Part 1236

1803. Renewal of war between Great Britain and France; detention of English in France. Secularization of the spiritual principalities in Germany and absorption of free cities. Purchase of Louisiana by the United States from France. Report to the Congress of the United States on the British impressment of seamen from American ships. Introduction of sheep-farming in Australia. Defeat of the Mahrattas at Assaye and Argaum by Wellesley (afterward Wellington). The Emmet insurrection in Ireland. Birth of Emerson (d. 1882). Birth of Francis Deak (d. 1876). Birth of Ericsson (d. 1889).

1804. Napoleon's abduction and execution of the Due d'Enghien. His elevation to the throne as emperor; his coronation by the Pope. Completion of the civil Code for France. Return of Pitt to the head of government in England. Federalist secession movement in the United States; re-election of President Jefferson; undertaking of the exploring journey of Lewis and Clark across the American continent. Death of Hamilton in duel with Burr. Birth of Hawthorne (d. 1864). Birth of Richard Cobden (d. 1865). Birth of Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield (d. 1881). Birth of George Sand (d. 1876). Birth of Sainte-Beuve (d. 1869).

1805. Bestowal of the crown of Italy on Napoleon; formation of the third European Coalition against him; his abortive plans for the invasion of England; his extraordinary march to the Danube; his capture of the army of Mack; his occupation of Vienna; his victory at Austerlitz. Nelson's victory and death at Trafalgar. Treaty of Presburg between France and Austria. Creation of the kingdoms of Bavaria and Würtemberg and the grand duchy of Baden. Impeachment trial of Judge Chase in the United States. Treaty of the United States with Tripoli, ending the payment of tribute. Publication of Scott's "Lay of the Last Minstrel." Birth of Hans Christian Andersen (d. 1875).

1806. Death of Pitt; formation of the British Ministry of All the Talents; death of Fox. British Order in Council declaring a blockade of the continental coast from Brest to the Elbe; Napoleon's Berlin Decree declaring the British islands under blockade and interdicting all intercourse with them. Formation of the Confederation of the Rhine. Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire; resignation of its sovereignty by Francis II., and his assumption thenceforth of the title of "Emperor of Austria." Humiliation and oppression of Prussia by the French emperor; the nation driven to war and subjugated at Jena. Advance of the French into Poland; war with Russia. Dethronement of the Bourbon dynasty in Naples and bestowal of the crown on Joseph Bonaparte. Creation of the kingdom of Holland, with Louis Bonaparte on the throne. Acquisition of the Cape of Good Hope by England from the Dutch. Filibustering scheme of Aaron Burr in the United States. Publication of Coleridge's "Christabel." Birth of John Stuart Mill (d. 1873).

1807. British Order in Council, retaliating the Berlin Decree, followed by the Milan Decree of Napoleon. Battles of Eylau and Friedland between the French and the Russians. Meeting of Napoleon and Alexander I. of Russia on the raft at Tilsit; their public treaty and their secret agreements. British bombardment of Copenhagen and seizure of the Danish fleet. Creation of the kingdom of Westphalia for Jerome Bonaparte. Baron von Stein placed at the head of affairs in Prussia. Delusive arrangement of Napoleon with the king of Spain for the partition of Portugal; occupation of Lisbon by the French; flight of the royal family of Portugal to Brazil. Passage of an Act of the British Parliament for the suppression of the Slave-trade; fall of the Ministry of All the Talents; formation of the Portland Ministry. Arrest and trial of Burr in the United States. British outrage on the United States frigate Chesapeake; passage of Embargo Act by the American Congress. Abolition of the Slave-trade in the United States. Deposition of the reforming sultan, Selim III., by the Turkish Janissaries; elevation of his nephew Mustapha to the throne. First publication of Dalton's Atomic theory of Chemistry. First trips of Fulton's steamboat "Clermont." Birth of Longfellow (d. 1882). Birth of Garibaldi (d. 1882).

