Part 1234

1697. Peace of Ryswick, ending the war of the Grand Alliance. Cession of Strasburg and restoration of Acadia to France. Campaign of Prince Eugene against the Turks and his decisive victory at Zenta. Death of Charles XI. of Sweden and accession of Charles XII. Sojourn of Peter the Great in Holland. Publication of Bayle's Dictionary. Birth of Hogarth (d. 1764).

1698. Grant to the English by the Mogul of the site on which Calcutta grew up. Undertaking, in Scotland, of the Darien scheme of colonization and commerce. Visit of Peter the Great to England. Publication of Algernon Sidney's "Discourse on Government." Birth of Metastasio (d. 1782).

1699. Peace of Carlowitz, between Turkey, Russia, Poland, Venice, and the Emperor, which reduced the European dominions of the Sultan nearly half. Settlement of Iberville's French colony in Louisiana. Publication of Fénélon's "Télémaque."

1700. Prussia raised in rank to a kingdom. First campaigns of Charles XII. of Sweden, against the Danes and the Russians. Death of Charles II. of Spain, bequeathing his crown to Philip, duke of Anjou, second son of the Dauphin of France.

Eighteenth Century.

1701. English Act of Settlement, fixing the succession to the throne in the Electress Sophia of Hanover and her heirs. Death of James II., of England, at St. Germains. Possession of the crown of Spain taken by Philip of Anjou, as Philip V. Founding of Yale College at New Haven, Connecticut.

1702. Death of William III., king of England and stadtholder of Holland. Accession in England of Queen Anne. The Camisard rising in France. Beginning of the War of the Spanish Succession (called in America Queen Anne's War). Battle of Friedlingen in Germany. Dutch and English expedition against Cadiz. Attack on the treasure fleet in Vigo Bay. Victories of Prince Eugene in Italy, followed by reverses and retreat into the Tyrol. Savoy overrun by the French. Union of rival English East India Companies. Publication of the first daily newspaper in England, the "Courant." Legislative separation of Delaware from Pennsylvania. Union of East and West Jersey in one royal province.

1703. The Methuen Treaty between England and Portugal. The Aylesbury Election case in England. Birth of Jonathan Edwards (d. 1758). Birth of John Wesley (d. 1791).

1704. Campaign of Marlborough and Prince Eugene on the Danube. Victory of Blenheim. Capture of Gibraltar by the English from Spain. Insurrection in Hungary under Rakoczy. Publication (at Boston) of the first newspaper in the English American colonies. Completed subjugation of Poland by Charles XII. of Sweden. Publication of Swift's "Tale of a Tub," and of the first part of Clarendon's "History of the Great Rebellion" (England).

1705. Capture of Barcelona by the Earl of Peterborough.

1706. Marlborough's victory at Ramillies over the French under Villeroy. Expulsion of the French from Antwerp, Ghent, and other strong places of Flanders. Madrid lost and regained by the Bourbon king of Spain. French siege of Turin. Deliverance of the city by Prince Eugene. Birth of Benjamin Franklin (d. 1790).

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1707. Union of the kingdoms of England and Scotland. Victories of Marlborough and Prince Eugene at Oudenarde and Malplaquet, over Vendôme and Villars. Victory of Berwick, for the French and Spaniards, at Almanza. Disastrous expedition of Prince Eugene against Toulon. Death of Aurungzebe, the last important Mogul emperor. Subjugation of Saxony by Charles XII. Birth of Buffon (d. 1788). Birth of Fielding (d. 1754).

1708. English conquest of Majorca and Minorca, by General Stanhope. Renewed persecution of the Jansenists. Dispersion of the nuns of Port Royal of the Fields. Invasion of Russia by Charles XII. Birth of Charles Wesley (d. 1788). Birth of William Pitt, Lord Chatham (d. 1778).

1709. The first Barrier Treaty between Holland and Great Britain. Dispersion of the nuns of Port Royal. Defeat of Charles XII. at Pultowa by the Russians and his escape into Turkish territory. Publication of the first numbers of Steele and Addison's "Tatler," and of Berkeley's "New Theory of Vision." Birth of Dr. Samuel Johnson (d. 1784).

1710. Trial of Dr. Sacheverell in England. Peace conferences at Gertruydenberg between France, Great Britain, Holland, Spain and Austria. Madrid again lost and recovered by Philip V. Franco-Spanish victories of Villa Viciosa and Brihuega. Capture of Port Royal, Acadia, by the New Englanders; final English conquest of Acadia and change of name to Nova Scotia.

1711. Fall of the Whigs from power, in England. Passage of the Occasional Conformity Act. Death, in Austria, of the Emperor Joseph I. Election and coronation of Charles VI. Opening of negotiations for peace between England and France. Peace of Szathmar, ending the revolt in Hungary. Publication of the first numbers of "The Spectator," by Addison, Steele, and others; also of Pope's "Essay on Criticism." Birth of David Hume (d. 1776).

