Lichens

_a._ FOOD FOR INSECTS, ETC. Some of the earlier botanists made careful observations on the important place occupied by lichens in nature as affording food to many small animals....

The two organisms, fungus and alga, that enter into the composition of the lichen plant are each characterized by the simplicity of their original structure in which there is li...

The earliest observations as to the propagation of lichens were made by Malpighi[525] who recorded the presence of soredia on the lichen plant and noted their function as reprod...

Since the time when lichens were first recognized as a separate class—as members of the genus Lichen by Tournefort[1016] or as “Musco-fungi” by Morison[1017],—many schemes of cl...

Any study of cells or cell-membranes in lichens should naturally include those of both symbionts, but the algae though modified have not been profoundly changed, and their respo...

The thallus or vegetative body of lichens differs from that of other green plants in the sharp distinction both of form and colour between the assimilative cells and the colourl...

Ecology is the science that deals with the habitats of plants and their response to the environment of climate or of substratum. Ecology in the lichen kingdom is habitat “writ l...

Lichens are perennial plants mostly of slow growth and of long continuance; there can therefore only be approximate calculations either as to their rate of increase in dimension...

The term “lichen” is a word of Greek origin used by Theophrastus in his _History of Plants_ to signify a superficial growth on the bark of olive-trees. The name was given in the...

Though lichens are very old members of the vegetable kingdom, as symbiotic plants they yet date necessarily from a time subsequent to the evolution of their component symbionts....

central strand which gives strength to the somewhat slender stalks. The fruits are lodged in the swollen tips and are at first enclosed; later, the covering thallus splits irreg...

E. DYEING PROPERTIES OF LICHENS 411 _a._ Lichens as dye-plants _b._ The orchil lichen, Roccella _c._ Purple dyes: orchil, cudbear and litmus _d._ Other orchil lichens _e._ Prepa...

D. EVOLUTION OF ARCHILICHENS 287 _a._ Thallus of Pyrenocarpineae _b._ Thallus of Coniocarpineae _c._ Thallus of Graphidineae _d._ Thallus of Cyclocarpineae _AA._ LECIDEALES _aa....