Part 1235

1763. Peace of Paris and Peace of Hubertsburg, ending the Seven Years War: cession to Great Britain of Canada, Nova Scotia and Cape Breton by France, and of Florida by Spain; transfer of Louisiana to Spain by France. First English measure (the Sugar Act) for taxing the American colonies. Proclamation of King George excluding settlers from the Northwest territory in America. Outbreak in America of the Indian war called Pontiac's War. Resignation of Lord Bute from the British Ministry and formation of the Grenville Ministry. Death of Augustus III. of Poland. Birth of Jean Paul Frederick Richter (d. 1825).

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1764. Expulsion of Wilkes from the British House of Commons. Election of Joseph II., King of the Romans. Election of Stanislaus Poniatowsky to the Polish throne, under the protection of Russia. Ordonnance of Louis XV. forbidding the existence of the Society of Jesus in France. Beginning of the survey of Mason and Dixon's line, determining the boundary between Pennsylvania and Maryland. Publication of Goldsmith's "The Traveller," and of Rousseau's "Emile."

1765. First derangement of the English king, George III. Dismissal of Grenville. Formation of the Rockingham Ministry. Death, in Austria, of the Emperor Francis I.; imperial coronation of Joseph II. Passage of the English Stamp Act for the taxation of the American colonies; formation in the colonies of the Sons of Liberty, and convening of the Stamp Act Congress. Publication of the first volume of Blackstone's "Commentaries."

1766. The Grafton-Chatham Ministry in power in Great Britain. Repeal of the colonial Stamp Act. Discovery of hydrogen, by Cavendish. Publication of Lessing's "Laokoön," and of Goldsmith's "Vicar of Wakefield." Birth of John Dalton (d. 1844).

1761. Suppression of the Jesuits in Spain. Beginning of the first war of the English in India with Hyder Ali. The Townshend measures of the British Parliament for taxation of the colonies. Birth of August Wilhelm von Schlegel (d. 1845). Birth of Wilhelm von Humboldt (d. 1835). Birth of Andrew Jackson (d. 1845). Birth of John Quincy Adams (d. 1848).

1768. The Middlesex elections in England; repeated expulsion and re-election of Wilkes; withdrawal of Chatham from the Ministry. Religious disturbances in Poland. Confederation of Bar. Turkish interference against Russia. Circular letter of Massachusetts to the other American colonies. Cession of Corsica (in revolt) by Genoa to France.

1769. Demand of Spain, France and Naples at Rome for the abolition of the Society of Jesus. Election of Pope Clement XIV. Patents issued in Great Britain to James Watt for his first improvements in the steam engine, and to Richard Arkwright for his roller-spinning "water-frame"; publication of the first "Letters of Junius." Migration of Daniel Boone from North Carolina into Kentucky. Birth of Wellington (d. 1852). Birth of Napoleon Bonaparte in Corsica (d. 1821). Birth of Alexander von Humboldt (d. 1850). Birth of Cuvier (d. 1832).

1770. Patenting in Great Britain of Hargreave's spinning-jenny. Beginning of the administration of Lord North in Great Britain. Publication of Burke's "Thoughts on the Present Discontents," of Goldsmith's "Deserted Village," and of the first edition of the "Encyclopædia Britannica." Birth of Thorwaldsen (d. 1844). Birth of Wordsworth (d. 1850). Birth of Hegel (d. 1831). Birth of George Canning (d. 1827). Birth of Beethoven (d. 1827).

1771. Freedom of the reporting of proceedings conceded by the British Parliament. Insurrection of the Regulators in North Carolina and battle of the Alamance. Constitutional revolution in Sweden carried out by Gustavus III. Birth of Bichat (d. 1802). Birth of Sir Walter Scott (d. 1832).

1772. Treaty for the first Partitioning of Poland arranged between Prussia, Austria and Russia. The institution in the American colonies of Committees of Correspondence. Forming of the Watauga Association, from which grew the State of Tennessee. Decision by Lord Mansfield, in the case of the negro Somersett, that a slave cannot be held in England. Birth of Coleridge (d. 1834). Birth of Ricardo (d. 1823).