1808. Erfurt conference and treaty of Napoleon and the Czar. Formation of the Tugendbund in Germany; Fichte's addresses on the state of that country. Napoleon's crime against Spain; knavish acquisition of the throne for his brother Joseph; the Spanish national revolt; English troops in the peninsula; Napoleon's crushing campaign. Opening of the French siege of Saragossa. Transfer of the crown of Naples from Joseph Bonaparte to Murat; appearance of the Carbonari. Conquest of Finland by Russia from Sweden. Murder of the deposed Turkish sultan, Selim III., and repeated revolutions at Constantinople. Election of James Madison President of the United States. Founding of the Quarterly Review. Birth of Mazzini (d. 1872). Birth of General Robert E. Lee (d. 1870).

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1809. Renewal of war between Austria and France; revolt in the Tyrol; Napoleon again in Vienna; his defeat at Aspern and victory at Wagram; arrangement of peace by the Treaty of Schonbrunn, taking an enormous territory from the Austrian empire. Sir John Moore's advance in Spain; his retreat and death; fall of Saragossa. Wellington (then Sir Arthur Wellesley) in command of the British forces in the Peninsula; his passage of the Douro and battle of Talavera; his retreat into Portugal and construction of the Lines of Torres Vedras. The British Walcheren expedition. Inauguration of President Madison, in the United States; substitution of Non-intercourse for the Embargo. Publication of Byron's "English Bards and Scotch Reviewers." Birth of Abraham Lincoln (d. 1865). Birth of Gladstone. Birth of Charles Darwin (d. 1882). Birth of Tennyson (d. 1892). Birth of Elizabeth Barrett (Mrs. Browning) (d. 1861). Birth of Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes, (d. 1894). Birth of Mendelssohn (d. 1847).

1810. Abdication of the throne of Holland by Louis Bonaparte. Annexation of Holland, the Hansa towns and the Swiss Valais to France Suppression of the Tyrolese revolt and execution of Andrew Hofer. Napoleon's divorce from Josephine and marriage to the arch-duchess Maria Louisa of Austria. Massena's defeat at Busaco; his recoil from the Lines of Torres Vedras. Unceasing guerilla war in Spain. Final insanity of George III. of England. Revolution in Buenos Ayres and Chile, establishing complete separation from Spain. Election of Bernadotte to be Crown Prince of Sweden and successor to the throne. Founding of the University of Berlin. Birth of Cavour (d. 1861). Birth of Freiligrath (d. 1876). Birth of William Henry Channing (d. 1883).

1811. Defeat of Massena at Fuentes de Onoro. Regency of the Prince of Wales instituted in Great Britain. War in the United States against the Indian chief Tecumseh and his league. Declaration of the independence of Venezuela. Treacherous destruction of the Mamelukes in Egypt by Mehemet Ali. Birth of Thackeray (d. 1863). Birth of John Bright (d. 1889). Birth of Lord Lawrence (d. 1879). Birth of Edgar A. Poe (d. 1849).

1812. Rupture of Napoleon with the czar; his invasion of Russia; battles of Smolensk and Borodino; advance to Moscow and occupation of the city; burning of Moscow and disastrous retreat of the French. Wellington's victory at Salamanca and entry into Madrid; his retreat into Portugal. Establishment of a Constitution in Spain. Assassination of Mr. Perceval, prime minister of England; formation of the Ministry of Lord Liverpool. Declaration of war by the United States against Great Britain; opposition of Federalists; surrender of Hull at Detroit; battle of Queenstown Heights; naval victories by the U. S. frigates Constitution and United States. Re-election of President Madison. Admission of the state of Louisiana to the American Union. Appalling earthquake at Caraccas. Publication of the first and second cantos of Byron's "Childe Harold." Publication of "Kinder und Haus-Märchen" by the brothers Grimm. Birth of Dickens (d. 1870). Birth of Robert Browning (d. 1889).