1712. Dismissal of Marlborough from his command, by the British Government. Peace Conference at Utrecht. Imposition of the Stamp Tax on newspapers in England. Birth of Frederick the Great (d. 1786). Birth of Jean Jacques Rousseau (d. 1778).

1713. The Peace of Utrecht, ending the War of the Spanish Succession except as between France and the Emperor; cession of Sicily by Spain to the duke of Savoy, with the title of king; restoration of Savoy and Nice to the same prince, by France, with cessions of certain valleys and forts; exchange by the king of Prussia of the principality of Orange and the lordship of Châlons for Spanish Guelderland and the sovereignty of Neufchatel and Valengin; cession by Spain to the House of Austria of the kingdom of Naples, the duchy of Milan, the Spanish Tuscan territories, and the sovereignty of the Spanish Netherlands, reserving certain rights of the elector of Bavaria; agreement for the destruction of the fortifications and harbor of Dunkirk; relinquishment to Great Britain of Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Gibraltar, Minorca, Hudson Bay, and the island of St. Christopher; concession of the Assiento or Spanish slave-trading contract to Great Britain for thirty years. Second Barrier Treaty between Great Britain and Holland. The papal Bull Unigenitus against the doctrines of the Jansenists. Production of Addison's "Cato." Birth of Sterne (d. 1768). Birth of Diderot (d. 1784).

1714. Death of Queen Anne of England; accession of George I. Treaty of Rastadt or Baden, establishing peace between France and the Emperor; relinquishment of Sardinia by the Elector of Bavaria to the Emperor, in return for the Upper Palatinate. Opening of war with the Turks by the Emperor, Charles VI. Return of Charles XII. to Sweden. Invention of Fahrenheit's Thermometer. Birth of Condillac (d. 1780). Birth of Helvetius (d. 1771). Birth of Vauvenargues (d. 1747).

1715. Jacobite rising in Great Britain. Death of Louis XIV. in France; accession of Louis XV., under the regency of the duke of Orleans. Barrier treaty of Holland with the Emperor. Publication of the first books of Pope's translation of the "Iliad," and the first books of Le Sage's "Gil Blas."

1716. Passage of the Septennial Act, extending the term of the British Parliament to seven years. Victory of Prince Eugene over the Turks, at Petervardein.

1717. Launching of the Mississippi scheme of John Law, in France. Triple Alliance of France, Great Britain and Holland to oppose the projects of Alberoni and Queen Elizabeth Farnese, in Spain. Spanish capture of Sardinia. Final recovery of Belgrade from the Turks by the Austrians. Birth of D' Alembert (d. 1783).

1718. Promulgation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Charles VI., defining the Austrian succession in favor of his daughter, Maria Theresa. Spanish conquest of Sicily from the duke of Savoy. Quadruple Alliance of France, Great Britain, Holland and the Emperor against Spain. Peace of Passarowitz between the Emperor and the Porte. Removal of the capital of Russia to St. Petersburg. Death of Charles XII. of Sweden. Founding of the city of New Orleans by Bienville.

1719. French and English attacks on Spain. Submission of Philip V. to the Quadruple Alliance. Banishment of Alberoni. Spanish evacuation of Sicily and Sardinia. Restoration of the oligarchical constitution of Sweden. Publication of the first part of De Foe's "Robinson Crusoe," and of Watts' "Psalms and Hymns."

1720. The South Sea Bubble in England. Forced exchange by the duke of Savoy, with the Emperor, of Sicily for Sardinia, the latter being raised to the rank of a kingdom. Reversion of the duchies of Parma and Placentia and of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany to Don Carlos, son of the king of Spain. Publication of Vico's "Jus Universale."

1721. Rise of Walpole to ascendancy in the British Government. Introduction of preventive inoculation against smallpox in England by Lady Montague. Election of Pope Innocent XIII.

1722. Grant of Wood's patent for supplying Ireland with a copper coinage. Conquest of Persia by the Afghans. Birth of Samuel Adams (d. 1803).

1723. Majority of Louis XV., king of France. Termination of the Regency. Publication of Ramsay's "Gentle Shepherd." Birth of Adam Smith (d. 1790).

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1724. Election of Pope Benedict XIII. Publication of Swift's "Drapier's Letters" against Wood's halfpence, in Ireland. Birth of Kant (d. 1804).

1725. Treaty of Spain with Austria guaranteeing the Pragmatic Sanction of Charles VI. Alliance of Hanover between France, Great Britain and Holland. Death of Peter the Great, of Russia, and accession of his empress, Catherine I. Birth of Clive (d. 1774).

1726. Treaty of Russia with Austria guaranteeing the Pragmatic Sanction of Charles VI. Publication of Swift's "Gulliver's Travels."

1727. Death of George I. of England. Accession of George II. Hostilities without formal war between Great Britain and Spain. Siege of Gibraltar by the Spaniards. Deliverance of Persia from the Afghans by Nadir Kuli. Birth of Turgot (d. 1781).