1773. Papal decree of Pope Clement XIV. abolishing the Society of Jesus. Appointment of Warren Hastings, the first English Governor-General in India. Resistance in the English American colonies to the duty on tea; the Boston tea-party. Publication of Goethe's "Götz von Berlichingen." Birth of Metternich (d. 1859).

1774. Death of Louis XV., king of France; accession of Louis XVI. Passage of the Boston Port Bill, the Massachusetts Act, and the Quebec Act by the British Parliament. Meeting of the first Continental Congress of the American colonies; organization of the revolutionary Provincial Congress in Massachusetts, and of the Committee of Safety. Lord Dunmore's War with the Indians; murder of the family of Logan, the chief. Publication of Goethe's "Werther." Discovery of oxygen by Priestley. Birth of Southey (d. 1843).

1775. Speech of Burke on "Conciliation with America." Beginning of the War of the American Revolution: battles of Lexington and Concord; siege of Boston; surprising of Ticonderoga and Crown Point; battle of Bunker Hill; creation of the Continental Army; appointment of Washington Commander-in-Chief; expedition to Canada. Execution of Nuncomar in British India. Election of Pope Pius VI. Production of Sheridan's "The Rivals" and of Beaumarchais' "Barbière de Seville." Birth of Daniel O'Connell (d. 1847). Birth of Charles Lamb (d. 1834). Birth of Walter Savage Landor (d. 1864). Birth of Turner (d. 1851).

1776. Dismissal of Turgot in France by Louis XVI., yielding to the intrigues of the French court. Evacuation of Boston, Massachusetts, by the British army; repulse of the British from Charleston; retreat of Arnold from Canada; Declaration of Independence by the Continental Congress; battle of Long Island and defeat of the Americans; retreat of Washington into New Jersey and his success at Trenton. Publication of Adam Smith's "Wealth of Nations," of Paine's "Common Sense," of Bentham's "Fragment on Government," and of the first volume of Gibbon's" Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire." Birth of Niebuhr (d. 1831). Birth of Herbart (d. 1841).

1777. Washington's victory over Cornwallis at Princeton; British occupation of Philadelphia, and victories over the Americans at Brandywine and Germantown; arrival in America of Lafayette and Steuben; Burgoyne's expedition from Canada and surrender at Saratoga; the winter of Washington's army at Valley Forge; the Conway Cabal. Production of Sheridan's "School for Scandal." Birth of Henry Clay (d. 1852).

1778. War of the Bavarian Succession between Austria and Prussia. Alliance of France with the American colonies. British evacuation of Philadelphia and defeat at Monmouth; Tory and Indian savagery at Cherry Valley and Wyoming; arrival of a French fleet and army in America; capture of Savannah by the British. Publication of Fanny Burney's "Evelina." Birth of Humphry Davy (d. 1829). Birth of Guy-Lussac (d. 1850).

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1779. Clark's conquest of the Northwest for Virginia; storming of Stony Point on the Hudson by General Wayne; expedition of General Sullivan against the Seneca Indians in western New York; sea-fight of the Bon Homme Richard (Paul Jones) and the Serapis; repulse of French and Americans from Savannah. Publication of Lessing's "Nathan der Weise." Birth of Joseph Story (d. 1845). Birth of Thomas Moore (d. 1852). Birth of Berzelius (d. 1848).

1780. The Gordon No-Popery Riots in England. Death of Maria Theresa of Austria. Second war of the British in India with Hyder Ali. British siege and capture of Charleston, S. C., and defeat of the Americans at Camden; treason of Benedict Arnold; American victory at King's Mountain. Insurrection of Tupac Amaru in Peru. Gradual emancipation act passed in Pennsylvania. Birth of Béranger (d. 1857).

