Chapter I.
Footnote 488:
This would appear the more charitable explanation of the fact that 429 inmates of Paris bordells showed one case of syphilis in 1902; 312 showed none in 1903. Turot, _loc. cit._, p. 70. In the Roman brothels, “not oftener than once in three or four months is a girl discovered who is diseased and forced to withdraw from the house!” In one establishment it was declared that no girl had been disbarred for years on account of disease: an instance was however recalled—“four years ago.”
Footnote 489:
Schrank, _loc. cit._, Vol. II, p. 209.
Footnote 490:
_Zeitschrift_ I, p. 375.
Footnote 491:
_Report, French Commission_, p. 110.
Footnote 492:
Pinkus, _loc. cit._, p. 108, with notes. In Möller’s cases at Stockholm, 67.7% of the infected men admitted intoxication. _Zeitschrift_ V., p. 301.
Footnote 493:
_Zeitschrift_ IX, p. 103.
Footnote 494:
This is well discussed by Oppenheim and Neugebauer in _Zeitschrift_ XII, pp 306–7. One-half of the men interrogated were unable to give definite answers. _Ditto_, p. 314.
Footnote 495:
_Zeitschrift_ XII, pp. 6–7.
Footnote 496:
_Ditto._ It is, of course, clear that these figures are vitiated by the poor quality of the examinations; but undoubtedly, whatever her own condition, the bordell prostitute can contaminate more men, if she is herself diseased—as our argument proves her to be—and, in any event, she is so situated as to act as a passive carrier more largely.
Footnote 497:
Referat, _loc. cit._, p. 104.
Footnote 498:
_Loc. cit._, p. 69.
Footnote 499:
_Zeitschrift_ VIII, p. 399.
Footnote 500:
The system is fully described by Weidanz in _Zeitschrift_ XIV, pp. 88, etc. It is to be observed that nothing is said as to the amount of disease contracted by men.
Footnote 501:
It is stated that 22,000 sublimate of mercury pastilles were used by them last year.
Footnote 502:
_Zeitschrift_ IV, p. 81.
Footnote 503:
The absurdity of ignoring the male factor in any endeavor to lessen disease is clearly shown by the following incident: In Christiania, in 1910, among those applying for free treatment of venereal disease, were 21 women who named their husbands as the source of infection, 6 men who named their wives.
Footnote 504:
_Report, French Commission, Annexes_, p. 54.
Footnote 505:
Scheven, _loc. cit._, p. 11.
Footnote 506:
Lack of space makes a fuller historical account impossible in this volume. The reader will find the details in “_The Social Evil: a Report_” (New York, 1912) pp. 163–196.
Footnote 507:
This topic will be exhaustively considered in Mr. Raymond B. Fosdick’s forthcoming volume _The European Police_ in this same series. I touch it briefly here for the reason that appears in the text.
Footnote 508:
Lindenau grants this by implication. He argues for a change of law on the ground that thus “an end will be put to the reproach that controlled prostitutes are exposed to the caprice of subaltern police officers on account of the details of the rules.” _Loc. cit._, p. 27.
Footnote 509:
“La visite est la seule excuse de ce règlement de police arbitraire.” Reuss: “_La Prostitution au point de vue de l’hygiène et de l’administration_.” Paris, 1889, p. 788. Quoted by Schmölder in “_Staat und Prostitution_.” (Berlin, 1900), p. 13.
Footnote 510:
There is also an element of luck that ought to be taken into account. Some girls fall into the hands of the morals police because they happen to be caught doing things which others have done and continue to do with impunity.
Footnote 511:
Vagabondage is elsewhere also the prime factor in registration. A prominent Belgian publicist said to me in reference to Brussels: “Only the women who are poor suffer from the law.” See also Chapter IX for the _Danish law on Vagabondage_.
Footnote 512:
Rule 11.
Footnote 513:
Rule 6.
Footnote 514:
Rule 7.
Footnote 515:
_Obligations et Défenses imposées aux filles publiques._
Footnote 516:
Rules 14, 15.
Footnote 517:
_Loc. cit._, pp. 23, 180.
Footnote 518:
Turot, _loc. cit._, pp. 33, 35. See also Commenge, _loc. cit._, Ch. II.
Footnote 519:
_Police Report_, _loc. cit._, p. 72. I cannot make out whether rearrests are included in these figures,—probably not.
