CHAPTER IX

Chapter 985 wordsPublic domain

ECOLOGY

A. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 356

B. EXTERNAL INFLUENCES 357 _a._ Temperature _b._ Humidity _c._ Wind _d._ Human Agency

C. LICHEN COMMUNITIES 362

1. ARBOREAL 363 _a._ Epiphyllous _b._ Corticolous _c._ Lignicolous

2. TERRICOLOUS 367 _a._ On calcareous soil _b._ On siliceous soil _c._ On bricks _d._ On humus _e._ On peaty soil _f._ On mosses _g._ On fungi

3. SAXICOLOUS 371 _a._ Characters of mineral substrata _b._ Colonization on rocks _c._ Calcicolous _d._ Silicicolous

4. OMNICOLOUS LICHENS 376

5. LOCALIZED COMMUNITIES 378 _a._ Maritime lichens _b._ Sand-dune lichens _c._ Mountain lichens _d._ Tundra lichens _e._ Desert lichens _f._ Aquatic lichens

D. LICHENS AS PIONEERS 392 _a._ Soil-formers _b._ Outposts of vegetation