ii. 22, 39 and 40) probably refers to the Servian arrangement, although

Mommsen (_Staatsr._ iii. p. 275) holds that it refers to the reformed _comitia_. The description given in the text is in essentials that of Pantagathus (died 1567) _ap. Ursinum in_ Liv. i. 43. For the different systems that have been adopted see Willems _Le Droit Public_ p. 97. Mommsen (l.c.) admits the 70 votes for the 70 centuries of the first class, but thinks that the 280 centuries of the other classes were so combined as to form but 100 votes; the total votes being 70 + 100 + 5 + 18 = 193, as before.

[1251] p. 73.

[1252] Cic. _Phil._ ii. 33, 82 “Ecce Dolabellae comitiorum dies: sortitio praerogativae: quiescit. Renuntiatur, tacet. Prima classis vocatur: renuntiatur. Deinde, ita ut assolet, suffragia; tum secunda classis.”

[1253] Liv. xliii. 16 “cum ex duodecim centuriis equitum octo censorem condemnassent, multaeque aliae primae classis.” It would seem as though the _sex suffragia_ (p. 73) voted with or after the first class. Drakenborch would read _octodecim_ for _duodecim_, but this would seem to give too small a number of condemnatory votes amongst the _equites_.

[1254] Cic. _pro Planc._ 20, 49.

[1255] Hence such expressions as _Aniensis juniorum_, _Veturia juniorum_, _Galeria juniorum_ (Liv. xxiv. 7; xxvi. 22; xxvii. 6).

[1256] App. _B.C._ i. 59.

[1257] See Appendix on the _comitia tributa_.

[1258] p. 107.

[1259] Liv. xxv. 4 (212 B.C.) “Tribuni plebem rogaverunt plebesque ita scivit, ‘Si M. Postumius ante K. Maias non prodisset citatusque eo die non respondisset neque excusatus esset, videri eum in exilio esse, bonaque ejus venire, ipsi aqua et igni placere interdici”; ib. xxvi. 3 (211 B.C.) “Cn. Fulvius exulatum Tarquinios abiit. Id ei justum exilium esse scivit plebs.”

[1260] When Plutarch says (_C. Gracch._ 4) that C. Gracchus gave the right of trying such cases τῷ δήμῳ, this word may include the Plebs. Gracchus at least seems to have banished the ex-consul Popilius by means of a _plebiscitum_ (Cic. _pro Domo_ 31, 82 “ubi enim tuleras ut mihi aqua et igni interdiceretur? quod Gracchus de P. Popilio ... tulit”).

[1261] App. _B.C._ i. 59.

[1262] This conclusion has been drawn from the words of Cicero (_in Verr._ Act i. 13, 38) “judiciis ad senatorium ordinem translatis sublataque populi Romani in unum quemque vestrum potestate.”

[1263] Cic. _de Leg. Agr._ ii. 7, 18 “Quod populus per religionem sacerdotia mandare non poterat, ut minor pars populi vocaretur.”

[1264] For this presidency by the youngest pontifex (the one, i.e., who stood the least chance of election) see Liv. xxv. 5 (212 B.C.). From Cic. _ad Brut._ i. 5, 4 it follows that the consuls had something to do with arranging the elections, but not that they were ever the presidents.

[1265] Cic. _de Leg. Agr._ ii. 7, 18; Vell. ii. 12, 3.

[1266] Dio Cass. xxxvii. 37.

[1267] Macrob. _Sat._ i. 16, 29 “Julius Caesar XVI auspiciorum libro negat nundinis contionem advocari posse, id est cum populo agi ideoque nundinis Romanorum haberi comitia non posse.”

[1268] Varro _L.L._ v. 155 “comitium ab eo quod coibant eo comitiis curiatis et litium causa.”

[1269] Liv. vi. 20; Plin. _H.N._ xvi. 10, 37.

[1270] Liv. vii. 16.

[1271] The change to the Forum is perhaps post-Gracchan; see Momms. _Staatsr._ iii. p. 385. Cf. the prescription of the _lex Quinctia de aquaeductibus_ (p. 242).

[1272] Gell. xiii. 15, 1 “In edicto consulum, quo edicunt quis dies comitiis centuriatis futurus sit.” “Comitia edicere” (Liv. xxiii. 31) and “comitia indicere” (Liv. iv. 6) are employed as descriptive of this act.

[1273] Festus p. 224 “promulgari leges dicuntur cum primum in vulgus eduntur, quasi provulgari.”

[1274] Momms. _Staatsr._ iii. p. 370.

[1275] Schol. Bob. to Cic. _pro Sest._ 64, 135 (p. 310) “(lex) Licinia et Junia ... illud cavebat ne clam aerario legem ferri liceret.” For registration in the _aerarium_ at the time of promulgation cf. Cic. _de Leg._ iii. 4, 11. Clodius’ law exiling Cicero in 58 B.C. was amended (Cic. _ad Att._ iii. 2 “praesertim nondum rogatione correcta”), but whether before or after promulgation is not clear.

[1276] Dionysius, Plutarch, and Priscian explain _trinum nundinum_ as the third market-day, an interval of _trinarum nundinarum_, i.e. seventeen days; but Mommsen has made out a good case for its being three _nundina_, i.e. intervals of eight days (_Staatsr._ iii. p. 375).

[1277] p. 164.

[1278] p. 38.

[1279] Varro _L.L._ vi. 91 “comitiatum praeco populum vocet ad te, et eum de muris vocet praeco.”

[1280] The herald is not mentioned in connexion with the _concilium plebis_. The _comitia curiata_ were summoned by a _lictor curiatius_. See Momms. _Staatsr._ iii. p. 386.

[1281] Gell. xv. 27; Dio Cass. xxxvii. 27.

[1282] Varro _L.L._ vi. 92; Plut. _C. Gracch._ 3.

[1283] “Sollemne carmen precationis” (Liv. xxxix. 15).

[1284] Cic. _de Leg._ iii. 4, 11 “qui agent ... rem populum docento”; Quintil. _Inst. Or._ ii. 4, 33 “Romanis pro contione suadere ac dissuadere moris fuit.”

[1285] Except perhaps at the _comitia centuriata_ (Momms. iii. p. 395), but this body had almost ceased to be a legislative assembly.

[1286] p. 247.

[1287] Originally _licium_, later _saepta_ or _ovile_.

[1288] Liv. ii. 56; cf. Asc. _in Cornel._ p. 70 “discedere, quod verbum ... significat ... [ut] in suam quisque tribum discedat, in qua est suffragium laturus.”

[1289] Hence the expression _ferre punctum_ (Cic. _pro Planc._ 22, 53).

[1290] Liv. v. 13; iii. 21.

[1291] Cic. _de Leg._ iii. cc. 15, 16.

[1292] Hence the discovery of a fraud at an election through tablets being μιᾷ χειρὶ γεγραμμέναις (Plut. _Cat. Min._ 46).

[1293] Cic. _cum Sen. Gr. eg._ 11, 28; _in Pis._ 15, 36.

[1294] Plin. _H.N._ xxxiii. 2, 31; Cic. _cum Sen. Gr. eg._ 7, 17.

[1295] p. 253.

[1296] The first curia or tribe is the _principium_. See the prescription of the _lex Quinctia_ (p. 242). Even after the ballot was introduced the name of the first voter in a division was specified (_primus scivit_, l.c.).

[1297] _Tribus_ or _centurias non explere_ is said of such candidates (Liv. iii. 64; xxxvii. 47). Cf. Liv. xxii. 35.

[1298] Cic. _in Pis._ 15, 36 “hoc certe video quod indicant tabulae publicae vos rogatores, vos diribitores, vos custodes fuisse tabularum.” It is the list of votes as certified by the guardians and tellers rather than the separate voting tablets that Cicero here speaks of. But the tablets themselves were kept for a time in _loculi_ (Varro _R.R._ iii. 5, 18).

[1299] Cic. _de Leg._ iii. 20, 46 “Legum custodiam nullam habemus. Itaque eae leges sunt quas apparisores nostri volunt; a librariis petimus.”

[1300] See the evidences collected by Mommsen (_Staatsr._ iii. pp. 418-419). It is from this practice that _figere_ and _refigere_ are used of the publication and annulling of laws.

[1301] p. 219.

[1302] Cic. _pro Sest._ 65, 137 “senatum reipublicae custodem, praesidem, propugnatorem collocaverunt (majores); hujus ordinis auctoritate uti magistratus et quasi ministros gravissimi consilii esse voluerunt.”

[1303] Festus p. 142 “mulleos genus calceorum aiunt esse, quibus reges Albanorum primi, deinde patricii sunt usi.”

[1304] Hence the distinction between the patrician and plebeian form of shoe (Mommsen _Staatsr._ iii. p. 891). In the time of Cato the elder this footgear was only worn by the plebeian senator “qui magistratum curulem cepisset” (Festus l.c.).

[1305] For an investiture of boys with the _latus clavus_ earlier than the rule of Augustus, see Suet. _Aug._ 94.

[1306] Tac. _Ann._ xi. 22 “post lege Sullae viginti (quaestores) creati supplendo senatui.”

[1307] Gell. iv. 10, 8 “Erat ... jus senatori ut sententiam rogatus diceret ante quicquid vellet aliae rei et quoad vellet.” For this practice of _egredi relationem_ see Tac. _Ann._ ii. 33.

[1308] “Delenda est Carthago” (Florus ii. 15); cf. App. _Lib._ 69.

[1309] An attempt to violate this order was made in 56 B.C., “cum Lupus tribunus pl.... intendere coepit ante se oportere discessionem facere quam consules. Ejus orationi vehementer ab omnibus reclamatum est; erat enim et iniqua et nova” (Cic. _ad Fam._ i. 2, 2).

[1310] The consul Marcellus thus dismissed the Senate in 50 B.C. on its favouring the proposal that both Pompeius and Caesar should lay down their commands (App. _B.C._ ii. 30).

[1311] Gell. iv. 10, 8.

[1312] ib. l.c.; Suet. _Caes._ 20.

[1313] Gell. xiv. 7, 9 (from the _Commentarius_ of Varro) “singulos autem debere consuli gradatim incipique a consulari gradu. Ex quo gradu semper quidem antea primum rogari solitum qui princeps in senatum lectus esset; tum autem, cum haec scriberet, novum morem institutum refert per ambitionem gratiamque ut is primus rogaretur quem rogare vellet qui haberet senatum, dum is tamen ex gradu consulari esset.” For this _novus mos_ cf. Cic. _ad Att._ i. 13, 2 (61 B.C.) “Primum igitur scito primum me non esse rogatum sententiam praepositumque esse nobis pacificatorem Allobrogum” (C. Calpurnius Piso, a relative of the presiding consul).

[1314] Sall. _Cat._ 50 (in the debate on the Catilinarian conspirators) “D. Junius Silanus primus sententiam rogatus quod eo tempore consul designatus erat.”

[1315] Festus p. 210 “(Pedarius senator) ita appellator quia tacitus transeundo ad eum, cujus sententiam probat, quid sentiat indicat.” Cf. Gell. iii. 18. The explanation cited by Festus is true only so far as it expresses a usual circumstance of debate. The name _pedarius_ is probably derived from the absence of the curule chair (Gavius Bassus ap. Gell. l.c.).

[1316] Vell. ii. 35 “Hic tribunus plebis designatus ... paene inter ultimos interrogatus sententiam”; Cic. _ad Att._ xii. 21, 1 “Cur ergo in sententiam Catonis? Quia verbis luculentioribus et pluribus rem eandem (i.e. the opinion already expressed by _consulares_) comprehenderat.”

[1317] See p. 270 n. 2.

[1318] In a rough estimate of the house (61 B.C.) Cicero mentions 15 on one side of a question, “quite 400” on the other (_ad Att._ i. 14, 5). On Curio’s proposal in 50 B.C. that both Pompeius and Caesar should lay down their commands, 22 dissented, 370 approved (App. _B.C._ ii. 30). In the latter case there seems to have been no formal division (see p. 268 n. 2); and in both the small numbers may be the result of exact computation, the large either of a guess or of a deduction drawn from an already counted quorum.

[1319] “Verbo adsentiri” (Sall. _Cat._ 52); cf. Cic. _ad Fam._ v. 2, 9 “sedens iis adsensi.”

[1320] “In alienam sententiam pedibus ire” (Gell. iii. 18, 1).

[1321] The invitation to divide on the _sententia_ was couched in the form “Qui hoc censetis, illuc transite: qui alia omnia, in hanc partem” (Festus p. 261). Hence the colloquial phrase “ire in alia omnia” for negativing a proposal at the Senate (Cic. _ad Fam._ i. 2, 1).

[1322] Cic. _ad Att._ i. 14, 3 “totum hunc locum, quem ego ... soleo pingere, de flamma, de ferro—nosti illas ληκύθους.”

[1323] p. 179.

[1324] Cic. _ad Fam._ viii. 8, 5 ff. In § 6 we find the formula “Si quis huic s. c. intercesserit, senatui placere auctoritatem perscribi.”

[1325] ib. l.c. § 6 “Pr. Kal. Octobres in aede Apollinis scrib. adfuerunt L. Domitius Cn. f. Fab. Ahenobarbus,” etc.

[1326] p. 148.

[1327] Plut. _Ti. Gracch._ 10; App. _B.C._ i. 12.

[1328] Polyb. xxx. 4. For the motive of the veto see Liv. xlv. 21 “M. Juventius Thalna ... praetor novo maloque exemplo rem ingressus erat, quod, ante non consulto senatu, non consulibus certioribus factis, de sua unius sententia rogationem ferret vellent juberentne Rhodiis bellum indici, cum antea semper prius senatus de bello consultus esset, deinde ex auctoritate patrum ad populum latum.”

[1329] Suet. _Caes._ 16 (Caesar supported Metellus in carrying) “turbulentissimas leges adversus collegarum intercessionem ... donec ambo administratione reipublicae decreto patrum submoverentur.”

[1330] In this case the prohibition was effected through the coercive power of the consul springing from his _majus imperium_ (Dio Cass. xlii. 23).

[1331] Tac. _Ann._ ii. 30 “vetere senatus consulto quaestio in caput domini prohibebatur.”

[1332] Cic. _ad Att._ v. 21, 13 (50 B.C.) “cum senatus consultum modo factum sit ... in creditorum causa, ut centesimae perpetuo faenore ducerentur.”

[1333] Ascon. _in Cornel._ p. 58.

[1334] M. Brutus had gained from the Senate the validation of a bond (_syngrapha_), by which an exorbitant rate of interest was demanded from the government of Salamis in Cyprus. Bonds of this kind, through which obligations were incurred by provincials at Rome, had been rendered illegal by a _lex Gabinia_ of 67 B.C. (Cic. _ad Att._ v. 21, 12).

[1335] Cic. _pro Domo_ 16, 41 “judicavit senatus M. Drusi legibus, quae contra legem Caeciliam et Didiam latae essent, populum non teneri.” The account that the Livian laws were shelved as _contra auspicia_ (Ascon. _in Cornel._ p. 68 “Philippus cos.... obtinuit a senatu, ut leges ejus omnes uno s. c. tollerentur. Decretum est enim contra auspicia esse latas neque eis teneri populum”) may contain one of the grounds of their abrogation.

[1336] Cic. _ad Att._ iii. 15, 5 “Quod te cum Culleone scribis de privilegio locutum, est aliquid, sed multo est melius abrogari.”

[1337] p. 204.

[1338] Liv. xxv. 4; Sall. _Cat._ 50; Ascon. _in Milon._ p. 44. The Senate in this way sometimes interprets a criminal law and extends its incidence. See Cic. _de Har. Resp._ 8, 15 “decrevit senatus eos qui id fecissent (i.e. who had disturbed the rebuilding of Cicero’s house) lege de vi, quae est in eos qui universam rem publicam oppugnassent (i.e. vi publica) teneri.”

[1339] Cic. _ad Att._ i. 13, 3 “Credo enim te audisse, cum apud Caesarem pro populo fieret, venisse eo muliebri vestitu virum ... mentionem a Q. Cornificio in senatu factam ... postea rem ex senatus consulto ad pontifices relatam, idque ab iis nefas esse decretum; deinde ex senatus consulto consules rogationem promulgasse.”

[1340] Liv. viii. 18.

[1341] ib. xl. 43 (180 B.C.) “A. C. Maenio praetore (cui, provincia Sardinia cum evenisset, additum erat ut quaereret de veneficiis longius ab urbe decem millibus passuum) literae adlatae _se jam tria millia hominum damnasse_.”

[1342] Liv. xxxix. 41 (184 B.C.); cf. ix. 26 (314 B.C.) and the instance cited in the next note. In such instances of _quaestiones_ extended to Italy, it is not clear whether _socii_ as well as _cives_ were executed summarily by Roman magistrates.

[1343] ib. xxxix. 18. On this point see Zumpt _Criminalrecht der Römer_ i. 2 p. 212.

[1344] _C.I.L._ i. n. 196 (a letter from the consuls to some unknown magistrates of the _ager Teuranus_ in Brutii) l. 24 “eorum (i.e. the Senate) sententia ita fuit ‘sei ques esent, quei avorsum ead fecisent, quam suprad scriptum est, eeis rem caputalem faciendam censuere.’”

[1345] The consul was armed against C. Gracchus, the consuls in 63; the consuls, praetors, and tribunes in 100 B.C.; the interrex, proconsul, and all other magistrates with _imperium_ in 77 B.C.

[1346] The decree proposed to meet the threatened revolution of M. Lepidus in 77 B.C. ran as follows: “quoniam M. Lepidus exercitum privato consilio paratum cum pessimis et hostibus rei publicae contra hujus ordinis auctoritatem ad urbem ducit, uti Appius Claudius interrex cum Q. Catulo pro consule et ceteris, quibus imperium est, urbi praesidio sint operamque dent ne quid res publica detrimenti capiat” (from speech of Philippus in Sall. _Hist._ lib. i. frgt. 77, § 22). The historical instances of the employment of this power are against C. Gracchus and his adherents in 121 B.C., in the tumult of Saturninus (100), the first Sullan restoration (88), by the anti-Sullans (82), at the threatened revolution of M. Lepidus (77), in the Catilinarian conspiracy (63), during the disturbances raised by Q. Metellus (62), and those preceding the sole consulship of Pompeius (52), against Caesar (49), against Dolabella and M. Antonius (43).

[1347] Cf. Sall. _Cat._ 50 “consul ... convocato senatu refert quid de eis fieri placeat, qui in custodiam traditi erant. Sed eos paulo ante frequens senatus judivcaerat contra rem publicam fecisse.”

[1348] Although the _ultimum senatus consultum_ had not been passed against Ti. Gracchus, the condemnation of his adherents without appeal (Vell. ii. 7; Val. Max. iv. 7, 1) was the exercise of the jurisdiction of martial law. It was this jurisdiction which elicited the _plebiscitum_ of C. Gracchus.

[1349] Cic. _pro Rab._ 4, 12 “C. Gracchus legem tulit ne de capite civium Romanorum injussu vestro judicaretur.”

[1350] Schol. Ambros. p. 370 “Quia sententiam (wrongly for “legem”; see Zumpt _Criminalrecht_ i. 2 p. 73) tulerat Gracchus ne quis in civem Romanum capitalem sententiam diceret.” Cf. Cic. _pro Sest._ 28, 61 “Consule me, (Cato), cum esset designatus tribunus plebis, obtulit in discrimen vitam suam: dixit eam sententiam, cujus invidiam capitis periculo sibi praestandam videbat.” So Dio Cassius (xxxviii 14), in speaking of the first bill of Clodius against Cicero, says ἔφερε μὲν γὰρ καὶ ἐπὶ πᾶσαν τὴν βουλήν, ὅτι τοῖς τε ὑπάτοις τὴν φυλακὴν τῆς πόλεως ... προσετετάχει.

[1351] Plut. _C. Gracch._ 4 τὸν δὲ (νόμον εἰσέφερε) εἴ τις ἄρχων ἄκριτον ἐκκεκηρύχοι πολίτην, κατ’ αὐτοῦ διδόντα κρίσιν τῷ δήμῳ. δῆμος here may mean either _populus_ or _plebs_; but Gracchus, as tribune, put his own law into force against Popilius (Cic. _pro Domo_ 31, 82).

[1352] Cic. _in Cat._ iv. 5, 10 “At vero C. Caesar intelligit legem Semproniam esse de civibus Romanis constitutam; qui autem rei publicae sit hostis eum civem esse nullo modo posse.”

[1353] Cic. _in Pis._ 4, 9; _pro Sest._ 25, 55; Dio Cass. xxxviii. 13.

[1354] Cic. _ad Q. fr._ ii. 3, 5 (56 B.C.) “senatus consultum factum est ut sodalitates decuriatique discederent lexque de iis ferretur ut, qui non discessissent, ea poena quae est de vi tenerentur.” The _sodalitates_ were clubs of the type of the Greek ἑταιρεῖαι, the _decuriati_ probably electioneering associations.

[1355] Cic. _ad Att._ i. 16, 12 (61 B.C.) “senatus consulta duo jam facta sunt odiosa ... unum, ut apud magistratus inquiri liceret, alterum, cujus domi divisores habitarent, adversus rem publicam.”

[1356] Liv. ix. 8-12; Plut. _Ti. Gracch._ 7; Cic. _de Off._ iii. 30, 109; Sall. _Jug._ 39.

[1357] Sall. _Jug._ 39 “senatus ita, uti par fuerat, decernit suo atque populi injussu nullum potuisse foedus fieri.”

[1358] Polyb. vi. 14 ὑπὲρ εἰρήνης οὗτος (ὁ δῆμος) βουλεύεται καὶ πολέμου. καὶ μὴν περὶ συμμαχίας καὶ διαλύσεως καὶ συνθηκῶν οὑτός ἐστιν ὁ βεβαιῶν ἕκαστα τούτων καὶ κύρια ποιῶν ἢ τοὐναντίον.

[1359] The Gaditani approach the Senate for the renovation of a treaty made with a pro-magistrate in 78 B.C. Cicero questions its validity (_pro Balbo_ 15, 34) on the ground that the people was not consulted. The passage illustrates both the Senate’s exercise of this power and the continuance of a controversy as to its right.

[1360] Hence the institution of the _Graecostasis_. Varro (_L.L._ v. 165) describes it as “sub dextra hujus (the Rostra) a comitio locus substructus ubi nationum subsisterent legati, qui ad senatum essent missi; is Graecostasis appellatus a parte ut multa.”

[1361] So the Numantian envoys in 36 B.C. are received ἔξω τοῦ τείχους (Dio _fr._ 79). As a rule the appeal was made to the nearest _imperator_, and his representations might accord such legati a reception within the city. See Momms. _Staatsr._ iii. 2 p. 1150.

[1362] Liv. _Ep._ xlvi. “in commune lex lata est ne cui regi Romam venire liceret.” Cf. Polyb. xxx. 17.

[1363] Cic. _ad Q. fr._ ii. 13, 3 “Appius interpretatur ... quod Gabinia sanctum sit, etiam cogi ex Kal. Febr. usque ad Kal. Mart. legatis senatum quotidie dare.”

[1364] Polyb. xxii. 24; Liv. xlv. 17.

[1365] For the attempt made by the _lex Sempronia_ to obviate this power see p. 201.

[1366] Cic. _ad Fam._ v. 2, 3 (to Metellus Celer, proconsul of Cisalpine Gaul, 62 B.C.) “Nihil dico de sortitione vestra: tantum te suspicari volo nihil in ea re per collegam meum me insciente esse factum.” Cf. _ad Att._ i. 16, 8.

[1367] Liv. xlv. 13; Dittenberger n. 240. The Senate sometimes referred questions respecting the internal affairs of these states to Roman _patroni_, with whom they had entered into relations of clientship (Liv. ix. 20; Cic. _pro Sulla_ 21, 60).

[1368] _lex de Termessibus_ ii. 6 “Nei quis magistratus ... meilites ... introducito ... nisei senatus nominatim ... decreverit.”

[1369] Sall. _Jug._ 62 “Metellus propere cunctos senatorii ordinis ex hibernis accersi jubet: eorum et aliorum, quos idoneos ducebat, consilium habet.” Cf. c. 104 “Marius ... Sullam (the quaestor) ab Utica venire jubet, item L. Bellienum praetorem, praeterea omnes undique senatorii ordinis, quibuscum mandata Bocchi cognoscit.”

[1370] Cic. _ad Att._ ii. 16, 4 “Illud tamen, quod scribit (Q. Cicero, governor of Asia) animadvertas velim, de portorio circumvectionis; ait se de consilii sententia rem ad senatum rejecisse.”

[1371] Cic. _de Off._ ii. 22, 76 “tantum in aerarium pecuniae invexit (Paulus) ut unius imperatoris praeda finem attulerit tributorum.” Cf. Plut. _Paul._ 38.

[1372] Momms. _Staatsr._ iii. 2 pp. 1112-20.

[1373] Plut. _Ti. Gracch._ 14 οὐδὲν ἔφη τῇ συγκλήτῳ βουλεύεσθαι προσήκειν, ἀλλὰ τῳ δήμῳ γνώμην αὐτὸς προθήσειν.

[1374] p. 229.

[1375] The Senate invalidated the _locationes_ of the censors of 184 B.C. (Liv. xxxix. 44 “locationes cum senatus precibus et lacrimis publicanorum victus induci et de integro locari jussisset”). A vain appeal was made by the _publicani_ of Asia to remit their contracts in 60 B.C. (Cic. _ad Att._ i. 17, 9; cf. ii. 1, 8).

[1376] The business of draining the Pomptine marshes is entrusted to a consul (Liv. _Ep._ xlvi.), the building of an aqueduct to a praetor (Frontin. _de Aquaed._ 7).

[1377] Cic. _ad Att._ iii. 24.

[1378] This was necessary when the supplies were destined for the army. See Sall. _Jug._ 104 “(Rufus) qui quaestor stipendium in Africam portaverat.” Compare the section on provincial government.

[1379] The phrase for opening this credit is _attribuere_. See Liv. xliv. 16 “ad opera publica facienda cum eis (censoribus) dimidium ex vectigalibus ejus anni (169 B.C.) attributum ex senatus consulto a quaestoribus esset.”

[1380] p. 194.

[1381] Cic. _ad Fam._ i. 1 sq.

[1382] Cic. _ad Q. fr._ ii. 6, 4 and 5 (56 B.C.) “consul est egregius Lentulus ... Dies comitiales exemit omnes. Nam etiam Latinae instaurantur: nec tamen deerant supplicationes. Sic legibus perniciosissimis obsistitur.”

[1383] In the later Republic these periods of thanksgiving had reached the inordinate length of fifteen, twenty, and even fifty days (Caes. _Bell. Gall._ ii. 35; iv. 38; Cic. _Phil._ xiv. 11, 29). At this period the _supplicatio_ was considered the usual preliminary of a triumph; but Cato explains to Cicero that this was not always the case (_ad Fam._ xv. 5, 2 “Quodsi triumphi praerogativam putas supplicationem et idcirco casum potius quam te laudari mavis, neque supplicationem sequitur semper triumphus,” etc.).

