Part 1237

1837. Death of William IV. of England, and accession of Queen Victoria. Great commercial collapse In the United States; Introduction of the sub-treasury system. Founding of Melbourne in Australia. Outbreak of the rebellion in Canada called "the Patriot War." Publication of Carlyle's" French Revolution," and Thackeray's "Yellowplush Papers." Birth of Grover Cleveland. Birth of Swinburne.

1838. Beginning of the Chartist agitation in England. Interference of England in affairs of Afghanistan. The burning of the "Caroline" in Niagara river; suppression of the Canadian rebellion. Beginning of practically successful steam navigation on the ocean. Beginning of Cobden's agitation for the repeal of the English Corn Laws.

1839. Resignation of Lord Melbourne from the Government in England; wreck of Peel's Ministry on the "Bedchamber Question"; return of Melbourne to office. Invasion of Afghanistan by British forces and dethronement of Dost Mahomed. Daguerre's discoveries in photography.

1840. Marriage of Queen Victoria of England to Prince Albert of Saxe Coburg. Adoption of Penny Postage in England. Election of General William Henry Harrison President of the United States; the "Log-cabin and Hard-cider campaign." Settlement of the Mormons at Nauvoo. Second revolutionary attempt of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte in France; his imprisonment at Ham. Reunion of Upper and Lower Canada. Opium War of England with China. Quadruple alliance for the settlement of the Egyptian question; British bombardment of Alexandria; hereditary possession of the pashalik of Egypt secured to Mehemet Ali.

1841. Fall of the Melbourne Ministry in England; Peel made Prime Minister. Death of President Harrison; advancement of Vice President John Tyler to the Presidency of the United States; his breach with the Whig party. Revolt in Afghanistan; frightful retreat and destruction of the British. Founding of the Brook Farm Association in Massachusetts. Birth of the Prince of Wales.

1842. Negotiation of the Ashburton Treaty between Great Britain and the United States, settling the northeastern boundary question. Return of British forces to Cabul, Afghanistan. End of the Opium War; treaty of peace between England and China. The Dorr Rebellion in Rhode Island.

1843. Disruption of the Church of Scotland. Publication of Ruskin's "Modern Painters."

1844. Election of James K. Polk President of the United States. Completion, between Washington and Baltimore, of the first line of electric telegraph, under the direction of Prof. Morse. Passage of the English Bank Charter Act. Murder of Joe Smith, the founder of Mormonism, by a mob. Publication of Dumas' "Trois Mousquetaires."

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1845. Annexation of Texas to the American Union; splitting of the Democratic party of the United States into Hunkers and Barnburners, or Hard-Shells and Soft-Shells. Beginning of the war of the English with the Sikhs. Arctic expedition of Sir John Franklin from which he never returned. Publication of Carlyle's "Cromwell's Letters and Speeches," and Hawthorne's "Mosses from an Old Manse."

1846. Repeal of the British Corn Laws. The Potato Famine in Ireland. War of the United States with Mexico; defeat in the United States Senate of the "Wilmot Proviso," to exclude slavery from territory about to be acquired from Mexico; American conquest of California; migration of the Mormons from Nauvoo to Great Salt Lake. Settlement of the Oregon boundary dispute. Adams' and Le Verrier's discovery of the planet Neptune by mathematical calculation. Patenting of the Sewing-machine by Elias Howe. End of resistance to the French in Algiers; surrender and imprisonment of Abd-el-Kader. Publication of the first volume of Grote's "History of Greece."

1847. Successful campaign of General Scott in Mexico. Civil war in Switzerland; suppression of the Sonderbund. Death of Daniel O'Connell. Publication of Charlotte Bronte's "Jane Eyre," the first part of Thackeray's "Vanity Fair," and Longfellow's "Evangeline." Birth of Edison.

1848. Revolution in France: abdication and flight of the king; creation of the National Workshops; insurrection of the workmen, suppressed by General Cavaignac; organization of the Second Republic, Louis Napoleon Bonaparte President. Revolutionary movement in Germany: rioting in Berlin; meeting of National Assembly at Frankfort; election of Archduke John of Austria to be Administrator of Germany; forcible dispersion of the Prussian National Assembly. Revolutionary risings in Austria and Hungary: bombardment of Prague and Vienna; abdication of the Emperor Ferdinand and accession of Francis Joseph. Revolutionary movements in Italy: Neapolitan insurrection crushed by King Ferdinand II.; expulsion of Austrians from Milan and Venice; undertaking of Charles Albert, king of Sardinia, to support and head the revolution, and his defeat by the Austrian general Radetzky; ineffectual concessions of Pope Pius IX. to the Romans; his flight to Gaeta; expulsion of the dukes of Modena and Parma and extortion of a constitution from the grand-duke of Tuscany. Suppression of the "Young Ireland" rebellion. Schleswig-Holstein war in Denmark. Revision of the constitution of the Swiss Confederation. Last demonstration of the Chartists in England. Organization of the Free Soil party of the United States in convention at Buffalo; election, by the Whigs, of General Zachary Taylor President of the United States. Treaty of Guadaloupe Hidalgo between the United States and Mexico; purchase and cession of New Mexico and California to the United States; discovery of gold in California; admission of Wisconsin to the American Union. Publication of the first two volumes of Macaulay's "History of England." Birth of Arthur J. Balfour.