Footnote 520:
_Zeitschrift_ I, p. 298.
Footnote 521:
Johansson in _Report, Swedish Commission_, Vol. III, p. 11.
Footnote 522:
_Ibid._, p. 123.
Footnote 523:
For example, the following table shows number of breaches of rules on the part of the few hundred inscribed prostitutes of Stockholm:
1903 1904 1905 1906 9,908 8,191 7,159 7,515
Footnote 524:
This is the situation above adverted to as leading to corruption and injustice.
Footnote 525:
This appears to be especially true of Paris, where I was assured of the fact by many persons prominent in public life,—senators, former Cabinet Ministers, economists and physicians. My notes show their names, which are in not a few cases honorably known the world over. I regret that I do not feel warranted in giving them here.
Footnote 526:
_Loc. cit._, p. 83.
Footnote 527:
Strictly speaking, no community can be an abolition community unless it has previously had regulation; but in this chapter—and indeed generally—the term abolition is also applied to cities that, without ever having had regulation, are opposed to the adoption of that or any similar policy; and persons are called abolitionists if they are opposed to the things implied by regulation.
Footnote 528:
Following the division made in discussing regulation, I shall in this chapter deal with order only; disease is remanded to the succeeding chapter.
Footnote 529:
A very convenient manual of English Law dealing with all phases of the subject is available: W. A. Bewes, “_A Manual of Vigilance Law_” (2nd Edition by W. F. Crails), London, 1905. The law dealing with solicitation is summarized and luminously discussed in the Report of the Royal Commission upon the duties of the Metropolitan Police, Vol I, p. 323 (London, 1908). This report will be referred to in this chapter as _Report, Roy. Com._
Footnote 530:
_Towns Police Clauses Act, 1847_, Section 28. The Vagrancy Act of 1824 may also be invoked against a “prostitute wandering in the public street or in any place of public resort and behaving in a riotous or indecent manner.” c. 83, Section 3.
Footnote 531:
_I. e._, patrolman or policeman.
Footnote 532:
Summary conviction does not mean that the woman is without witnesses or attorney.
Footnote 533:
By 2 and 3 Victoria c. 47, subs. 11.
Footnote 534:
There are no statutory provisions expressly relating to the annoyance of women by men in the streets. The Royal Commission was however of opinion that insults of this kind could be dealt with under the _Metropolitan Police Act_, 1839, Section 54, 13. See _Report_, pp. 33, 118–120.
Footnote 535:
Manual, p. 8, where cases are cited.
Footnote 536:
Russell on _Crimes_ (6th Edition) Vol. I, p. 740.
Footnote 537:
_Crim. Law Amend. Act_, 1885, c. 49, Section 13.
Footnote 538:
_Report Roy. Com._, _loc. cit._, p. 124.
Footnote 539:
This is especially true in respect to the communication of venereal contagion; but consideration of this portion of the Scandinavian statutes is postponed to the next chapter.
Footnote 540:
All Norwegian laws bearing on this subject have been brought together in a special pamphlet issued by the Norwegian Law Journal (_Norsk Lovtidende_). A useful compilation, unfortunately no longer up to date is: A. Faerden, _Exposé des dispositions pénales concernant les délits contre les moeurs dans divers pays_. (Christiania, 1891.)
Footnote 541:
Section 1. I utilize a German translation of the Danish law; it is called, _Gesetz zur Bekämpfung der öffentlichen Unsittlichkeit und der venerischen Ansteckung_ (Berlin, 1907).
Footnote 542:
_Ibid._, Section 2.
Footnote 543:
_Staatsblad van het Koninkrijk der Nederlander._ No. 130, Section 250 bis. The sections of the penal code are supplemented by local ordinances.
Footnote 544:
_Algemeene Politie Verordening_ Sections 201, 202.
Footnote 545:
_Ibid._, Section 205a.
Footnote 546:
_Ibid._, Section 205 bis.
Footnote 547:
The Swiss laws are brought together in Weiss’s book already cited.
Footnote 548:
This explains the continued existence of regulation in Geneva, where the French influence is still strong. A new Federal Criminal Code is, however, now in preparation. I am informed by jurists of high standing that the new law will surely contain provisions which will forbid cantonal regulation by means of a general Federal enactment.
Footnote 549:
_Strafgesetzbuch für den Kanton Zürich_, Sections 119, 120, 121.