1813. The War of Liberation In Germany; Austria and Great Britain in a renewed Coalition; battles of Lützen, Bautzen, Kulm, Gross-Beeren, the Katzbach, Dennewitz, Leipsic (Battle of the Nations), Hanau; retreat of Napoleon beyond the Rhine. Fall of the kingdom of Westphalia. Wellington's victory at Vittoria; expulsion of the French from Spain; restoration of Ferdinand VII. to the throne. Recovery of independence by Holland. Luddite riots in England. Naval battle of Lake Erie In the war between England and the United States; defeat and death of Tecumseh; burning of Toronto; American expedition against Montreal; British surprise of Fort Niagara and burning of Buffalo; outbreak of the Creek Indians. Publication of Shelley's "Queen Mab." Birth of Henry Ward Beecher (d. 1887). Birth of Richard Wagner (d. 1883).

1814. Desertion of Napoleon by Murat. Invasion of France by the Allies; Napoleon's unsuccessful campaign of defense; surrender of Paris; abdication of the fallen emperor; treaty of Fontainebleau; retirement of Napoleon to Elba; return of the Bourbons to the throne of France, in the person of Louis XVIII. Treaty of Paris. Battle of Toulouse, ending the Peninsular War. Meeting of the Congress of Vienna. Return of Pope Pius VII. to Rome; restoration of the Jesuits. Union of Belgium and Holland in the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Union of Norway and Sweden. Abrogation in Spain of the Constitution of 1812 by Ferdinand; abolition of the Cortès; re-establishment of the Inquisition. Restoration of Austrian despotism in Northern Italy. Battles of Chippewa and Lundy's Lane, siege of Fort Erie, British capture of Washington, and naval fight on Lake Champlain, in the war between England and the United States; Hartford Convention of Federalists opposed to the war; treaty of peace negotiated at Ghent. Temporary recovery of Chile by the Spaniards. Dictatorship of Dr. Francia established in Paraguay. Building of the first locomotive of George Stephenson. Publication of Scott's "Waverley." Birth of Motley (d. 1877). Birth of Edwin M. Stanton (d. 1869).

1815. Return of Napoleon from Elba; flight of Louis XVIII; the Hundred Days of restored Empire; the Waterloo campaign and end of the Corsican's career; his final abdication, surrender to the English, and captivity at St. Helena. Second Bourbon restoration and second Treaty of Paris. Execution of Marshal Ney. Formation of the Holy Alliance. Reconstruction of Germany; formation of the Germanic Confederation. Fall and death of Murat. Establishment of the protectorate of Great Britain over the Ionian Islands. Enactment of the British Corn Law, to maintain high prices for bread-stuffs. Repulse of the British at New Orleans by General Jackson. War of the United States with the Dey of Algiers. Birth of Bismarck.

1816. Agitation for Parliamentary Reform; multiplication of Hampden Clubs. Admission of Indiana into the American Union. Charter granted to the second Bank of the United States. Election of James Monroe President of the United States. Bombardment of Algiers by Lord Exmouth. First Seminole War. Publication of Bryant's "Thanatopsis."

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1817. Rioting in England; march of the Blanketeers from Manchester. Inauguration of James Monroe, President of the United states. Admission of Mississippi to the American Union. Formation of the Burschenschaft in Germany. Birth of Theodor Mommsen.

1818. Complete establishment of Chilean independence. General Jackson's invasion of Florida. Publication of Irving's "Sketch Book."

1819. "Peterloo Massacre" at Manchester, England. Assassination of Kotzebue by the student, Sand. Admission of Alabama to the American Union as a state. First voyage across the Atlantic by a vessel (the "Savannah ") using steam. Discovery of Electro-magnetism, by Oersted. Complete attainment of independence in Venezuela and New Granada, under the lead of Bolivar. Publication of Schopenhauer's "Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung." Birth of Marian Evans (George Eliot) (d. 1880). Birth of Charles Kingsley (d. 1875). Birth of James Russell Lowell (d. 1891).