1781. Dismissal of Neckar by the French king. Edict of Toleration in the Austrian dominions and abolition of serfdom, by Joseph II. Reconquest of West Florida from the English by Spain. Defeat of British troops by the Americans at the Cowpens and Guilford Court House; British victory at Hobkirk's Hill; drawn battle of Eutaw Springs; surrender of Cornwallis and the British army at Yorktown; final ratification of the Articles of Confederation of the United States of America. Extinction of slavery in Massachusetts. English and Dutch naval battle off the Dogger Banks. Publication of Kant's "Critique of the Pure Reason." Production of Schiller's "Die Räuber." Birth of George Stephenson (d. 1848). Birth of Sir David Brewster (d. 1868).

1782. English naval victory by Rodney, in the West Indies, over the French fleet. Fall of Lord North; the Rockingham Ministry. Destruction of the Barrier Fortresses in the Netherlands, by the Emperor. The first Sunday School opened by Robert Raikes, in Massachusetts. Concession of legislative independence to Ireland by England. Peace overtures from the British Government to the United States, and opening of negotiations. Publication of Priestley's "Corruptions of Christianity." Birth of Froebel (d. 1852). Birth of Lamennais (d. 1854). Birth of John C. Calhoun (d. 1850). Birth of Daniel Webster (d. 1852).

1783. Treaty of peace signed at Paris, between Great Britain and the United States of America; evacuation of New York by the British army. Fall of the Coalition Ministry in Great Britain; beginning of the administration of the younger Pitt. Seizure of the Crimea by Catherine II. of Russia. Birth of Bolivar (d. 1830). Birth of Washington Irving (d. 1859).

1784. The affair of the Diamond Necklace, in France. Founding, at Philadelphia, of the first Daily Newspaper in America. Appearance of the Peep-o'-Day Boys in Ireland. Birth of Manzoni (d. 1873).

1785. Negotiation of the United States with Spain for the free navigation of the Mississippi river. Publication of Cowper's "The Task," Paley's "Moral and Political Philosophy," and Reid's "Essays on the Intellectual Powers." Birth of De Quincey (d. 1859).

1786. Electrical discoveries of Galvani. Publication of Burns' "Poems chiefly in the Scottish Dialect."

1787. Meeting of the Assembly of Notables in France. Conflict of the French Crown with the Parliament of Paris. Impeachment of Warren Hastings by the British House of Commons. Suppression of Shay's rebellion in Massachusetts. Passage by the American Congress of the Ordinance for the Government of the Northwest Territory. Meeting of the Convention which framed the Federal Constitution of the United States of America. Birth of Archbishop Whately (d. 1863). Birth of Guizot (d. 1874).

1788. Second derangement of George III. of England. Revolt in the Austrian provinces in the Netherlands. State ratification and complete adoption of the Federal Constitution of the United States of America. Opening of the trial of Warren Hastings. Establishment of an English settlement of convicts at Botany Bay. Publication of St. Pierre's "Paul and Virginia." Birth of Sir Robert Peel (d. 1850). Birth of Schopenhauer (d. 1860). Birth of Lord Byron (d. 1824). Birth of Sir William Hamilton (d. 1856).

1789. Meeting of the States-General of France; seizure of power by the Third Estate; insurrection of Paris; taking of the Bastille; formation of the National Guard; emigration of the nobles; rising of the women; escorting of the king to Paris; appropriation of Church property. War of the English in India with Tippoo Saib. Organization of the Government of the United States of America under its new Constitution, with George Washington chosen President. Erection, at Baltimore, of the first Roman Catholic episcopal see in the United States. Founding of the Tammany Society in New York. Publication of White's "Natural History of Selborne." Birth of James Fenimore Cooper (d. 1851).

1790. Issue of French Assignats. Feast of the Federation; rise of the revolutionary clubs. Death, in Austria, of the Emperor Joseph II., and accession of Leopold II.

