Chapter VI.
Footnote 210:
Statement of Prefect of Police. On the other hand the following provision is found in the police regulations touching clandestine prostitution: “Police commissaries may freely enter cabarets or cafés where clandestine prostitutes are notoriously harbored, up to the hour of closing or later if the resorts are open contrary to police ordinance.” Annexes au rapport général de la commission extraparlementaire (Melun, 1908), p. 3. This document in two volumes (Procès-Verbaux and Annexes) will be referred to as Report, French Commission.
Footnote 211:
The English Statute bearing on the subject is the Children Act of 1908.
Footnote 212:
An interesting example of just such shifting is afforded by the opium traffic. The smoking of opium in China had long been looked upon as at most a harmful vice; according to E. A. Ross (_The Changing Chinese_, p. 140) it has at length become possible to treat it as a crime and vigorous action looking to the suppression of opium smoking is said to be in successful operation. Public opinion had, however, first to undergo a complete transformation.
Footnote 213:
_Reglementeringsfragan_, _loc. cit._, p. 51.
Footnote 214:
Fiaux, _loc. cit._, II, p. 873.
Footnote 215:
See Chapters V, VI, VII, VIII.
Footnote 216:
The situation in the Swiss Cantons is fully dealt with by Theodor Weiss: _Die Prostitutionsfrage in der Schweiz und das schweizerische Gesetzbuch_ (Bern, 1906).
Footnote 217:
Under date, Nov. 20, 1911.
Footnote 218:
The subject is more fully discussed in Chap. IX.
Footnote 219:
It will be noted that two things are punishable: Prostitution for money; violation of regulations by enrolled women.
Footnote 220:
_Strafgesetzbuch für das Deutsche Reich_: 361, 6.
Footnote 221:
This subject will be much more fully discussed in the ensuing chapters. An additional word may be here added for the sake of clearness. The police can at any moment arrest a prostitute as a criminal; but, as a matter of fact, they do not do so unless she is guilty of something besides prostitution. If, for example, a woman restricts her operations inconspicuously to her own room, she is no less a prostitute amenable to the letter of the law; but the authorities would not interfere. If, on the other hand, she made a nuisance of herself; arrest would follow. Robbery is in Germany a crime and is treated as such no matter how it takes place; prostitution is a crime if additional circumstances make it worth while to treat it as such. That is to say, in itself it is practically not a crime, but a vice.
Footnote 222:
_Ibid._, Sections 180–1.
Footnote 223:
_Ibid._, Sec. 181.
Footnote 224:
_Zeitschrift_, XII, p. 6, where statistics for other German cities are also given.
Footnote 225:
Wulffen, _loc. cit._, p. 682.
Footnote 226:
Blaschko, Art. _Prostitution_, in _Handwörterbuch der Staatswissenschaften_ (Jena, 1910) p. 1239.
Footnote 227:
R. Schmölder, _Die Prostituierten und das Strafrecht_ (Munich, 1911), p. 19.
Footnote 228:
_Vorentwurf zu einem deutschen Strafgesetzbuch_ (Berlin, 1909) Section 251.
Footnote 229:
_Ibid._, Section 305, 4.
Footnote 230:
The subject is more fully treated in Chapter IX, p. 334.
Footnote 231:
Bloch, _Die Prostitution_, Vol. I, _loc. cit._, p. 3. It is interesting and suggestive to encounter the same attitude in the writings of a police commissioner. Limburg (_loc. cit._, p. 16), protesting against the view that prostitution is a permanent necessity, writes: “Whoever undertakes to fight vice, either by individual labor or, where the authorities are concerned, by legal or other measures, is by no means entering upon a hopeless cause and, with judicious choice of weapons, has some chances of success.”
Footnote 232:
The Berlin regulations are translated into English and printed in full on pp. 415–419.
Footnote 233:
The attention of the police is occasionally called by letters, usually anonymous, to women accused of professional prostitution. In these instances the police proceed with great caution, investigating fully all the persons involved before taking any action whatsoever. “Experience teaches that totally erroneous misconceptions of what constitutes the offence in question usually characterize charges made by private individuals, or that the charges spring from revenge, envy, or gossip.” Inspector Penzig, head of _Sittenabteilung_, Berlin.
Footnote 234:
“_Gewerbsunzucht_” (professional prostitution) involves “geschlechtliche Hingabe gegen Entgelt” (sexual intercourse for pay).
Footnote 235:
The procedure is based on the Prussian law respecting the care of minors, of July 2, 1900, already mentioned, p. 100.