1849. Framing of a constitution for a new Empire of Germany by the National Assembly at Frankfort; offer of the imperial crown to the king of Prussia and its refusal; failure of the work of the Assembly and end of the revolutionary movement in Germany. Declaration of Hungarian independence and formation of the Hungarian Republic, with Louis Kossuth for its President; interference of Russia to aid the Austrians in suppressing the Magyar revolt; surrender of Görgei; escape of Kossuth and other leaders into Turkey. Renewed attempt of Charles Albert of Sardinia against the Austrians in Lombardy and his crushing defeat at Mortara and Novara; his resignation of the crown in favor of his son, Victor Emmanuel II.; siege and subjugation of Venice by Haynau. End of the Schleswig-Holstein war. Annexation of the Punjab to British India. Repeal of the English Navigation Laws. First explorations of Dr. Livingstone in Africa. Determination of the mechanical equivalent of heat, by Joule. Publication of the first part of Dickens' "David Copperfield," Kingsley's "Alton Locke," and Emerson's "Representative Men." Sainte-Beuve's "Causerie du Lundi" begun in the "Constitutionel."

1850. Death of General Taylor, President of the United States, and succession of the Vice President, Millard Fillmore; slavery agitation on the question of the admission of California; Clay's Compromise measures; Webster's Seventh of March Speech; Seward's Higher Law Speech; the Omnibus Bill; passage of the Fugitive Slave Law. Negotiation of the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty between the United States and Great Britain. Restoration of the Roman episcopate in England. Publication of Mrs. Browning's "Sonnets from the Portuguese," and Tennyson's "In Memoriam."

1851. The Coup d' Etat of Louis Napoleon, destroying the French Republic and making himself dictator. Dismissal of Lord Palmerston from the British cabinet. Discovery of gold in Australia; separation of the colony of Victoria from New South Wales. Outbreak of the Taiping Rebellion in China. The Lopez filibustering expedition to Cuba. Passage of the Massachusetts Free Public Library Act. The first World's Fair, in London. Visit of Kossuth to America. Publication of Spencer's "Social Statics."

1852. Defeat and resignation of the Russell Ministry; the first Derby-Disraeli Ministry: the Aberdeen Ministry. Rise of the Know Nothing or American party in the United States; election by the Democratic party of Franklin Pierce President of the United States. Publication of "Uncle Tom's Cabin." Promulgation of a new Constitution for France by the dictator, Louis Napoleon, soon followed by the revival of the Empire. Second Anglo-Burmese War; annexation of Pegu to British India.

1853. Expedition of Commodore Perry to Japan. Dispute between Russia and Turkey, leading to the Crimean War.

1854. Repeal of the Missouri Compromise, in the United States, by the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill; rise of the Republican Party. Negotiation of the Reciprocity Treaty between the United States and Canada. Treaties of Japan with the United States and Great Britain, opening the former country to trade. Promulgation by Pope Pius IX. of the dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary. Alliance of England, France and Sardinia with Turkey against Russia in the Crimean War; siege of Sebastopol; battles of the Alma, Balaclava, and Inkerman; siege of Kars.

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1855. Fall of the Aberdeen Ministry in England; rise of Palmerston to the head of government. Continued siege of Sebastopol. Beginning of the struggle for Kansas between the supporters and the opponents of Slavery in the United States. Rise to power in Abyssinia of an adventurer afterwards known as King Theodore. Introduction of Civil Service Reform in Great Britain. Walker's first filibustering invasion of Nicaragua. Abolition of the Stamp tax on newspapers in England.

1856. Assault on Mr. Sumner in the United States Senate by Preston Brooks of South Carolina; continued struggle in Kansas; election of James Buchanan President of the United States. Operations of the San Francisco Vigilance Committee. Quarrel of England with China over the affair of the "Arrow." Congress of Paris and treaty ending the Crimean War. Publication of first part of Lotze's "Mikrokosmos."

1857. Dred Scott decision by the Supreme Court of the United States. Triumphant appeal of Palmerston to English voters on the question of war with China; alliance with France in the war; capture of Canton. The Sepoy Mutiny in India: siege and capture of Delhi; massacre of English at Cawnpore; siege and relief of Lucknow. Mountain Meadows Massacre and Mormon rebellion in Utah. Publication of the first volume of Buckle's "History of Civilization."