1791. Flight and arrest of the French king at Varennes; completion of the French Constitution and its acceptance by the king; tumult in the Champs de Mars; dissolution of the Constituent National Assembly; meeting of the Legislative Assembly; appearance of the Girondins; repeal in France of all enactments against the Jews. Reformed Constitution for Poland suppressed by Russia. Organization in Ireland of the Society of United Irishmen. Passage of the Canadian Constitutional Act, dividing the province into Upper and Lower Canada. Incorporation of the first Bank of the United States; report of Hamilton on manufactures; adoption of the first ten Amendments to the Constitution of the United States of America. Insurrection of slaves in Hayti. Separation of Kentucky from Virginia and admission to the American Union as a State. Publication of Boswell's "Life of Dr. Johnson," of Paine's "Rights of Man," of Burke's "Thoughts on French Affairs," and of Schiller's "Thirty Years War." Birth of Faraday (d. 1867). Birth of S. F. B. Morse (d. 1872).

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1792. Declaration of war by France with Austria and Prussia; dismissal of Girondin ministers; mob attack on the Tuilleries and massacre of the Swiss; deposition and imprisonment of the king; seizure of power by the insurgent Commune of Paris; strife of Jacobins and Girondins; withdrawal of Lafayette from the country; the September Massacres; meeting of the National Convention; proclamation of the Republic; battle of Valmy; annexation of Savoy and Nice; trial of the king. Death, in Austria, of the Emperor Leopold II. Accession of Francis II. Beginning of Pinel's reform in the treatment of the insane. Re-election of George Washington, President of the United States. Birth of Shelley (d. 1822). Birth of Cousin (d. 1867).

1793. Execution of Louis XVI.; declaration of war with England; invasion of Holland; formation of the Revolutionary Tribunal and the Committee of Public Safety; fall of the Girondins; formation of the European Coalition; revolt in La Vendée, and in Lyons, Toulon, and other cities; assassination of Marat; beginning of the Reign of Terror; execution of the queen, and the Girondins; institution of the "worship of Reason"; the "Noyades" at Nantes. Partial concession of rights to Catholics in Ire]and. Second Partition of Poland. Passage of the first Fugitive Slave Law by the United States Congress. Invention of the cotton-gin by Eli Whitney. Emancipation of slaves proclaimed by the French in Hayti, and alliance formed with the blacks, under Toussaint L'Ouverture, against Spaniards and English. Publication of Wordsworth's "An Evening Walk" and "Descriptive Sketches."

1794. Destruction of the Hébertists in France; fall and death of Danton; Feast of the Supreme Being; conquest of the Austrian Netherlands; climax of the Terror; downfall and end of Robespierre and of the Jacobin Club; reaction; the White Terror; subjugation of Holland; Chouannerie in Brittany. Whisky Insurrection in Pennsylvania. Negotiation of the Jay Treaty between Great Britain and the United States. Decisive victory of General Wayne over the Indians on the Maumee. Publication of Fichte's "Wissenschaftslehre" and of Goethe's "Reinecke Fuchs." Birth of William Cullen Bryant (d. 1878). Birth of Meyerbeer (d. 1864).

1795. Suppression of insurrection by the Paris bourgeois; adoption of the Constitution of the Year III.; peace with Spain; acquisition of Spanish San Domingo; Austrian victory at Loana; insurrection of the 13th Vendemiare put down by Napoleon Bonaparte; dissolution of the National Convention; government of the Directory. Formation of the Orange Society, in Ireland. Third Partition of Poland. Sale of the Western Reserve of Connecticut (in Ohio). Publication of the first part of Goethe's "Wilhelm Meister's Lehrjahre" and of Richter's "Hesperus." Birth of Keats (d. 1821). Birth of Carlyle (d. 1881). Birth of Dr. Arnold (d. 1842).

1796. Bonaparte sent to command in Italy; submission of Sardinia; expulsion of the Austrians from Lombardy; formation of the Cispadane Republic. Unsuccessful French expedition under Hoche to Ireland. Death of Catherine II. of Russia and accession of Paul. Publication of Washington's Farewell Address; election of John Adams to the Presidency of the United States. Publication of Southey's "Joan of Arc" and of Coleridge's first volume of "Poems."