Footnote 236:
In conformity with _ministerial decree_, December 11, 1907.
Footnote 237:
It will be understood that the stipulations bearing on health are reserved for a subsequent chapter.
Footnote 238:
_Polizeiliche Vorschriften_ (Berlin) Section 4.
Footnote 239:
Sixty-three streets and places are enumerated, Section 6.
Footnote 240:
_Ibid._ Section 7.
Footnote 241:
_Ibid._ Section 9.
Footnote 242:
_Ibid._ Section 11.
Footnote 243:
Registration of addresses is so generally required that this provision is not offensive to the European sense; but the prostitute is compelled to notify a change of address more promptly than other persons.
Footnote 244:
_Ibid._ Section 15.
Footnote 245:
It is sometimes stated that according to the German law, professional prostitution is not punishable if the woman is registered by the police. It is therefore argued by many jurists that technically it is not prostitution that is punishable, but non-registration. The offence is not, so it is said, that the woman is a prostitute, but that she is an unregistered prostitute. I have purposely avoided verbal technicalities of this kind in order to bring the reader face to face with the real issue.
Footnote 246:
See pp. 235–6.
Footnote 247:
See below, pp. 177–8.
Footnote 248:
Regulations, Section 51; see p. 441.
Footnote 249:
_Regulations of Stockholm_, Section 3.
Footnote 250:
_Ibid._, Section 10, h.
Footnote 251:
_Das neue Wiener Prostitutionsrealement_, June 1, 1911. Section 26. An English translation of the Vienna regulations is given pp. 429–444.
Footnote 252:
“_Feste Wohnung_:” the significance of this is explained below, p. 275.
Footnote 253:
Or its equivalent: see below, p. 178.
Footnote 254:
Of date, March 30, 1836.
Footnote 255:
_Rapport de M. Lépine sur la règlementation, etc._, in _Annexes; Report, French Commission_. The extract is abridged, so as to raise no question at this point except as to the legal basis of regulation. For a discussion of the topic by a German jurist opposed to regulation, see Schmölder—_Die Bestrafung und polizeiliche Behandlung der gewerbsmässigen Unzucht_ (Düsseldorf, 1892) p. 11, etc.
Footnote 256:
_Report, French Commission_, Annexes p. 5.
Footnote 257:
Section 91, “The mayor has charge of the municipal police;” Section 94, “he has the right to make arrests, to ordain local measures in respect to objects confided to his vigilance and authority;” Section 97, “it is his duty, above all, to assure order, security, and the public health.”
Footnote 258:
_Annexes_, _loc. cit._, p. 36. For a severe criticism of M. Hennequin’s stretching of the law, see Fiaux, _Police de Moeurs_, Vol. I, pp. 41, etc.
Footnote 259:
_Oesterreichisches Strafgesetzbuch_ Section 509, and _Gesetz_, May 24, 1885.
Footnote 260:
_Zeitschrift_ IX, p. 217.
Footnote 261:
_Ibid._, pp. 156–160. Dr. Baumgarten urges the substituting of the word “Ueberwachung” (watching over) for “Bestrafung” (punishment) in the statute.
Footnote 262:
_Ohne feste Wohnung._
Footnote 263:
It is, of course, also true that Section 361, 6 conflicts with Section 180.
Footnote 264:
_A Speech_ in Prussian House of Representatives, February 21, 1907.
Footnote 265:
See a review of the Court’s judgment in _Mitteilungen der deutschen Gesellschaft zur Bekämpfung der Geschlechtskrankheiten_ X, pp. 49–51.
Footnote 266:
Dated December 11, 1907. It will be observed that this safeguard applies only to Prussia, and there only to women who have not previously been inscribed.
Footnote 267:
Dr. Jur. Kurt Wolzendorff, _Polizei und Prostitution_ (Tübingen, 1911) pp. 57–59, abridged. Schmölder’s writings, already cited, argue strongly against the sufficiency of the statutory basis relied on by Wolzendorff. Blaschko points out that the other states of the Empire have less legal warrant for regulation than Prussia (Art. on _Prostitution_, _loc. cit._, p. 1236).
Footnote 268:
Vorentwurf, _loc. cit._ _Begründung_, pp. 850–853. High authorities question even then whether the proposed changes are sufficiently explicit to put the systems of regulation beyond all question. Lindenau suggests a definite declaration, but there is no likelihood of its adoption (_Die strafrechtliche Bekämpfung der Gewerbsunzucht_, in Prof. von Liszt’s _Festschrift_).