[1384] Cic. _pro Domo_ 49, 127 “video ... esse legem veterem tribuniciam quae vetat injussu plebis aedes, terram, aram consecrari.” The _jussus plebis_ probably implies that of the _populus_ as well. See Momms. _Staatsr._ iii. 2 p. 1050.

[1385] The Senate alone is mentioned as decreeing the reception of the _Magna Mater_ in 205 B.C., and as ordaining the erection of her temple (Liv. xxix. 10 and 11; xxxvi. 36).

[1386] See p. 56.

[1387] Dionys. ii. 72; Liv. i. 32; cf. Plin. _H.N._ xxii. 2.

[1388] Polyb. iii. 25; Liv. i. 24. Yet the ceremonies they describe are different. In that related by Polybius the stone has a passive signification; the priest hurls it from him and prays, “May I only be cast out, if I break my oath, as this stone is now.” In that described by Livy, “the pig represents the perjurer, the flint-knife the instrument of divine vengeance” (Strachan-Davidson’s Polybius, _Proleg._ viii.), and Jupiter is here to strike the _people_ that fails in the compact. Possibly the two forms of ritual were used in different kinds of treaties; the first, perhaps, in commercial compacts, the second in agreements that closed a war.

[1389] Liv. iv. 17; Middleton _Ancient Rome_ i. p. 245.

[1390] Liv. v. 36.

[1391] See p. 283.

[1392] Liv. xxii. 61.

[1393] Varro _L.L._ v. 3 “multa verba aliud nunc ostendunt, aliud ante significabant, ut hostis: nam tum eo verbo dicebant peregrinum qui suis legibus uteretur, nunc dicunt eum quem tum dicebant perduellem.” Cf. Cic. _de Off._ i. 12, 37.

[1394] p. 284.

[1395] Polyb. iii. 22.

[1396] “Aeduos, fratres consanguineosque saepe numero a senatu appellatos” (Caes. _B.G._ i. 33).

[1397] Cf. p. 284 for this rule and for the exception to it made in 166 B.C.

[1398] In the first treaty with Carthage two kinds of legal satisfaction are given to Roman traders. In Libya and Sardinia the state guarantees the debt; in the Sicilian cities under the Carthaginian protectorate Romans and Carthaginians are on an equal footing (Polyb. iii. 22).

[1399] Hartmann (O. E.) _Der ordo judiciorum und die judicia extraordinaria der Römer_ Thl. i. pp. 229 ff.

[1400] Festus p. 274 “Reciperatio est, ut ait Gallus Aelius, cum inter populum et reges nationesque et civitates peregrinas lex convenit quomodo per reciperatores reddantur res reciperenturque resque privatas inter se persequantur.” See Keller _Civilprocess_ p. 36; Rudorff _Rechtsgeschichte_ ii. p. 34.

[1401] p. 207.

[1402] In the treaty supposed to be the work of Spurius Cassius and to date from 493 B.C. the following clause was found: τῶν τ’ ἰδιωτικῶν συμβολαίων αἱ κρίσεις ἐν ἡμέραις γιγνέσθωσαν δέκα, παρ’ οἷς ἂν γένηται τὸ συμβόλαιον (Dionys. vi. 95).

[1403] Dionys. iii. 34, 51.

[1404] ib. vi. 95; Festus p. 241.

[1405] Dionys. viii. 70, 74.

[1406] p. 295.

[1407] App. _B.C._ i. 23. Dionysius (viii. 72) speaks of the Latins and Hernicans exercising voting privileges (ψηφοφορία) in Rome in the year 486 B.C. But it is impossible that they could have been enrolled in the centuries, which was a Roman army list, and no assembly of the tribes had yet received state recognition.

[1408] Dionys. viii. 69, 72, 74.

[1409] Livy, by attributing _civitas_ to Tusculum (vi. 26) and calling the Tusculans _cives_ (vi. 36), seems to imply that they were full citizens. In this case the city could not have been from the first a _municipium_, the name it bears later (“municipium antiquissimum” Cic. _pro Planc._ 8, 19). Festus, however (p. 127), includes Tusculum amongst the states with _civitas sine suffragio_, i.e. amongst the true _municipia_, and we know that Livy (x. 1) uses _civitas_ for _civitas sine suffragio_. The Satricani are _cives Romani_ in 319 B.C. (Liv. ix. 16). Satricum had formerly belonged to the thirty Latin cities (Dionys. v. 61).

[1410] Liv. viii. 14 “Ceteris Latinis populis (i.e. other than those with whom special arrangements were made) conubia commerciaque et concilia inter se ademerunt.”

[1411] Liv. ix. 43 “Hernicorum tribus populis, Aletrinati, Verulano, Ferentinati, quia maluerunt quam civitatem, suae leges redditae; conubiumque inter ipsos, quod aliquamdiu soli Hernicorum habuerunt, permissum. Anagninis, quique arma Romanis intulerant, civitas sine suffragii latione data: concilia conubiaque adempta, et magistratibus, praeterquam sacrorum curatione, interdictum.”

[1412] p. 299.

[1413] Dionys. vii. 13; Plut. _Cor._ 13.

[1414] Hyginus p. 176 “cum signis et aquila et primis ordinibus ac tribunis deducebantur”; Tac. _Ann._ xiv. 27 “non enim, ut olim, universae legiones deducebantur cum tribunis et centurionibus et sui cujusque ordinis militibus.”

[1415] Varro _L.L._ v. 143; Serv. ad _Aen._ v. 755.

[1416] Liv. xxvii. 38 (207 B.C.) “colonos etiam maritimos, qui sacrosanctam vacationem dicebantur habere, dare milites cogebant”; xxxvi. 3 (191 B.C.) “contentio orta cum colonis maritimis ... nam, cum cogerentur in classem, tribunos plebei appellarunt.”

[1417] Cic. _pro Balbo_ 11, 28; _pro Caec._ 34, 100.

[1418] p. 203.

[1419] Festus p. 233 “Praefecturae eae appellabantur in Italia, in quibus et jus dicebatur et nundinae agebantur; et erat quaedam earum res publica, neque tamen magistratus suos habebant; in quas legibus praefecti mittebantur quodannis, qui jus dicerent. Quarum genera fuerunt duo: alterum, in quas solebant ire praefecti quattuor, [qui] viginti sex virum numero populi suffragio creati erant ... alterum, in quas ibant quos praetor urbanus quodannis in quaeque loca miserat legibus.” Amongst the _praefecturae_ which he enumerates are the Roman colonies of Volturnum, Liternum, Puteoli, and Saturnia.

[1420] Liv. viii. 14 “Campanis ... Fundanisque et Formianis ... civitas sine suffragio data. Cumanos Suessulanosque ejusdem juris conditionisque, cujus Capuam, esse placuit.” For Atella and Calatia see Festus pp. 131, 233.

[1421] Liv. x. 1.

[1422] ib. ix. 43, quoted p. 299.

[1423] Festus p. 131 “municipes erant qui ex aliis civitatibus Romam venissent, quibus non licebat magistratum capere sed tantum muneris partem, ut fuerunt Cumani, Acerrani, Atellani, qui et cives Romani erant et in legione merebant, sed dignitates non capiebant”; cf. p. 127 “participes ... fuerunt omnium rerum ad munus fungendum una cum Romanis civibus praeterquam de suffragio ferendo aut magistratu capiendo.” The words “qui ex aliis civitatibus Romam venissent” in the first definition do not describe the _municipes_ of historical times; they suggest a possible origin for the institution. These rights were first conditioned by domicile in Rome, but the condition was subsequently removed.

[1424] p. 235.

[1425] Festus p. 233, quoted p. 302.

[1426] Liv. viii. 14.

[1427] ib. xxiv. 19; xxvi. 6.

[1428] The language of Livy makes it doubtful whether he conceives the _foedus_ to have continued after the _civitas_ had been conferred. They are different stages of rights, but he may mean them to be cumulative. In xxxi. 31 we read “cum ... ipsos (Campanos) foedere primum, deinde conubio atque cognationibus, postremo civitate nobis conjunxissemus” (cf. xxiii. 5). The _civitas_ here is probably the full citizenship conferred on individual Capuans. They are spoken of as _socii_ in 216 B.C. (xxiii. 5), and though the word is sometimes loosely used, it harmonises in its literal sense with the great constitutional privileges of the town.

[1429] As at Arpinum (Cic. _ad Fam._ xiii. 11, 3).

[1430] Festus p. 127 “quorum civitas universa in civitatem Romanam venit.”

[1431] It did not possess any magistracy for secular purposes (Liv. ix. 43 “magistratibus, praeterquam sacrorum curatione, interdictum”).

[1432] “in ditionem” (Liv. xxxvii. 45), “in potestatem” (xxxix. 54).

[1433] “in fidem” (ib. viii. 2).

[1434] Polyb. xx. 9, 12 παρὰ Ῥωμαίοις ἰσοδυναμεῖ τό τε εἰς τὴν πίστιν αὑτὸν ἐγχειρίσαι καὶ τὸ τὴν ἐπιτροπὴν δοῦναι περὶ αὑτοῦ τῷ κρατοῦντι.

[1435] Gell. x. 3, 19.

[1436] _Dig._ 49, 15, 7, 1 “liber populus est is qui nullius alterius populi potestati est subjectus.”

[1437] _Lex Antonia de Termessibus_ i. 8.

[1438] Plin. _Ep. ad Traj._ 92 (93).

[1439] Cic. _in Verr._ iii. 6, 13; cf. App. _B.C._ i. 102 (ἐπὶ συνθήκαις ἔνορκοι).

[1440] _Dig._ 49, 15, 7, 1 “hoc adjicitur, ut intellegatur alterum populum superiorem esse, non ut intellegatur alterum non esse liberum.” Cf. Cic. _pro Balbo_ 16, 35 “Id habet hanc vim, ut sit ille in foedere inferior.”

[1441] _Dig._ l.c. “is foederatus est item sive aequo foedere in amicitiam venit sive foedere comprehensum est ut is populus alterius populi majestatem comiter conservaret.”

[1442] _Lex Agraria_ 1. 21 “socii nominisve Latini, quibus ex formula togatorum [milites in terra Italia inperare solent].”

[1443] Liv. xxii. 57; xxvii. 10 “milites ex formula paratos esse.”

[1444] The number of troops required was decreed every year by the Senate (Liv. xli. 5 etc.), the consuls fixing the amount which each state was to send in proportion to its fighting strength.

[1445] Cic. _pro Balbo_ 9, 24.

[1446] Cic. _pro Balbo_ 8, 21 “innumerabiles aliae leges de civili jure sunt latae; quas Latini voluerunt, adsciverunt.”

[1447] Liv. xxxv. 7 (193 B.C.) “M. Sempronius tribunus plebis ... plebem rogavit plebesque scivit ut cum sociis ac nomine Latino creditae pecuniae jus idem quod cum civibus Romanis esset.” The enactment was produced by the discovery that Roman creditors escaped the usury laws by using Italians as their agents.

[1448] Macrob. _Sat._ iii. 17, 6.

[1449] Cic. _pro Balbo_ 8, 20 “foederatos populos fieri fundos oportere ... non magis est proprium foederatorum quam omnium liberorum.” For the formula of acceptance (“fundi—i.e. auctores—facti sunt”) cf. Festus p. 89.

[1450] Cic. _pro Balbo_ 24, 54 “Latinis, id est foederatis.”

[1451] The distinction is expressed in the familiar _socii ac nominis Latini_ (Liv. xli. 8), _socii et Latium_ (Sall. _Hist._ i. 17), and perhaps in _socii Latini nominis_, if this last expression is to be regarded as an asyndeton.

[1452] These twelve colonies, with the dates of their foundations, are—Ariminum (268 B.C.), Beneventum (268), Firmum (264), Aesernia (263), Brundisium (244), Spoletium (241), Cremona and Placentia (218), Copia (193), Valentia (192), Bononia (189), Aquileia (181).

[1453] The later Latin colonists have of right no _conubium_ with Rome (Ulp. _Reg._ v. 4 “Conubium habent cives Romani cum civibus Romanis; cum Latinis autem et peregrinis ita si concessum sit”). The change may have come with this last outburst of Latin colonisation in Italy; but it may be as late as the extension of _latinitas_ to the provinces. For the right of _commercium_ possessed by these colonies see Cic. _pro Caec._ 35, 102 “jubet enim (Sulla Volaterranos) eodem jure esse quo fuerint Ariminenses, quos quis ignorat duodecim coloniarum fuisse et a civibus Romanis hereditates capere potuisse?”

[1454] Appian (_B.C._ i. 23), speaking of C. Gracchus’ proposal to extend the citizenship, suggests a Latin right ψῆφον ἐν ταῖς Ῥωμαίων χειροτονίαις φέρειν. Livy, with reference to the year 212 B.C., speaks of the _sortitio_ as to the tribe or tribes in which the Latins should vote (xxv. 3, in the trial of Postumius “sitella ... lata est ut sortirentur ubi Latini suffragium ferrent”).

[1455] Liv. xli. 8 “Lex sociis ac nominis Latini, qui stirpem ex sese domi relinquerent, dabat ut cives Romani fierent.”

[1456] This was the _latinitas_ given to Cisalpine Gaul in 89 B.C. by a law of the consul Cn. Pompeius Strabo. Ascon. _in Pison._ p. 3 “Pompeius enim non novis colonis eas (Transpadanas colonias) constituit, sed veteribus incolis manentibus jus dedit Latii, ut possent habere jus quod ceterae Latinae coloniae, id est ut gerendo magistratus civitatem Romanam adipiscerentur.” Consequently when Caesar refounded Comum in this district, in accordance with the _lex Vatinia_ (59 B.C.), the new _civitas_ possessed this right (App. _B.C._ ii. 26).

[1457] _Lex Acilia_ l. 77; Cic. _pro Balbo_ 24, 54. The probable dates of these laws are 122 and 111 B.C. respectively.

[1458] The allies before the social war reckon as their chief grievance “per omnes annos atque omnia bella duplici numero se militum equitumque fungi” (Vell. ii. 15).

[1459] Liv. xlii. 1 “(L. Postumius Albinus) ... literas Praeneste misit, ut sibi magistratus obviam exiret, locum publice pararet, ubi deverteretur, jumentaque, cum exiret inde, praesto essent. Ante hunc consulem nemo unquam sociis in ulla re oneri aut sumptui fuit ... Injuria consulis ... et silentium ... Praenestinorum jus, velut probato exemplo, magistratibus fecit graviorum in dies talis generis imperiorum.”

[1460] C. Gracchus ap. Gell. x. 3, 3.

[1461] App. _B.C._ i. 21 and 34. According to Valerius Maximus (ix. 5, 1) Flaccus proposed to give the _provocatio_ to those “qui civitatem mutare noluissent.”

[1462] App. _B.C._ i. 23. Plutarch makes it a simple proposal of citizenship for the allies (_C. Gracch._ 5). The geographical limits of these proposed extensions are unknown. Velleius (ii. 6) remarks vaguely, with respect to the Gracchan law, “dabat civitatem omnibus Italicis, extendebat eam paene usque Alpis.”

[1463] App. _B.C._ i. 35; he promised to reintroduce the law περὶ τῆς πολιτείας. Liv. _Ep._ lxxi. “socios et Italicos populos spe civitatis Romanae sollicitavit”; Vell. ii. 14 “Tum conversus Drusi animus ... ad dandam civitatem Italiae.”

[1464] Diod. xxxvii. 2.

[1465] Cf. the words of Pontius Telesinus, the Samnite leader in the later struggle at the Colline gate (Vell. ii. 27), “eruendam delendamque urbem ... nunquam de futuros raptores Italicae libertatis lupos, nisi silva, in quam refugere solerent, esset excisa.” This, however, is an expression of Samnite rather than of Italian feeling.

[1466] App. _B.C._ i. 49; Cic. _pro Balbo_ 8, 21.

[1467] Only one clause of this law is known—that by which the _civitas_ was granted to _incolae_ enrolled on the registers of federate communities; they were to have the citizenship, if they made profession to the praetor within sixty days (Cic. _pro Arch._ 4, 7). It is difficult to believe that this cumbrous rule applied to the citizens of the towns.

[1468] The gradual nature of the incorporation is attested by the expression of Velleius (ii. 16), “paulatim deinde recipiendo in civitatem, qui arma aut non ceperant aut deposuerant maturius, vires refectae sunt.”

[1469] Vell. ii. 20 “Itaque cum ita civitas Italiae data esset, ut in octo tribus contribuerentur novi cives, ne potentia eorum et multitudo veterum civium dignitatem frangeret plusque possent recepti in beneficium quam auctores beneficii, Cinna in omnibus tribubus eos se distributurum pollicitus est.” Appian (_B.C._ i. 49) seems to speak of the creation of ten new tribes (δεκατεύοντες ἀπέφηναν ἑτέρας ἐν αἷς ἐχειροτόνουν ἔσχατοι). The attempt to reconcile these accounts by supposing that they refer to different classes of allies or are the respective products of the two acts of legislation (Kubitschek _Imp. Rom. trib. descr._; Beloch _der Italische Bund_) receives some epigraphic support, but rests either on a correction of Appian’s text or on the assumption that his account refers to ten of the _old_ tribes.

[1470] Liv. _Ep._ 84 “Novis civibus senatus consulto suffragium datum est,” a careless phrase of the epitomiser or copyist for the distribution through the tribes (Drakenborch). Sulla, in spite of his rescission of the rights of certain rebel towns, did not disturb this arrangement.

[1471] Augustus formed the plan of giving to the senates (_decuriones_) of the twenty-eight colonies which he founded in Italy the right of voting for the magistrates at Rome. They were to send their votes under seal (Suet. _Aug._ 46).

[1472] Liv. xxxviii. 36.

[1473] Cicero says that his grandfather, in or just before the consulship of Scaurus (115 B.C.), “restitit M. Gratidio ... ferenti legem tabellariam” (_de Leg._ iii. 16, 36).

[1474] _C.I.L._ i. p. 163.

[1475] A fragment of a constitution of Tarentum, dating apparently from a time not long subsequent to the _lex Julia_ of 90 B.C., has been preserved (_Fragmentum Tarentinum_ in _L’Année Épigraphique_, 1896, pp. 30, 31). Arpinum was undergoing reorganisation in 46 B.C. (Cic. _ad Fam._ xiii. 11, 3).

[1476] Cic. _in Verr._ v. 13, 34 “unum illud, quod ita fuit illustre notumque omnibus, ut nemo tam rusticanus homo L. Lucullo et M. Cotta consulibus (74 B.C.) Romam ex ullo municipio vadimonii causa venerit quin sciret jura omnia praetoris urbani nutu ... Chelidonis ... gubernari.”

[1477] Ascon. _in Pison._ p. 8.

[1478] This is proved both by the attempt of Crassus, as censor in 65 B.C., to place the Transpadanes on the register of citizens (Dio Cass. xxxvii. 9), and by Cicero’s comment on Marcellus’ action in scourging a citizen of Novum Comum in 51 B.C. (Cic. _ad Att._ v. 11, 2 “Marcellus foede in Comensi: etsi ille magistratum non gesserit, erat tamen Transpadanus”).

[1479] Dio Cass. xli. 36.

[1480] Cic. _ad Att._ v. 2, 3 “eratque rumor de Transpadanis, eos jussos IIIIviros creare. Quod si ita est, magnos motus timeo.”

[1481] App. _B.C._ v. 3 τήν τε γὰρ Κελτικὴν τὴν ἐντὸς Ἄλπεων ἐδόκει Καίσαρος ἀξιοῦντος (i.e. Octavianus after Philippi) αὐτόνομον ἀφιέναι, γνώμῃ τοῦ προτέρου Καίσαρος. Cf. iii. 30 and Dio Cass. xlviii. 12.

[1482] The name given to the district in the law _Gallia Cisalpeina_, _Gallia cis Alpeis_ (cc. 22 and 23) suits both epochs equally well, for Caesar had not made it a part of Italy. The fact that the _praetor urbanus_ is the central authority in jurisdiction (cc. 21 and 22) suits the Augustan epoch better.

[1483] _Lex Rubria_ cc. 21 and 22. For the _vadimonium_ cf. Cic. _in Verr._ v. 13, 34 (quoted p. 313).

[1484] Generally _quattuorviri_, this board being usually divided into two magistrates with higher jurisdiction (_duumviri juri dicundo_) and two police officials (_duumviri aediles_). Sometimes we find _IIIIviri dicundo_, perhaps a designation for the joint board, or, where the magistrates with aedilician power alone are referred to, _IIIIviri aediles_ or _aedilicia potestate_. See Wilmanns _Index_ pp. 620-622.

[1485] _Lex Julia mun._ l. 84. Cf. Cic. _in Pis._ 22, 51 “neque enim regio ulla fuit, nec municipium neque praefectura aut colonia, ex qua non ad me publice venerint gratulatum.”

[1486] Wilmanns _Index_ p. 618.

[1487] Sicily, Sardinia, Hither and Further Spain, Illyricum, Macedonia and Achaea (separated by Caesar), Africa, Asia, Gallia Narbonensis, Gallia Cisalpina, Bithynia, Cyrene with Crete, Cilicia and Syria.

[1488] The number is given by Pliny (_H.N._ iii. 88). In Cicero’s time there was about this number. He speaks of the appointment of 130 censors (_in Verr._ ii. 55, 137), two for each state (ib. 53, 133).

[1489] Cassiodorus _Chron._ ad A.U.C. 670 “Asiam in XLIIII. regiones Sulla distribuit.”

[1490] Tac. _Ann._ iii. 44. This division may be the work of Augustus.

[1491] pp. 244, 283.

[1492] p. 245.

[1493] Except that ownership of the soil is not always, as in Italy, the ground of exemption from taxation. On the free city of Termessus in Pisidia “free possession” is alone conferred.

[1494] See the _lex Antonia de Termessibus_ (71 B.C.), especially the clause which confers autonomy “so far as is consistent with this charter” (i. l. 7 “eique legibus sueis ita utunto ... quod advorsus hanc legem non fiat”).

[1495] Cic. _de Prov. Cons._ 3, 6. For the weakening of this respect for αὐτονομία in the Ciceronian period and Caesar’s attempt to strengthen it by law (probably the _lex Julia repetundarum_ of 59 B.C.) see Cic. _in Verr._ iii 89, 207; _in Pis._ 16, 37 (“lege Caesaris justissima atque optima populi liberi plane et vere erant liberi”).

[1496] Festus p. 218.

[1497] Cic. _in Verr._ ii. 13, 32; 15, 37; 16, 39; 24, 59.

[1498] Liv. xlv. 17 and 32.

[1499] Plin. _ad Traj._ 79 (83), 1.

[1500] As Cicero did in his government of Cilicia. See _ad Att._ vi. 2, 4 “omnes (civitates), suis legibus et judiciis usae, αὐτονομίαν adeptae, revixerunt”; vi. 1, 15 “multaque sum secutus Scaevolae (governor of Asia _circa_ 98 B.C.); in iis illud, in quo sibi libertatem censent Graeci datam, ut Graeci inter se disceptent suis legibus ... Graeci vero exsultant quod peregrinis judicibus utuntur.”

[1501] This we may gather from Cicero’s account of the proceedings of the native magistrates in Cilicia (_ad Att._ vi. 2, 5 “Mira erant in civitatibus ipsorum furta Graecorum, quae magistratus sui fecerant: quaesivi ipse de iis, qui annis decem proximis magistratum gesserant; aperte fatebantur”).

[1502] On the conquest of Epirus in 167 B.C., although all the Illyrians were declared _liberi_, only some were pronounced “non solum liberi sed etiam immunes” (Liv. xlv. 26).

[1503] Cf. Tac. _Hist._ iv. 74 “nam neque quies gentium sine armis neque arma sine stipendiis neque stipendia sine tributis haberi queunt.”

[1504] Liv. xlv. 29.

[1505] Cic. _pro Leg. Man._ 6, 14 “ceterarum provinciarum vectigalia, Quirites, tanta sunt ut iis ad ipsas provincias tutandas vix contenti esse possimus, Asia vero tam opima est et fertile ut ... facile omnibus terris antecellat.”

[1506] Gaius ii. 7 “in eo (provinciali) solo dominium populi Romani est vel Caesaris, nos autem possessionem tantum vel usumfructum habere videmur.” The theory is perhaps as old as the Gracchan period. C. Gracchus’ association of the Asiatic taxes with the censor (cf. p. 231) must have done a good deal to develop it. It is no wonder that this theory led to the view that the provinces were “quasi quaedam praedia populi Romani” (Cic. _in Verr._ ii. 3, 7).

[1507] These expressions are known only from the literature of the Empire; it may be a mere accident that in Republican literature _tributum_ seems never to be used of imperial taxation. The form _stipendium_ is preferred. In Liv. xxiii. 32 we have the _tributum_ of Sardinia mentioned with reference to Republican times. The _venditio tributorum_ and the ὠναί of Cilicia (Cic. _ad Fam._ iii. 8, 5; _ad Att._ v. 16, 2) probably refer to local taxes improperly sold to _publicani_.

[1508] Liv. xliii. 2 “(Hispani) impetraverunt ne frumenti aestimationem magistratus Romanus haberet.”

[1509] p. 319.

[1510] Cic. _in Verr._ iii. 33, 77.

[1511] ib. ii. 13, 32; 26, 63, etc.

[1512] ib. iii. 6, 12 “inter Siciliam ceterasque provincias ... in agrorum vectigalium ratione hoc interest, quod ceteris aut impositum vectigal est certum ... aut censoria locatio constituta est, ut Asiae lege Sempronia.”

[1513] Cf. Cic. _ad Q. fr._ i. 1, 11, 33 “nomen autem publicani aspernari non possunt, qui pendere ipsi vectigal sine publicano non potuerint, quod iis aequaliter Sulla discripserat.” The reference is to Sulla’s temporary abolition of the Gracchan principle of collection.

[1514] App. _B.C._ v. 4; Dio Cass. xlii. 6.

[1515] Nothing seems to be known about the conditions of sale of the provincial _portoria_, e.g. whether those of Asia were put up at Rome like the _decumae_.

[1516] Cic. _in Verr._ iii. cc. 81-96, 188-222.

[1517] Cic. _in Verr._ iii. 70, 163. Cf. Liv. xxxvi. 2 “idem L. Oppio de alteris decumis exigendis in Sardinia imperatum.” Sometimes this enforced sale of corn (_frumentum imperatum_) was required from free cities such as Halaesa, Centuripae, and Messana in Sicily (Cic. _in Verr._ iii 73, 170; iv. 9, 20).

[1518] pp. 201, 202.

[1519] p. 201.

[1520] Sall. _Jug._ 27; Cic. _de Prov. Cons._ 2, 3; _pro Domo_ 9, 24.

[1521] Cic. _ad Fam._ i. 9, 25.