Footnote 550:
_Strafgesetzbuch für den Kanton Zürich_, Section 128.
Footnote 551:
_Report, Roy. Com._, p. 125 (somewhat abridged).
Footnote 552:
The importance of this factor from a practical point of view is made clear by the following considerations: “Solicitation _per se_ is not an offence.” (_Report, Roy. Com._, p. 119). “In a prosecution under the Metropolitan Police Act there must be evidence sufficient to satisfy the magistrate that the woman is a prostitute. Next, there must be evidence as to the actions of the woman showing that she was loitering in a thoroughfare or public place for the purpose of prostitution or solicitation; and, lastly, there must be evidence that her action was to the annoyance of the inhabitants or passengers.” _Ibid._, p. 49.
Footnote 553:
_Duty Hints, Metropolitan Police_, p. 11.
Footnote 554:
As a rule, the police observe a suspected disorderly house on the request of the borough authorities, to whom results are communicated; the aforesaid authorities act by warrant or otherwise. Social and other organizations occasionally instigate prosecutions.
Footnote 555:
“Prostitutes cannot legally be taken into custody simply because they _are_ prostitutes; to justify their apprehension they must commit some distinct act which is an offence against the law.” _Report Roy. Com._, p. 49 (quoting White Book of the Department, pp. 338–9).
Footnote 556:
_Duty Hints_, pp. 48, 57.
Footnote 557:
_Duty Hints_, pp. 35, 54.
Footnote 558:
Testimony of _Sir Edward Henry_, _Report, Roy. Com._
Footnote 559:
_Report, Roy. Com._, p. 93.
Footnote 560:
_Ibid._, Return 7, XII, XIII.
Footnote 561:
The term “bordell,” properly meaning a licensed, recognized, or tolerated house of prostitution, is not employed at all in Great Britain.
Footnote 562:
These brothels not infrequently occupy the upper floors of buildings in Regent Street and Bond Street, the floors below being occupied by fashionable shops.
Footnote 563:
The following are all brothel advertisements clipped from a popular one-penny weekly:
Skilful Treatment for Muscular Ailments given daily. Hours 12:30 till 7.—Shepherd, Edgeware Road, Marble Arch, W. (entrance in Little Queen Street). Assistant wanted at once.
* * * * *
Care of hands and nails.—Miss ——, Court Chambers, Marylebone Rd., 2nd Floor (entrance in Seymour Place). Assisted by specialist from Paris. Hours 12 to 7. Three languages spoken. Assistant wanted.
* * * * *
Electrical treatment for all muscular ailments.—Apply Nurse, —— Warren Street, Tottenham Court Road (adjoining Warren Street Tube), 1st floor. Hours, 12 till 8.
* * * * *
Newly opened Establishment.—Miss ——, Nail Specialist, —— Shaftesbury Avenue, Piccadilly Circus, W.
* * * * *
Specific Treatment for Rheumatism by Madame ——, —— Manchester Street, Manchester Square, W.
* * * * *
A Trained Nurse Has Special Oils for Muscular Ailments.—Apply —— Allsop Place, Flat D (entrance floor) next Madame Tussaud’s, Baker Street Sta.
* * * * *
French lady would receive a few paying guests in her well-appointed and newly-decorated house.—Apply Madame ——, Hugh St., Victoria (Two Minutes from Station). Side entrance. Assistant wanted.
* * * * *
Sciatica and Rheumatism.
Skilfully treated by nurse. Also care of the feet. —— Glass-house Street, Regent Street; one minute Piccadilly Circus. Hours, 12 to 7. Saturday, 12 to 6.
* * * * *
French lessons and conversation Given by Madame ——, 1 Oxford Street, W. Hours 1 to 9.
* * * * *
In a single number of this sheet there are 44 unmistakable advertisements of this kind. A few weeks later, the above advertisements had mostly disappeared, new ones taking their place.
Footnote 564:
Report, July 31, 1911.
Footnote 565:
Compiled from the _Reports of the Commissioner of Police_. Acton, _loc. cit._, pp. 4, 6, give police returns for 1841, 1857 and 1868.
Footnote 566:
In 29 cases charges were proved and order made without conviction.
Footnote 567:
In 34 cases charges were proved and order made without conviction.
Footnote 568:
In 37 cases charges were proved and order made without conviction.