I am informed by a member of the Swedish Commission that regulation in Stockholm is based on a set of instructions issued by the Grand Governor, but never signed by him, as is regularly the custom. The official in question is described as having been unwilling to affix his signature to such a document; the police overlook the technical defect.
Footnote 269:
For table showing numbers inscribed in German cities, as compared with population, see A. Blaschko, _Hygiene der Prostitution_ (Jena, 1901) p. 55. Since this date, the disproportion has been aggravated, rather than mended. Valuable statistical tables showing date of installation of sanitary control, number of inscribed women, their ages, etc., are given by Dufour: _Geschichte der Prostitution_ (translated from the French, Berlin, 5th Edition, no date) Vol. III, part 2, pp. 38–49.
Footnote 270:
The disproportion is practically greater than the ratios show; for the populations given take no account of suburbs or transients; adding the former alone, Berlin had an estimated population of 3,400,000 in 1910. The populations given are taken from the _Statesman’s Year-Book 1913_; the number of inscribed women as given does not always represent the same year as the population, but the difference is negligible.
Footnote 271:
For the French statistics I am indebted to M. Victor Augagneur, Député du Rhône, and to Dr. Louis Fiaux.
Footnote 272:
Accuracy is more difficult in dealing with Cologne than elsewhere, because a fresh list is compiled annually and no names are removed in the course of the year though many women disappear. A list that at the close of the year contains 1,500 names probably amounts at no time to more than 600, of whom about one-half regularly report to the police. This statement is based on personal information, confirmed by Zinnser, _Zeitschrift_ V, p. 202.
Footnote 273:
Enrolment for year 1912.
Footnote 274:
Moll, _loc. cit._, p. 371.
Footnote 275:
_Rapport, Conseil Munic. loc. cit._, p. 29. These and other statistics may be found in Fiaux, _Police des Moeurs_, III, pp. 907, etc.; R. Degante, _La Lutte contre la Prostitution_ (Paris, 1909) p. 109; Talmeyr, _loc. cit._, pp. 246–7.
Footnote 276:
P. Hirsch, _Verbrechen und Prostitution_ (Berlin, 1907) p. 11.
Footnote 277:
For these and all other Austrian statistics I am indebted to Dr. Anton Baumgarten.
Footnote 278:
Official figures obtained through American Consulate.
Footnote 279:
_Zeitschrift_ I, p. 197.
Footnote 280:
_Ibid._, II, p. 96.
Footnote 281:
Johansson, _loc. cit._, p. 14.
Footnote 282:
_Zeitschrift_ IX, p. 217.
Footnote 283:
From official data exhibited to me at headquarters.
Footnote 284:
P. Bruns, _Geheime Prostitution_ (Dresden, 1911) p. 6.
Footnote 285:
Officially communicated.
Footnote 286:
In Chapters VII and X.
Footnote 287:
See Chap. I, pp. 21, etc.
Footnote 288:
It is true that registered women sometimes return to a decent life. But registration enormously increases the difficulty and lessens the probability of her doing so.
Footnote 289:
How disappearance affects the problem is explained below.
Footnote 290:
Meunier, _Annexes_, pp. 271–2; also _Ibid._, _passim_. See also _Rapport de Dr. Lucas_, _Ibid._
Footnote 291:
_Annexes, Report, French Com._, p 388. See also Fiaux, _Police des Moeurs_ I, pp. 196, etc.; ditto _L’Intégrité intersexuelle des peuples et les Gouvernments_ (Paris, 1910) pp. 205, etc.; _Rapports, Conseil Munic._ _loc. cit._, pp. 31, etc. Commenge, _loc. cit._, pp. 599, etc.
Footnote 292:
Fiaux, _Police des Moeurs_ I, p. 38; III, p. 609. See also Eugène Prévost, _De la Prostitution des Enfants_.
Footnote 293:
_Report, Swedish Commission_ III, p. 63.
Footnote 294:
Welander in _Zeitschrift_ XI, p. 395.
Footnote 295:
Meher, _loc. cit._, p. 215.
Footnote 296:
_Loc. cit._, pp. 41–49.
Footnote 297:
Finger and Baumgarten, _Die Regelung der Prostitution in Oesterreich_ (Reprinted) from the _Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift_ No’s. 35 etc., 1909.
Footnote 298:
_Loc. cit._, p. 10.
Footnote 299:
Fiaux, _Police des Moeurs_ III, p. 658.
Footnote 300:
Lépine, in _Report, French Com., Annexes_ p. 25.