1858. Fall of Palmerston, consequent on his Conspiracy Bill; second Derby-Disraeli Ministry in England. Debate between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas, as candidates for the United States Senate, from Illinois. Regency of Prussia assumed by Prince William in consequence of the mental incapacity of the king. Treaty of peace between England, France and China. Discovery of gold in Colorado. Laying of the first Atlantic Cable, which quickly failed. Assumption of the government of India by the British crown. Beginning of the Fenian movement in Ireland. Discovery of Lake Victoria Nyanza by Captain Speke. Publication of George Eliot's "Scenes of Clerical Life," Tennyson's "Idylls of the King," and Holmes' "Autocrat of the Breakfast Table."

1859. War of Sardinia and France with Austria; battles of Montebello, Magenta and Solferino; defeat of Austria; treaties of Villafranca and Zurich; cession of Lombardy to Sardinia. John Brown's invasion of Virginia and seizure of Harper's Ferry; his capture, trial and execution. Admission of Oregon to the American Union. Publication of Darwin's "Origin of Species," and George Eliot's "Adam Bede." Return of Palmerston to the English premiership. Separation of the colony of Queensland from New South Wales. Renewed war of England and France with China. Nationalization of Church property in Mexico; suspension of payments on foreign debts.

1860. Election of Abraham Lincoln President of the United States; secession of South Carolina; disunion message of President Buchanan; the Crittenden Compromise and its failure; treachery of Floyd, Secretary of War; occupation of Fort Sumter by Major Anderson. Franco-English capture of Pekin and destruction of the summer palace. Annexation of the Central Italian states to Sardinia by popular vote; cession of Savoy and Nice to France. Negotiation of the Cobden-Chevalier commercial treaty between England and France.

1861. Secession of Georgia, Mississippi, Florida, Louisiana, Alabama and Texas from the American Union; seizure of United States arsenals, arms and forts in the seceded States; abortive Peace Convention at Washington; admission of Kansas to the Union; adoption of a Constitution for the "Confederate States of America," and organization of a Confederate government; inauguration of Abraham Lincoln President of the United States; outbreak of civil war by the attack of Confederate forces on Fort Sumter; rising of the North on President Lincoln's call to arms; attack on Massachusetts Volunteers in Baltimore; Secession of Virginia and North Carolina; blockade of Southern ports; proclamation of British neutrality by Queen Victoria; declaration of General Butler that slaves are Contraband of War; fight at Big Bethel; Secession of West Tennessee; campaign of General McClellan in West Virginia; Union advance from Washington and defeat at Bull Run; depredations by the Confederate cruiser Sumter; struggle with secession in Missouri, battles of Boonville and Wilson's Creek; appointment of General McClellan to the chief command of the Union forces; creation of the Army of the Potomac; expedition against Fort Hatteras; Fremont's emancipation proclamation modified by the President; campaign of Rosecrans against Lee in West Virginia; General Grant's first battle at Belmont; Union disaster at Ball's Bluff; Port Royal expedition; the Trent affair (arrest of Mason and Slidell on a British steamer) and its settlement. Death of King Frederick William IV. of Prussia and accession of his brother, William I. Liberation of Sicily and Naples by Garibaldi; Sardinian occupation of Umbria and the Marches; proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy; death of Cavour. Polish insurrection at Warsaw.

1862. Stonewall Jackson in the Shenandoah Valley, battle of Kernstown; capture of Forts Henry and Donelson by General Grant; expulsion of the Confederates from Missouri, battle of Pea Ridge; expedition of Burnside to Roanoke and capture of Newbern; siege and capture of Fort Pulaski; Union advance up the Tennessee and battle of Shiloh; proposal of compensated emancipation by President Lincoln, approved by Congress; battle of the Monitor and the Merrimac in Hampton Roads; capture of New Madrid on the Mississippi and Island No. 10; movement of McClellan against Richmond by way of the peninsula, battles of Williamsburg, Fair Oaks, or Seven Pines, Mechanicsville, Gaines' Mill, Savage Station, Glendale and Malvern Hill; forcing of the lower Mississippi and capture of New Orleans; separation of West Virginia from the Old Dominion; abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia; passage of the Homestead Act and the Legal Tender Act; arming of freed negroes, evacuation of Norfolk by the Confederates and destruction of the Merrimac; second campaign of Stonewall Jackson in the Shenandoah Valley; first undertakings against Vicksburg; capture of Memphis; Confederate invasion of Kentucky by Bragg, battle of Perryville: confiscation of the slave property of rebels; beginning of the destructive career of the Confederate cruiser Alabama; end of the peninsular campaign and withdrawal of the Army of the Potomac; campaign under General Pope, battles of Cedar Mountain, Second Bull Run and Chantilly; Lee's invasion of Maryland and check by McClellan at South Mountain and Antietam; preliminary Proclamation of Emancipation by President Lincoln; successes by Grant at Iuka and Corinth; battle of Prairie Grove in Arkansas; removal of McClellan from command of the Army of the Potomac and appointment of Burnside; disastrous attack on Fredericksburg; second Union attempt against Vicksburg; victory of Rosecrans at Stone River. Land-grant of the United States for industrial colleges. Intervention of Louis Napoleon in Mexico; creation of the empire under Maximilian of Austria. Bismarck made chief minister of the king of Prussia. Revolution in Greece; deposition of King Otho; election of Prince George of Denmark to the Greek throne; annexation of the Ionian Islands. Attempt of Garibaldi against Rome checked by the Italian government; his defeat and capture at Aspromonte. Publication of Spencer's "First Principles."

