, 560.

Zapolya, J., 144. Zasius, U., 103. Zeeland, 256, 260, 263 f., 270 ff. Zierickzee, 264. Zug, 146, 153. Zuiderzee, battle of, 262. Zütphen, 262, 272. Henry of, 240. Zurich Anabaptists, 101, 154, 645. joins Swiss Confederacy, 146. Zwingli, 151. Reformation, 152 ff. theocracy, 156. defeat at Cappel, 158 ff. Bullinger, 160. English Bible printed at, 300. dancing, 500. brothels, 506. university, 671. Zwickau, 82 f. Zwilling, G., 81, 83. Zwingli, A., 152. Zwingli, U. and Luther, 108 ff., 151 f., 154. death, 110, 159. and Melanchthon, 134. and Calvin, 164, 166. early life, 148 ff. mocks indulgences, 150 f. at Zurich, 151. a Reformer, 152 ff. marriage, 152. and Erasmus, 153. and Anabaptists, 154 ff., 645. political schemes, 157 f. _True and False Religion_, 158. _Exposition of the Christian Faith_, 158. First Peace of Cappel, 158. at battle of Cappel, 158 f. character, 159. influence in France, 196. doctrine of the eucharist, 108 ff., 154, 241. influence in England, 284, 299. and Council of Trent, 392. on _Index_, 420. biblical exegesis, 569. political theory, 596. on usury, 608 f. on reason, 626. on education, 671. judged by Bossuet, 703. judged by Voltaire, 708. judged by Gibbon, 710. Zwolle, 240.