Footnote 301:
Fiaux, _Police des Moeurs_ III, p. 663.
Footnote 302:
Meunier in _Annexes, Report French Com._ p. 313.
Footnote 303:
“Nur die Dummen werden inscribiert.”
Footnote 304:
_Report, Swedish Com._ III, pp. 54 and 59.
Footnote 305:
_Zeitschrift_ I, p. 298.
Footnote 306:
_Report_ on the Police Establishment and State of Crime. (Liverpool, 1910) p. 63.
Footnote 307:
The following schedule is in operation (_Règlement_ Sections 35, 36):
Houses of 1st Class 1 to 5 girls 100 francs monthly 6 to 10 girls 150 francs monthly
Houses of 2nd Class 1 to 5 girls 50 francs monthly 6 to 10 girls 75 francs monthly
Houses of the 3rd Class 1 to 5 girls 25 francs monthly 6 to 10 girls 37 francs monthly
The fees are payable to the “receveur communal.”
Footnote 308:
In rare cases a bordell has been suppressed on account of criminal or too scandalous occurrences.
Footnote 309:
Excepting only the city of Geneva.
Footnote 310:
_Imperial Penal Code_, Section 180.
Footnote 311:
“In polizeitechnischem Sinne.”
Footnote 312:
_Zeitschrift_ V, p. 209.
Footnote 313:
“Es giebt doch Bordelle.” The distinction, if existent, is between “Kasernierung” and “Bordellierung” (the enforced boarding-house and the bordell).
Footnote 314:
_Ibid._, p. 212. “Es bestehen Bordelle in,” etc.
Footnote 315:
_Denkschrift über die Verthältnisse in Bezug auf das Bordellwesen_ by Katharina Scheven: Dresden, 1904 (Tables).
Footnote 316:
“Ich kümmere mich nicht weiter,” said one to me.
Footnote 317:
It will be noted that Berlin is not in this list; the law is there observed in both letter and spirit.
Footnote 318:
Adele Schreiber in _Die Kritische Tribüne_ I, p. 114.
Footnote 319:
Baumgarten in _Zeitschrift_ IX, p. 174.
Footnote 320:
Lépine in _Annexes_, _loc. cit._, p. 20. For a much more exhaustive account, however, see, in the same volume, the _Report_ of M. Meunier, pp. 289–467, especially pp. 418–430.
Footnote 321:
Préfecture de Police, _Service des Moeurs, Règlement_ II (Maisons de Tolérance), p. 6.
Footnote 322:
_Obligations et Défenses imposées aux filles publiques._
Footnote 323:
Meunier quotes the Prefect of Police as follows: “In a house of ill-fame a woman is unable to refuse any man who presents himself.” _Loc. cit._, p. 420.
Footnote 324:
“Zimmervermieterin.” This word keeps up the fiction that the establishment is a boarding-house, not a bordell.
Footnote 325:
Regulations, Section 16.
Footnote 326:
A German translation of the Budapest regulations is given in _Zeitschrift_ XII, pp. 437, etc. For the provisions above cited, see pp. 439, 440.
Footnote 327:
_Règlement sur la Prostitution_ (1904), Section 19.
Footnote 328:
_Ibid._ Section 21.
Footnote 329:
_Ibid._ Section 25.
Footnote 330:
_Ibid._ Section 33.
Footnote 331:
A few live scattered, namely, those on probation.
Footnote 332:
_Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft, etc._, VII. p. 2.
Footnote 333:
Polizeikommissar Rump, _Ibid._, p. 3.
Footnote 334:
Several years ago the police began to compile statistics which soon reached 1,000, “und die lange nicht alle,” the Inspector remarked.
Footnote 335:
In 1904, of these thirty houses the number on each of these streets were as follows: 3, 4, 4, 7, 11, 1.
Footnote 336:
The figures are taken from Frau Scheven’s _Denkschrift_.
Footnote 337:
_E. g._, Hamburg, Bremen, and Stuttgart.
Footnote 338:
_Règlement_, Section 12. She must only avoid the vicinity of schools, public buildings, and churches.
Footnote 339:
Kampffmeyer, in _Zeitschrift_ III, 215. The article is an exhaustive study of the living conditions of prostitution in Germany and completely sustains the position taken in the text,—that the most arbitrary police procedure is incapable of segregating prostitution, if segregation is construed as in the text.