1820. Death of George III. of England; accession of George IV.; trial of Queen Caroline. Adoption in the United States of the Missouri Compromise, excluding slavery from the territories north of latitude 36° 30'; admission of Maine to the Union. Re-election of Monroe to the American presidency. Assassination of the duke of Berry in France. Revolution in Spain, restoring the constitution of 1812. Revolution in Portugal, instituting a constitutional government. Revolution in Naples and Sicily, extorting a constitution from the king. Congress of sovereigns of the Holy Alliance at Laybach. Publication of Keats' "Lamia," "Isabella," "Eve of St. Agnes," "Hyperion." Birth of General Sherman (d. 1891). Birth of Professor Tyndall (d. 1893).

1821. Revolution in Mexico, establishing independence. Liberation of Peru by San Martin and the Chileans. Return of King John VI. from Brazil to Portugal. Union of Venezuela, New Granada and Ecuador in the Republic of Colombia. Cession of Florida to the United States by Spain. Admission of Missouri to the American Union. Revolt in Greece against the rule of the Turks. Suppression of the constitutional movement in the Two Sicilies by Austrian arms acting for the Holy Alliance. Constitutional rising in Piedmont; abdication of Victor Emmanuel I. in favor of his brother Charles Felix; interference of Austria; suppression of the revolution. Publication of De Quincey's "Confessions of an Opium Eater," and Cooper's "The Spy." Birth of Jenny Lind (d. 1887).

1822. Meeting of the Congress of Verona. Canning made foreign Secretary in the British Government. Proclamation of the independence of Brazil; Dom Pedro crowned emperor. Pronunciamento in Mexico, making Iturbide emperor. Turkish massacre of the Greeks of Chios. Publication of Lamb's "Essays of Elia," Heine's "Gedichte," and Wilson's "Noctes Ambrosianæ." Birth of General Grant (d. 1885). Birth of Matthew Arnold (d. 1888). Birth of Pasteur. Birth of Rosa Bonheur.

1823. Enunciation of the "Monroe Doctrine," in the annual message of the President of the United States. Death of Marco Bozzaris, hero of the Greek insurrection. Fall of Iturbide In Mexico; establishment of a republic. Intervention of France in Spain and overthrow of the Constitution. Birth of Renan (d. 1892).

1824-. Presidential election in the United States, resulting in no choice by the popular vote; election of John Quincy Adams by the House of Representatives. Visit of Lafayette to the United States. Death of Louis XVIII., the restored king of France, and accession of Charles X. Death of Lord Byron in Greece. The first Anglo-Burmese war. Formation of the Catholic Association in Ireland. Decisive battle of Ayacucho, securing the independence of Brazil. Founding of the Westminster Review. Birth of Stonewall Jackson (d. 1863). Birth of George W. Curtis (d. 1892).

1825. Opening of the Stockton and Darlington Railway in England—the first undertaking for the conveyance of passengers and goods by steam locomotion. Opening of the Erie Canal, from Lake Erie to the Hudson River. Publication of De Vigny's "Cinq Mars," Cooper's "Last of the Mohicans," and Heine's "Reisebilder." Birth of Huxley.

1826. Abduction of William Morgan and Anti-Masonic excitement in New York. Meeting of the Congress of Panama. Creation of the republic of Bolivia in Upper Peru. Insurrection and destruction of the Turkish Janissaries.

1827. Canning's brief premiership in England and sudden death. Intervention of Russia, England and France in favor of the Greeks; battle of Navarino and destruction of the Turkish fleet; national independence of Greece established. Extinction of slavery in the state of New r York. Publication of Hallam's "Constitutional History of England," Keble's "Christian Year," and Alfred and Charles Tennyson's "Poems by Two Brothers."

1828. Formation of the Ministry of the duke of Wellington in Great Britain. Removal of political disabilities from Dissenters in England. Election of General Andrew Jackson President of the United States. Beginning of the construction of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Russo-Turkish war; siege and capture of Varna by the Russians. Birth of Taine (d. 1893).