Footnote 569:
These women conduct brothels in the sense that there are several “nurses” or “assistants” on the premises during business hours; if the customer is not pleased, photographs of available girls are shown and almost any desired type is promised on appointment.
Footnote 570:
_Report, Royal Commission_, p. 124.
Footnote 571:
_Report, Royal Commission_, p. 100.
Footnote 572:
_Ibid._, p. 101.
Footnote 573:
Whether the police even now make full use of their power to clear the streets is a matter on which opinions differ. Certain witnesses before the Royal Commission indulged in criticism (_Report_, p. 81). The Commission ultimately came to a conclusion on the whole favorable to the police. In my own opinion, it is impossible to reach a single and simple verdict. London is better or worse according to the requirement of more or less localized public opinion, the general tendency being towards improvement.
Footnote 574:
_Ibid._, p. 129, slightly abridged. Sir Edward Henry’s evidence is fully sustained by that of Mr. Coote, p. 83.
Footnote 575:
The National Government is, however, not wholly without power even over provincial police forces. Mr. Fosdick will give details in the book previously referred to.
Footnote 576:
In Glasgow the number of licensed premises has steadily declined from 1,819 in 1892 to 1,565 in 1911. _City of Glasgow Police, Criminal Returns_, 1911, p. 56. In Birmingham, the reduction has been relative, not absolute; there were 2,163 licensed establishments in 1881, ratio to population 1:188; 2,368 in 1911, ratio to population 1:354. (_Report of Police Establishment_ 1911, p. 18.)
Footnote 577:
In Birmingham and Manchester there are no “flats” in the London sense.
Footnote 578:
_Report of Police Establishment_ 1910, p. 66 (Liverpool, 1911). Similar information is contained in the corresponding reports of other cities.
Footnote 579:
For Edinburgh statistics I am indebted to the courtesy of the chief constable, R. Ross, Esq. It will be noted that in 1911 the number of women arrested exceeds the number of known brothels. This is accounted for by the fact that the brothels contain several women each.
Footnote 580:
In the provincial cities as in London, women are more prominent in the Arcades than in the streets, as Arcades are private property.
Footnote 581:
Communicated by Chief Constable.
Footnote 582:
_Report_, 1910, p. 67 (slightly abridged).
Footnote 583:
_Criminal Returns_, 1911, p. 6.
Footnote 584:
_Report_, _loc. cit._, p. 45.
Footnote 585:
_The Shield_, Nov.-Dec., 1911, p. 78.
Footnote 586:
_Reglementeringen i Stockholm_, pp. 91–92.
Footnote 587:
The documents in the case are: _Memorandum on a Social Evil in Glasgow_, published by authority of the Parish Council, October, 1911; _Social Evil in Glasgow, Report by the Chief Constable_.
Footnote 588:
I refer by this description to spurious cigar shops, manicure establishments, etc.
Footnote 589:
This particular form of humbug is impossible in Austria-Hungary where the sale of tobacco is an imperial monopoly.
Footnote 590:
There are between fifty and sixty of these shops in Zurich. At times a servant is saleswoman; the prostitute herself lolls in the rear room.
Footnote 591:
It is no uncommon error for regulationists to suppose that these abominations occur only or mainly in abolition towns. Such a mistake appears to be implied in the account of Zurich by Müller and Zürcher, _Zeitschrift_, XIV, p. 205.
Footnote 592:
Weiss, _loc. cit._, p. 125.
Footnote 593:
The word pandering is here used in a very broad sense, as a translation of “Kuppelei” which includes all forms of promoting prostitution.
Footnote 594:
Müller and Zürcher, in _Zeitschrift_, XIV, p. 198.
Footnote 595:
Personally communicated by police head.
Footnote 596:
I. e., Violation of Section 2 of the laws of 1906.
Footnote 597:
The number of women enrolled had been as high as 700.
Footnote 598:
For a detailed discussion of this point see a paper by E. M. Hoff, “_On the Effects of the Law of March 30, 1906_” (Copenhagen, 1909). Dr. Hoff, quoting an unfavorable utterance by Judge Cold respecting “the armies of loose women in the Vesterbro quarter,” remarks: “If we should go out to the Vesterbro in the expectation of unpleasant experience in the way of public morals, we should be disappointed. Vesterbro makes the impression of not having changed essentially since the passage of the law. There is certainly no offence to be feared by anyone walking through the streets; of course loose women whose manner is not characterized by great reserve may be noted, but the same was true formerly and had been true for years. In general, conditions can fairly be described as quiet.” (p. 2, somewhat condensed.) I visited the quarter at different hours, day and night, and fully concur in Dr. Hoff’s contention that prostitution is not more conspicuous than in similar neighborhoods elsewhere in Europe.