Footnote 340:
An account of the public meeting, which I was fortunate enough to attend, is given in _Die Kritische Tribüne_, I, 10, in two articles: Adele Schreiber. “_Zur Prostitutions—und Kasernierungsfrage_;” Henrietta Fürth, “_Bordellstrasse?_” The same situation has just arisen in Hamburg. The progress of the city makes it necessary to raze certain of the houses mentioned in the text. There is vigorous opposition to the proposal to allow the proprietors to locate themselves elsewhere.
Footnote 341:
_Mitteilungen der deutschen Gesellschaft, etc._, VII, I, p. 7.
Footnote 342:
_Die Prostitution_, Vol. I, pp. 731–791.
Footnote 343:
_Ibid._, p. 780.
Footnote 344:
This was also formerly true of Vienna, where the regulations of 1900 favored bordells, but failed to increase their number.
Footnote 345:
Other Belgian towns show the same conditions: Antwerp had 29 houses in 1882, 3 in 1885; Liège 33 in 1881, 20 in 1895; Charleroi 10 in 1872, 3 in 1895.
Footnote 346:
Fiaux, _Police des Moeurs_, I, p. 211. Also Vol. II, pp. 907–8; Vol. III, p. 664.
Footnote 347:
Felix Regnault, _L’Evolution de la Prostitution_ (Paris, 1907) p. 142.
Footnote 348:
Von Düring (_Zeitschrift_ IV, p. 113) quotes Ströhmberg as stating that the same evolution is in progress at St. Petersburg, where 206 bordells in 1879 decreased to 65 in 1888. Similarly, Baumgarten (_Zeitschrift_ IX, pp 174–5) states that Prague, which had in 1903, 48 bordells with 220 inmates, has (1908) 26, with 100 inmates.
Footnote 349:
_Die Prostitutionsfrage in der Schweiz_ (Zurich, 1913) p. 10.
Footnote 350:
“Etwas junges und frisches ist überhaupt nicht zu kriegen.”
Footnote 351:
For these figures I am indebted to official courtesy.
Footnote 352:
Meher, _loc. cit._, p. 150.
Footnote 353:
_Prostitutionsfrage in der Schweiz_, p. 11.
Footnote 354:
“_Ohne Bordelle, kein Mädchenhandel_.” Bloch, _Sexualleben_, p. 377.
Footnote 355:
Schneider, _loc. cit._, pp. 171–2.
Footnote 356:
See p. 257. For a detailed account of the exploitation of inmates in Paris, see Fiaux, _Les Maisons de Tolérance_ (Third Edition, Paris, 1896) Chapter VII.
Footnote 357:
“Ohne Trinken ging es nicht.”
Footnote 358:
Linblad in _Report, Swedish Commission_, Vol. III, p. 65.
Footnote 359:
_Report, Swedish Commission_, Vol. III, p. 176.
Footnote 360:
_Kritische Tribüne_, _loc. cit._, p. 114.
Footnote 361:
Schneider, _loc. cit._, p. 168.
Footnote 362:
“The renter of these buildings charges the inscribed prostitute 8 to 10 marks a day for a room so that the owner gets from each inmate something like 4,000 marks a year.” Bendig in _Zeitschrift_ XII, pp. 11, 12. (Abridged.)
Footnote 363:
_Annexes_, _loc. cit._, pp. 424–5. See also Fiaux, _Police des Moeurs_, I, 213–217.
Footnote 364:
Fiaux, _Ibid._, p. 220.
Footnote 365:
Lépine in _Annexes_, _loc. cit._, p. 21.
Footnote 366:
See Fiaux _Maisons de Tolérance_, Chapter X, etc.
Footnote 367:
_Report, Swedish Commission_, III, p. 66.
Footnote 368:
See Meunier’s detailed account in _Annexes_, _loc. cit._, pp. 420, etc.
Footnote 369:
See Moll, _loc. cit._, p. 366: Ostwald, _Schlupfwinkel der Prostitution_ in _Das Berliner Dirnentum_, Vol. II.
Footnote 370:
_Tribune de Genève_, March 30, 1912. See also A. Guillot, _La Lutte contre l’Exploitation et la Règlementation du Vice à Genève_ (Geneva, 1899) pp. 138–9.
Footnote 371:
_Mitteilungen, etc._, X, 5 p. 96.
Footnote 372:
See, for example, _Annexes_, _loc. cit._, pp. 433–435.
Footnote 373:
A detailed account of the terms is given by M. Lépine in _Annexes_, _loc. cit._ pp. 22–24. M. Paul Meunier (_Ibid._, 428–430) discusses these houses and gives particulars concerning a raid on one of them in which he himself took part.
Footnote 374:
Fiaux, _Police des Moeurs_, III, p. 664.