[1522] Cf. Cic. _de Prov. Cons._ 15, 87 (if the consul of 55 B.C. succeeds Caesar on March 1, 54 B.C.) “Fuerit toto in consulatu sine provincia, cui fuerit, antequam designatus est, decreta provincia? Sortietur, an non? Nam et non sortiri absurdum est, et quod sortitus sis non habere. Proficiscetur paludatus? Quo? Quo pervenire ante certam diem non licebit. Januario, Februario provinciam non habebit. Kalendis ei denique Martiis nascetur repente provincia.”

[1523] Cic. _ad Fam._ i. 9, 25; xii. 4, 2.

[1524] Cic. _in Verr._ i. 13, 34 “pecunia attributa, numerata est. Profectus est quaestor in provinciam (Verres). Venit exspectatus in Galliam ad exercitum consularem cum pecunia.”

[1525] _Rationes referre_ (Cic. _in Verr._ i. 13, 36). In accordance with a _lex Julia_ (perhaps _repetundarum_) of Caesar’s, the accounts had to be deposited at the _aerarium_, and two copies in two cities of the province (Cic. _ad Fam._ v. 20, 2; Plut. _Cato Min._ 38).

[1526] p. 215.

[1527] Cic. _in Verr._ iii. 58, 134 “Quaestores, legatos ... multi missos fecerunt et de provincia decedere jusserunt, quod illorum culpa se minus commode audire arbitrarentur aut quod peccare ipsos aliqua in re judicarent.”

[1528] The transition is marked in 169 B.C. (Liv. xliv. 18 “Senatus Cn. Servilio consuli negotium dedit, ut is in Macedoniam, quos L. Aemilio videretur, legaret”).

[1529] Cicero delegates even jurisdiction to one of his _comites_, Volusius (_ad Att._ v. 21, 6). Other members of his retinue were his son Marcus and his brother Quintus. These intimates of the governor were spoken of as _contubernales_, _cohors_ _amicorum_, even as _cohors praetoria_ (Cic. _ad Q. fr._ i. 1, 4, 12), although this title was properly applied to the governor’s military guard.

[1530] p. 319, note 2.

[1531] Cic. _in Verr._ ii. 13, 32 “Siculi hoc jure sunt ut, quod civis cum cive agat, domi certet suis legibus.”

[1532] ib. “quod Siculus cum Siculo non ejusdem civitatis (agat), ut de eo praetor judices ex P. Rupilii decreto ... sortiatur.”

[1533] It is possible, however, that the principle here adopted was that the _judex_ should be of the nationality of the defendant.

[1534] Cic. l.c. “quod privatus a populo petit aut populus a privato, senatus ex aliqua civitate, qui judicet, datur, cum alternae civitates rejectae sunt.”

[1535] ib. “quod civis Romanus a Siculo petit, Siculus judex datur, quod Siculus a civi Romano, civis Romanus datur.”

[1536] ib. “ceterarum rerum selecti judices ex conventu civium Romanorum proponi solent.”

[1537] Cic. _ad Att._ vi. 1, 15 “multaque sum secutus Scaevolae; in iis illud, in quo sibi libertatem censent Graeci datam, ut Graeci inter se disceptent suis legibus ... Graeci vero exsultant quod peregrinis judicibus utuntur”; _ad Att._ vi. 2, 4 “omnes (civitates), suis legibus et judiciis usae, αὐτονομίαν adeptae, revixerunt.”

[1538] “Edictum Siciliense” (Cic. _in Verr._ i. 45, 117).

[1539] Extreme changes might be made a ground of complaint by the departing governor. Thus Cicero writes from Cilicia (50 B.C.) “Appius enim ad me ex itinere bis terve ... literas miserat, quod quaedam a se constituta rescinderem” (_ad Att._ vi. 1, 2).

[1540] Cic. _ad Fam._ iii. 8, 4.

[1541] Thus Cicero, governor of Cilicia, followed in some respects the edict of Mucius Scaevola, the former governor of Asia (Cic. _ad Att._ vi. 1, 15).

[1542] Cic. _ad Att._ vi. 1, 15 “unum (genus) est provinciale, in quo est de rationibus civitatum, de aere alieno, de usura, de syngraphis; in eodem omnia de publicanis. Alterum, quod sine edicto satis commode transigi non potest, de hereditatum possessionibus, de bonis possidendis vendendis, magistris faciendis: quae ex edicto et postulari et fieri solent. Tertium, de reliquo jure dicundo ἄγραφον reliqui. Dixi me de eo genere mea decreta ad edicta urbana accommodaturum.”

[1543] Cic. _ad Fam._ iii. 8, 6.

[1544] Cic. _ad Att._ v. 21, 9.

[1545] Cic. _ad Att._ v. 20, 1; _ad Fam._ iii. 8, 4 and 5.

[1546] Suet. _Caes._ 7 “Quaestori (Caesari) ulterior Hispania obvenit; ubi cum, mandatu praetoris, jure dicundo conventus circumiret, etc.” Quaestorian jurisdiction was more frequent in Sicily than in other provinces, on account of the presence of the second quaestor at Lilybaeum.

[1547] Cic. _ad Fam._ xii. 30, 7 “Illud non nimium probo quod scribis ... te tuis etiam legatis lictores ademisse.”

[1548] Thus Verres quashes either a decision, or the execution of a decision, given by his quaestor (Cic. _Div. in Caec._ 17, 56 “Lilybaeum Verres venit postea: rem cognoscit: factum improbat: cogit quaestorem suum pecuniam ... adnumerare et reddere”).

[1549] Possibly certain kinds of criminal jurisdiction were guaranteed to cities by the _lex provinciae_. The Senate of Catina in Sicily tried a slave (Cic. _in Verr._ iv. 45, 100).

[1550] Cic. _in Verr._ i. 33, 84 (of an _émeute_ at Lampsacus) “Non te ad senatum causam deferre ... non eos homines, qui populum concitarant, consulum literis evocandos curare oportuit?”

[1551] The council was not, however, legally necessary. Cf. Cic. _in Verr._ ii. 30, 75 “Reus plorare ... ut cum consilio cognosceret.”

[1552] ib. ii. 29, 70; 30, 75.

[1553] ib. ii. 30, 75 “hominem innocentem de sententia scribae, medici haruspicisque condemnat.”

[1554] For the threat of capital punishment on a Roman citizen see Cic. _ad Q. fr._ i. 2, 5; for its apparent execution, Diod. xxxvii. 5, 2.

[1555] Cic. _in Verr._ v. 66, 170 “Facinus est vincire civem Romanum; scelus, verberare: prope parricidium, necare: quid dicam in crucem tollere?” Cf. _pro Rab._ 5, 17.

[1556] See p. 285.

[1557] Cic. _de Rep._ v. 6, 8 (_ad Att._ viii. 11, 1); v. 7, 9.

[1558] p. 224.

[1559] p. 314.

[1560] Caesar reduced the number of the recipients of the corn-dole from 320,000 to 150,000 (Suet. _Caes._ 41). In the Principate it stood at about 200,000. See Marquardt _Staatsverw_. ii. p. 118.

[1561] p. 312.

[1562] p. 311.

[1563] It is true, however, that the Princeps was often made by an army, not by _the_ army.

[1564] Dio Cass. xlii. 20. The dictatorship of 49 B.C. had been held only for eleven days and was probably conferred merely _comitiorum habendorum causa_. See p. 193.

[1565] Dio Cass. xliii. 14 and 33. It has been interpreted as a dictatorship _rei publicae constituendae causa_.

[1566] _C.I.L._ i. p. 452.

[1567] Plut. _Caes._ 61; _Ant._ 12; Cic. _Phil._ ii. 34, 85.

[1568] Cf. Cic. _ad Fam._ xi. 27, 8 “si Caesar rex fuerit ... quod mihi quidem videtur.”

[1569] Dio Cass. xliii. 44. Caesar probably used it after his name and not as a _praenomen_, as stated by Suetonius (_Caes._ 76). It became with him a kind of _cognomen_, and Augustus, who inherited it, changed its position in the order of his names.

[1570] Dio Cass. xliii. 14.

[1571] Cic. _ad Fam._ xii. 1, 1 “nam, ut adhuc quidem actum est, non regno, sed rege liberati videmur.”

[1572] _Monumentum Ancyranum_ i. 8-9 “Populus ... me ... trium virum rei publicae constituendae creavit.”

[1573] App. _B.C._ v. 95.

[1574] _Mon. Anc._ vi. 13-15 “In consulatu sexto et septimo, bella ubi civilia exstinxeram, per consensum universorum potitus rerum omnium, rem publicam ex mea potestate in senatus populique Romani arbitrium transtuli.”

[1575] Dio Cass. xlix. 15.

[1576] Tac. _Ann._ iii. 28 “sexto ... consulatu ... quae triumviratu jusserat abolevit.”

[1577] Cf. Tac. _Ann._ i. 2 “posito triumviri nomine.”

[1578] _Mon. Anc._ l.c.

[1579] ib. vi. 16 (after the words on p. 338 note 4) “Quo pro merito meo senatus consulto Aug. appellatus sum.”

[1580] Dio Cass. liii. 12. Augustus uses the expression _consulare imperium_ for his position at this time (_Mon. Anc._ ii. 5, 8). It resembled a proconsular command, but was held within the city. Compare the position of Pompeius in 52 B.C.

[1581] Strabo p. 840 ἡ πατρὶς ἐπέτρεψεν αὐτῷ τὴν προστασίαν τῆς ἡγεμονίας καὶ πολέμου καὶ εἰρήνης κατέστη κύριος διὰ βίου.

[1582] In the Calendar we find for January 13 (the day of the settlement) “quod rem publicam P. R. restituit” (_C.I.L._ i. p. 312). Cf. Ovid _Fasti_ i. l. 589 “redditaque est omnis populo provincia nostro”; Vell. ii. 89 “prisca illa et antiqua rei publicae forma revocata.”

[1583] Dio Cass. lii. 1 ἐκ δὲ τούτου μοναρχεῖσθαι αὖθις ἀρκιβῶς ἤρξαντο. In the _Cenotaphia Pisana_ (A.D. 2) ii. l. 12 Augustus is called “custos imperi Romani totiusque orbis terrarum praeses” (Wilmanns n. 883).

[1584] Dio Cass. liii. 32.

[1585] Dio Cass. liii. 32.

[1586] Dio Cass. liv. 10.

[1587] ib. liii 32.

[1588] _C.I.L._ vi. n. 930. It describes itself as a law and is generally known as the _lex de imperio Vespasiani_. But its wording bears more analogy to that of a _senatus consultum_. See Mommsen _Staatsrecht_ ii. p. 878.

[1589] _Vitae Macrini_ 7; _Alexandri_ 8; _Probi_ 12; _Maximi et Balbini_ 8.

[1590] “Dato imperio” (_Vita Veri_ 4), “accepit imperium” (_Vita Alexandri_ 1). It is possible, however, that these are references merely to the reception of the title _imperator_; cf. _Vita Juliani_ 3 “imperator est appellatus”; _Vita Probi_ 12 “nomen imperatorium.” For the view that there was always a _lex de imperio_ see Karlowa _Römische Rechtsgeschichte_ i. pp. 493 ff.

[1591] Gaius _Inst._ i. 5 (on the imperial _constitutio_) “nec unquam dubitatum est quin id legis vicem obtineat, cum ipse imperator per legem imperium accipiat”; Ulpian in _Dig._ 1, 4, 1 “Quod principi placuit, legis habet vigorem: utpote cum lege regia, quae de imperio ejus lata est, populus ei et in eum omne suum imperium et potestatem conferat.” The view that these passages are interpolations is possible but hazardous. A genuine expression of belief in the _lex regia_ appears in Justinian (_Cod._ i. 17, l. 7).

[1592] For the monopoly of the _sacramentum_ possessed by the Princeps compare the charge brought against Agrippina after her death (59 A.D.), “Adiciebat crimina ... quod consortium imperii juraturasque in feminae verba praetorias cohortes ... speravisset” (Tac. _Ann._ xiv. 11).

[1593] “Romae ruere in servitium consules, patres, eques” (Tac. _Ann._ i. 7).

[1594] Tac. _Hist._ i. 55 “Inferioris tamen Germaniae legiones sollemni Kalendarum Januariarum sacramento pro Galba adactae.” For the renewal of the oath on the anniversary of accession see Plin. _ad Traj._ 52.

[1595] Cf. Tac. _Hist._ iii. 58 (Vitellius) “vocari tribus jubet, dantes nomina sacramento adigit.”

[1596] _Lex de imp. Vesp._ 1 “foedusve cum quibus volet facere liceat.” These powers are summed up by Dio Cassius liii. 17 (as imperators the Emperors have the right) καταλόγους τε ποιεῖσθαι ... πολέμους τε ἀναιρεῖσθαι καὶ εἰρήνην σπένδεσθαι.

[1597] p. 283.

[1598] Dio Cass. lx. 23 (after Claudius’ conquest of Britain) ἐψηφίσθη τὰς συμβάσεις ἁπάσας, ὅσας ἂν ὁ Κλαύδιος ἢ καὶ οἱ ἀντιστράτηγοι αὐτοῦ πρός τινας ποιήσωνται, κυρίας, ὡς καὶ πρὸς τὴν βουλὴν τόν τε δῆμον εἶναι.

[1599] _Lex de imp. Vesp._ 15 “utique ei fines pomerii proferre promovere cum ex republica censebit esse, liceat ita, uti licuit Ti. Claudio Caesari Aug(usto) Germanico.” Cf. Tac. _Ann._ xii. 23.

[1600] p. 240.

[1601] Gaius _Inst._ i. 96.

[1602] Gell. xvi. 13, 5.

[1603] Gaius _Inst._ iii. 72 and 73.

[1604] This was effected, either indirectly by the gift of the gold ring (_jus aureorum anulorum_), or directly by the fiction of a _natalibus restitutio_. See _Dig._ 2, 4, 10, 3; 40, 11, 2; Plin. _ad Traj._ 72 and 73.

[1605] Dio Cass. xlix. 15; li. 19; liii. 32. See pp. 338, 340.

[1606] Tac. _Ann._ iii. 56 “id summi fastigii vocabulum Augustas repperit, ne regis aut dictatoris nomen adsumeret ac tamen appellatione aliqua cetera imperia praemineret.”

[1607] Dio Cass. xlix. 15 καὶ τὸ μήτε ἔργῳ μήτε λόγῳ τι ὑβρίζεσθαι· εἰ δὲ μή, τοῖς αὐτοῖς τὸν τοιοῦτό τι δράσαντα ἐνέχεσθαι οἶσπερ ἐπὶ τῷ δημάρχῳ ἐτέτακτο.

[1608] The _additional_ rights granted to the Emperor in connexion with the Senate (see p. 348) assume a right of intercourse with it.

[1609] Dio Cass. liii. 17 (the tribunician power) δίδωσί σφισι τά τε γιγνόμενα ὑφ’ ἑτέρου τινός, ἂν μὴ συνεπαινῶσι, παύειν.

[1610] Tac. _Ann._ iii. 70 “recipi Caesar (Tiberius) inter reos vetuit ... perstititque intercedere”; xiv. 48 “credebaturque haud perinde exitium Antistio quam imperatori gloriam quaeri ut condemnatum a senatu intercessione tribunicia morti eximeret” (Nero).

[1611] ἀμύνειν (Dio Cass. li. 19); cf. Tac. _Ann._ i. 2 (of Augustus) “ad tuendam plebem tribunicio jure contentum.”

[1612] p. 340.

[1613] The statement of Suetonius (_Aug._ 27 “Recepit et morum legumque regimen aeque perpetuum”) is not borne out by the _Monumentum Ancyranum_ or by Augustus’ titular designations.

[1614] Suet. _Aug._ 35; _Mon. Anc._ ii. 5 “consulari cum imperio lustrum solus feci.”

[1615] Dio Cass. lxvii. 4 τιμητὴς δὲ διὰ βίου πρῶτος δὴ καὶ μόνος καὶ ἰδιωτῶν καὶ αὐτοκρατόρων ἐχειροτονήθη.

[1616] ib. liii. 17 καὶ τοὺς μὲν καταλέγουσι καὶ ἐς τὴν ἱππάδα καὶ ἐς τὸ βουλευτικόν, τοὺς δὲ καὶ ἀπαλείφουσιν, ὅπῶς ἂν αὐτοῖς δόξῃ.

[1617] Tac. _Ann._ xi. 25 “Isdem diebus in numerum patriciorum adscivit Caesar (Claudius as censor) vetustissimum quemque e senatu aut quibus clari parentes fuerant ... exhaustis etiam quas (familias) dictator Caesar lege Cassia et princeps Augustus lege Saenia sublegere.” Cf. Suet. _Otho_ 1; and for Vespasian’s censorship _Vita Marci_ 1 “Annius Verus ... adscitus in patricios ... a Vespasiano et Tito censoribus.”

[1618] p. 14.

[1619] _Vita Juliani_ 3 “in patricias familias relatus”; _Macrini_ 7 “senatus ... Macrinum ... in patricios allegit novum hominem.” Cf. Dio Cass. lxxviii 17.

[1620] _Lex de imp. Vesp._ l. 3 “utique ei senatum habere, relationem facere, remittere, senatus consulta per relationem discessionemque facere liceat.” In l. 7 we find the right of the Princeps to summon the Senate _ex mandatu_.

[1621] _Jus tertiae relationis_ (_Vita Probi_ 12), _quartae_ (_Vita Pertinacis_ 5), _quintae_ (_Vita Marci_ 6, _Alexandri_ 1).

[1622] Tac. _Ann._ i. 14 “candidatos praeturae duodecim nominavit (Tiberius), numerum ab Augusto traditum, et hortante senatu ut augeret jure jurando obstrinxit se non excessurum.”

[1623] This practical effect seems sometimes to have been obviated by the Emperor’s selecting his candidates for nomination by lot (Dio Cass. lviii. 20). See Mr. Strachan-Davidson in Smith _Dict. of Antiq._ ii. p. 237.

[1624] _Lex de imp._ Vesp. l. 10 “utique quos magistratum potestatem imperium curationemve cujus rei petentes senatui populoque Romano commendaverit, quibusque suffragationem suam dederit promiserit, eorum comitis quibusque extra ordinem ratio habeatur.” Cf. Tac. _Ann._ i. 15 “sine repulsa et ambitu designandos.” For the precedent set by Caesar’s use of it see Suet. _Caes._ 41.

[1625] Tac. _Ann._ i. 15 “moderante Tiberio ne plures quam quattuor candidatos commendaret, sine repulsa et ambitu designandos.”

[1626] e.g. _praetor_, _tribunus_, _quaestor candidatus_ (Wilmanns _Index_ pp. 551 ff.).

[1627] Tac. _Ann._ i. 81 “plerumque eos tantum apud se professos disseruit, quorum nomina consulibus edidisset: posse et alios profiteri, si gratiae aut meritis confiderent.” It may have been a person so appointed who inaccurately describes himself as “per commendation(em) Ti. Caesaris Augusti ab senatu co(n)s(ul) dest(inatus)” (_Inscr. Reg. Neap._ n. 4762; _C.I.L._, ix. n. 2342).

[1628] _C.I.L._ xiv. n. 3608 “hunc ... Caesar Aug. Vespasianus iterum cos. fecit”; Plin. _Paneg._ 77 (of Trajan) “praestare consulibus ipsum qui consules facit.” Mommsen (_Staatsr._ ii. p. 925) thinks that the change came with Nero.

[1629] _Lex de imp. Vesp._ l. 22 “utique quibus legibus plebeive scitis scriptum fuit, ne divus Aug(ustus), Tiberiusve Julius Caesar Aug(ustus), Tiberiusque Claudius Caesar Aug(ustus) Germanicus tenerentur, iis legibus plebisque scitis imp(erator) Caesar Vespasianus solutus sit.”

[1630] Tac. _Hist._ i. 15 (Galba to Piso on the latter’s adoption) “si te privatus lege curiata apud pontifices, ut moris est, adoptarem.”

[1631] Paulus in _Dig._ 40, 1, 14, 1.

[1632] Ulpian in _Dig._ 1, 3, 31.

[1633] Dio Cass. liii. 17 ἐν πάσαις ταῖς ἱερωσύναις ἱερῶσθαι.

[1634] _Lex de imp. Vesp._ l. 17 “utique quaecunque ex usu rei publicae majestateque divinarum ... rerum esse censebit, ei agere fecere jus potestasque sit.”

[1635] p. 254.

[1636] Mommsen _Staatsr._ ii. p. 31.

[1637] Dio Cass, liii. 17. In the decrees to Maximus and Balbinus the _pontificatus maximus_ is mentioned (_Vita_ 8), and it is possible that it was held by both these emperors conjointly.

[1638] Zosimus iv. 36.

[1639] Suet. _Dom._ 8 “Incesta Vestalium virginum ... varie ac severe coercuit: priora capitali supplicio; posteriora, more veteri.”

[1640] Ulpian in _Dig._ 11, 7, 8.

[1641] Dio Cass. liii. 17; Tac. _Hist._ i. 77 “Otho pontificatus auguratusque honoratis jam senibus cumulum dignitatis addidit”; Plin. _ad Traj._ 13 (8) “rogo dignitati, ad quam me provexit indulgentia tua, vel auguratum vel septemviratum, quia vacent, adicere digneris.”

[1642] Cic. _ad Att._ viii. 9, 4 “nihil malle Caesarem quam principe Pompeio sine metu vivere”; _ad Fam._ vi. 6, 5 “esset hic quidem (Caesar) clarus in toga et princeps.” Cf. Vell. ii. 124 “una tamen veluti luctatio civitatis fuit, pugnantis cum (Tiberio) Caesare senatus populique Romani, ut stationi paternae succederet, illius, ut potius aequalem civem quam eminentem liceret agere principem.”

[1643] Tac. _Ann._ iii. 53 (Tiberius says) “non aedilis aut praetoris aut consulis partes sustineo, majus aliquid et excelsius a principe postulatur.”

[1644] Dio Cass. lvii. 8 (see note 5); Ovid _Fasti_ ii. 142 “Tu (Romule) domini nomen, principis ille (Augustus) tenet.”

[1645] Suet. _Aug._ 53.

[1646] Dio Cass. lvii. 8 δεσπότης μὲν τῶν δούλων, αὐτοκράτωρ δὲ τῶν στρατιωτῶν, τῶν δὲ δὴ λοιπῶν πρόκριτός εἰμι. Cf. Tac. _Ann._ ii. 87.

[1647] See Mommsen _Staatsr._ ii. p. 760.

[1648] Caesar had been _imperator_ since his first salutation in Gaul; but the right to use the title as a _nomen_ seems first to have been granted him in 45 B.C. after the victory of Munda (Dio Cass. xliii. 44 ἐκείνῳ τότε πρώτῳ τε καὶ πρῶτον, ὥσπερ τι κύριον, προσέθεσαν). It does not seem, however, that he employed it as a _praenomen_, as is stated by Suetonius (_Caes._ 76). Cf. p. 337.

[1649] Dio Cass. l.c.

[1650] p. 156.

[1651] Dio Cass. liii. 16 Αὔγουστος ὡς καὶ πλεῖόν τι ἤ κατὰ ἀνθρώπους ὤν ἐπεκλήθη.

[1652] Karlowa _Rechtsgeschichte_ i. p. 508.

[1653] _Vita L. Veri_, 2.

[1654] Mommsen _Staatsr._ ii. p. 1140.

[1655] App. _B.C._ ii. 7 οὐδὲ γὰρ τοίσδε καίπερ οὖσι βασιλεῦσιν εὐθὺς ἀπ’ ἀρχῆς ἅμα ταῖς ἄλλαις ἐπωνυμίαις, ἀλλὰ σὺν χρόνῳ μόλις ἤδε ὡς ἐντελὴς ἐπὶ μεγίστοις δὴ μαρτυρία ψηφίζεται: _Vita Hadriani_ 6 “patris patriae nomen delatum sibi statim, et iterum postea, distulit quod hoc nomen Augustus sero meruisset.” It was declined altogether by Tiberius (Suet. _Tib._ 26 and 67) and was not borne by the transitory emperors Galba, Otho, and Vitellius. See Mommsen _Staatsr._ ii. p. 780.

[1656] See Mommsen _Staatsr._ ii. pp. 782-786. As typical instances we may cite an inscription of Vespasian giving the _praenomen imperatoris_: “Imp. Caesar. Vespasianus Aug. pontif. max. tribunic. potest, vi. imp. xiiii. p.p., cos. vi. desig. vii. censor” (Wilmanns n. 855), and one of Caracalla showing the title _proconsul_: “M. Aurellius Antoninus Pius Felix Augustus ... pontif. max., trib. pot. xviii. imp. iiii. cos. iiii. p.p. procos.” (ib. n. 2868). _Pater patriae_ appears sometimes before, sometimes after _consul_.

[1657] Dio Cass. xlix. 15.

[1658] On Gordian’s revolt in Africa the laurelled _fasces_ were immediately assumed (Herodian vii. 6; _Vita Maximini_ 14).

[1659] Originally twelve, later twenty-four (Dio Cass. lxvii. 4).

[1660] Dio Cass. li. 19.

[1661] ib.

[1662] For the reverence to the statue of the deified Emperor see Suet. _Tib._ 58 “genus calumniae (sc. majestatis) eo processit ut haec quoque capitalia essent: circa Augusti simulacrum servum cecidisse, vestimenta mutasse, nummo vel annulo effigiem impressam latrinae aut lupanari intulisse.” For the right of _asylum_ attaching to the living Emperor’s image see Tac. _Ann._ iii. 36; Gaius _Inst._ i. 53.

[1663] Tertull. _Apol._ 28 “citius ... apud vos per omnes deos quam per unum genium Caesaris pejeratur.” In the official oath taken by the magistrates of Salpensa and Malaca the deified Caesars and the genius of the living Caesar come between Jupiter and the _di Penates_. (Bruns _Fontes_.)

[1664] On Seneca’s question with reference to Agrippina (59 A.D.) “an militi imperanda caedes esset,” the answer is “praetorianos toti Caesarum domui obstrictos ... nihil ... atrox ausuros.” Caligula specifically included the names of his sisters in the _sacramentum_ (Dio Cass. lix. 9)

[1665] Mommsen _Staatsr._ ii. p. 831.

[1666] _Mon. Ancyr._ iii. 5; Dio Cass. lix. 8.

[1667] The name _Augusta_ as assumed by Victorina in Gaul (A.D. 268) certainly meant that she claimed to be Empress.

[1668] Plin. _Paneg._ 84.

[1669] Tac. _Ann._ iii. 49-51.

[1670] Gibbon ch. iii.

[1671] Seneca _de Ben._ vi. 34, 2 “Apud nos primi omnium Gracchus et mox Livius Drusus instituerunt segregare turbam suam et alios in secretum recipere, alios cum pluribus, alios universos. Habuerunt itaque isti amicos primos, habuerunt secundos, numquam veros.”

[1672] Seneca _de Clem._ i. 10 “cohortem primae admissionis”; _Vita Alex._ 20 “moderationis tantae fuit ... ut amicos non solum primi aut secundi loci sed etiam inferioris aegrotantes viseret.”