1829. Inauguration of President Jackson; introduction of the "Spoils System" in American national politics. Acknowledgment of Greek independence by the Porte. Passage by the British Parliament of the Catholic Emancipation Act for Ireland. Abolition of slavery in Mexico. Ending of the Russo-Turkish war by the Treaty of Hadrianople.

1830. Death, in England, of George IV.; accession of William IV.; opening of the final agitation for Parliamentary Reform; resignation of the Wellington Ministry, succeeded by that of Earl Grey. Debate between Webster and Hayne in the United States Senate. French conquest of Algiers. Revolution in Paris; flight of Charles X.; elevation of Louis Philippe, duke of Orleans, to the throne. Revolt in Poland. Recognition of the autonomy of Servia by the Ottoman Porte. Constitution of the Kingdom of Greece, with Prince Otho of Bavaria on the throne. Belgian revolt and separation from Holland. Publication of the "Book of Mormon" at Palmyra, N. Y. Publication of the first part of Comte's "Cours de Philosophie."

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1831. Introduction in the British Parliament and defeat of the first ministerial bill for Parliamentary Reform; dissolution of Parliament and appeal to the people. Assumption of the name Conservatives by the English Tories. Nat Turner's slave-rising in Virginia. First publication of William Lloyd Garrison's anti-slavery paper, "The Liberator." Forced abdication of Dom Pedro I. in Brazil; accession of Dom Pedro II. Founding of the system of National Schools in Ireland. Revolt in the Papal States and in Modena and Parma suppressed by Austrian troops; exile of Mazzini from Italy. Creation of the Kingdom of Belgium, Prince Leopold of Saxe Coburg king. Rebellion of Mehemet Ali, Pasha of Egypt, against the Porte. Discovery of Magneto-electricity, by Faraday. Publication of Poe's "The Raven." Birth of General Sheridan (d. 1888).

1832. Passage by the British Parliament of the bill to Reform the Representation. Passage of the Nullification Ordinance of South Carolina; proclamation of President Jackson against the nullification movement; re-election of President Jackson. The Indian war in America, called the Black Hawk War. Resistance of Holland to the separation of Belgium; bombardment of Antwerp by the French and English. Merciless suppression of the Polish rebellion. Civil war in Portugal. Birth of Castelar.

1833. Compensated emancipation of slaves in the British West Indies. Passage of the Compromise Tariff Bill in the United States; removal of government deposits from the United States Bank by President Jackson. Beginning of the revolt of Abd-el-Kader against the French in Algiers. Election of Santa Anna to the Presidency of Mexico. Death of Ferdinand VII. of Spain; regency of Maria Christina; insurgent proclamation of Don Carlos; beginning of the civil war between Carlists and Christinos. First Prussian treaty which formed the German Zollverein. Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi between Russia and Turkey. Publication of Carlyle's "Sartus Resartus," and Faraday's "Experimental Researches in Electricity." Birth of General Gordon (d. 1885).

1834. Resignation of Earl Grey from the premiership in the English Ministry, succeeded first by Lord Melbourne and after a brief interval by Sir Robert Peel. Abolition of slavery in the British colonies. Organization of the Whig party in the United States. End of civil war in Portugal. Publication of Dickens' "Sketches by Boz," and Balzac's "Père Goriot."

1835. Recall of Lord Melbourne to the English Ministry, and retirement of Peel. Exclusion of anti-slavery literature from the United States mails; passage of the act against anti-slavery petitions called the "Atherton Gag." Beginning of the second Seminole War. Death of the Emperor Francis of Austria and accession of Ferdinand I. Publication of Browning's" Paracelsus," Thirlwall's "History of Greece," Strauss's" Das Leben Jesu," and De Tocqueville's "La Democratie en Amerique."

1836. Election of Martin Van Buren President of the United States. Admission of Arkansas to the American Union. Texan independence of Mexico declared and won at San Jacinto. First futile attempt of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte to effect a revolution in France. Publication of Dickens' "Pickwick."