Footnote 599:
Völlig stumm.
Footnote 600:
_Reglementeringen i Stockholm_, pp. 132–3.
Footnote 601:
_Loc. cit._, p. 46.
Footnote 602:
_Ibid._, p. 47.
Footnote 603:
Weiss, _loc. cit._, p. 121.
Footnote 604:
Weiss, _loc. cit._, p. 123.
Footnote 605:
Regulation, of course, expressly recognized her right to do this, if she were registered.
Footnote 606:
Page 329.
Footnote 607:
The penalty is the workhouse for 12 days, 18 days, etc., up to 90 days.
Footnote 608:
Communicated by police authorities.
Footnote 609:
The police heads are careful to affirm that these figures indicate not an increase of prostitution, but increased knowledge of its whereabouts.
Footnote 610:
For the facts comprised in the foregoing account, I am indebted to the courtesy of many officials in Holland, Denmark, and Norway.
Footnote 611:
Quoted in _Die Prostitutionsfrage in der Schweiz_, _loc. cit._, p. 37.
Footnote 612:
This force also has certain other duties.
Footnote 613:
Names are given when the physician feels that the patient is likely to spread infection, or when the patient is sent into a hospital.
Footnote 614:
A copy of the following slip is given to the patient:
Attention is called to the following sections of the Penal Code:
Sec. 155. Whoever, with knowledge or conjecture that he is suffering from a contagious sex disease, infects or exposes to infection another person, by means of sexual intercourse or immoral contact, shall be punished with imprisonment for not more than three years.
The same punishment is provided for those who connive at enabling any person who is known or suspected to be afflicted with a contagious sex disease, to infect in the above manner or expose to infection, another person.
If the person infected, or exposed to infection, be married to the guilty person, public prosecution shall take place only on application by the injured party.
Sec. 358. Imprisonment for six months or less is the punishment for anyone who, without calling attention to the danger of infection,
1. Causes a child to be nursed, knowing or suspecting the child to be afflicted with contagious syphilitic disease, or engages anyone to nurse such child, or
2. Knowing or suspecting that he (or she) is suffering from contagious syphilitic disease, enters the household of another as servant, or remains in such service, or receives a strange child to nurse it, or aids in bringing about such conditions.
The same punishment is provided for those who engage or, having engaged, retain, any person known or suspected to suffer from contagious syphilitic disease, as nurse for a child, or who aids in bringing about such engagement or retention in service.
Footnote 615:
I herewith acknowledge, that Dr. —— has called my attention to the following points:
1. That I am suffering from _Syphilis_.
2. That my disease is contagious for at least .. years.
3. That I am punishable, if I in any way expose others to infection.
Copies of Penal Code, Sections 155 and 358 received.
Date. Signature.
Footnote 616:
The invitation is as follows:
Christiania Health Board, Second Health Inspector.
You are respectfully requested to report at the office at No. 55 Akers Street, third floor, ............... as it is desired to talk to you.
Christiania, the .......... 19..
Footnote 617:
Hoff, _loc. cit._, p. 5.
Footnote 618:
For the text of the statute, translated into English, see Appendix.
Footnote 619:
It should be mentioned that in Germany too a start has been made in this direction.
Section 223 of the German Penal Code can be invoked against any person “injuring the health of another;” the penalty is imprisonment up to three years or fine up to 1,000 marks. There is considerable agitation in favor of provisions explicitly aimed at venereal disease. See, e. g., M. Homburger, _Die strafrechtliche Bedeutung der Geschlechtskrankheiten_, _Zeitschrift_ XI, pp. 28, 63, and 205.
Footnote 620:
This is an important variation from the Norwegian prototype and indicates the compromise spirit that here and there appears in the Danish law.
Footnote 621:
The law does not require that the name of the patient be reported, but it must be correctly given to the physician.
Footnote 622:
Slips containing instructions as to the nature of the disease, the patient’s proper conduct while under treatment and the penalties to which misconduct may lead are also, as in Norway, handed to him or her.