1797. Bonaparte's Treaty of Tolentino with the Pope; his invasion of Austria; peace preliminaries of Leoben; overthrow and enslavement of Venice, delivered to Austria; creation of the Ligurian and Cisalpine Republics. Peace of Campo Formio; revolutionary Coup d'Etat at Paris. Difficulties between the American and the French republics. Suspension of specie payments in England. Mutiny of the British fleet. British naval victories, of Cape Vincent, over the fleet of Spain, and of Camperdown over that of Holland. Birth of Schubert (d. 1828). Birth of Joseph Henry [Uncertain date] (d. 1878).

1798. French intrigues at Rome; imprisonment of the Pope and formation of the Roman Republic. Subjugation of Switzerland by the French, and formation of the Helvetian Republic. Expedition of Bonaparte to Egypt; his seizure of Malta and expulsion of the Knights of St. John. Destruction of the French fleet by Lord Nelson in the battle of the Nile; siege and conquest of Malta by Nelson. Declaration of war against France by Turkey. Expulsion of the king from Naples and creation of the Parthenopeian Republic. Suppressed rebellion in Ireland and imprisonment and suicide of Wolfe Tone. Publication in England of Jenner's work on Vaccination. Passage of the Alien and Sedition Laws in the United States, and adoption of the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions. Publication of the "Lyrical Ballads" of Wordsworth and Coleridge, of Landor's "Gebir," of Schiller's "Wallenstein's Lager," and of Malthus' "Principles of Population." Discovery that Heat is a mode of Motion, by Count Rumford. Birth of Thomas Hood (d. 1845). Birth of Comte (d. 1857).

1799. Bonaparte's advance into Syria and repulse from Acre; his victory at Aboukir. The armies of Austria and Russia in Italy and Switzerland. Expedition from England against Holland; capture of the Dutch fleet. Fall of the new republics in Italy. Return of Bonaparte from Egypt; overthrow of the Directory; creation of the Consulate; Bonaparte First Consul. Gradual emancipation enacted in New York. Invention of Volta's Pile. Birth of Balzac (d. 1850). Birth of Pushkin (d. 1837).

1800. Legislative Union of Great Britain and Ireland. Creation of the United Kingdom. Bonaparte's Marengo campaign in Italy. Moreau's victory at Hohenlinden. Assassination of Kleber in Egypt. Retrocession of Louisiana to France by Spain. Convention of the United States with France from which arose the French Spoliation Claims. Election of Thomas Jefferson President of the United States. Beginning of Robert Owen's social experiments at New Lanark. Decomposition of water with the Voltaic pile, by Nicholson and Carlisle. Publication of Richter's "Titan," Birth of Moltke (d. 1891). Birth of Macaulay (d. 1859). Birth of Heine (d. 1856).

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Nineteenth Century.

1801. Defection of the Russian czar, Paul, from the European coalition, and his alliance with Napoleon. Treaty of Luneville between Napoleon and the Emperor Francis, and of Foligno between France and Naples. Formation of the northern league of neutrals. English bombardment of Copenhagen. Murder of the czar, Paul, and accession, in Russia, of Alexander I. Surrender of the French army in Egypt to the English. Concordat between Napoleon and the Pope. Imposition by Napoleon of new constitutions on the Dutch and Cisalpine republics. Cession of Louisiana to France by Spain. Resignation of Pitt from the British premiership; formation of the Addington Ministry. Passage of the first English Factory Act. Appointment of John Marshall to be Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Inauguration of Jefferson as President of the United States. Opening of war by the United States with the pirates of Tripoli. Independence of Hayti proclaimed by Toussaint L' Ouverture. Birth of Farragut (d. 1870).

1802. Peace of Amiens between England and France. Voting of the First Consulate for life to Napoleon by the French people; his election to the presidency of the Cisalpine republic. Subjection of Switzerland, and annexation of Piedmont, Parma and Elba to France. Complaints of Napoleon against the English press; the Peltier trial. Founding of the United States Military Academy at West Point. Subjection of Hayti by the French and treacherous capture of Toussaint L'Ouverture. Founding of the Edinburgh Review. Birth of Victor Hugo (d. 1885). Birth of Kossuth (d. 1894). Birth of Harriet Martineau (d. 1876). Birth of Father Lacordaire (d. 1861).