Footnote 375:
_Dwelling and Rent Statute_, Section 6.
Footnote 376:
The only exhaustive statistical study of the living problem that I found is that made by Johansson for the Swedish Commission (_Report_, Vol III, pp. 175, etc.) and this deals only with the registered women, relatively few in number. Johansson divides the 400 inscribed women of Stockholm into 5 groups as follows:
I Living in lodgings where they receive customers 16 II Living in girl-houses 98 III Living in families and utilizing hotels 232 IV Living in suburbs and utilizing hotels 23 V Vagrants 31
Of course a girl does not permanently belong to any one group, but may vary from time to time. Group III is most important. At the close of 1904, the police had listed 34 hotels with 405 rooms, utilized by these women. He states that the hotel is conducted “like a factory,” the women being practically in the employ of the proprietors. That is, the enrolled women are operated for third-party profit; less than 4% of them work for themselves.
Footnote 377:
It is often said that this opinion is held only by sentimentalists and religious persons. As a matter of fact, it is the conclusion of police officers all over the Continent, many of whom are still administering the system. Prominent among these is Baumgarten of Vienna, for whose views see _Zeitschrift_ IX, pp. 183–4. The literature attacking the bordell in a strictly scientific spirit is enormous. See Bloch, _Sexualleben_. Index, “_Bordelle_.” For a view favorable to the bordell, see G. Roscher, _Gross-Stadtpolizei_ (Hamburg, 1912) pp. 257– 8. Dr. Roscher is the able and accomplished head of the Hamburg police.
Footnote 378:
Finger and Baumgarten, _Referat_, p. 82. It must be noted, however, that this health function is lodged with the police, not the health authorities,—a fact which will be explained in the next chapter.
Footnote 379:
In respect to the last two items, a tendency towards a uniform policy is discernible.
Footnote 380:
Inscribed women are examined by men physicians.
Footnote 381:
That is, non-inscribed prostitutes. As previously pointed out, “clandestine” prostitutes may be just as notorious as inscribed ones.
Footnote 382:
Inscribed prostitutes who also hold positions or who are on probation looking to release from the rolls may by special arrangement come on Sunday for examination.
Footnote 383:
The present incumbent is Dr. Med. Georg Güth, Kriminalkommissar und medizinisch-technischer Dezernent in der Verwaltung der Berliner Sittenpolizei.
Footnote 384:
Güth, _loc. cit._, p. 13, gives details of equipment.
Footnote 385:
The preceding account is based on personal inspection and interviews, on the leaflet issued by the bureau, entitled “_Dienstanweisung für die bei der Sittenpolizei beschäftigten Aerzte_,” and on Penzig’s “_Die Bekämpfung der Gewerbsunzucht durch die Sittenpolizei_,” previously referred to.
Footnote 386:
This was the practice at Budapest also, until the regulations were reformed in 1908.
Footnote 387:
Schneider, _loc. cit._, p. 21, gives additional instances.
Footnote 388:
This point will be referred to again in Chapter X.
Footnote 389:
An exhaustive study of Swedish conditions in regard to hospital accommodations for venereal patients was made by Johansson and is printed in Vol. III of the _Report of the Swedish Com._ For Germany, see A. Guttstadt, _Krankhenhaus-Lexikon für das Deutsche Reich_ (Berlin, 1900), passim.
Footnote 390:
See Eugène Pottet, _Histoire de Saint-Lazare_ (1122–1912), Paris, 1912.
Footnote 391:
Güth in _Zeitschrift_ XIV, p. 11.
Footnote 392:
Güth, _loc. cit._, p. 10.
Footnote 393:
Non-registered prostitutes, if arrested, are also liable to medical examination; the microscope is utilized in suspicious cases. The police procedure is described by Inspector Penzig (_loc. cit._) as follows: “After the usual questions have been asked of the accused woman, the Inspector decides whether a medical examination shall take place. The woman assistant (social worker) also expresses her opinion on this point. If decided on, the examination is made by a woman physician. As a rule the women make no objection.”
Footnote 394:
So also at Bremen; at Stockholm a microscopic slide is made at each examination.
Footnote 395:
The Dresden procedure is not essentially different from that of Berlin and Budapest.
Footnote 396:
Bettmann, _Die ärztliche Ueberwachung der Prostitution_, (Jena, 1905), p. 50.
Footnote 397:
_Hygiene der Prost._, pp. 83, etc.