Footnote 623:
Its dimensions are 17″ × 26″.
Footnote 624:
_Sanitary Laws_, revised text, Section III, Articles 136–156.
Footnote 625:
_Ibid._, Article 144.
Footnote 626:
Ministry of the Interior, Direction-General of Public Health. Telegraphic Circular to the Prefects of the Kingdom: “_The Prophylaxis of Venereal Diseases_.” (Abridged.)
Footnote 627:
If the woman objects, examination can be made only if ordered by the court. As a matter of fact, objection is rare, as the courts would not hesitate to grant the necessary authority.
Footnote 628:
This provision was in a somewhat different form included in the _Regulatory Statute of 1866_, where it was provided that a registered prostitute could be punished if she knowingly communicated infection; but punishments were rare, since the girl could always shield herself behind the fact that the police surgeons had pronounced her well—an interesting illustration of the way in which the medical examination may defeat its own object.
Footnote 629:
His views are stated in his _Report to the Tenth International Congress of Hygiene and Demography_, held at Paris, 1900.
Footnote 630:
Dr. Hoff points out (_loc. cit._, p. 8) that similar police assistance may also be procured by the health authorities in dealing with other contagious or infectious maladies. Practically, however, it would seem that the cases are not entirely analogous, since one of the main difficulties in getting control of venereal disease lies in the police association with the subject which has to be effaced. Moreover, the repugnance to publicity, and the sense of shame attending venereal infection are also factors to be reckoned with.
Footnote 631:
I take the case of an infected man; the same process applies to an infected woman who is free to denounce the man responsible for her condition.
Footnote 632:
The action of the police is based on Section 181 of the Penal Code reading as follows:
Sec. 181. When anyone knowing or suspecting himself to be infected with venereal contagion, has intercourse with another person, punishment by imprisonment shall be imposed, or, under aggravating circumstances, detention at hard labor in the House of Correction.
Footnote 633:
Oppenheim and Neugebauer (_Zeitschrift_ XII, p. 314) give the results of an endeavor to locate the sources of 2,472 infections; 1,365 of those afflicted were unable or refused to give any helpful information. Some patients desire to screen their partners; some are plainly unreliable; others have offended so frequently that their answers are mere guesses. See _Ibid._, p. 306.
Footnote 634:
Compiled from _Police Reports_. Slight discrepancies in the totals are due to the occasional appearance of the same person more than once.
Footnote 635:
A case was reported of a man who kept a list of those he supposed himself to have infected.
Footnote 636:
A counter advantage ought also to be mentioned. The fear of a possible denunciation probably induces some who find themselves diseased to submit to treatment. And a counter disadvantage: women are much more often denounced than men,—a survival of the unfairness of regulation.
Footnote 637:
These figures may be found in the Health Reports of Copenhagen. For the form in which they appear above I am indebted to the courtesy of Inspector Schepelern-Larsen.
Footnote 638:
Annexes, _loc. cit._, p. 263.
Footnote 639:
Some of these were partly compensated by being made dispensary physicians.
Footnote 640:
Originally the physicians made a monthly report.
Footnote 641:
R. W. Johnstone, _Report on Venereal Diseases_ (Local Government Board, London, 1913) p. 1.
Footnote 642:
_Ibid._, p. 20.
Footnote 643:
_Ditto_ (all slightly abridged).
Footnote 644:
White and Melville, _Venereal Disease, its Present and Future_. Paper read at Annual Congress of Royal Institute of Public Health, held at Dublin, August, 1911, p. 15.
Footnote 645:
_The Prevention of Destitution_ (London, 1912) p. 33. See also notes, pp. 43, 44.
Footnote 646:
Such data as exist can be found in various treatises on venereal disease; e. g., in Blaschko, _Hygiene der Prostitution_. Summarized statements are given by White and Melville, _loc. cit._, etc.
Footnote 647:
Blaschko’s summary of the defects of the statistical procedure is well worth reproducing. Three methods have been employed:
(1) Comparison of amount of disease found among inscribed prostitutes with that found among non-inscribed prostitutes. The latter is higher, but that is due less to lack of medical control than to the lower age.
(2) Inquiry as to source of infection. Not significant since we know nothing of the ratio of the two groups (registered and non-registered) to the number of their customers respectively.
(3) a. Comparison of the incidence of venereal disease in places with and without regulation.
b. Comparison before and after abolition.