[1673] Hence such titles as “comes divi Hadriani in oriente,” “comes Imp. Antonini Aug. et divi Veri bello Germanico” (Wilmanns nn. 1184, 637).

[1674] p. 147.

[1675] _Interregnum_ might be used metaphorically of the interval between the death of one Princeps and the accession of another. See _Vita Taciti_ 1.

[1676] Tac. _Ann._ i. 12 “dixit forte Tiberius se ut non toti rei publicae parem, ita quaecumque pars sibi mandaretur, ejus tutelam suscepturum.”

[1677] p. 343.

[1678] Henzen _Act. Fr. Arv._ p. 64. Hadrian, after his salutation by the soldiers, wrote to the Senate that he had been _praepropere_ addressed as _imperator_ (_Vita Hadriani_ 6). Pertinax, after his appointment had been accepted by the praetorian guards, laid down his power in the Senate and was elected again (Dio Cass. lxxiii. 1).

[1679] Suet. _Vesp._ 6.

[1680] _Vita Taciti_ 2 (after the murder of Aurelian) “exercitus, qui creare imperatorem raptim solebat, ad senatum literas misit ... petens ut ex ordine suo principem legerent. Verum senatus, sciens lectos a se principes militibus non placere, rem ad milites rettulit, dumque id saepius fit, sextus peractus est mensis.”

[1681] In 13 B.C. Agrippa received _tribunicia potestas_ for five years (Dio Cass. liv. 12). For Tiberius’ claims see Tac. _Ann._ i 3 “filius, collega imperii, consors tribuniciae potestatis adsumitur.”

[1682] Tac. _Ann._ i 14 (Tiberius on his accession, A.D. 14) “Germanico Caesari proconsulare imperium petivit”; iii 56 (A.D. 22) “Tiberius mittit literas ad senatum quis potestatem tribuniciam Druso petebat.” For Trajan see Plin. _Paneg._ 8 “ante pulvinar Jovis optimi maximi adoptio peracta est ... simul filius, simul Caesar, mox imperator et consors tribuniciae potestatis”; _Vita Pii_ 4 “adoptatus est (Pius) ... factusque est patri et in imperio proconsulari et in tribunicia potestate collega”; _Vita Marci_ 6 (Marcus before he came to the throne) “tribunicia potestate donatus est atque imperio extra urbem proconsulari.”

[1683] Mommsen _Staatsr._ ii. p. 1158.

[1684] Vell. ii. 121 “cum ... senatus populusque Romanus postulante patre ejus, ut aequum ei jus in omnibus provinciis exercitibusque esset quam erat ipsi, decreto complexus esset.”

[1685] Agrippa twice declined a triumph offered him by Augustus (Dio Cass. liv. 11 and 24), and the Senate conferred the title of _Imperator_ only on the proposal of the Princeps (Tac. _Ann._ i. 58, Germanicus in A.D. 15, “exercitum reduxit nomenque imperatoris auctore Tiberio accepit”).

[1686] Mommsen _Staatsr._ ii. p. 1154.

[1687] Suet. _Gaius_ 24 “(Gaius Drusillam) heredem quoque bonorum atque imperii aeger instituit.”

[1688] ib. 14. Compare Domitian’s contention after the death of Vespasian “relictum se participem imperii sed fraudem testamento adhibitam” (Suet. _Dom._ 2).

[1689] Tac. _Hist._ i. 15 (see p. 350); i. 17 (of the adoption of Piso by Galba) “consultatum inde pro rostris an in senatu an in castris adoptio nuncuparetur”; Suet. _Galba_ 17 “(Galba Pisonem) perduxit in castra ac pro contione adoptavit.” Nerva proclaims on the Capitol his adoption of Trajan (Dio Cass. lxviii. 8).

[1690] See p. 360, n. 2.

[1691] p. 354.

[1692] Plut. _Galba_ 7 (a messenger announces that) ὁ δῆμος καὶ ἠ σύγκλητος αὐτοκράτορα τὸν Γάλβαν ἀναγορεύσειεν: Herodian ii. 12 (the Senate) ψηφίζεται τὸν μὲν (Ἰουλιανὸν) ἀναιρεθῆναι, ἀποδειχθῆναι δὲ μόνον αὐτοκράτορα τὸν Σεουῆρον: _Vita_ _Maximini_ 15 “Ubi haec gesta sunt (i.e. after the recognition of the Gordians) senatus magis timens Maximinum aperte ac libere hostes appellat Maximinum et ejus filium.”

[1693] This was the case with Caligula, although the _damnatio_ was incomplete. See Suet. _Claud._ 11 “Gaii quoque etsi acta omnia rescidit, diem tamen necis, quamvis exordium principatus sui, vetuit inter festos referri.”

[1694] The deposed Nero was thus treated as a traitor (Suet. _Ner._ 49 “codicillos praeripuit legitque se hostem a senatu judicatum et quaeri ut puniatur more majorum”).

[1695] The _acta_ of Tiberius were not sworn to (Dio Cass. lix. 9), although his memory was not condemned. His reign appears amongst the legitimate precedents for the authority of Vespasian in the _lex de imperio_, those of Gaius, Nero, Galba, Otho, and Vitellius being omitted.

[1696] Dio Cass. lvii. 8 (Tiberius) ἐπὶ ταῖς τοῦ Αὐγούστου πράξεσι τούς τε ἄλλους πάντας ὥρκου καὶ αὐτὸς ὤμνυε.

[1697] Tiberius characteristically enough would not have his _acta_ sworn to during his lifetime (Tac. _Ann._ i. 72; Suet. _Tib._ 67), and some thought the motive was “ne mox majore dedecore impar tantis honoribus inveniretur” (Suet. l.c.). His objection to his own deification was interpreted by some as a sign “degeneris animi” (Tac. _Ann._ iv. 38).

[1698] Dio Cass. iii. 20. Here it is made the age for entrance into the Senate; but the completion of the twenty-fifth year is meant. Cf. Quintil. _Inst. Or._ xii. 6, 1 “quaestoria aetas.”

[1699] Dio Cass. l.c. Dispensations from these rules might be given by the Senate, in accordance with the _jus liberorum_ (“ut singuli anni per singulos liberos remittantur” _Dig._ 4, 4, 2), or to members of the imperial house (Tac. _Ann._ iii. 29 “Per idem tempus (A.D. 20) Neronem e liberis Germanici jam ingressum juventam (Tiberius) commendavit patribus, utque munere capessendi vigintiviratus solveretur et quinquennio maturius quam per leges quaesturam peteret ... postulavit”).

[1700] Dio Cass. liv. 26; cf. Tac. _Ann._ iii. 29, quoted in the last note.

[1701] In inscriptions of the early Principate the vigintivirate is sometimes not found in the list of _honores_. But it is more probable that it is omitted than that it was an alternative to the military tribunate. See Mommsen _Staatsr._ i. p. 544 n. 4.

[1702] Dio Cass. lii. 20.

[1703] Its use by Macrinus in the third century excited opposition (Dio Cass. lxxviii. 13). See Mommsen _Staatsr._ ii. p. 942.

[1704] Dio Cass. liv. 19 (of Tiberius in 16 B.C.) ἐστρατήγησε γάρ, καίπερ τὰς στρατηγικὰς τιμὰς ἔχων (Tiberius had received the _ornamenta praetoria_ in 19 B.C., see c. 10); c. 32 Drusus ἀγορανόμος ... καίπερ τὰς στρατηγικὰς τιμὰς ἔχων ἀπεδείχθη: cf. c. 22.

[1705] Suet. _Aug._ 35; Dio Cass. lviii. 12.

[1706] Mommsen _Staatsr._ i. p. 458.

[1707] The consular _insignia_ were granted to Nymphidius and to Crispinus under Nero (Tac. _Ann._ xv. 72; xvi. 17); the praetorian _insignia_ to Sejanus and to Macro under Tiberius (Dio Cass. lvii. 19; lviii. 12).

[1708] Quaestorian _insignia_ were granted to Laco under Tiberius (Dio Cass. lviii. 12).

[1709] Tac. _Ann._ xii. 21 “consularia insignia Ciloni (procurator of Pontus) ... decernuntur”; Suet. _Claud._ 24 “ornamenta consularia etiam procuratoribus ducenariis indulsit.”

[1710] As the praetorian _insignia_ to Pallas, the quaestorian to Narcissus (Tac. _Ann._ xii. 53; xi. 38). Cf. Suet. _Claud._ 28.

[1711] Suet. _Aug._ 35 (Augustus) “quosdam ad excusandi se verecundiam compulit: servavitque etiam excusatis insigne vestis et spectandi in orchestra epulandique publice jus.”

[1712] p. 156.

[1713] In an exceptional case, such as Junius Blaesus’ command in Africa, the proconsul might be saluted _imperator_ on the permission of the Princeps (Tac. _Ann._ iii. 74), and the first condition of a triumph be fulfilled. But this incident, dating from A.D. 22, was the last of its kind on record.

[1714] Suet. _Aug._ 38 “super triginta ducibus justos triumphos et aliquanto pluribus triumphalia ornamenta decernenda curavit”; Wilmanns n. 1145 l. 19 “senatus ... triumphalibus ornamentis honoravit auctore imp. Caesare Augusto Vespasiano”; _Index_ p. 609.

[1715] Dio Cass. lix. 9. The obligation to swear _in acta Caesaris_ had, with reference to the acts of the first Caesar, begun in 45 B.C. (App. _B.C._ ii. 106), and had been renewed during the triumvirate (Dio Cass. xlvii. 18), the formula running _se nihil contra acta Caesaris facturum_. For the obligation as continued in the Principate cf. p. 363.

[1716] Herodian (ii. 12), with reference to the downfall of Didius Julianus, speaks of the consuls οἷ τὰ τῆς Ῥώμης διοικεῖν εἰώθασιν ὁπηνίκα ἂν τὰ τῆς βασιλείας μετέωρα ᾗ.

[1717] Plut. _Galba 8._

[1718] Tac. _Hist._ iii. 68.

[1719] Plin. _Paneg._ 77 “comitia consulum obibat ipse (Trajanus); tantum ex renuntiatione eorum voluptatis quantum prius ex destinatione capiebat.... Adibat aliquis ut principem; respondebat se consulem esse.”

[1720] On the consuls was laid the burden of certain newly-established festivals such as those celebrating the _Natalia_ of Augustus and the victory of Actium (Dio Cass. lvi 46; lix. 20).

[1721] See Mommsen _Staatsr._ ii pp. 84-87. The climax was reached with twenty-five consulships in a single year (189 A.D.) under Commodus (Dio Cass. lxxii. 12; _Vita Commodi_ 6).

[1722] _Vita Alexandri_ 43.

[1723] Pompon. in _Dig._ 1, 2, 2, 32.

[1724] Marini _Atti Arvali_ p. 784.

[1725] Dio Cassius, lii. cc. 20, 21 (speech of Maecenas), may mean to imply their existence in his own time. Geib (_Criminalprocess_ pp. 392-397) assigns their disappearance to the end of the first century.

[1726] Pompon. in _Dig._ 1, 2, 2, 32 “divus Claudius duos praetores adjecit qui de fidei commisso jus dicerent, ex quibus unum divus Titus detraxit: et adjecit divus Nerva qui inter fiscum et privatos jus diceret.”

[1727] See last note.

[1728] _Vita Marci_ 10 “praetorem tutelarem primus fecit, cum ante tutores a consulibus poscerentur, ut diligentius de tutoribus tractaretur.”

[1729] See § 5.

[1730] On the condemnation of the history of Cremutius Cordus in A.D. 25 “libros per aediles cremandos censuere patres” (Tac. _Ann._ iv. 35).

[1731] Tac. _Ann._ iii 52-55 (A.D. 22).

[1732] We hear of Vespasian during the reign of Caligula ἀγορανομοῦντός τε ... καὶ τῆς τῶν στενωπῶν καθαρειότητος ἐπιμελουμένου (Dio Cass. lix. 12). Cf. Suet. _Vesp._ 5.

[1733] Tac. _Ann._ ii. 85 (A.D. 19) “Vistilia praetoria familia genita licentiam stupri apud aediles vulgaverat.”

[1734] ib. xiii. 28 (A.D. 56) “cohibita artius et aedilium potestas statutumque quantum curules, quantum plebei pignoris caperent vel poenae inrogarent.”

[1735] Gaius _Inst._ i. 6 (of the _jus edicendi_) “amplissimum jus est in edictis duorum praetorum ... item in edictis aedilium curulium.” Their edict was codified under Hadrian, and appears in _Dig._ 21, 1.

[1736] Karlowa (_Rechtsgesch._ i. p. 532) thus distributes them—two urban, four of the consuls, twelve for the public provinces, and two attached to the Emperor.

[1737] See § 5.

[1738] See chap. xi.

[1739] The practice first began in 38 B.C. (Dio Cass. xlviii. 43). Cf. Tac. _Ann._ xvi. 34 “Tum ad Thraseam in hortis agentem quaestor consulis missus.” They were selected by the consuls themselves (Plin. _Ep._ iv. 15, 8).

[1740] _Dig._ 1, 13, 1, 2 and 4 “sane non omnes quaestores provincias sortiebantur, verum excepti erant candidati principis ... qui ... epistulas ejus in senatu legunt.”

[1741] Tac. _Ann._ xi. 22 (A.D. 47) “quaestura ... velut venundaretur.”

[1742] The obligation imposed in 47 was modified in 54 A.D. (Tac. _Ann._ xi. 22; xiii. 5), but was renewed under Domitian (Suet. _Dom._ 4).

[1743] _Vita Alexandri_ 43 “quaestores candidatos ex sua pecunia jussit munera populo dare ... arcarios vero instituit, qui de arca fisci ederent munera eademque parciora.”

[1744] The tribunate is to the younger Pliny “inanis umbra et sine honore nomen” (_Ep._ i 23).

[1745] Tac. _Ann._ i. 77 (A.D. 15, on the proposal of _jus virgarum in histriones_) “intercessit Haterius Agrippa tribunus plebei increpitusque est Asinii Galli oratione, silente Tiberio, qui ea simulacra libertatis senatui praebebat.”

[1746] Tac. _Hist._ iv. 9 (A.D. 69, on the praetors of the _aerarium_ announcing a deficit) “cum perrogarent sententias consules, Volcatius Tertullinus tribunus plebis intercessit, ne quid super tanta re principe absente statueretur.” This is the last recorded instance of the _intercessio_ (Momms. _Staatsr._ ii. p. 309 n. 1).

[1747] Tac. _Ann._ vi. 47 [53] (in A.D. 37 a woman was accused of _majestas_) “qua damnata cum praemium accusatori decerneretur, Junius Otho tribunus plebei intercessit, unde ... mox Othoni exitium.” Rusticus Arulenus, a _flagrans juvenis_, offered to veto the decree of the Senate which condemned Thrasea Paetus in A.D. 66 (xvi. 26).

[1748] ib. xiii. 28 “inter Vibullium praetorem et plebei tribunum Antistium ortum certamen, quod immodestos fautores histrionum et a praetore in vincla ductos tribunos omitti jussisset.”

[1749] Tac. _Hist._ ii. 91 (Vitellius, when Emperor, attacked by Helvidius Priscus in the Senate) “commotus ... non tamen ultra quam tribunos plebis in auxilium spretae potestatis advocavit.”

[1750] In A.D. 56 they were forbidden “vocare ex Italia cum quibus lege agi posset” (Tac. _Ann._ xiii. 28). See Appendix.

[1751] Tac. l.c.

[1752] Juvenal vii. 228 “Rara tamen merces, quae cognitione tribuni Non egeat.” The words doubtless mean “which does not lead to the _appellatio_.” In such a case even the Republican tribunes took “cognisance” of the merits of the appeal. The explanation that the tribunes were now given some extraordinary jurisdiction in civil cases is unnecessary.

[1753] p. 365.

[1754] Dio Cass. liv. 26.

[1755] ib. lx. 11.

[1756] e.g. _Cod._ 6, 60, 1 (A.D. 319) “Imp. Constantinus A. consulibus, praetoribus tribunis plebis senatui salutem.”

[1757] Suet. _Aug._ 40 “Comitiorum quoque pristinum jus reduxit.”

[1758] p. 344.

[1759] Dio Cass. lvi. 40 (Augustus) ἐκ ... τοῦ δήμου τὸ δύσκριτον ἐν ταῖς διαγνώσεσιν ἐς τὴν τῶν δικαστηρίων ἀκρίβειαν μεταστήσας.

[1760] e.g. the Julian laws passed by Augustus in the _concilium plebis_, the _lex Junia Norbana_ of the reign of Tiberius, _plebiscita_ of Claudius. The last known _lex_ is an agrarian law of Nerva (_Dig._ 47, 21, 3, 1).

[1761] Dio Cass. liii. 21 (when the election was entrusted to the people, Augustus) ἐπεμελεῖτο ὅπως μήτ’ ἀνεπιτήδειοι μήτ’ ἐκ παρακελεύσεως ἤ καὶ δεκασμοῦ ἀποδεικνύωνται. Cf. Tac. _Ann._ i. 15 “potissima arbitrio principis, quaedam tamen studiis tribuum fiebant.”

[1762] Tac. _Ann._ i. 15. The change was, we are told by Velleius (ii. 124), in accordance with the instructions of Augustus.

[1763] p. 188.

[1764] Dio Cass. lviii. 20.

[1765] p. 349. In _C.I.L._ vi. 10213 we find a notice of “improbae comitiae in Aventino, ubi (Sej)anus cos. factus est.” We find Vitellius canvassing for his candidates in the circus (Tac. _Hist._ ii. 91 “comitia consulum cum candidatis civiliter celebrans omnem infimae plebis rumorem in theatro ut spectator, in circo ut fautor adfectavit”). On the other hand, we have _ab senatu destinatus_ in the inscription quoted on p. 349 n. 6. Dio Cassius (lix. 20), in speaking of the temporary restoration of popular elections by Caligula, mentions them in connexion with the consulship.

[1766] Dio Cass. xxxvii. 28.

[1767] p. 369.

[1768] p. 364.

[1769] p. 365.

[1770] p. 364. Hence the expression “nondum senatoria aetate” (Tac. _Ann._ xv. 28; _Hist._ iv. 42).

[1771] Dio Cass. liv. 17, 30; Tac. _Ann._ i. 75, ii. 37.

[1772] He declared “non lecturum se senatorem nisi civis Romani abnepotem” (Suet. _Claud._ 24).

[1773] _Vita Commodi_ 6 “ad cujus (Cleandri) nutum etiam libertini in senatum atque in patricios lecti sunt”; _Vita Elagabali_ 11 “Fecit libertos praesides, legatos, consules, duces.”

[1774] Tac. _Ann._ iii. 4 “simul novi homines e municipiis et coloniis atque etiam provinciis in senatum crebro adsumpti”; Suet. _Vesp._ 9 “Amplissimos ordines ... purgavit supplevitque, recenso senatu et equite ... honestissimo quoque Italicorum ac provincialium adlecto.”

[1775] Tac. _Ann._ xi 25; Prof. Pelham in _Classical Review_ ix. p. 441.

[1776] Plin. _Ep._ vi. 19.

[1777] _Vita Marci_ 11.

[1778] For the infliction of such a _nota_ by Domitian see Suet. _Dom._ 8, “quaestorium virum, quod gesticulandi saltandique studio teneretur, movit senatu.”

[1779] p. 347.

[1780] Tac. _Ann._ iv. 42 (Tiberius) “Apidium ... Merulam, quod in acta divi Augusti non juraverat, albo senatorio erasit.”

[1781] ib. iii. 17; vi. 48.

[1782] ib. iv. 31; xii. 59.

[1783] Dio Cass. lv. 3; Tac. _Ann._ iv. 42.

[1784] Dio Cass. liii. 1 (Augustus in 28 B.C. during the censorship of himself and Agrippa) ἐν αὐταῖς (ταῖς ἀπογραφαῖς) πρόκριτος τῆς γερουσίας ἐπεκλήθη: cf. lxxii. 5, where Pertinax πρόκριτος ... τῆς γερουσίας κατὰ τὸ ἀρχαῖον ἐπωνομάσθη: an expression which seems to show that it was not a constant designation of the Princeps at this period.

[1785] ib. liv. 13, 14.

[1786] ib. lv. 3; Suet. _Aug._ 35; Merkel ad Ovid. _Fast._ p. vi

[1787] _Lex de imp. Vesp._ l. 9 “ac si e lege senatus edictus esset habereturque.”

[1788] _Vita Gordianorum_, 11; _Vita Hadriani_, 7; Dio Cass. liv. 3.

[1789] For the summons by a praetor see Tac. _Hist._ iv. 39; by tribunes, Dio Cass. lvi. 47, lx. 16, lxxviii. 37; by tribunes and praetors, ib. lix. 24.

[1790] The doubt is raised by Piso’s address to Tiberius during a trial for _majestas_, “quo ... loco censebis, Caesar? Si primus, habebo quod sequar: si post omnes, vereor ne imprudens dissentiam” (Tac. _Ann._ i 74). Dio Cassius also says of Tiberius (lvii. 7) καὶ γὰρ αὐτὸς ψῆφον πολλάκις ἐδίδου. But neither writer may be using strictly technical language; and it is not certain that the Princeps could be _asked_ his opinion. On the other hand, when Caesar put the question, the other magistrates gave _sententiae_ (Tac. _Ann._ iii. 17). The question is not of much importance for the Principate as a whole, as in its later period the Emperor usually consulted the Senate by letter. See p. 369.

[1791] See Tac. _Ann._ i. 74, quoted in the last note.

[1792] p. 348.

[1793] p. 359.

[1794] p. 350.

[1795] The formula for the formation of a _collegium legitimum_ runs “quibus senatus c(oire) c(onvocari) c(ogi) permisit e lege Julia ex auctoritate Augusti” (_C.I.L._ vi n. 4416).

[1796] p. 372.

[1797] Dio Cass. lxviii. 29.

[1798] Tac. _Ann._ iii. 60; xii. 62.

[1799] ib. xiii 48.

[1800] “de legendo vel exauctorando milite, ac legionum et auxiliorum descriptione” (Suet. _Tib._ 30).

[1801] Tac. _Hist._ iv. 61; Dio Cass. lxviii. 9, 10. In 49 A.D. during the reign of Claudius we also read of a reception of Parthian envoys in the Senate (Tac. _Ann._ xii. 10).

[1802] p. 358.

[1803] p. 358.

[1804] p. 372.

[1805] p. 275.

[1806] Thus the _S. C. Velleianum_, which limited the obligations which women might incur, begins, “Quod Marcus Silanus et Velleus Tutor consules verba fecerunt ... quid de ea re fieri oportet, de ea re ita censuere” (_Dig_. 16, 1, 2, 1); cf. _Dig._ 36, 1, 1, 2 (_S. C. Trebellianum_), 14, 6, 1 (_S. C. Macedonianum_), and see Kipp _Quellenkunde des röm. Rechts_ p. 27.

[1807] The jurists refer to them by the names of their proposers; hence such designations as _Velleianum_, _Trebellianum_ (see last note). But such designations are not official. The _S. C. Macedonianum_ is called after the offender who had been the occasion of the decree.

[1808] Gaius i. 4 “Senatus consultum est, quod senatus jubet atque constituit: idque legis vicem obtinet, quamvis fuerit quaesitum.”

[1809] _Dig._ 1, 1, 7; 1, 3, 9.

[1810] _Lex de imp. Vesp._ 1. 17 “utique quaecunque ex usu rei publicae majestateque divinarum humanarum publicarum privatarumque rerum esse censebit, ei agere facere jus potestasque sit, ita uti divo Augusto ... fuit.”

[1811] Tac. _Ann._ i. 77 “divus Augustus immunes verberum histriones quondam responderat, neque fas Tiberio infringere dicta ejus.”

[1812] p. 363.

[1813] Paulus in _Dig._ 28. 2, 26 “Filius familias, si militet ... aut heres scribi aut exheredari debet, jam sublato edicto divi Augusti, quo cautum fuerat ne pater filium militem exheredet.”

[1814] It was sometimes used in a more general sense for _constitutio principis_, as when Papinian says “Jus ... civile est quod ex legibus, plebis scitis, senatus consultis, decretis principum, auctoritate prudentium venit” (_Dig._ 1, 1, 7).

[1815] _Dig._ 4, 2, 13 “Exstat enim decretum divi Marci in haec verba, etc.... Caesar dixit, etc.”

[1816] “Rescript” is properly an _answer_ to a letter, but it soon came to be used as exquivalent to _epistola_. See Kipp _op. cit._ p. 37.

[1817] Cf. _Dig._ 1, 16, 4, 5 “imperator noster Antoninus Augustus ad desideria Asianorum rescripsit” (on the mode in which the proconsul should arrive at the province of Asia).

[1818] Gaius i. 5 “Constitutio principis est, quod imperator decreto vel edicto vel epistola constituit; nec unquam dubitatum est quin id legis vicem obtineat.” Cf. Ulpian in _Dig._ 1, 4, 1, 1 “Quodcumque ... imperator per epistulam et subscriptionem statuit vel cognoscens decrevit ... vel edicto praecepit, legem esse constat. Haec sunt quas vulgo constitutiones appellamus.”

[1819] Thus the soldier’s testament was created by a series of mandates: “divus Julius Caesar concessit ... divus Titus dedit: post hoc Domitianus: postea divus Nerva plenissimam indulgentiam in milites contulit: eamque et Trajanus secutus est et exinde mandatis inseri coepit caput tale. Caput ex mandatis, etc.” (Ulpian in _Dig._ 29, 1, 1).

[1820] Gell. xii. 13, 1 “Cum Romae a consulibus judex extra ordinem datus pronuntiare ... jussus essem.”

[1821] Dio Cass. li. 19 (in 30 B.C. it was decreed) τὸν Καίσαρα τήν τε ἐξουσίαν τὴν τῶν δημάρχων διὰ βίου ἔχειν ... ἔκκλητόν τε δικάζειν. It is probable that the last words only describe the establishment of the Princeps as a high court of voluntary jurisdiction. See Greenidge in _Classical Review_ viii. p. 144.

[1822] p. 368.

[1823] Paulus in _Dig._ 5, 1, 58 “Judicium solvitur vetante eo qui judicare jusserat vel etiam eo qui majus imperium in eadem jurisdictione habet.” The veto in virtue of _par potestas_ is here omitted on account of its disappearance in the time of Paulus (_circa_ 200 A.D.). See Merkel _Gesch. der klassischen Appellation_ ii. p. 19.

[1824] Tac. _Ann._ i. 75 “judiciis adsidebat in cornu tribunalis, ne praetorem curuli depelleret; multaque eo coram adversus ambitum et potentium preces constituta”; Dio Cass. lvii. 7 ἐπεφοίτα δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ τὰ τῶν ἀρχόντων δικαστήρια, καὶ παρακαλούμενος ὑπ’ αὐτῶν καὶ ἀπαράκλητος, καὶ ... ἔλεγεν ὅσα ἐδόκει αὐτῷ, ὡς πάρεδρος. The civil courts are here meant, or at least included; but it is possible that Tiberius may often have appeared in them as a self-constituted adviser, not as an authority to be appealed to; cf. Suet. _Tib._ 33 “magistratibus pro tribunali cognoscentibus plerumque se offerebat consiliarium; adsidebatque juxtim vel exadversum in parte primori.” According to Suetonius (l.c.) he exercised a similar influence over the jurisdiction of the _quaestiones_.