Footnote 398:
It is perhaps hardly necessary for me to state that I do not mean to imply that if the State made no such concession, prostitution would either vanish or at once be greatly diminished; the point is that the attitude involved in regulation interferes with a vigorous or a general struggle in the direction of self-restraint.
Footnote 399:
Vergil, _Aeneid_, Book V, line 231, Conington’s version of “Possunt, quia posse videntur.”
Footnote 400:
“Still more objectionable must be considered the fact that society helps in this way to maintain the belief among many persons that prostitution is a necessity.” Johansson, _loc. cit._, p. 130.
Footnote 401:
_Hygiene der Prostitution_, p. 88. In view of the fact that within a few pages I have twice ventured to differ with Prof. Blaschko, it is perhaps proper for me to state that he is one of the foremost and one of the soundest of European authorities on the entire subject.
Footnote 402:
_Loc. cit._, p. 107 (slightly abridged).
Footnote 403:
_Zeitschrift_ VIII, p. 399.
Footnote 404:
I have paid little attention to soft chancre because it is of so much less consequence than the two diseases on which the argument turns.
Footnote 405:
M. v. Gruber, _loc. cit._, p. 6.
Footnote 406:
_Ibid._, p. 26.
Footnote 407:
Güth, _loc. cit._, p. 3.
Footnote 408:
In the preceding account I have followed Blaschko, “_Hygiene der Prostitution_, etc.,” pp. 1–19; Pinkus, “_Die Verhütung der Geschlechtskrankheiten_” and Güth, _loc. cit._
Footnote 409:
_Rapport Annuel, Ville de Bruxelles, Année, 1910_, p. 65. In 1898—at a time when 172 women were enrolled—7 patients were sent to the hospital in the course of the year (_Compte Rendu des Séances, II^e Conférence Internationale_, Bruxelles, 1903, pp. 185–6).
Footnote 410:
_Zeitschrift_ VIII, p. 291.
Footnote 411:
“Strenge Kontrolle.”
Footnote 412:
“Leichte Kontrolle.”
Footnote 413:
The hands of the physician were uncovered and were not washed until all the examinations were completed.
Footnote 414:
Zinnser in _Zeitschrift_ V, pp. 204–5 (abridged).
Footnote 415:
Communicated by Prof. Pinkus.
Footnote 416:
Johansson, _loc. cit._, p. 36.
Footnote 417:
Johansson, _loc. cit._, p. 36.
Footnote 418:
Figures given by Professor Pinkus.
Footnote 419:
Though this book deals only with prostitution in Europe, I venture for the purpose of conclusively establishing the uselessness of the clinical method to refer to the researches of Dr. Archibald McNeil of New York City. Of 647 girls examined, 20.56% had clinical manifestations of disease; of 466 of these same girls, microscopic and other tests showed 89.3% to be venereally infected. See Kneeland, “_Commercialized Prostitution in New York City_ (New York, 1913), pp. 188–190.”
Footnote 420:
_Loc. cit._, p. 4.
Footnote 421:
_Zeitschrift_ VI, pp. 232 etc.
Footnote 422:
_Zeitschrift_ V, p. 205.
Footnote 423:
_Zeitschrift_ IX, p. 172.
Footnote 424:
_Zeitschrift_ XIII, p. 6.
Footnote 425:
Bremen not included.
Footnote 426:
This refers to a date preceding the reform of system to be next discussed.
Footnote 427:
_Loc. cit._, p. 3.
Footnote 428:
_Zeitschrift_ V, p. 205.
Footnote 429:
Translation from police journal “_Public Safety_,” May 29, 1912.
Footnote 430:
_Report, French Com., Annexes_, p. 259.
Footnote 431:
See Bettmann, _loc. cit._, pp. 177–180 for additional illustrations. Also _Zeitschrift_ I, p. 298.
Footnote 432:
Pinkus, _loc. cit._, p. 71; of course some withdrawals are due to death, change of occupation, etc. See also _Zeitschrift_ VIII, p. 59.
Footnote 433:
Personal communication.
Footnote 434:
_Zeitschrift_ VI, p. 275. Also Johansson, _Report, Swedish Commission_, Vol. III, p. 47.
Footnote 435:
Meher, _loc. cit._, p. 157.
Footnote 436:
Schmölder, _Unsere heutige Prostitution_ (Munich, 1911) p. 22.
Footnote 437:
Johansson, _Report, Swedish Commission_, Vol. III, p. 43.
Footnote 438:
_Reglementeringen_ in Stockholm, pp. 78–9.
Footnote 439:
Johansson, _Report, Swedish Commission_ Vol. III, p. 168.