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1863. President Lincoln's final Proclamation of Emancipation; passage of the National Bank Act, and the Conscription Act; Hooker's disaster at Chancellorsville; death of Stonewall Jackson; naval attack on Charleston; Grierson's raid; Grant's siege and capture of Vicksburg; Banks' siege and capture of Port Hudson; Lee's second invasion of the North; battle of Gettysburg; Draft riots in the city of New York; Morgan's raid into Ohio and Indiana; assault on Fort Wagner; battles of Bristol Station and Rappahannock Station; Burnside's advance into East Tennessee; defeat of Rosecrans at Chickamauga; siege and reduction of Fort Wagner; Grant's victory at Chattanooga; siege of Knoxville; President Lincoln's Address at Gettysburg, and Proclamation of Amnesty. Death of Frederick VII. of Denmark and accession of Christian IX.; reopening of the Schleswig-Holstein question; coalition of Prussia and Austria against Denmark. Appointment of General Gordon to command in China. Confederation of the United States of Colombia. Rebellion in Poland. Political organization of Socialism in Germany by Lassalle. Publication of Huxley's "Man's Place in Nature," and Renan's "Vie de Jesus."

1864. Reconstruction in Louisiana and Arkansas, the President's plan and the Congressional plan; Sherman's Meridian expedition; Kilpatrick and Dahlgren's raid to Richmond; appointment of General Grant to the chief command of the army; Banks' Red River expedition; Price's invasion of Missouri; Forrests' capture of Fort Pillow and massacre of colored soldiers; Grant's movement on Richmond, battles of the Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court House, and Cold Harbor; Sherman's movement on Atlanta, battles of New Hope Church, Kenesaw and Peach Tree Creek; Sheridan's raids to Richmond and Trevelyan Station; Grant's siege of Petersburg, battle of Reams' station; destruction of the Alabama by the Kearsarge; Greeley and Jaques-Gilmore peace missions; Early's invasion of Maryland; Farragut's great battle in Mobile Bay; Sheridan's campaign against Early in the Shenandoah Valley, battles of Winchester, Fisher's Hill and Cedar Creek; Sherman's clearing of Atlanta; Hood's movement into Tennessee and defeat by Thomas at Franklin and Nashville; re-election of President Lincoln; St. Albans raid from Canada; Cushing's destruction of the ram Albemarle; Sherman's March to the Sea and occupation of Savannah. Schleswig-Holstein war: Austro-Prussian conquest of the duchies. Detention and imprisonment of foreigners in Abyssinia by King Theodore. End of the Taiping Rebellion in China. Publication of the Encyclical "Quanta cura" and the Syllabus of Pope Pius IX. Organization at London of the International.

1865. Adoption by the Congress of the United States of the Thirteenth Constitutional Amendment, prohibiting slavery forever; creation of the Freedman's Bureau; Hampton Roads Peace Conference; evacuation of Charleston by the Confederates; Sherman's northward march from Savannah; battle of Bentonsville; occupation of Wilmington by Schofield; battle of Kinston; second inauguration of President Lincoln; battle of Five Forks; evacuation of Petersburg and Richmond by the Confederates; battle of Sailor's Creek; surrender of Lee at Appomattox Court House; assassination of President Lincoln; succession of Andrew Johnson, Vice President, to the Presidency; surrender of General Johnston; fall of Mobile; capture of Jefferson Davis; end of the Rebellion; opening of the conflict between Congress and President Johnson on questions of Reconstruction. Death of Lord Palmerston in England; premiership of Lord John Russell. Transfer of the capital of Italy to Florence. Ferocious suppression of an insurrection in Jamaica by Governor Eyre. Beginning of war between Paraguay and Brazil.