[1825] p. 178.

[1826] p. 382.

[1827] Cic. _pro Tullio_ 16, 38 “quid attinuit te tam multis verbis a praetore postulare ut adderet in judicium ‘INJURIA,’ et, quia non impetrasses, tribunos plebis appellare et hic in judicio queri praetoris iniquitatem quod de injuria non addiderit?” So the tribunician veto might be employed to elicit an exception. Cic. _Acad. Prior._ ii. 30, 97 “Tribunum aliquem censeo adeant [_al._ videant]: a me istam exceptionem nunquam impetrabunt.”

[1828] Tac. _Ann._ xiii. 28 (A.D. 56). See Appendix.

[1829] Dio Cass. lix. 8 ὁ μὲν γὰρ Τιβέριος οὕτως αὐτὸν (Silanus) ἐτίμησεν, ὥστε μήτ’ ἔκκλητόν ποτε ἀπ’ αὐτοῦ δικάσαι ἐθελῆσαι, ἀλλ’ ἐκείνῳ πάντα αὖθις τὰ τοιαῦτα ἐγχειρίσαι. We do not know what position Silanus held. If, as is generally supposed, he was consul, the reference may be to appeals from jurisdiction in _fidei commissa_ delegated by the Princeps to the consul.

[1830] Suet. _Aug._ 33 “Appellationes quotannis urbanorum quidem litigatorum praetori delegabat urbano: at provincialium consularibus viris, quos singulos cujusque provinciae negotiis praeposuisset.” That the conjecture _praefecto delegabat urbis_ is untenable has been pointed out by Mommsen (_Staatsr._ ii. p. 985 note 1).

[1831] For the delegation to praetors see p. 368; for that to consuls cf. Quint. _Inst. Or._ iii. 6, 70 “Non debes apud praetorem petere fidei commissum sed apud consules, major enim praetoria cognitione summa est.”

[1832] Tac. _Ann._ xiii. 4 “teneret antiqua munia senatus, consulum tribunalibus Italia et publicae provinciae adsisterent.”

[1833] Cic. _in Verr._ iii. 60, 138; _ad Fam._ xiii. 26, 3; _Fragmentum Atestinum_ (Bruns _Fontes_) l. 10.

[1834] When the Senate granted the _proconsulare imperium_ to Augustus in 23 B.C. ἐν τῷ ὑπηκόῳ τὸ πλεῖον τῶν ἑκασταχόθι ἀρχόντων ἰσχύειν ἐπέτρεψεν (Dio Cass. liii. 32). Cf. Ulpian in _Dig._ 1, 16, 8 [“(proconsul) majus imperium in ea provincia habet omnibus post principem”] and in 1, 18, 4. It is a passive rather than an active _majus imperium_ that is here contemplated. The whole scheme of the provincial dyarchy rested on the assumption that there should be no relations between the proconsul and the Princeps.

[1835] p. 368.

[1836] Ulpian in _Dig._ 49, 2, 1, 2 “sciendum est appellari a senatu non posse principem, idque oratione divi Hadriani effectum.” It was doubtless the original principle, confirmed and not created by Hadrian.

[1837] Tac. _Ann._ iii. 14, xvi. 8; Suet. _Aug._ 5.

[1838] There was no legal principle of the kind. According to Dio Cassius (liii. 17) the monarchical power extended so far ὥστε καὶ ἐντὸς τοῦ πωμηρίου καὶ τοὺς ἰππέας καὶ τοὺς βουλευτὰς θανατοῦ δύνασθαι, and a senator, like Calpurnius Piso in 20 A.D., might be brought before the Emperor (Tac. _Ann._ iii. 10). But Septimius Severus permitted a _senatus consultum_ to be passed that the Emperor should not be allowed to put a senator to death without the will of the Senate (Dio Cass. lxxiv. 2; _Vita Severi_ 7). The principle had been stated earlier by Hadrian (_Vita Hadriani_ 7 “juravit se nunquam senatorem nisi ex senatus sententia puniturum”).

[1839] Augustus in 29 B.C. brought Antiochus of Commagene, Tiberius in A.D. 17 Archelaus of Cappadocia before the Senate (Dio Cass. lii. 43, lvii. 17; Tac. _Ann._ ii. 42). In A.D. 19 Rhescuporis of Thrace was accused there (Tac. _Ann._ ii. 67).

[1840] Cases of extortion are to be found in Tac. _Ann._ iii. 66, xii. 59; _Hist._ iv. 45. In A.D. 23 we find the imperial _procurator_ (_patrimonii_) of Asia brought before the Senate for exceeding his powers (Tac. _Ann._ iv. 15).

[1841] Tac. _Ann._ iv. 13 (A.D. 23) “Carsidius Sacerdos, reus tamquam frumento hostem Tacfarinatem juvisset, absolvitur, ejusdemque criminis C. Gracchus.”

[1842] Amongst the prosecutions for treason against the Princeps which disfigure the reign of Tiberius we may mention those against Libo Drusus (Tac. _Ann._ ii. 27 ff.), against Cremutius Cordus (ib. iv. 34, 35), and against Sejanus (Dio Cass. lviii. 9, 10).

[1843] In A.D. 37 we find that a mother, who had caused her son to commit suicide, “accusata in senatu ... urbe ... in decem annos prohibita est” (Tac. _Ann._ vi. 49). In A.D. 61 we find interdiction from Italy pronounced against a man for a kind of _praevaricatio_, “quod reos, ne apud praefectum urbis arguerentur, ad praetorem detulisset” (ib. xiv. 41).

[1844] Quintil. _Inst. Or._ iii. 10, 1; vii. 2, 20. For instances see Tac. _Ann._ ii. 50, iv. 21; Plin. _Ep._ ii. 11, 3 ff. In the last passage we find the question of the legality of this procedure raised (“Respondit Fronto Catius deprecatusque est ne quid ultra repetundarum legem quaereretur.... Magna contentio, magni utrimque clamores, aliis cognitionem senatus lege conclusam, aliis liberam solutamque dicentibus”).

[1845] It is possible, however, that the Senate was held to continue the extraordinary criminal jurisdiction of the _comitia_. Tacitus certainly regards the _cognitio_ as belonging to the Senate (_Ann._ ii. 28 “Statim corripit reum, adit consules, cognitionem senatus poscit”).

[1846] Plin. _Ep._ vi. 31, 8 (in a case of a forgery of a will) “Heredes, cum Caesar (Trajanus) esset in Dacia, communiter epistula scripta, petierant ut susciperet cognitionem.”

[1847] Tac. _Ann._ ii. 79 “Marsus ... Vibius nuntiavit Pisoni Romam ad dicendam causam veniret. Ille eludens respondit adfuturum, ubi praetor, qui de veneficiis quaereret, reo atque accusatoribus diem prodixisset”; ib. iii 10 “petitum ... est a principe cognitionem exciperet; quod ne reus quidem abnuebat, studia populi et patrum metuens ... haud fallebat Tiberium moles cognitionis quaque ipse fama distraheretur. Igitur paucis familiarium adhibitis minas accusantium et hinc preces audit integramque causam ad senatum remittit.” “Remittit” does not imply that the Senate was bound to take the case. For the technically voluntary nature of its jurisdiction cf. ib. iv. 21, xiii. 10, where we find the expressions “receptus est reus,” “recepti sunt inter reos.”

[1848] Dio Cass. lii. 22, 33. A case of adultery of a centurion with a tribune’s wife comes before the Emperor. Trajan stated the ground on which he tried this case (Plin. _Ep._ vi. 31, 6 “Caesar et nomen centurionis et commemorationem disciplinae militaris sententiae adjecit, ne omnes ejusmodi causas revocare ad se videretur”).

[1849] An instance is mentioned by Pliny (_Ep._ vii. 6, 8 “mater, amisso filio ... libertos ejus eosdemque coheredes suos falsi et veneficii reos detulerat ad principem judicemque impetraverat Julium Servianum”).

[1850] See the section on the functionaries of the Princeps (p. 406 sq.).

[1851] Plin. _ad Traj._ 96, 4 “quia cives Romani erant, adnotavi in urbem remittendos.”

[1852] It is not properly an appeal but a denial of jurisdiction. But on what ground the jurisdiction of the procurator was denied is not clear. The Roman citizenship, in virtue of which St. Paul claimed exemption from scourging at Philippi and Jerusalem, is not mentioned here. See _Class. Rev._ x. p. 231.

[1853] Plin. _Ep._ ii. 11; Suet. _Galba_ 9.

[1854] For its attachment to procurators and to persons with extraordinary commands see the instances given by Mommsen (_Staatsr._ ii p. 270). So the praefectures of the guard, the _vigiles_ and the fleet, are _honores juris gladii_ (_Vita Alex._ 49). In the case of ordinary provincial governors it is, perhaps, safer to say that the _jus gladii_ is possessed by them, or permitted to them, rather than that it was attached to them by the Princeps (Ulp. in _Dig._ 1, 18, 6, 8 “qui universas provincias regunt, jus gladii habent et in metallum dandi potestas iis permissa est”).

[1855] Dio Cass. lii. 22, 33; _Dig._ 48, 19, 27, 1 and 2.

[1856] Even by Tiberius’ reign this procedure had become so formal that a rule was framed for its exercise. A definite interval was prescribed within which the Princeps might consider the request for the intercession (Tac. _Ann._ iii. 51 [A.D. 21] “factum senatus consultum, ne decreta patrum ante diem _decimum_ ad aerarium deferrentur idque vitae spatium damnatis prorogaretur”; cf. Dio Cass. lvii. 20; Suet. _Tib._ 75).

[1857] p. 385.

[1858] “Ob laetitiam aliquam vel honorem domus divinae vel ex aliqua causa, ex qua senatus censuit abolitionem reorum fieri” (Ulp. in _Dig._ 48, 16, 12; cf. 48, 3, 2, 1). Domitian by an edict declared that such _abolitiones_ did not extend to slaves who were in custody awaiting trial (_Dig._ 48, 16, 16; cf. 48, 3, 2, 1).

[1859] p. 249.

[1860] Ulp. in _Dig._ 3, 1, 1, 10 “De qua autem restitutione praetor loquitur? Utrum de ea quae a principe vel a senatu? Pomponius quaerit: et putat de ea restitutione sensum, quam princeps vel senatus indulsit.”

[1861] It is said of Claudius (Suet. _Claud._ 12) “neminem exulum nisi ex senatus auctoritate restituit”; and of Antoninus Pius (_Vita_ 6) “His quos Hadrianus damnaverat in senatu indulgentias petit, dicens etiam ipsum Hadrianum hoc fuisse facturum.”

[1862] Such acts are mentioned under Claudius (Dio Cass. lx. 4), Otho (Tac. _Hist._ i. 90; Plut. _Otho_ 1), Vitellius (Tac. _Hist._ ii. 92), Vespasian (Dio Cass. lxvi. 9), Nerva (Plin. _Ep._ iv. 9, 2), Antoninus Caracalla (_Vita_ 3), and Gordian (Herodian vii. 6, 4).

[1863] Tac. _Ann._ ii. 50 “(Tiberius) liberavit ... Appuleiam lege majestatis, adulterii graviorem poenam deprecatus.”

[1864] p. 390.

[1865] Gordian is spoken of as παλινδικίαν διδοὺς τοῦς ἀδίκως κατακριθεῖσι (Herodian vii. 6, 4).

[1866] Ulp. in _Dig._ 3, 1, 1, 10.

[1867] Suet. _Claud._ 14 “(Claudius) iis, qui apud privatos judices pius petendo formula excidissent, restituit actiones”; _Dom._ 8 “(Domitianus) ambitiosas centumvirorum sententias rescidit.”

[1868] This power was employed by Augustus (Suet. _Aug._ 32 “Diuturnorum reorum ... nomina abolevit”), Gaius (Suet. _Calig._ 15 “criminum ... si quae residua ex priore tempore manebant, omnium gratiam fecit”; cf. Dio Cass. lix. 6), Vespasian (Dio Cass. lxvi. 9), and Domitian (Suet. _Dom._ 9).

[1869] p. 388.

[1870] Cic. _in Vat._ 14, 33.

[1871] p. 390.

[1872] _Dig._ 48, 19, 9, 11 “referre ad principem debet, ut ex auctoritate ejus poena aut permutetur aut liberaretur.”

[1873] The capital punishment of decurions was prohibited by Hadrian (_Dig._ 48, 19, 15), and the earliest _mandata_, directing the procedure of governors in such cases, proceed from the _divi fratres_ (ib. 48, 19, 27, 1 and 2). The punishment of deportation had been confined to the Princeps and the praefects of the praetorian guard and the city by the time of Septimius Severus (ib. 48, 19, 2, 1 and 48, 22, 6, 1; cf. § 7).

[1874] Pliny often raises this question in his correspondence with Trajan (31 [40], 4; 56 [64], 3; 57 [65], 1). The passages seem to show (i.) that there was at the time no fixed rule defining the governor’s power of _restitutio_, at least in public provinces; (ii.) that _restitutio_ by a governor was felt to be permissible in certain cases.

[1875] A passage in Justinian’s _Code_ (9, 51, 1) shows us Antoninus (Caracalla) saying to a man, who had been deported to an island, “Restituo te in integrum provinciae tuae.”

[1876] Greenidge in _Classical Review_ viii. p. 437.

[1877] Cf. Tac. _Ann._ iii. 53 (quoted p. 352).

[1878] Dio Cass. xliii. 48; Momms. _Staatsr._ ii. p. 557.

[1879] Tac. _Ann._ xiii. 29; Dio Cass. liii. 2; Suet. _Aug._ 36.

[1880] Tac. l.c.; Dio Cass. liii. 32.

[1881] Tac. l.c.; Dio Cass. lx. 24; Suet. _Claud._ 24. For the election by the Princeps see the inscription to Ti. Domitius Decidius “electo (Mommsen, “adlecto” Wilmanns) a T. Claudio Caesare ... qui primus quaestor per triennium citra ordinem praeesset aerario Saturni” (Wilmanns n. 1135).

[1882] Momms. _Staatsr._ ii. p. 559.

[1883] Tac. l.c.; Mommsen l.c.

[1884] Dio Cass. lxxi. 33 καὶ χρήματα ἐκ τοῦ δημοσίου ᾔτησε τὴν βουλήν.

[1885] For the meaning of the word—the great basket in which money was kept in the state treasuries—see Mommsen _Staatsr._ ii. p. 998 n. 1. At the beginning of the Principate there were, perhaps, fisci rather than a _fiscus_ (cf. Suet. _Aug._ 101), although there must always have been a central controlling department.

[1886] Tiberius in 23 B.C. says of Lucilius Capito, procurator of Asia, “non se jus nisi in servitia et pecunias familiares dedisse” (Tac. _Ann._ iv. 15). He was doubtless a “procurator patrimonii.” Cf. Tac. _Ann._ xii. 60 (“cum Claudius libertos, quos rei familiari praefecerat, sibique et legibus adaequaverit”); xiii. 1 “P. Celer eques Romanus et Helius libertus, rei familiari principis in Asia inpositi.”

[1887] Marquardt _Staatsverwaltung_ ii. p. 256.

[1888] _Vita Severi_ 12 “interfectis innumeris Abani partium viris ... omnium bona publicata sunt.... Tuncque primum privatarum rerum procuratio constituta est.” The ordinarily accepted view of the relations of these two departments to one another is that of Hirschfeld and Marquardt, viz. that the _patrimonium_ was the inalienable crown property, the _res privata_ the strictly personal property of the Princeps. Karlowa (_Rechtsgeschichte_ i. p. 505) takes an exactly oppositive view of their relations, based partly on the fact that extant inscriptions show the _procurator rationis privatae_ to have had a higher rank than the _procurator patrimonii_.

[1889] _Mon. Anc._ iii. 39 “HS milliens et septingentiens (170 million sesterces) ex patrimonio meo detuli.”

[1890] Dio Cass. lv. 25; Tac. _Ann._ i. 78.

[1891] Dio Cass. l.c.; cf. Tac. _Ann._ v. 8 (vi. 3).

[1892] p. 351.

[1893] Tac. _Ann._ ii 85.

[1894] ib. iii. 61.

[1895] ib. xi. 15.

[1896] _Vita Aurel._ 31.

[1897] Mommsen _Römisches Münzwesen_ pp. 742 ff. He shows that the transitory usurpation of the copper coinage by Nero was due to the same desire of making a profit as his reduction of the value of silver.

[1898] _Dig._ 2, 15, 8 “divus Marcus oratione in senatu recitata effecit ne, etc.” Cf. 24, 1, 23; 27, 9, 1.

[1899] Tacitus (_Ann._ vi. 2 [8]) remarks, with reference to proposals carried in the Senate in 32 A.D., “et bona Sejani ablata aerario ut in fiscum cogerentur, tanquam referret.”

[1900] Suet. _Aug._ 38 “Liberis senatorum, quo celerius rei publicae assuescerent, protinus ... latum clavum induere et curiae interesse permisit.”

[1901] Wilmanns _Index_ p. 602; cf. Suet. _Dom._ 10.

[1902] Augustus had given the post of _praefectus alae_ as well as that of _tribunus militum_ to senators’ sons (Suet. _Aug._ 38). Mommsen (_Staatsr._ i. p. 548) thinks that after Tiberius these _laticlavii_, as a rule, filled the office of tribune alone. They could scarcely have been given a real command when they first joined the standards.

[1903] The poet Ovid, who assumed the _latus clavus_ by right of birth, took the first steps towards a senatorial career by filling two posts in the vigintivirate, but he went no further and subsided into equestrian rank (Ovid _Trist._ iv. 10, 29; _Fasti_ iv. 383).

[1904] Suet. _Claud._ 24 “Senatoriam dignitatem recusantibus equestrem quoque ademit.”

[1905] Suet. _Claud._ 24 “Latum clavum (quamvis initio affirmasset non lecturum se senatorem nisi civis Romani abnepotem) etiam libertini filio tribuit, sed sub conditione si prius ab equite Romano adoptatus esset.” Claudius then appealed to the famous precedent set by his ancestor Appius Caecus.

[1906] _Dig._ 23, 2, 44.

[1907] ib. 1, 9, 8; 50, 1, 22, 5.

[1908] ib. 1, 9, §§ 5, 6, 7, 10.

[1909] Asc. _in or._ _in Tog._ _Cand._ p. 94.

[1910] Dio Cass. lxix. 16 ἐνομοθέτησε δὲ ... ἵνα μηδεὶς βουλευτὴς μητ’ αὐτὸς μήτε δι’ ἑτέρου τέλος τι μισθῶται.

[1911] Severus Alexander at first forbade the taking of interest, but subsequently allowed 6 per cent (_Vita_ 26). For investment by a senator at an earlier period cf. Plin. _Ep._ iii. 19, 8 “sum quidem prope totus in praediis, aliquid tamen fenero.”

[1912] _Dig._ 50, 1, 23 “municeps esse desinit senatoriam adeptus dignitatem, quantum ad munera; quantum vero ad honorem, retinere creditur originem.” Cf. ib. 1, 9, 11; 50, 1, 22, 5; _Cod._ 10, 40 [39], 8.

[1913] p. 387.

[1914] Friedländer _Sittengesch._ i. 3.

[1915] Dio Cass. lii. cc. 7, 15, 31; lxvii. 2.

[1916] See p. 413.

[1917] p. 364.

[1918] p. 374.

[1919] Suet. _Claud._ 25 “stipendiaque instituit (Claudius) et imaginariae militiae genus, quod vocatur ‘supra numerum,’ quo absentes et titulo tenus fungerentur.”

[1920] In A.D. 16 a proposal was made in the Senate “ut ... legionum legati, qui ante praeturam ea militia fungebantur, jam tum praetores destinarentur” (Tac. _Ann._ ii. 36).

[1921] Galba’s is a good instance of a distinguished senatorial career. He obtained office _ante legitimum tempus_; after the praetorship he governed Aquitania, after the consulship Upper Germany; he was then proconsul of Africa, and finally for eight years legate of Tarraconensis. See Suet. _Galba_ 6, 7, 8.

[1922] Tac. _Ann._ iv. 6 “(the state contracts) societatibus equitum Romanorum agitabantur.”

[1923] Dio Cass. liii. 30. On Antonius Musa, who had saved Augustus’ life, was conferred τὸ χρυσοῖς δακτυλίοις (ἀπελεύθερος γὰρ ἦν) χρῆσθαι: ib. xlviii. 45 (Augustus, on the reception of Menas the former freedman of Sex. Pompeius) δακτυλίοις τε χρυσοῖς ἐκόσμησε καὶ ἐς τὸ τῶν ἱππέων τέλος ἐσέγραψε. These words _may_ mean that Menas was made an _eques equo publico_ as well.

[1924] A rescript of Hadrian is quoted with reference to the _ingenuitas_ conferred by the gold ring (Ulp. in _Dig._ 40, 10, 6). For other references to this right see _Dig._ 38, 2, 3; Justin. _Nov._ 78.

[1925] The usurpation of the gold ring by freedmen, which was repressed by Claudius (Suet. _Claud._ 25) and Domitian, and the inspection in the theatre instituted by the latter (Martial v. 8) seem to refer to a civil class; at least there is no evidence that such people claimed to be _equites equo publico_. When Dio Cassius (lvi. 42) speaks of οἵ τε ἱππεῖς, οἵ τε ἐκ τοῦ τέλους καὶ οἱ ἄλλοι, it is not clear who “the others” are, but the passage shows that persons other than those in the corps were called “equites.”

[1926] Dionys. vi. 13.

[1927] The _seviri_ would seem to show that there were six _turmae_. See Hirschfeld _Verwaltungsgesch._ p. 243 n. 1.

[1928] Hence such expressions as _a divo Hadriano equo publico honoratus_ (Wilmanns 1825), _equo publico exornatus ab Impp. Severo et Antonino Augg._ (ib. 1595).

[1929] p. 347.

[1930] p. 225. It is probable that the revision of the knights described in Suet. _Claud._ 16, _Vesp._ 9 refers to the censorship of these emperors.

[1931] _a censibus equitum Romanorum_ (Wilmanns 1275), _a censibus a libellis Aug._ (ib. 1249 b), _a libellis et censibus_ (ib. 1257).

[1932] p. 225.

[1933] Suet. _Aug._ 38 “equitum turmas frequenter recognovit, post longam intercapedinem reducto more transvectionis.”

[1934] ib. 38 “mox reddendi equi gratiam fecit eis, qui majores annorum quinque et triginta retinere eum nollent.”

[1935] ib. 39 “Unum quemque equitum rationem vitae reddere coegit.”

[1936] Suet. _Calig._ 16 “palam adempto equo, quibus aut probri aliquid aut ignominiae inesset.”

[1937] Suet. _Aug._ 37, 39.

[1938] In those of Caligula (Suet. _Calig._ 16) and Nero (Dio Cass. lxiii. 13), and perhaps in those of Vitellius (Tac. _Hist._ ii. 62) and Severus Alexander (_Vita_ 15).

[1939] Zosimus ii. 29.

[1940] By the side of such titles as _equo publico judex selectus ex V decuriis_ (Wilmanns 2110) and _equum publicum habens adlectus in V decurias_ (ib. 2203) we find the title _quin. decur. judi(cum) (inter) quatringenarios_ (Henzen 6469), in which a purely monetary qualification is expressed.

[1941] Wilmanns nn. 1639, 2841, _Index_ p. 564; Mommsen _Staatsr._ iii. p. 565.

[1942] Wilmanns n. 2858; Mommsen ib. n. 3.

[1943] These might have been included in the _equites illustres_ whom Augustus forbade to set foot in Egypt (Tac. _Ann._ ii. 59 “vetitis nisi permissu ingredi senatoribus aut equitibus Romanis illustribus”), but the knights chiefly referred to here are doubtless distinguished permanent members of the order.

[1944] The variants used by Tacitus would apply to both of these classes. He uses _insignis_ (_Ann._ xi. 5) and speaks of _primores equitum_ (_Hist._ i. 4). Two ex-praefects of the praetorian guard are described as _equites Romani dignitate senatoria_ (_Ann._ xvi. 17). Cf. note 3.

[1945] For the promotions from one praefecture to another, see Mommsen _Staatsr._ ii. p. 1042 n. 1.

[1946] p. 61.

[1947] p. 120.

[1948] Tac. _Ann._ vi. 11 [17] “duratque simulacrum, quotiens ob ferias Latinas praeficitur qui consulare munus usurpet.”

[1949] Suet. _Caes._ 76 “praefectos ... pro praetoribus constituit, qui absente se res urbanas administrarent”; Dio Cass. xliii. 28 πολιανόμοις τισίν ὀκτώ, ὤς τισι δοκεῖ, ἢ ἔξ, ὡς μᾶλλον πεπίστευται, ἐπιτρέψας.

[1950] Tac. _Ann._ vi. 11 [17].

[1951] Tac. l.c.; cf. Dio Cass. liv. 19.

[1952] In Tac. _Ann._ vi. 10 [16] it is said of L. Piso (died 32 A.D.) “praefectus urbi recens continuam potestatem et insolentia parendi graviorem mire temperavit.”

[1953] We find Maximus as praefect during Caligula’s presence in Rome in 39 A.D. (Dio Cass. lix. 13).

[1954] Tac. _Ann._ vi. 11 [17] “(Augustus) sumpsit e consularibus.”

[1955] _Vita Commodi_ 14 “praefectos urbi eadem facilitate mutavit”; _Vita Pii_ 8 “successorem viventi bono judici nulli dedit nisi Orfito praefecto urbi, sed petenti.” For the frequent life-long tenure of the office see Dio Cass. lii. 24.

[1956] Paulus in _Dig._ 5, 1, 12, 1 “(Judicem dare possunt) hi quibus id more concessum est propter vim imperii, sicut praefectus urbi ceterique Romae magistratus”; contrast Pompon. in _Dig._ 1, 2, 2, 33 “nam praefectus annonae et vigilum non sunt magistratus, sed extra ordinem utilitatis causa constituti sunt.”

[1957] Messala Corvinus, praefect _circa_ 25 B.C. (Jerome in Euseb. _Chron._ a. 1991).

[1958] Seneca _Ep._ 83, 14 “L. Piso urbis custos ... officium ... suum, quo tutela urbis continebatur, diligentissime administravit.”

[1959] Suet. _Aug._ 49.

[1960] Tac. _Ann._ iv. 5.

[1961] _Dig._ 1, 12.

[1962] Tac. _Ann._ xiv. 41 (A.D. 61) “pari ignominia (interdiction from Italy) Valerius Ponticus adficitur, quod reos, ne apud praefectum urbis arguerentur, ad praetorem detulisset, interim specie legum, mox praevaricando ultionem elusurus.”