Footnote 440:
_Reglementeringen_ in Stockholm, p. 41.
Footnote 441:
_Ibid._, p. 43.
Footnote 442:
Quoted by Schmölder, _loc. cit._, p. 17.
Footnote 443:
Gruber, _loc. cit._, p. 28.
Footnote 444:
“_Public Safety_.” May 29, 1912, etc.
Footnote 445:
Johansson, _loc. cit._, p. 155.
Footnote 446:
_Ibid._, p. 124; _ditto_, p. 37.
Footnote 447:
June, 1912.
Footnote 448:
For these valuable statistics I am again indebted to the courtesy of Professor Pinkus.
Footnote 449:
If gonorrhœa, it is not the less dangerous on that account; in case of syphilis, as I have previously remarked, if actually latent it is not infectious; if just supposedly latent, as is apt to be the case, the danger is extreme.
Footnote 450:
_Loc. cit._, p. 89.
Footnote 451:
Police report, 1911, p. 72.
Footnote 452:
Personal communications by officials.
Footnote 453:
_Report, Swedish Commission_, Vol III, p. 132.
Footnote 454:
Neisser in _Zeitschrift_ I, p. 255.
Footnote 455:
_Zeitschrift_ IX, p. 194. The fact is striking even though in my judgment certain factors affecting the result have been overlooked.
Footnote 456:
Privately communicated by official physician.
Footnote 457:
_Loc. cit._, p. 50.
Footnote 458:
Commenge, p. 235. These arrests are made on the score of disorder, not of suspected disease. Minors who behave go on with impunity. This is made clear below.
Footnote 459:
_Zeitschrift_ VIII, p. 301.
Footnote 460:
_Zeitschrift_ XIV, pp. 234–5.
Footnote 461:
_Zeitschrift_ X, p. 108.
Footnote 462:
_Münchener medizinische Wochenschrift_, January 7, 1913, pp. 12, 13.
Footnote 463:
_Zeitschrift_ VIII, pp. 399–400.
Footnote 464:
It is said that managers of enterprises of this character require the habituées to employ private physicians to keep them advised as to their condition.
Footnote 465:
Pinkus, _loc. cit._, p. 71.
Footnote 466:
Police Report, _loc. cit._, p. 72.
Footnote 467:
Personally communicated by officials.
Footnote 468:
For the statistics of arrests of inscribed women and the results of their medical examination in German cities, see _Zeitschrift_ XII, p. 7. Also, Pinkus, _loc. cit._, pp. 72, 73; _Zeitschrift_ X, p. 108; _ibid._, XIV, pp. 236–7. For Stockholm, _Report, Swedish Commission_, Vol. III, p. 30.
Footnote 469:
_Zeitschrift_ XI, p. 417.
Footnote 470:
_Zeitschrift_ IX, p. 230. It is to be remarked that all those quoted above are avowed regulationists and all are men of international eminence.
Footnote 471:
_Zeitschrift_ I, p. 198.
Footnote 472:
_Zeitschrift_ VIII, p. 413.
Footnote 473:
Julius Engel-Reimers: _Die Geschlechtskrankheiten_ (Hamburg, 1908), p. 83.
Footnote 474:
See Chap. X.
Footnote 475:
A prominent lay official of the Berlin police, Dr. Lindenau, candidly admits: “A usable set of statistics as to the effect of sanitary regulations is not to be had.” (From “_Die strafrechtliche Bekämpfung der Gewerbsunzucht_.”)
Footnote 476:
_Loc. cit._, p. 2.
Footnote 477:
Personally communicated by officials.
Footnote 478:
Pages 231–2.
Footnote 479:
Möller, “_Ist eine Gonorrhöekontrolle möglich?_” _Zeitschrift_ VI, p. 233.
Footnote 480:
Pinkus _loc. cit._, p. 86. Some physicians hold that the latter part of this statement is perhaps too sweeping, but all are agreed that gonorrhœa in the female is infinitely more stubborn than in the male and that gonorrhœa in prostitutes is practically never cured.
Footnote 481:
_Ibid._, p. 91.
Footnote 482:
Güth admits this, _loc. cit._, p. 11. See also _Zeitschrift_ II, p. 106.
Footnote 483:
Privately communicated at headquarters.
Footnote 484:
Personally communicated by officials.
Footnote 485:
_Loc. cit._, p. 89.
Footnote 486:
_Zeitschrift_ V, p. 286.
Footnote 487:
_Zeitschrift_ XI, p. 6. See also articles by Loeb referred to under