[1963] Dio Cass. lii. 21 καὶ τὰς δίκας, τάς τε παρὰ πάντων ὧν εἶπον ἀρχόντων ἐφεσίμους τε καὶ ἀναπομπίμους καὶ τὰς τοῦ θανάτου, τοῖς τε ἐν τῇ πόλει, πλὴν ὦν ἂν εἴπω, καὶ τοῖς ἔξω αὐτῆς μέχρι πεντήκοντα καὶ ἑπτακοσίων σταδίων οἰκοῦσι κρίνῃ: Ulp. in _Dig._ 1, 12, 1 “Omnia omnino crimina praefectura urbis sibi vindicavit [a praefectura urbis sibi vindicari, _Momms._], nec tantum ea, quae intra urbem admittuntur, verum ea quoque, quae extra urbem intra Italiam [intra c̅ lapidem, _Momms._, cf. 1, 12, 1, 4] epistula divi Severi ad Fabium Cilonem praefectum urbi missa declaratur.”

[1964] _Dig._ 1, 12, 3; 48, 19, 8, 5.

[1965] _Collatio_ 14, 3, 2; _Dig._ 1, 12, 1, 4. Cf. note 5.

[1966] Ulp. in _Dig._ 1, 12, 3 “Praefectus urbi, cum terminos urbis exierit, potestatem non habet: extra urbem potest jubere judicare.”

[1967] _Dig._ 1, 12, 1, 6 “Sed et ex interdictis quod vi aut clam aut interdicto unde vi audire [aut unde vi adiri, _Momms._] potest.”

[1968] Dio Cass. lii. 21 (quoted n. 5); _Cod._ 7, 62, 17 (Constantine, A.D. 322) “si apud utrumque praetorem, dum quaestio ventilatur, ab aliqua parte auxilium provocationis fuerit objectum, praefecturae urbis judicium sacrum appellator observet.”

[1969] Dio Cass. liii. 11.

[1970] Tac. _Ann._ iv. 5. Otho speaks of the corps as “Italiae alumni et Romana vere juventus” (Tac. _Hist._ i 84).

[1971] Suet. _Tit._ 6.

[1972] _Vita Severi_ 14.

[1973] Two are regarded as the normal number by Dio Cassius (lii. 24). Three are found under Commodus, Didius Julianus, and Severus Alexander. See Mommsen _Staatsr._ ii. p. 867.

[1974] _Collatio_ 14, 3, 2. The right was given by constitutions (“jam eo perventum est constitutionibus”). The citation is from Ulpian, and this jurisdiction had doubtless been attained before the time of Caracalla. Cf. _Vita Alex._ 21.

[1975] _Cod._ 9, 2, 6, 1 (Gordian, A.D. 243, with reference to appeal against a _praeses provinciae_ on the ground of condemnation in absence) “praefectos praetorio adire cura.”

[1976] ib. 4, 65, 4, 1 (Alexander, A.D. 222) “si majorem animadversionem exigere rem deprehenderit (praeses provinciae), ad Domitium Ulpianum praefectum praetorio et parentem meum reos remittere curabit”; cf. 8, 40 [41], 13.

[1977] _Dig._ 12, 1, 40 “Lecta est in auditorio Aemilii Papiniani praefecti praetorio juris consulti cautio hujusmodi”; cf. 22, 1, 3, 3.

[1978] p. 386.

[1979] _Dig._ 1, 11, 1, 1 (Arcadius in early part of fourth century A.D.) “praefectorum auctoritas ... in tantum meruit augeri ut appellari a praefectis praetorio non possit. Nam cum antea quaesitum fuisset an liceret ... et extarent exempla eorum qui provocaverint, postea publice sententia principali lecta appellandi facultas interdicta est;” _Cod._ 7, 62, 19 (Constantine, A.D. 331) “a praefectis autem praetorio provocare non sinimus.”

[1980] Cf. _Vita Marci_ 11 “habuit secum praefectos, quorum et auctoritate et periculo semper jura dictavit.”

[1981] See below on the _consilium_.

[1982] Karlowa _Rechtsgesch._ i. p. 549. A knight of the third century is appointed _in consilium praef. praet. item urb(i) ex sacra jussione_ (Henzen 6519). Cf. Mommsen _Staatsr._ ii. p. 1122 n. 1.

[1983] _Cod._ 1, 26, 2 (Alexander, A.D. 235) “Formam a praefecto praetorio datam, etsi generalis sit, minime legibus vel constitutionibus contrariam, si nihil postea ex auctoritate mea innovatum est, servari aequum est.”

[1984] _Vita Alex._ 21.

[1985] ib. “Alexander autem idcirco senatores esse voluit praef. praet., ne quis non senator de Romano senatore judicaret.”

[1986] ib. “si quis imperatorum successorem praef. praet. dare vellet, laticlaviam eidem ... summitteret”; cf. _Vita Commodi_ 4; _Vita Hadriani_ 8 “cum Attianum ex praefecto praetorii ornamentis consularibus praeditum faceret senatorem.”

[1987] Cic. _ad Att._ iv. 1, 7; Dio Cass. xxxix. 9.

[1988] Dio Cass. xlvi. 39.

[1989] _Dig._ 1, 2, 2, 32.

[1990] Dio Cass. liv. 1; _Mon. Anc._ Gr. iii. 6.

[1991] Mommsen _Staatsr._ ii. p. 1038 n. 1; Hirschfeld _Verwaltungsgesch._ p. 130 n. 1; Karlowa _Rechtsgesch._ i. p. 553.

[1992] Dio Cass. liv. 17; lv. 26.

[1993] _Praefecti frumenti dandi_ are found, apparently for the purpose of distribution, as late as the second century. They were generally ex-praetors and appointed _ex senatus consulto_, probably because the _aerarium_ bore or contributed to the cost. See Mommsen _Staatsr._ ii. p. 673; Karlowa _Rechtsgesch._ i. p. 553.

[1994] Dio Cass. lii. 24; Seneca _de Brev. Vitae_ 19, 1.

[1995] Hirschfeld in _Philologus_ 1870, pp. 79 ff.

[1996] Karlowa _Rechtsgesch._ i p. 556.

[1997] _Dig._ 48, 2, 13; cf. 48, 12, 1.

[1998] ib. 14, 5, 8; 14, 1, 1, 18.

[1999] ib. 14, 5, 8 “sententiam (praefecti annonae) conservavit imperator”; cf. Dio Cass. lii. 33.

[2000] p. 235.

[2001] Dio Cass. liv. 2.

[2002] Paulus in _Dig._ 1, 15, 1 and 3.

[2003] Karlowa _Rechtsgesch._ i. p. 558.

[2004] _Dig._ 1, 15; cf. 12, 4, 15; 47, 2, 57 [56], 1.

[2005] ib. 1, 15, 3 and 4; Cod. 1, 43, 1.

[2006] _Dig._ 19, 2, 56; 20, 2, 9. _Praefecti vigilum_ (one of whom is the jurist Herennius Modestinus) take part in a controversy which has come down to us known as the _lis fullonum_ (Bruns _Fontes_; _C.I.L._ vi. n. 266). The case has been discussed by Bethmann-Hollweg _Civilprozess_ ii. p. 767 n. 60 and Mommsen in _C.I.L._ l.c.; _Staatsr._ ii. p. 1058 n. 3.

[2007] Karlowa _Rechtsgesch._ i. p. 539.

[2008] Coins of 16 B.C. exist (Eckhel vi. 105) with the inscription “s. p. q. R. imp. Cae(sari), quod v(iae) m(unitae) s(unt) ex ea p(ecunia) q(uam) is ad a(erarium) de(tulit)”; cf. _Vita Pert._ 9 “aerarium in suum statum restituit. Ad opera publica certum sumptum constituit. Reformandis viis pecuniam contulit.”

[2009] Frontinus _de Aquaed._ 100 and 104.

[2010] Dio Cass. lvii. 14.

[2011] Tac. _Hist._ i. 58.

[2012] Cic. _pro Caec._ 20, 57.

[2013] Tac. _Ann._ iv. 6 “intra paucos libertos domus.”

[2014] Tac. _Hist._ i. 58 “Vitellius ministeria principatus per libertos agi solita in equites Romanos disponit.” In Otho’s reign we find a mention of Secundus the rhetor ἐπὶ τῶν ἐπιστολῶν γενόμενος (Plut. _Otho_ 9).

[2015] The evidence for Hadrian’s change is mainly epigraphic. See Hirschfeld _Verwaltungsgesch._ i. p. 32. Two instances of it are found in _Vita Hadr._ 22 “ab epistulis et a libellis primus equites Romanos habuit.”

[2016] Dio Cass. lii. 25.

[2017] Tac. _Agric._ 4 “Cn. Julius Agricola ... utrumque avum procuratorem Caesarum habuit, quae equestris nobilitas est.”

[2018] p. 405.

[2019] i.e. the posts of _praefectus cohortis_, _tribunus militum_, _praefectus alae_. See Suet. _Claud._ 25.

[2020] Hirschfeld _op. cit._ p. 248.

[2021] Tac. _Ann._ iv. 15. See p. 395.

[2022] Ulp. in _Dig._ 1, 19, 1, 1 “si venditionis vel donationis vel transactionis causa quid agat, nihil agit: non enim alienare ei rem Caesaris, sed diligenter gerere commissum est.”

[2023] _Dig._ 1, 19, 1.

[2024] Suet. _Claud._ 12 “ut ... rata essent, quae procuratores sui in judicando statuerent, precario exegit” (from the Senate). Tacitus exaggerates the nature of the change when he says that “Claudius libertos, quos rei familiari praefecerat, sibique et legibus adaequaverit” (_Ann._ xii. 60).

[2025] Cf. Ulp. in _Dig._ 1, 16, 9 (with reference to the duties of a proconsul) “sane si fiscalis pecuniaria causa sit, quae ad procuratorem principis respicit, melius fecerit, si abstineat.”

[2026] Henzen 6525.

[2027] Wilmanns 1259, 1262.

[2028] _Cod._ 3, 26, 7.

[2029] Suet. _Vesp._ 12; Henzen 6396.

[2030] _C.I.L._ v. n. 737.

[2031] Hirschfeld _Verwaltungsgesch._ i. p. 32.

[2032] ib. p. 35.

[2033] Cf. the title of _Dig._ 1, 19 “De officio procuratoris Caesaris vel rationalis.”

[2034] Hirschfeld, _op. cit._ p. 37; Liebenam _Beiträge zur Verwaltungsgesch._ p. 32.

[2035] Strabo iii. p. 167. The title _a copiis militaribus_ is found in inscriptions (Orelli 2922, 3505).

[2036] Tac. _Ann._ ii. 47. Here it is said of cities of Asia, “quantum aerario aut fisco pendebant, in quinquennium remisit (Caesar).” The _procurator Asiae_ of _Ann._ iv. 15 is probably a _procurator patrimonii_. See p. 395.

[2037] p. 395. For procurators _ad bona damnatorum_ see Wilmanns 1278, 1291. For a _procurator a caducis_, _C.I.L._ iii. n. 1622.

[2038] Wilmanns 1257, 1272, 1273, 1275, 1285.

[2039] p. 396.

[2040] Timesitheus, the father-in-law of Gordian, was _proc. tam patrimoni quam rat. privatar._ in one district, _proc. ration. privat._ in another (Wilmanns 1293).

[2041] Herodian vii. 1 (Maximin) τήν τε θεραπείαν πᾶσαν, ἣ συγγεγόνει τῷ Ἀλεξάνδρῳ τοσούτων ἐτῶν, τῆς βασιλείου αὐλῆς ἀπέπεμψε: cf. _Vita_ Pert. 12 “Sane nullum ex eis, quos Commodus rebus gerendis imposuerat, mutavit, exspectans urbis natalem, quod eum diem rerum principium volebat esse.”

[2042] Liebenam _op. cit._ p. 55.

[2043] _Vita Nigri_ 7 “cum unus ad memoriam, alter ad libellos paruisset, statim praefecti facti sunt (Paulus et Ulpianus).”

[2044] This may be illustrated by the careers of Burrus (_proc. Augustae_, _proc. Ti. Caesaris_, _proc. divi Claudii_, _praefecto praetori_, _C.I.L._ xii. 5842), of Vibianus Tertullus (_ab epistulis Graecis_, _proc. a rationibus_, _praefectus vigilum_, _C.I.L._ iii. 6574) and of Sex. Var. Marcellus (_proc. aquarum_, _proc. Brittaniae_, _proc. rationis privatae_, _vice-praefectus praetorio_, Orelli 946).

[2045] Tac. _Ann._ xv. 35 (under Nero, in A.D. 64, Torquatus Silanus was forced to death on various grounds) “quin eum inter libertos habere, quos ab epistulis et libellis et rationibus appellet, nomina summae curae et meditamenta”; cf. ib. xvi. 8 (A.D. 65) “Ipsum dehinc Silanum increpuit isdem quibus patruum ejus Torquatum, tanquam disponeret jam imperii curas praeficeretque rationibus et libellis et epistulis libertos.”

[2046] Dio Cass. lii. 33; Stat. _Silv._ v. 1, esp. 83-107; Justinus xliii. 5, 12; Suid. s.v. Διονύσιος.

[2047] Seneca _Cons. ad Polyb._ vi. 4 and 5.

[2048] _Vita Carini_ 16 “fastidium subscribendi tantum habuit ut inpurum quendam ... ad subscribendum poneret.” The Princeps himself may not have written more than his signature. See _Vita Commodi_ 13 “ipse Commodus in subscribendo tardus et neglegens, ita ut libellis una forma multis subscriberet.”

[2049] Karlowa _Rechtsgesch._ i. p. 545.

[2050] Dio Cass. _Ep._ lxxviii. 13.

[2051] Karlowa l.c.

[2052] _Vita Carini_ 8 “Julius Calpurnius, qui ad memoriam dictabat.” He attended the Princeps with the other secretaries; see _Vita Alex._ 31 “Postmeridianas horas subscriptioni et lectioni epistularum semper dedit, ita ut ab epistulis, a libellis et a memoria semper adsisterent.”

[2053] This _consilium_ must not be confused with the committee of the Senate which had been employed by Augustus and Tiberius, but was subsequently discontinued. This board, composed of some of the magistrates and a number of senators chosen by lot, had given a preliminary consideration to the business to be submitted to the Senate (Suet. _Aug._ 35; _Tib._ 55; Dio Cass. liii. 21). Something like it was devised by Mamaea in the reign of Severus Alexander (Dio Cass. lxxx. 1; Herodian vi. 1).

[2054] Dio Cass. lv. 27; lvii. 7.

[2055] Tac. _Ann._ iii. 10 “paucis familiarium adhibitis” (in the trial of Piso, A.D. 20). In Nero’s trial of Octavia in A.D. 62 his body of advisers (“amicos quos velut consilio adhibuerat princeps” Tac. _Ann._ xiv. 62) may have been regarded as a _consilium domesticum_.

[2056] _Vita Hadr._ 18 “cum judicaret, in consilio habuit non amicos suos aut comites solum, sed juris consultos ... quos tamen senatus omnes probasset.”

[2057] Hirschfeld _Verwaltungsgesch._ i. p. 215. Probably only the equestrian members of this board received salaries (Mommsen _Staatsr._ ii. p. 990).

[2058] Cf. _Vita Hadr._ 8 “erat ... tunc mos, ut, cum princeps causas agnosceret, et senatores et equites Romanos in consilium vocaret et sententiam ex omnium deliberatione proferret.”

[2059] e.g. “centenario consiliario Aug(usti) ... juris perito” (Wilmanns 1286).

[2060] p. 380.

[2061] _Vita Alex._ 16 “neque ullam constitutionem sacravit sine viginti jurisperitis et doctissimis ac sapientibus viris isdemque disertissimis non minus quinquaginta.”

[2062] In Maecenas’ supposed advice to Augustus, which in this, as in other respects, probably reflects the practice of the time of Dio Cassius, it is said of the _consilium_ ἄλλοι ἄλλοτε διαγινωσκέτωσαν (Dio Cass. lii. 33).

[2063] Suet. _Aug._ 33.

[2064] Suet. _Nero_ 15.

[2065] _Vita Alex._ 16 “ut iretur per sententias singulorum ac scriberetur quid quisque dixisset.”

[2066] p. 410.

[2067] p. 314.

[2068] Plin. _H.N._ iii. 46 “nunc ambitum ejus (Italiae) urbesque enumerabimus, qua in re praefari necessarium est auctorem nos divum Augustum secuturos, descriptionemque ab eo factam Italiae totius in regiones XI.”

[2069] See the references in Marquardt _Staatsverw._ i. p. 220.

[2070] _Lex Malacitana_ c. lii. ff.

[2071] Kuhn _Verfassung des römischen Reiches_ i. pp. 236, 237. In an inscription of Hadrian’s time we find in Ostia _II. vir ... in comitiis factus_ (_C.I.L._ xiv. 375). For this and other instances see Liebenam _Städteverwaltung_ p. 479.

[2072] p. 438.

[2073] _Vita Hadr._ 22 “quattuor consulares per omnem Italiam judices constituit.” Of Antoninus Pius, who was one of these, it is said “cum Italiam regeret” (_Vita Anton._ 3). Cf. App. _B.C._ i. 38.

[2074] _Vita M. Anton._ 11 “datis juridicis Italiae consuluit ad id exemplum, quo Hadrianus consulares viros reddere jura praeceperat.”

[2075] Ulpian in _Fragmenta Vaticana_ 205, 232, 241.

[2076] Ulp. l.c.; _Dig._ 40, 5, 41, 5.

[2077] Fronto _ad Amicos_ ii. 7.

[2078] Marquardt (_Staatsverw._ i. p. 227) remarks that such a question as the qualification of a decurion belongs under Caesar’s legislation (_lex Ursonensis_ c. 105) to the municipal courts.

[2079] pp. 408, 410.

[2080] Mommsen _Staatsr._ ii. p. 1082, Liebenam _Städteverw._ p. 480, and in _Philologus_ lvi. 290 ff. How far this curatorship became a standing office is uncertain.

[2081] p. 428.

[2082] The first official _ad corrigendum statum Italiae_ belongs to the year 214 A.D., while the provincial _corrector_ goes back to the time of Trajan (Marquardt _Staatsverw._ i. pp. 228, 229).

[2083] See the inscription of Atina of the time of Augustus (Wilmanns 1120), “T. Helvio ... legato Caesaris Augusti, qui Atinatibus HS ... legavit, ut liberis eorum ex reditu, dum in aetatem pervenirent, frumentum et postea sestertia singula millia darentur.”

[2084] Victor _Epit._ 12; Dio Cass. lxviii. 5.

[2085] Marquardt _Staatsverw._ ii. pp. 143, 144. Pius, in honour of his wife Faustina, created a fund for _puellae Faustinianae_ (_Vita_ 8); Alexander, in honour of his mother, one for _pueri puellaeque Mammaeani_ (_Vita_ 57).

[2086] Our knowledge of this institution is derived chiefly from two metal tables, the _Tabula Veleias_ (of Veleia in Cisalpine Gaul) and the _Tabula Baebianorum_ (of the Ligures Baebiani near Beneventum). See E. Desjardins _De tabulis alimentariis_, Mommsen in _I.R.N._ 1354, Wilmanns 2844, 2845. On the institution see Marquardt _Staatsverw._ ii. pp. 141-147, Liebenam _Städteverw._ pp. 105, 360.

[2087] p. 413.

[2088] e.g. _curator viae Appiae, praefectus alimentorum_: _curator viarum et praefectus alimentorum Clodiae et coherentium_: _curator viae Aemiliae et alimentorum_ (Wilmanns 1189, 1215, 1211). See Marquardt, Liebenam ll.cc., and Mommsen _Staatsr._ ii. p. 1079. In districts not pierced by the great roads, procurators (_alimentorum, ad alimenta_) were employed.

[2089] Marquardt l.c. p. 147.

[2090] Tac. _Ann._ i. 2 “Neque provinciae ilium rerum statum abnuebant, suspecto senatus populique imperio ob certamina potentium et avaritiam magistratuum, invalido legum auxilio, quae vi, ambitu, postremo pecunia turbabantur.”

[2091] δῆμος καὶ γερουσία (Dio Cass. liii. 12). These provinces are “propriae populi Romani” as opposed to those “propriae Caesaris” (Gaius ii. 21).

[2092] Tac. _Ann._ i. 76; Dio Cass. lx. 24; Suet. _Claud._ 25.

[2093] _Vita Marci_ 22 “Provincias ex proconsularibus consulares (i.e. governed by consular _legati_) aut ex consularibus proconsulares aut praetorias pro belli necessitate fecit.”

[2094] Asia, Africa, Baetica, Narbonensis, Sardinia and Corsica, Sicilia, Macedonia, Achaea, Creta and Cyrene, Cyprus, Bithynia.

[2095] Tarraconensis, Germania superior, Germania inferior, Brittania, Pannonia sup., Pannonia inf., Moesia sup., Moesia inf., Dacia, Dalmatia, Cappadocia, Syria, Lusitania, Aquitania, Lugdunensis, Belgica, Galatia, Pamphylia and Lycia, Cilicia, Arabia, Numidia. See Marquardt _Staatsv._ i. p. 494.

[2096] Alpes Maritimae, Alpes Cottiae, Alpes Poeninae, Raetia, Noricum, Thracia, Epirus, Mauretania Tingitana, Mauretania Caesariensis. See Marquardt l.c.

[2097] Suet. _Aug._ 47, _Claud._ 25, _Vesp._ 8.

[2098] Mommsen _Staatsr._ ii. p. 858; Marquardt _Staatsverw._ i. p. 358. The earliest known commissioner dates from the time of Trajan. He was “missus in provinciam Achaiam ... ad ordinandum statum liberarum civitatum” (Plin. _Ep._ viii. 24).

[2099] Tac. _Ann._ ii. 47.

[2100] Strabo xiii. p. 621; Cic. _pro Flacco_ 29, 71.

[2101] Tac. _Ann._ xii. 63.

[2102] Mommsen _Staatsr._ iii. p. 684.

[2103] Mommsen points out (ib. p. 685) that, if it did, Spain after the time of Vespasian would have paid no taxes.

[2104] _C.I.L._ iii. n. 781.

[2105] _Dig._ 27, 1, 17; cf. Suet. _Claud._ 25.

[2106] _Dig._ 50, 15, 8, 5 “Divus Antoninus Antiochenses colonos fecit salvis tributis.”

[2107] ib. 7 “Divus Vespasianus Caesarienses colonos fecit non adjecto ut et juris Italici essent, sed tributum his remisit capitis; sed divus Titus etiam solum immune factum interpretatus est.”

[2108] _Dig._ l.c.

[2109] “Rationes imperii” (Suet. _Cal._ 16), λογισμοὺς τῶν δημοσίων χρημάτων (Dio Cass. lix. 9). Cf. Tac. _Ann._ i. 11.

[2110] Marquardt _Staatsverw._ ii. pp. 207-211.

[2111] Dio Cass. liii. 17.

[2112] Liv. _Ep._ 134; cf. Dio Cass, liii. 22.

[2113] Tac. _Ann._ i 31 and 33; ii. 6; xiv. 46.

[2114] Dio Cassius (liii. 22), after saying that Augustus made ἀπογραφαί in the Gallic provinces, adds κᾀντεῦθεν ἔς τε τὴν Ἰβηρίαν ἀφίκετο, καὶ κατεστήσατο καὶ ἐκείνην.

[2115] St. Luke ii. 2; Joseph. _Antiq._ xvii. 355.

[2116] See the inscriptions collected by Kubitschek in Pauly-Wissowa _Real-Encyclopädie_, s.v. _census_.

[2117] The _tres Galliae_ honour a procurator as “primus umquam eq(ues) R(omanus) a censibus accipiendis” (Wilmanns 1269). The inscription is attributed to the joint rule of Severus and Caracalla.

[2118] Kubitschek l.c.

[2119] The chief evidence that there was comes from the province of Dacia. In a document of sale from Alburnum Majus, dated May 6, 159 A.D. the purchaser of a house binds himself “[uti] ... pro ea domo tributa usque ad recensum dep[e]n[dat]” (Bruns _Fontes_).

[2120] _Dig._ 50, 15,3 “in Syriis a quattuordecim annis masculi, a duodecim feminae usaue ad sexagensimum quintum annum tributo capitis obligantur.”

[2121] Grenfell and Hunt _Oxyrhynchus Papyri_ ii. pp. 207 ff.

[2122] _Dig._ 50, 15, 4 “Forma censuali cavetur, ut agri sic in censum referantur. Nomen fundi cujusque: et in qua civitate et in quo pago sit: et quos duos vicinos proximos habeat. Et arvum ... vinea ... olivae ... pratum ... pascua ... silvae caeduae.”

[2123] Plin. _H.N._ xix. 40; xxi. 77; Tac. _Ann._ iv. 72.

[2124] Josephus _Bell. Jud._ ii. 16, 4; cf. Grenfell and Hunt l.c.

[2125] Josephus _Bell. Jud._ vii. 6, 6. The Jews seem, however, to have paid other personal taxes as well. See App. _Syr._ 50; Marquardt _Staatsverw._ ii. p. 202.

[2126] Boadicea is made to say that, besides the land-tax, τῶν σωμάτων αὐτῶν δασμὸν ἐτήσιον φέρομεν (Dio Cass. lxii. 3).

[2127] _C. I. Gr._ 2336.

[2128] p. 321.

[2129] Gaius ii. 21 “(_provincialia_ praedia) quorum alia stipendiaria, alia tributaria vocamus. Stipendiaria sunt ea, quae in iis provinciis sunt quae propriae populi Romani esse intelliguntur. Tributaria sunt ea, quae in his provinciis sunt quae propriae _Caesaris esse_ creduntur.”

[2130] Tac. _Ann._ iv. 6 “frumento et pecuniae vectigales, cetera publicorum fructuum, societatibus equitum Romanorum agitabantur.” Cf. “societates vectigalium” (xiii. 50).

[2131] ib. xiii. 50, 51.

[2132] _Dig._ 39, 4.

[2133] Plin. _Paneg._ 37.

[2134] _Procuratores_ and _publicani_ are found concerned with the same taxes in the same province, e.g. _procurator IIII. publicorum Africae_ (_C.I.L._ iii. 3925; Wilmanns 1242), _conductor IIII. p. Afr._ (_C.I.L._ vi. 8588).

[2135] p. 417.

[2136] _Tabularium censuale_ (_C.I.L._ ii. 4248). For the officials connected with it, called _tabularii_, see Wilmanns _Index_ p. 572.

[2137] p. 323.

[2138] Dio Cass. xlii. 20.

[2139] ib. liii. 14.

[2140] Tac. _Ann._ iii. 32. In A.D. 22 it was determined afresh that the Flamen Dialis might not leave Italy, “ita sors Asiae in eum qui consularium ... proximus erat conlata” (ib. iii. 71).

[2141] Dio Cass. liii. 13.

[2142] ib.

[2143] “Salarium proconsulare” (Tac. _Agric._ 42).

[2144] Dio Cass. l.c.

[2145] Tac. _Hist._ iv. 48.

[2146] Tac. _Ann._ iii. 35 (on the outbreak of the war with Tacfarinas in A.D. 21) “Tiberius ... M’. Lepidum et Junium Blaesum nominavit, ex quis pro consule Africae legeretur.”

[2147] πάρεδροι (Dio Cass. liii. 14).

[2148] Wilmanns _Index_ p. 553.

[2149] Gaius i. 6. On the changed position of these assistants of the proconsuls, see Bethmann-Hollweg _Civilprozess_ ii. p. 102; Greenidge in _Class. Rev._ ix. p. 258.

[2150] pp. 417, 385.

[2151] Except when a colleague was occasionally appointed. See p. 360.

[2152] _Dig._ 1, 21, 5.

[2153] Dio Cassius (lii. 22) attributes this power ἐς μόνον τὸν ὑπατευκότα ἄρχοντα, i.e. to a _legatus consularis_.

[2154] Dio Cass. liii. 13.

[2155] Wilmanns _Index_ p. 559.

[2156] Tac. _Ann._ i. 80; vi. 39; iv. 18.

[2157] Plut. _Galba_ 4.

[2158] Dio Cass. liii. 13; Tac. _Ann._ i. 80.

[2159] Dio Cass. liii. 23

[2160] Wilmanns 1267; _procurator vices agens legati_ (ib. 1622 _a_). The title _procurator et praeses_ was also applied to them. The _procurator vice praesidis_ was an ordinary procurator holding an _interim_ command for the regular governor of a province (Wilmanns _Index_ p. 568).

[2161] See p. 428; and cf. Tac. _Hist._ i. 11.

[2162] Josephus _Antiq. Jud._ xviii. 4, 2.

[2163] _Leg. pro pr. exercitus Germanici superioris, legato pro pr. Germaniae super(ioris) et exercitus in ea tendentis_ (Wilmanns 867, 1186). Cf. Tac. _Ann._ vi. 30 “Gaetulicus ea tempestate superioris Germaniae legiones curabat.”

[2164] Tac. _Ann._ i. 31.

[2165] Tac. _Hist._ i. 11 “Aegyptum copiasque, quibus coerceretur, jam inde a divo Augusto equites Romani obtinent loco regum: ita visum expedire provinciam aditu difficilem, annonae fecundam ... domi retinere.”

[2166] Tac. _Ann._ ii. 59 “Augustus ... vetitis nisi permissu ingredi senatoribus aut equitibus Romanis illustribus, seposuit Aegyptum, ne fame urgueret Italiam, quisquis eam provinciam claustraque terrae ac maris ... insedisset.”

[2167] Ulpian (in _Dig._ 1, 17, 1) speaks of his having an “imperium ... ad similitudinem proconsulis.”

[2168] Tac. _Ann._ xii. 60 “divus Augustus apud equestres, qui Aegypto praesiderent, lege agi decretaque eorum proinde haberi jusserat, ac si magistratus Romani constituissent.”

[2169] Cic. _ad Att._ xiv. 12, 1; Tac. _Ann._ xiii. 32; Plin. _H.N._ iii. 30.

[2170] See Mitteis _Reichsrecht und Volksrecht_.

[2171] Cf. Plin. _Epp. ad Traj._ 17 (28), 37 (46), 39 (48), 47 (56), 54 (62), 111 (112).

[2172] The _lex Malacitana_ (the charter of a Latin colony in Spain founded between 81 and 84 A.D.) contains (c. li.) elaborate provisions for forcing candidates to come forward for office (Bruns _Fontes_). Trajan in a letter to Pliny speaks of those “qui inviti fiunt decuriones” (Plin. _Ep. ad Traj._ 113 [114]).

[2173] See Marquardt _Staatsverw._ i. p. 190; Kuhn _Verfassung des römischen Reichs_ i. p. 238. Cf. Plin. _ad Traj._ 112 (113) “ii quos indulgentia tua quibusdam civitatibus super legitimum numerum adicere permisit.” Contrast with this the principle of admission to local senates recognised by the _lex Julia Munic._ l. 85 “nei quis eorum quem ... legito neve sublegito ... nisi in demortuei damnateive locum.”

[2174] _Lex Julia Munic._ l. 135 “II vir(atum) IIII vir(atum) aliamve quam potestatem, ex quo honore in eum ordinem perveniat.”

[2175] Paulus in _Dig._ 50, 2, 7, 2 “Is, qui non sit decurio, duumviratu vel aliis honoribus fungi non potest, quia decurionum honoribus plebeii fungi prohibentur.”

[2176] _Dig._ 50, 2, 1.

[2177] ib. 50, 4, 1, 3 “Illud tenendum est generaliter personale quidem munus esse, quod corporibus labore cum sollicitudine animi ac vigilantia sollemniter extitit, patrimonii vero, in quo sumptus maxime postulatur.” But the two ideas were often inseparable. Hence the recognition of _mixta munera_ by Arcadius (50, 4, 18). For a complete enumeration of _munera_ see Kuhn _Verfassung_ i. pp. 35 ff.

[2178] _Dig._ 50, 4, 1, 2; 50, 4, 18, 8, 16 and 26.

[2179] ib. 50, 4, 1, 1.

[2180] That coercion was sometimes employed is shown by Tacitus _Ann._ iv. 36 “objecta publice Cyzicenis incuria caerimoniarum divi Augusti, additis violentiae criminibus adversum cives Romanos. Et amisere libertatem.”

[2181] Cf. Plin. _Paneg._ 80 “velocissimi sideris more omnia invisere, omnia audire, et undecumque invocatum statim, velut numen, adesse et adsistere. Talia esse crediderim quae ipse mundi parens temperat nutu ... tantum caelo vacat, postquam te dedit, qui erga omne hominum genus vice sua fungereris.” Boissier (_La Religion Romaine_ i. pp. 206, 207) quotes a very similar passage from Bossuet, which concludes “qu’il faut obéir aux princes comme à la justice même; ils sont des dieux et participent en quelque façon à l’indépendance divine.”

[2182] Dio Cass. li. 22.

[2183] ib. liv. 25.

[2184] Joseph. _Antiq._ xv. 10, 3.

[2185] Suet. _Aug._ 52 “templa, quamvis sciret etiam proconsulibus decerni solere, in nulla tamen provincia nisi communi suo Romaeque nomine recepit.”

[2186] Eckhel _Doctrina Numorum_ ii. 466.

[2187] Dio Cass. liv. 32; Rhys _Hibbert Lectures_ pp. 409, 421, 424.

[2188] Tac. _Ann._ i. 57.

[2189] Egger _Examen critique des historiens du règne d’Auguste_ App. ii. pp. 360-375.

[2190] Mourlot _Histoire de l’Augustalité dans l’Empire Romain_ pp. 29-33.

[2191] Tac. _Ann._ i. 73.

[2192] Thus in 15 A.D. a temple was erected at Tarraco (Tac. _Ann._ i. 78).

[2193] p. 363.

[2194] Suet. _Vesp._ 23 “Prima quoque morbi accessione, ‘Vae,’ inquit, ‘puto, Deus fio.’”

[2195] _Vita Marci_ 18.

[2196] Tac. _Ann._ i. 54.

[2197] See the inscription of Narbonne in Rushforth _Latin Historical Inscriptions_ n. 35. In this case the _Flaminica_ was the wife of the _Flamen_, as at Rome; but this was usually not the case in the municipal towns. See Marquardt _Staatsverw._ i. p. 174.

[2198] Mommsen _Staatsr._ iii p. 455.

[2199] This was the usual type, but there were local variations, and the relation of _sevir_ to _Augustalis_ was not always the same. In Cisalpine Gaul we have _seviri et Augustales_, where the ex-sevir retains his title. In southern Italy _Augustalis_ is used for _sevir_. See Mourlot _op. cit._ pp. 69-72; Rushforth _op. cit._ p. 64.

[2200] For a “templum et monumentum” in honour of the governor see Cic. _ad Q. fr._ 1, 1, 9, 26. A temple to Roma was erected by Smyrna as early as 195 B.C. (Tac. _Ann._ iv. 56).

[2201] Tac. _Ann._ xiv. 31 “templum divo Claudio constitutum quasi arx aeternae dominationis aspiciebatur.”

[2202] Imperial rescripts to _concilia_ or κοινά are frequent See _Dig._ 47, 14, 1; 49, 1, 1; 48, 6, 5, 1. Cf. 1, 16, 4, 5.

[2203] Plin. _Ep._ iii. 4, 2. Where, as in this passage, the _legati_ of a province are represented as making a complaint, they doubtless represent the _concilium_. In A.D. 62 a _senatus consultum_ was passed “ne quis ad concilium sociorum referret agendas apud senatum pro praetoribus prove consulibus grates” (Tac. _Ann._ xv. 22).

[2204] _Cod._ 5, 27, 1 (A.D. 336).

INDEX OF SUBJECTS

(_The references are to the pages_)

References to subjects will also be found in the Index of Latin words.

Administrative functions, of people, 243; of magistrates, 153; of Senate and Princeps, 393; rescripts of Princeps, 379, 380

Adoption, 17, 32

Aediles, 208-212, 246, 365, 368; curule, 121, 153, 160, 246, 365; plebeian, 98

Allies of Rome, origin, 299; status, 305 foll.; federated, 311

Amalgamation of races, 3

Amnesty, a prerogative of the Senate, 249

Anti-senatorial party, 331 foll.

Appeal, 106, 109, 410; from the king, 64; from the consul, 79, 167; from the dictator, 194; against fines, 170; not applicable to tribunician coercion, 168; nor after decretum ultimum, 279 foll.; courts of appeal under Principate, 382, 390, 412

Army, 41, 68 foll., 154; auxiliaries, 307; controls appointment of Princeps, 359

Augurs, 37, 123

Augury, _see_ Auspices

Auspices, 36-40, 162-167, 172, 196, 257

Autonomy of Roman subject states, 325; inconsistent with imperium, 329; its dangers, 324

Ballot, 258

Banausia, 185, 400

Caesar, 141, 142, 198, 201, 235, 248, 249, 314, 315; nature of his dictatorships, 336 foll.; his other powers, 337; a title of the Princeps, 353, 354

Caesar-worship, 440

Capital punishment within the walls, _see_ Appeal; without the walls, _see_ Jurisdiction, military; Sempronian law, 281

Caput, 31, 33; _see_ Rights

Censorship, 114-116, 122, 153, 198, 216-233, 347, 374, 430

Census, 347, 430

Centuriate organisation, 70-78

Character, a qualification for public rights, 116, 183

Citizenship, 34, 35, 132-140, 184, 240, 310 foll.; how conferred, 133, 134, 240, 300, 303, 304; complete or partial, 300 foll.; exclusiveness of Roman, 301

City, growth of, 2, 3

Clan, 1, 9-17

Claudian gens, 1, 5, 14, 16

Clientship, 5, 7, 8, 45

Codification, 102

Coercion, a magisterial prerogative, 167-171; of tribunes, 95, 98; relation to jurisdiction, 167; how affected by the ultimum decretum, 279

Colleagueship, 47, 79, 114, 150, 194, 197, 218, 351

Colonisation of Latin league, 297, 300; a prerogative of Princeps, 345

Comitia, in monarchy, 43; in early Republic, 88; in later Republic, 238-260; in Principate, 371 foll.; municipal, 423

Commerce, its influence on Roman law, 293

Concilium of the Plebs, 96; to meet tributim, 101; its jurisdiction, 100, 107, 254; its continuity, 149

Conflict of powers, 172-181

Constitution, the Roman, 146, 147, 261, 262; effect of foreign wars on, 83, 92, 117, 141, 151, 182

Consuls, 78, 112, 153, 196-202; plebeian, 121; functions limited by quaestorship, 80; censorship, 114; praetorship, 121; appeal from, 79; under the Principate, 367

Cooptation of gentes, 13; in priestly colleges, 124; in Senate, 373

Corn-supply, 210, 411

Curators, 413 foll.

Curies, 40, 41, 42, 250

Custom, 22, 58, 269

Debt, 90-92, 106, 117, 127

Decemvirate, 30, 104-108

Declaration of war, 56, 290, 344, 372, 376

Delegation, 61, 80, 98, 323, 324, 327, 358, 377, 382, 384, 389, 406

Dictator, 84, 85, 91-195, 336 foll.

Dispensation from laws, 276

Divine right, 45, 77

Domitian law, 255

Economic condition of Italy, 90 foll., 332, 425; measures of relief under the Principate, 425

Edict, 153, 177, 178, 205; provincial, 326; Emperor’s, 342

Egypt, 435

Election, not primitive, 46; method of appointing Republican magistrates, 78; of appointing Princeps, 358, 376; a prerogative of the people, 245, 372; procedure, 186, 187, 349; control of Princeps over, 349

Empire, 316, 427; effect on Roman constitution, 147

Equites, 41, 73, 224, 402; revision of, 224, 402; formation of an equestrian order, 225, 404, 415; their policy, 334, 402; influence on the Revolution, 333

Exile, 139, 140

Family, 18-23, 140, 226; the imperial, 356

Federal Government, traces of, 295, 311, 336

Fetiales, 56, 60, 290

Finance, 213, 286; public finance, 229, 394 foll.; the Budget, 231, 287, 429; finance in allied cities, 307, 424; in provinces, 417, 429; the fiscus, 395, 416

Fines, 169, 246, 371

Flamens, 52, 53, 189

Fleet, 236

Foreign elements in early Rome, 3, 293; foreign influences, 4, 209

Foreign policy, controlled by the Senate, 60, 282, 376; by the Princeps, 372, 376

Forms of law, 56, 87, 128, 205

Franchise, 241; a gift of the Princeps, 345

Freedmen, 144-146; freedmen’s vote, 145; freedmen under the Principate, 414

Germany, administration of, 435

Gracchus, Gaius, 142, 184, 201, 254; Tiberius, 176, 248

Hereditary succession, 45, 362

Imprisonment, 168

Inauguration, 50

Infamia, 185; grounds of, 226-228; effects of, 229

Intercession, 176, 181, 217; not applicable to censors, 217; nor to judices, 177

International law, 56, 60, 139, 141, 244, 283, 289 foll.

Interregnum, 47, 48, 83, 147

Italy, organisation of, 285, 422 foll.; races of, 289

Jurisdiction, civil, 242; distinction of jus and judicium, 64, 204, 382; exercised by king and judex, 62; magistrate and judex, 121, 204, 205, 382; curule aediles and judex, 210, 211, 369; by personal cognisance of praetor, 382; and of Princeps, 382, 419; by procurators, 416; by consuls and Senate, 385; tribune’s intercession, 178, 371, 383, 384, and Appendix

Jurisdiction, criminal, 62, 167; exercised by king, 62; by duumviri, 63, 161; consuls, 86, 199; aediles, 211, 369; people, 86, 88, 372; quaestors, 63, 80, 211 foll.; praetors, 207; Senate and consuls, 386, 387; Princeps, 388; praefectus urbi, 408, 424; pr. annonae, 412; pr. vigilum, 413; pr. praetorio, 410, 424; in standing courts, 177, 183, 207, 213, 236, 372, 386, 390; by special commissions, 239, 278; tribune’s intercession, 178, 371

⸺ administrative, of consuls, 198; censors, 232

⸺ capital, 79, 107, 109, 161; of the people, 245; on appeal from consuls, praetors, quaestors, curule aediles, and tribunes, 246; of Plebs on appeal from tribunes, 100, 107, 161, 168, 246; and plebeian aediles, 246; procedure in judicia populi, 246

⸺ domestic, 2

⸺ international, 294 foll.

⸺ military, 63, 76, 79, 84, 85, 108, 151, 155, 279, 328, 389

⸺ municipal, 302, 304, 423

⸺ political, 182, 211

⸺ provincial, 155, 325, 435

Land, public, 89, 90, 117, 229, 286, 413; tenure, 8, 15, 65-69, 75, 310; connexion with Servian tribes, 67, 223; in Italy, 307; in provinces, 320, 430

Latin league, 295 foll.; status of Latins, 308

Law, religious, 23, 51-57; judge-made, 206; form of a, 242; influence of Roman law on the Empire, 437

Legates, 434 foll.

Legislation, procedure in, 256 foll.

Legislative powers, of Populus, 5, 42, 239, 377; limited by magisterial initiative, 43, 88; by veto, 86, 179; by encroachments of Princeps and Senate, 372, 377 foll.

⸺ of Plebs, 96-97, 109, 124, 126

Licinio-Sextian laws, 120, 130, 216

Lot, 47, 124, 148, 191, 198, 200, 204, 213, 285, 433

Magistracy, 84, 150, 152-191, 363 foll.; qualifications, 183; candidature, 187 foll.; minor magistracies, 234 foll., 364

Manumission, 133, 134

Marius, 134, 240, 249

Marriage, 17, 39, 111, 136; intermarriage with foreigners, 295

Martial law, 279

Master of the Horse, 196

Military service, 41, 68-74, 137, 138; conscription, 154; cavalry, 41, 73, 225; pensions, 396

Monarchy, 44, 45-65, 337

Municipal administration of Italy, 304, 305, 313 foll.; in the provinces, 437

Nobility, in later Republic, 129, 265; in Principate, 398 foll.

Nomination to office, 47, 78, 98, 191, 245, 360

Pardon, 391

Patria potestas, 18-23

Patricians, origin of, 5; possess caput, 31; predominance in early Republic, 86, 87; alliance with plebeian aristocracy, 129 foll.; created by Princeps, 347, 399; special powers of patrician senators, 265, 273, 275

Plebeians, origin of, 5, 6; generally excluded from clans, 10, 11; members of Populus, 66; gradual rise to power, 92 foll., 111, 120, 126, 127; plebeian law, 17, 28, 29, 104

Political misdemeanours, 181, 182, 227

Pomerium, extension of, 342, 345

Pontifex Maximus, in monarchy, 50, 51; conducts an election of tribunes, 108; in Principate, 350, 351, 397

Pontifical college, in monarchy, 50 foll.; exponents of fas, 54; of jus, 86; admission of Plebeians, 123; election to, 124, 254

Praefects, 394, 396, 401, 406

Praetors, 120, 153, 157, 202-208; under Principate, 364, 368; _see_ Edict

Priestly orders, 442

Primogeniture, 22, 130

Prisoners of war, 141

Procurators, 414

Prohibition, magisterial right of, 119, 173-176

Property, tenure of, 5, 8, 35; Servian classification, 69 foll.; registration by censor, 221-223; tenure by foreigners, 295

Provinces, 317 foll., 426 foll.; jurisdiction, 155, 325; revenues, 231, 286, 417, 429 foll.; formation, 284, 285; arrangements of Sulla, 201, 251, 322; of Gracchus, 180, 201, 322; of Pompeius, 323; of the Principate, 345, 401, 428

Public works, 209, 232, 413

Publilian law, 124, 125, 126, 216

Quaestors, delegates of king, 63; of consul for jurisdiction, 80, 161, 246; for finance, 81, 155, 178, 394, 432; in the field, 117, 141; functions, 212, 216; no vocatio or prensio, 181; appointment, 81, 102; qualifications, 184, 364, 373; under Principate, 369

Ramnes, 3, 40, 67, 73

Religious ideas, 36, 46, 51, 162, 440; their connexion with the clans, 16; international influence of, 56, 289, 291

Religious sanctions, 54, 99, 109

Representation, 312, 443

Rescission of sentences, 248

Responsibility of magistrates, 181, 217

Revenues, 229

Revolution, 332

Rights, 31, 33, 136, 138 foll., 240, 241; _see_ Caput and Citizenship

Romanisation of provinces, 436

Rotation in tenure of power, 198, 199

Scourging, 168

Senate, 147, 151, 261, 262; relation to king, 58 foll.; to consuls and other magistrates, 81 foll., 264, 267; to Princeps, 348, 359, 362, 376; powers, 59 foll., 83, 273, 276, 282 foll., 395, 397; control of legislation and elections, 125, 254, 273 foll., 377; procedure, 268 foll., 348; insignia, 265; revision, 219, 263, 347, 374; reform attempted by Sulla, 266, 335, 373; under the Principate, 373; conscripti, 82; senatorial order at Rome, 399, 411; in municipalities, 438.

Servian organisation, 65 foll., 138, 145

Servius Tullius, 58, 62, 138

Slavery, 24 foll., 105, 141 foll.; _see_ Manumission

Solon, 69, 127

Sulla, 146, 180, 183, 189, 197, 202, 204, 207, 213, 221, 234, 253, 254, 266

Taxation, Roman theory of, 319; direct, 320, 431; tithes, 321, 431; _see_ Tribute

Testaments, 26 foll., 106, 135, 136, 144, 251, 295

Tities, 3, 40, 67 (priores, posteriores, 73)

Treaties, 56, 60, 139, 244, 283, 291, 345, 372, 376; commercial, 293

Tribes, original, 3, 40, 41, 66, 67; Servian, 66 foll.; Republican, 101, 223, 252

Tribunate, consular, 112-114; military, 364, 373; of the Plebs, 93 foll., 108, 365; inviolability, 99, 345; power of prohibition, 119, 176; intercession, 178 foll., 346, 370; jurisdiction, 168, 169, 371; relation to the Senate, 161, 179, 371, 375; to the Plebs, 96, 124, 126, 346

Tribunician power possessed by Princeps, 338, 370

Tribute, from citizens, 41, 75, 137, 138, 222, 303; from subject states, 319 foll., 430

Triumph, 156-158

Triumvirate (43 B.C.), 338

Twelve Tables, 7, 16, 19, 26, 29, 87, 91, 92, 102, 104 foll., 111, 126, 161, 205, 241, 281

Valerio-Horatian laws, 108 foll., 124, 126, 236

Varian commission, 175, 248

Vestals, 52, 53

Voting: procedure, 258, 259; basis of division, 253; deprivation of right of, 241; freedmen’s vote, 146; rights of new citizens, 312

INDEX OF LATIN WORDS

(_The references are to the pages_)

Abductio in carcerem, 168; in vincula, 168

Abolitio, 392

Abolitiones publicae, 391

Absolve, 205

Accensi, 72, 73, 190, 253

Accusationes, 247

Acta, 363, 366, 374, 379, 381

Actio, de in rem verso, 143; de peculio, 143; quod jussu, 143; tributoria, 143

Actionem dare, 206

Actor publicus, 144

Addictio, 128

Addictus, 91

Adlectio, 365, 373, 374, 399, 438

Adlectus, 82, 365

Adoptio, 17

Adrogatio, 17

Adrogatus, 32

Adscripticii, 72

Adsertor in libertatem, 134

Aedi dedicandae, 237

Aediles, 98; cereales, 411; curules, 122

Aedilicii, 265

Aedium sacrarum procuratio, 209

Aerarii, 73, 224, 228

Aerarium, 81, 155, 173, 194, 209, 213, 214, 231, 256, 259, 368, 369, 394, 395, 398, 413; militare, 396

Aes, 73; equestre, hordearium, 74, 137; aes et libram (per), 28, 90, 106

Ager, assignatus, 89; Campanus, 229; occupatorius, 230; privatus, 15; publicus, 15, 67, 69, 90, 304, 320; quaestorius, 89, 214; Romanus, 68, 101, 192

Agere cum patribus, 161; cum plebe, 96, 161; cum populo, 158, 160, 161, 246

Agnati, 10, 106

Agris dandis assignandis, 234, 237

Album senatorium, 374

Alieni juris, 33

Alimentarium, 425

Alter ego, 61, 409

Ambitio, 187

Ambitus, 118, 181

Amici, 292, 357

Amicitia, 292

Anquisitio, 246, 248

Antiquo, 258

Appellatio, 177, 346, 382, 384

Applicatio, 9

Aquarii, 209

Arator, 320

Arbiter, 2, 64

Arbor infelix, 63

Area Capitolii, 256

Arquites, 41

Artifices, 282

Arx, 1

As, 69, 137; libralis, 72; sextantarius, 69

Assidui, 73

Asylum, 53

Atrium, 129

Auctoritas, 46, 48, 125, 180, 272

Augures, 163

Augustales, 443

Auspex, 39

Auspicatio, 136, 257

Auspicato, 113

Auspicia, 36, 37, 38, 39, 50, 99, 136, 147, 148, 157, 162, 163, 217, 233; caduca, 163; coelestia, 164; ex tripudiis, 164; majora, minora, 147, 165; maxima, 165; privata, 39; publica, 39, 166

Auxilium, 92, 94, 96, 178, 194, 346, 370, 383

Aves internuntii Jovis, 164

Avocare contionem, 172

Beneficia, 380

Bona caduca, 417; damnatorum, 395, 417; fides, 227; vacantia, 395

Boni, 333

Caduca, 163, 417

Caesar dixit, 379

Calceus mulleus, 265

Calles, 215

Calumnia, 228

Candidatus, 187; Caesaris, 349

Capite censi, 73, 184, 221

Capitis deminutio, 32, 33, 138, 139, 140

Captus, 53

Caput, 31, 32, 33, 73, 86, 138, 139, 281

Carmen, 57

Castellum, 1

Casus belli, 306

Celeres, 41, 42

Censibus equitum Romanorum (a), 403

Censitor, 430

Censor, 115, 355, 430; perpetuus, 347

Censoria potestas, 217

Census, 4, 75, 135, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 223, 229, 263, 374

Census accipiendos (ad), 430

Centenarius, 418

Centesima rerum venalium, 396, 417

Centumviri, 13, 392

Centuriae, 41, 69, 70, 97; equitum, 74, 224; praerogativa, 253

Centuriatim, 89

Cerealia, 211

Certae precationes, 87

Certus ordo magistratuum, 186, 364

Cessio in jure, 135

Cista, 259

Civis, 34, 85, 133, 207, 281, 295, 299, 300, 301, 303; optimo, non optimo jure, 132, 133; sine suffragio, 300, 301, 302

Civitas, 6, 14, 133, 134, 139, 140, 273, 277, 300, 301, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 317, 428, 436, 437; foederata, 245, 299, 306, 317, 428; libera, 245, 306, 317, 428; libera et foederata, 306, 317; peregrina, 345; sine suffragio, 304

Civium capita, 133

Clarissimus, 400, 411

Classici, 73

Classis, 69, 70, 72, 74, 75, 137

Clavi fingendi causa, 193

Clavus annalis, 193

Clientela, 5, 45

Clientes, 9

Coemptio, 17

Coercitio, 95, 98, 154, 167, 170, 171, 173, 178, 181, 190, 191, 199, 210, 211, 246

Coetus nocturni, 107

Cogere, 206

Cognitio, 382, 388

Cognitionem suscipere, 388; a cognitionibus, 419

Cognomen, 353, 354

Cohortes urbanae, 408

Collega, 360; major, 193

Collegia, 4, 71, 107, 114, 178, 235, 255, 282

Colonia, 315, 429; civium Romanorum, 300; Latina, 296; maritima, 301

Coloniae deducendae causa, 237

Comites, 324, 357

Comitia, 43, 75, 76, 84, 87, 107, 108, 125, 127, 130, 149, 160, 164, 165, 172, 174, 182, 191, 198, 199, 240, 241, 245, 247, 248, 250, 254, 255, 257, 261, 273, 288, 315, 335, 338, 347, 366, 369, 371, 372, 373, 377, 381, 423; calata, 26, 27, 251; centuriata, 27, 88, 89, 97, 102, 103, 112, 115, 125, 145, 172, 195, 196, 216, 224, 244, 246, 248, 252, 259; curiata, 9, 12, 14, 26, 42, 46, 47, 48, 49, 60, 76, 88, 89, 250, 251, 423; tributa, 102, 115, 125, 145, 155, 161, 170, 208, 210, 224, 235, 236, 237, 238, 246, 249, 253, 304

Comitiales dies, 255

Comitiatus maximus, 107, 252

Commendatio, 348, 349, 350, 373

Commercium, 22, 33, 35, 295, 296, 304, 308, 310

Communia, 443

Commutatio, 32

Comparatio, 191, 198

Conceptivae, 255

Concilia, 93, 299, 315, 443, 444

Concilium plebis, 93, 94, 96, 97, 98, 100, 102, 103, 107, 109, 110, 115, 126, 127, 145, 149, 161, 170, 172, 210, 221, 224, 237, 246, 250, 253, 255

Concordia ordinum, 333

Condemna, 205

Conductor, 229

Confarreatio, 17, 39

Congruentia, 439

Conjurationes, 279

Consaepta, 258

Conscripti, 82, 83, 315

Consecratio bonorum, 170; capitis, 55

Consensus, 17, 226

Consiliarii, 410; Augusti, 420

Consilium, 48, 61, 85, 219, 285, 328, 357, 386, 388, 410, 419, 420, 421; domesticum, 22; publicum, 58, 61

Consors imperii, 353, 360

Consortes, 26

Constitutiones principum, 380, 421

Consul, 79, 355; major, 198

Consulare imperium, 94, 152

Consulares, 265, 269, 271, 365, 384, 423, 433, 435

Consularis potestas, 152

Consultatio, 380, 419

Consultum, 272

Contio, 158, 159, 191, 218, 246, 247, 255, 256, 257, 361; contionem dare, 160

Contra rem publicam, 277

Conubium, 33, 35, 39, 133, 295, 296, 304, 308

Conventio in manum, 32

Conventus, 327, 328

Cornicines, 71, 253

Corpus Romani juris, 105

Correctores, 424, 425, 428

Creatio, 78, 148

Cultus, 51, 53, 54, 209

Cura, 412, 413; alvei et riparum Tiberis, 413; annonae, 210, 368, 411; aquarum, 413; legum et morum, 347; morum, 219, 347; operum publicorum, 413; viarum, 413

Curatio, 401

Curatores, 411, 413, 428; alimentorum, 426; alvei et riparum Tiberis, 401; annonae, 237; aquarum, 401, 413; operum publicorum, 401, 413; rei publicae, 424; tribuum, 221; viarum, 237, 401, 413

Curia, 6, 15, 40, 41, 42, 43, 49, 59, 76, 88, 93, 97, 101, 102, 196, 222, 251, 255, 259, 315, 399, 438, 441

Curiales, 41, 42, 88, 438, 439

Curiatim, 89, 93

Curio, 42

Cursus honorum, 213, 364, 371

Curules, 270

Custodes, 259

Custos urbis, 407

Damnatio memoriae, 363

Damno, 258

Datio in mancipium, 32

Decemviri, 100, 108, 288; sacris faciundis, 119, 123; stlitibus judicandis, 236

Decretum, 379

Decuma, 231, 320, 321, 431

Decumani, 431, 432

Decuriae, 47

Decuriati, 282

Decurio, 315, 438

Dediticia civitas, 306

Deditio, 306

Deditus, 139

Deminutio capitis, 32, 33, 138

Designatus, 189

Detestatio sacrorum, 251

Devotio, 57

Dicere dictatorem, 191

Dico, 258

Dictator, 2, 44, 78, 84, 157, 191

Diem a praetore petere, 161; dixit, 161

Dies civilis, 165; fasti, 128, 176, 255; imperii, 359; legitimi, 187; nefasti, 255

Dilectus, 154, 300

Dirae, 163, 172

Diribitio, 259

Diribitores, 259

Discessio, 271

Disciplina, 38

Dispensator summarum, 416

Ditio, 306

Divisores, 188, 282

Divus, 441, 442

Domi, 79, 153, 166, 197

Dominica potestas, 18, 25

Dominium, 24, 26, 144, 352

Dominus, 25, 26, 142, 143, 144, 352, 414

Domus Caesaris, 356

Ducenarius, 418

Duci jubere, 314

Duo Augusti, 353

Duumviri juri dicundo, 313; navales, 236; perduellionis, 63, 80, 161, 246, 247; sacris faciundis, 119; viis purgandis, 235

Edictum, 177, 378; provinciale, 207; perpetuum, 326

Egregii, 405

Elogium, 129

Eminentissimus, 405

Empti, 29

Epistola, 379; ab epistulis, 414, 418, 419

Epulum Jovis, 124

Equestris militia, 405; nobilitas, 415

Equites, 73, 138, 196, 224, 253, 265, 333, 334, 335, 347, 356, 402; Romani equo publico, 74, 184, 402, 404

Equitum census, 225

Evocatio, 57

Execratio, 189, 243

Exercitus, 27, 68, 217

Exheredatio, 30

Exilium, 309

Extra ordinem, 204, 382; propiusve urbem, 235; sortem, 200

Fabri, 71, 253

Facio, 71, 253

Facultas agendi, 62

Familia, 10, 12, 15, 18, 21, 23, 24, 29, 32, 88, 91, 140, 143, 145

Fas, 23, 51, 52, 54, 56, 87, 239

Fasces, 44, 48, 80, 355, 443

Feriae, 87, 255, 288

Feriarum constituendarum causa, 193

Fetiales, 56, 245, 290

Fides, 45, 227, 306; publica, 56; Romana, 127; fidei commissa, 367, 382, 385; fidei commissarii, 368

Filia familias, 32

Filius familias, 30, 31

Fiscalis, 368

Fiscus, 368, 370, 395, 413, 417; castrensis, 417

Flamen Augustalis, 442; curialis, 42; Dialis, 189

Flamines, 51, 52, 131, 251, 443

Flaminica Augustalis, 442; Dialis, 442

Floralia, 211

Foedera, 60, 283, 299, 306, 317; aequum, iniquum foedus, 307

Forensis factio, 223

Forma censualis, 430

Formula, 56, 62, 205, 210, 211, 238, 242, 293, 294, 307, 382

Forum agere, 327

Frumentum aestimatum, 321; emptum, 321; in cellam, 321

Furiosus, 22

Furtum, 181

Genius, 355, 440, 441

Gens, 1, 5, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 40, 41, 67, 101, 130, 222, 251, 294, 295; gentes majores, minores, 12, 41

Gentilis, 8, 10, 11, 14, 15, 41, 106

Gentilitas, 10, 17, 88

Gradus honorum, 186

Habere auspicia, 38

Haruspex, 196, 397

Heredium, 15, 30

Heres, 8, 15, 27, 29, 30

Honor, 138, 183, 305

Hordearium, 74, 137

Hostis, 6, 249, 279, 281, 290, 292

Ignobilis, 130

Illustris, 405

Imagines, 129

Imminuto jure, 193

Immunitas, 429

Imperator, 60, 154, 156, 283, 292, 331, 337, 344, 352, 353, 355, 359, 361

Imperium, 2, 44, 47, 49, 57, 76, 78, 79, 84, 99, 113, 120, 121, 122, 127, 136, 147, 152, 153, 156, 157, 158, 160, 162, 165, 167, 171, 189, 190, 192, 195, 196, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 211, 213, 215, 217, 239, 251, 252, 267, 278, 279, 301, 302, 316, 322, 327, 329, 337, 338, 339, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 347, 350, 353, 359, 360, 361, 366, 378, 383, 407, 433, 436

Impetrativa, 36, 162, 163, 233

Impolitia, 225

Improbe factum, 168

Improbi, 333

Incensi, 138, 139

Incivilis potestas, 407

Incola, 309, 311, 315

Infames, 185

Infamia, 221

Infra classem, 70

Ingenui, 5, 135, 136

Ingenuitas, 135, 136, 140, 345, 374, 402

In judicio, 204

In jure, 178, 204, 383

Injuria, 181

Insignia, 4, 43, 44, 45, 99, 113, 233, 265, 342, 355, 366, 402, 443

Intercessio, 156, 173, 176, 178, 274, 346, 370

Intercessionem remittere, 180

Interdictio (aquae et ignis), 55, 140, 249, 254

Interregnum, 47, 48, 59, 82, 83, 131, 147, 148, 149, 166, 187, 188, 275, 358

Interrex, 46, 47, 48, 108, 265, 273

Italici, 305, 308

Judex, 44, 65, 78, 106, 167, 177, 205, 210, 211, 212, 214, 227, 233, 236, 248, 325, 381, 382, 383, 386, 392, 404; extra ordinem datus, 382, 385; ordinarius, 382; peregrinus, 326; privatus, 64

Judicium, 64, 281, 382; dare, 206; legitimum, 302; ordinarium, 382, 383; populi, 181, 214, 245, 246, 247; publicum, 207

Juniores, 70, 154, 252, 253

Jupiter lapis, 291

Jurare, 206

Juridici, 423, 424

Jurisdictio, 302

Jurisperiti, 420, 421

Juris statio, 175

Juris sui, 137, 138, 140

Jus, 52, 56, 62, 64, 65, 86, 113, 136, 138, 239, 378, 382, 383, 386; agendi cum patribus, 161; agendi cum plebe, 96, 161; agendi cum populo, 160, 161, 246; auspiciorum, 36, 172; auxilii, 95; civile, 35, 139, 206, 242, 294, 295, 378, 380; commercii, 6, 298; consulendi senatus, 161; conubii, 7, 298; divinum, 350; edicendi, 153; exulandi, 6; gentium, 139, 141, 207, 294; gladii, 389; honorarium, 206; honorum petendorum, 183; imaginum, 129; Italicum, 307, 429; liberorum, 433; multae dictionis, 169; ordinarium, 424; poenae, 95; postliminii, 140; primae relationis, 342, 348; privatum, 64; publicum, 23, 62; referendi ad senatum, 161; rogandi, 58; vitae necisque, 20

Jusjurandum in leges, 366

Jussio principis, 351

Jussu populi, 134

Justitium, 175, 277; remittere, 175

Justum bellum, 157; piumque, 56

Justus magistratus, 251

Laesa majestas, 357

Lares, 441

Laticlavii, 265, 399

Latinitas, 297, 308

Latrocinia, 154

Latus clavus, 265, 373, 399, 400, 405

Lectio senatus, 217, 219, 263, 374

Legati, 183, 284, 318, 323, 324, 433, 435, 444; Caesaris pro praetore, 434; juridici, 434; legionum, 364, 434; proconsulis pro praetore, 433

Leges annales, 186, 350; de jure magistratuum, 329; de provinciis ordinandis, 329; frumentariae, 210, 335; regiae, 58; repetundarum, 329; Valeriae Horatiae, 108

Legibus solutus, 350

Legio, 41, 112, 138

Legis actio, 35, 57, 87, 128, 134, 205, 242, 295

Legitima militia, 154

Legitimum matrimonium, 35

Legitimus dies, 187

Lex, 43, 58, 62, 75, 96, 107, 109, 112, 124, 126, 134, 179, 189, 234, 238, 242, 245, 249, 251, 259, 325, 343, 372, 378; Aelia, 173; Aemilia (Mamerci), 115; Aemilia (Scauri), 145; Aemilia (provinciae Macedoniae), 318; annua, 206; Appuleia, 240; Aternia Tarpeia, 169; Baebia, 202; Caecilia Didia, 239, 277; Caelia, 258; Calpurnia de ambitu, 228; Cassia (104 B.C.), 228; Cassia (137 B.C. tabellaria), 258; censoria, 230; censui censendo, 221; centuriata, 75, 93, 217, 241; Cornelia de provinciis ordinandis, 201, 251; Cornelia de veneficis, 388; Cornelia Gellia, 134; Cornelia (67 B.C.), 206; curiata, 48, 49, 75, 89, 179, 192, 195, 199, 203, 216, 251; data, 245, 285, 306, 317, 380; de ambitu (5th century), 181; de imperio, 343; dicta, 230; Domitia, 124; duodecim tabularum, 104; Fannia, 308; Fufia, 173; Gabinia, 258; Hieronica, 231, 321; Hortensia, 126, 132, 162; imperfecta, 242; Julia (90 B.C.), 311; Julia (municipalis), 315; Julia Papiria, 169; Maenia, 125; Marcia, 127; Menenia Sextia, 169; Minicia, 133; minus quam perfecta, 242; Ogulnia, 51, 123; Ovinia, 219; Papiria, 258; perfecta, 242; Plautia Papiria, 311; Poetilia, 127; Pompeia (de jure magistratuum), 187; Pompeia (provinciae Bithyniae), 284, 318; provinciae, 244, 284, 286, 318; publica, 110; rogata, 245, 285; Rubria, 315; Rupilia, 284, 318; sacrata, 243; Sempronia, 180, 201, 322; Valeria (509 B.C.), 63, 79, 86, 109; Valeria (300 B.C.), 168, 194; Voconia, 242

Libellus, 380, 419; a libellis, 403, 414, 418, 419

Libero, 258

Libertas, 139, 140, 306, 307, 428, 429

Libertinus, 135, 144, 145, 146

Libertus, 144

Libram (per aes et), 28, 90, 106

Libripens, 29

Lictores, 44

Loci sacri, 87

Locupletes, 73

Ludi plebeii, 211; Romani, 211

Ludorum faciendorum causa, 193

Lustratio, 115, 229

Lustrum, 75, 218, 219, 221, 231

Magister equitum, 84, 196; Larum, 441; populi, 44, 78, 84

Magistratus populi, 147, 187, 245, 246; potestatesve, 315

Magistri Augustales, 441, 442; vicorum, 441

Majestas, 100, 212

Major potestas, 173, 175, 176, 179, 268, 275, 383

Majores magistratus, 217

Majus imperium, 383, 386

Mancipatio, 28

Mancipatus, 33, 294

Mancipium, 15, 19

Mandatum, 380, 381

Manumissio censu, 135; inter amicos, 135; justa, 134; per epistolam, mensam, 135; testamento, 135; vindicta, 134

Manus, 15, 32; injectio, 91, 127

Mater castrorum, 357; familias, 31

Matrimonium, 35

Meddix tuticus, 304, 305

Megalesia, 211

Memoria, 419

Mensores, 412

Miles, 41

Militia, 138

Militiae, 79, 153, 155, 158, 197, 199

Ministeria principatus, 414

Minores magistratus, 234

Missio, 404; in possessionem, 314

Moderator rei publicae, 333

Moenia, 232

Mons sacer, 92

Montani, 2

Montes, 2

Morbus comitialis, 163

Mos majorum, 22, 63

Multa, 169, 170, 210, 211, 232, 371; suprema, 169, 170, 210, 246

Munera, 45, 136, 138, 232, 303, 400, 404, 439

Municeps, 303, 304, 315

Municipium, 241, 303, 304, 305, 308, 315, 345

Munitio, 137

Naturalis obligatio, 143

Navicularii, 412

Nefas, 278

Nexum, 90

Nexus, 24, 91, 92, 127

Nobiles, 130

Nobilissimus Caesar, 354

Nobilitas, 129

Nomenclator, 183

Nominare provincias, 200

Nominatio, 349

Notae, 220

Novi cives, 312

Novus homo, 130, 335, 362

Noxae deditio, 8, 19

Numen, 440, 441

Nuncupatio, 29

Nundina, 257

Nundinae, 91, 255

Nuntiatio, 163

Obiter dicta, 378

Oblativa, 38, 162, 163, 166, 172, 173, 257

Obnuntiatio, 163, 172, 173, 174, 218

Obsequium, 144

Occupatio, 90

Opera publica, 219, 232, 413

Operae, 98, 137, 145

Optimates, 333

Optimo jure, 34

Oratio, 397

Oratores, 290

Ordinarii, 368

Ordines, 135

Ordo Augustalium, 443; equester, 224; sacerdotum, 51

Origo, 400

Ornamenta, 365

Pacata provincia, 157

Paelex, 55

Pagus, 1, 2, 5, 430

Pallium, 305

Paludamentum, 190, 355

Par potestas, 176, 179

Paret (non paret), 205

Parricidium, 213

Pascua, 230

Passus mille, 235

Pastor, 230

Pater, 21, 26, 30; familias, 10, 21, 23, 30, 45, 59, 115; patratus, 290, 292; patriae, 354

Pati quicquam agi, 180

Patres, 5, 10, 40, 46, 48, 59, 66, 77, 82, 111, 113, 120, 136, 147, 149

Patria potestas, 18, 19, 20, 21, 25, 35, 136, 140, 295

Patricii, 148

Patrimonium, 137, 361, 395, 396, 417, 439; privatum, 395, 417

Patronus, 7, 35, 144, 408

Patrum auctoritas, 46, 48, 59, 83, 97, 120, 125, 131, 275

Peculium, 8, 143, 144

Pecunia, 69, 222; attributa, 232; vectigalis, 432

Pecus, 69

Pedarii, 270

Pedites, 226

Penetralia, 128

Perduellio, 8, 99, 106, 181, 191, 258

Perduellis, 363

Peregrinus, 121, 133, 202, 204, 205, 207

Perfectissimi, 405

Perpetua (edicta), 153, 206

Personalia (munera), 439

Piaculum, 54, 87, 106

Pignoris capio, 170

Plebiscita, 94, 97, 109, 110, 118, 123, 124, 125, 126, 158, 159, 176, 179, 186, 217, 219, 234, 239, 245, 248, 249, 254, 255, 277, 308, 372

Plebs, 5, 109; urbana, 336

Poena, 242

Pomerium, 1, 3, 79, 109, 153, 165, 190, 199, 255, 300, 342, 345

Pons, 258, 259

Pontifex maximus, 47, 50, 51, 52, 54, 108, 251, 351, 354

Pontifices, 16

Populares, 332, 333

Populus, 1, 33, 34, 68, 109, 147, 302

Portitores, 321

Portoria, 230, 321, 432

Possessor, 229, 230, 233, 307

Postliminii (jus), 140

Potestas, 10, 17, 18, 25, 32, 33, 52, 113, 126, 140, 152, 165, 182, 189, 218, 251, 306

Praecones, 190

Praefecturae, 302, 304, 315; annonae, 412; morum, 337

Praefectus, 407, 426; Aegypti, 436; aerarii militaris, 396; aerarii Saturni, 394; annonae, 406, 411; juri dicundo, 302; praetorio, 390, 406, 409; urbi, 61, 161, 406, 413; vigilum, 406, 412

Praeteriti, 59

Praetexta, 129, 190, 196, 208, 355, 442, 443

Praetor, 2, 44, 78, 203; peregrinus, 204, 207, 368; urbanus, 204, 205, 207, 301, 313, 368, 384

Praetorii, 265, 269, 365

Praevaricatio, 228

Precario, 8, 45

Preces, 419

Prensio, 171, 181

Princeps, 123, 351; civitatis, 333; juventutis, 356; senatus, 12, 269, 375

Privatus, 181, 232, 233

Privilegia, 107, 239

Probatio equitum, 404

Procinctu, in, 27

Proconsul, 353, 355

Proconsulare imperium, 335, 340, 341, 343, 353, 360, 361, 433

Procuratio omnium rerum, 414; rationis privatae, 418

Procurator Caesaris pro legato, 435; castrensis, 417; fisci, 416; patrimonii, 417; patrimonii privati, 417; rationis summae rei, 416; rationum summarum, 416; summarum, 416

Procuratores, 414, 417, 434

Prodere interregem, 148

Prodigus, 22

Producere in contionem, 160

Professio, 187

Profiteri, 187

Proletarii, 72, 73, 224, 253

Pronuntiatio, 259

Pro praetore, 433, 435

Provincia, 178, 200, 202, 208, 213, 285, 316, 394, 401, 425; aquaria, 216; publica, 427

Provocatio, 42, 63, 64, 76, 86, 92, 95, 106, 108, 154, 156, 167, 170, 171, 194, 245, 247, 254, 328

Publicani, 183, 214, 229, 230, 231, 233, 320, 326, 432

Publici fructus, 432

Pugio, 190

Pullarii, 164

Puncta, 258

Quadrata (Roma), 2

Quaestio, 63, 177, 199, 208, 211, 214, 234, 248, 372, 387, 388; perpetua, 183, 207, 236, 249, 368, 386, 390, 392, 408; de sicariis, 213, 236

Quaestores aerarii, 80, 212; alimentorum, 426; Augusti, 369; candidati principis, 369, 370; classici, 215; parricidii, 63, 80, 106, 161, 211, 212; pro praetore, 433; urbani, 80, 213

Quaestorius, 365

Quarta accusatio, 247, 258

Quattuorviri viarum curandarum, 235; viis in urbe purgandis, 235; praefecti Capuam Cumas, 236

Quid censes, 260

Quirites, 33, 34, 35, 124

Rationales, 417

Rationibus (a), 414, 416, 417

Recitatio, 259

Recognitio equitum, 224, 225

Recuperatores, 205, 207, 210, 233, 293

Referre, 348

Reges socii, 318

Regimen morum, 116, 217, 219

Regina sacrorum, 51

Regiones, 422

Regnum, 76, 337, 338

Rei gerundae causa, 192, 193

Relatio, 267, 268, 348

Relationem facere, 348; remittere, 348

Renovatio auspiciorum, 166

Renuntiatio, 188, 189, 259, 351, 372, 373

Repetere auspicia, 166

Res, 24; censui censendo, 69, 70; judicata, 379; mancipi, 69, 137, 222; nec mancipi, 26; privata, 396, 417

Rescriptum, 379, 381

Restituere, 249

Restitutio in integrum, 140, 390, 391

Retractatio, 392

Rex, 44, 47, 52, 76, 337, 338; sacrorum, 44, 47, 50, 51, 131, 251

Rogatio, 97, 109, 111, 125, 174, 177, 179, 180, 204, 238, 247, 248, 256, 257, 277

Rogator, 185, 258, 259

Romam revocatio, 385

Sacer, 38, 55, 99, 109, 154

Sacerdos, 443; provinciae, 444

Sacra, 16, 17, 42, 54, 55, 226; privata, publica, 54

Sacramentum, 56, 154, 343, 361, 365; in leges, 189, 236

Sacrorum detestatio, 16, 17

Sacrosanctitas, 100, 109, 119, 182, 209, 346

Salarium, 433

Salii, 52, 131

Saltus, 230

Salutatio, 357

Saturam (lex lata per), 239

Scribae, 190

Selecti, 325

Sella curulis, 44, 129

Senatoria dignitas, 411

Senatui legendo, 193

Senatus, 34, 58, 315; auctoritas, 413; consensus, 413; consultum, 177, 179, 180, 209, 272, 275; consultumultimum, 281; de provinciis ordinandis, 287; per discessionem facere, 348; indictus, 375; legitimus, 375

Seniores, 70, 224, 252, 253

Sententia, 267, 270, 271

Septimontium, 2

Servare de caelo, 172

Servi publici, 144, 190

Servitus, 11

Sestertius, 72

Seviri, 403, 443

Sex centuriae, 74; suffragia, 74

Sexagenarii, 223, 418

Sex-et-vigintiviratus, 364

Sextantarii, 69, 72

Signa ex avibus, 163; ex quadrupedibus, 164

Silentium, 163, 165

Silva, 230

Socii, 299, 305, 307, 308, 311

Sodales Augustales, 442

Sodalicia, 107

Sodalitates, 188, 282

Solatium, 142

Soliti honores, 358

Solium, 44

Solum publicum, 413

Solvere, 206

Sortitio, 47, 191, 198, 200, 204, 285, 433

Spectio, 39, 50, 162, 172, 173

Splendidi, 405

Sponsio, 91, 291, 295

Spurii filii, 136

Status, 32, 303, 306, 308, 345

Stemma, 129, 130

Stimuli, 265

Stipendia, 138, 319, 320, 323, 431

Stipendiarius, 307, 318, 428

Stipulatio, 91

Stirps, 10, 11, 12

Sublectio, 220

Subscriptio, 419; censoria, 221

Subsellia tribunorum, 178

Suffectus, 188, 368

Suffragium, 305

Suis legibus uti, 306

Suovetaurilia, 229

Supplicatio, 288, 380

Susceptio (liberi), 19

Tabellae, 258, 421

Tabernaculum capere, 165

Tabulae, 104, 231; publicae, 214; seniorum, 223

Tabularium, 432

Templum, 165, 257

Testamentum, 26, 135

Tibicines, 71, 253

Titulus, 129

Toga picta, 45, 129; praetexta, 129, 355

Togati, 305, 307

Trabea, 44

Traditio, 294

Traduc equum, 226

Tralaticium, 153, 206

Transitio ad plebem, 7

Transvectio equitum, 403

Trecenarius, 418

Tribules, 68

Tribunal, 443

Tribuni celerum, 41, 196; laticlavii, 399; militum, 41; militum consulari potestate, 112

Tribunicia potestas, 152, 335, 337, 338, 340, 341, 343, 346, 347, 353, 354, 360, 361, 370, 383, 384, 390, 392

Tribunicius, 365

Tribus, 1, 13, 32, 40, 67, 101, 115, 222; tribu movere, 228, 241; urbanae, rusticae, 101, 223

Tributim, 101, 109

Tributum, 75, 76, 115, 137, 221, 222, 286, 303, 431; capitis, 320, 430, 431; soli, 320, 431

Trinum nundinum, 187

Tripudium solistimum, 164

Triumphalia, 366

Triumviri capitales, 235, 412; coloniae deducendae, 134; epulones, 124; monetales, 235; nocturni, 235

Tumultus, 175

Turmae, 403

Tutela, 16, 21, 23, 32, 33, 227, 382, 407

Tutelaris, 368

Ultro tributa, 232, 233

Unciarium fenus, 106

Universus populus, 34

Urbana jurisdictio, 203; provincia, 203

Urbica dioecesis, 423

Usus, 17, 105, 140

Uti rogas, 258

Vades, 169

Vadimonium, 169, 313, 315

Vectigal, 90, 230, 231, 320

Vectigales provinciae, 321

Velati, 72, 73

Velites, 41

Velitis jubeatis, 43, 257

Vende equum, 225

Verba facere, 269

Vestis triumphalis, 355

Viatores, 171, 355

Vice principis, 410

Vicesima hereditatum, 396, 417, 422, 432

Vicus, 1, 2

Vigiles, 412

Vigintisexviri, 235, 304

Vilicus summarum, 416

Vim fieri veto, 206

Vindex, 91

Vindicatio, 134

Vindicta, 134, 350

Vis, 212

Vitio creatus, 166, 250

Vitium, 165, 166

Vocatio, 171, 181

Vota, 57, 87, 355

INDEX OF AUTHORS CITED

I. LATIN AUTHORS

PAGE

ARNOBIUS