1728. Treaty of Prussia with Austria guaranteeing the Pragmatic Sanction of Charles VI. Birth of Goldsmith (d. 1774).

1729. End of proprietary government in the Carolinas. Birth of Edmund Burke (d. 1797). Birth of Lessing (d. 1781). Birth of Moses Mendelssohn. (d. 1786).

1730. Election of Pope Clement XII. Founding of Baltimore in Maryland. Opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway; accidental death of Mr. Huskisson, prime minister of England. Birth of Edmund Burke [Uncertain date] (d. 1797).

1731. Treaty of Seville between Great Britain, France, and Spain. Don Carlos established in the duchies of Parma and Placentia. Treaties of England and Holland with Austria, guaranteeing the Pragmatic Sanction of Charles VI. Founding of the "Gentleman's Magazine." Birth of William Cowper (d. 1800).

1732. Usurpation of the Persian throne by Nadir Kuli, thenceforward entitled Nadir Kuli Khan, or Nadir Shall. Grant of Georgia in America to General Oglethorpe by George II., of England. Founding, at Philadelphia, of the first Subscription Library in the United States, by Franklin. Publication of the first part of Pope's" Essay on Man." Birth of Washington (d. 1799). Birth of Haydn (d. 1809).

1733. The first Bourbon Family Compact between the French and Spanish sovereigns. Death of Augustus II. of Poland. War of the Polish Succession between France and Austria. John Kay's invention of the fly-shuttle for weaving. Founding of Savannah, Georgia, by General Oglethorpe. Birth of Wieland (d. 1813). Birth of Joseph Priestley (d. 1804).

1734. Conquest of Naples and Sicily by Don Carlos, son of the king of Spain, and assumption by him of the kingship of the Two Sicilies, under the name and style of Charles III. Zenger's trial in New York and vindication of the freedom of the English colonial press.

1735. Treaty of Vienna between France, Austria and Spain, confirming Charles III. in possession of the kingdom of the Two Sicilies; ceding Lorraine to France and Tuscany in reversion to the former duke of Lorraine. First Moravian (Unitas Fratrum) settlement in America planted in Georgia. Birth of John Adams (d. 1826).

1736. Founding of the short-lived realm of King Theodore in Corsica. Publication of Butler's "Analogy of Religion." Porteous riots in Edinburgh. Birth of Lagrange (d. 1813).

1737. Birth of Edward Gibbon (d. 1794).

1738. Treaty of France with Austria guaranteeing the Pragmatic Sanction of Charles VI.

1739. War of Jenkins' Ear, between Great Britain and Spain. Capture of Delhi, in India, with sack and massacre, by Nadir Shah, the Persian conqueror.

1740. Accession of Frederick the Great in Prussia. Death of the Emperor Charles VI. Treachery of the Powers which had guaranteed the Austrian succession to Maria Theresa. Opening of the War of the Succession. Invasion of Silesia by Frederick of Prussia. Election of Pope Benedict XIV. Settlement of the Moravians (Unitas Fratrum) in Pennsylvania, at Bethlehem. First performance of Händel's "Messiah."

1741. Battle of Mollwitz. Alliance of Prussia, France and Bavaria. Appeal of Maria Theresa to the Hungarians. Franco-Bavarian invasion of Bohemia and Austrian invasion of Bavaria. Secret bargain of Frederick with Maria Theresa, and abandonment of his allies. Pretended Negro Plot in New York. Publication of the first volume of Hume's "Essays Moral and Political."

1742. Resignation of Walpole from the British Ministry. Imperial election and coronation of the elector of Bavaria as Charles VII. Reversing of the treachery of Frederick and renewal of his war with Austria. Battle of Chotusitz. Treaty of Breslau between Austria and Prussia. Cession of Silesia and Glatz to Frederick. Continuation of the war of Austria and France. Expulsion of the French from Bohemia. Birth of Scheele (d. 1786).

1743. The second Bourbon Family Compact between the sovereigns of France and Spain. Great Britain involved in the War of the Austrian Succession, supporting the cause of Maria Theresa. Victory of the "Pragmatic Army" (English and Hanoverian) at Dettingen. Birth of Thomas Jefferson (d. 1826). Birth of Toussaint L' Ouverture (d. 1803). Birth of Lavoisier (d. 1794).

1744. Renewal of war with Austria by Frederick of Prussia. His invasion of Bohemia, his capture of Prague and his forced retreat. Birth of Herder (d. 1803).

1745. The last Jacobite rebellion in Great Britain. Death of Sir Robert Walpole. Capture of Louisburg and the island of Cape Breton from France by the New England colonists. Death of the Emperor Charles VII. Defeat of the British and Dutch by the French at Fontenoy. Peace made by Austria with Bavaria, and alliance with Saxony against the king of Prussia. Prussian victories at Hohenfriedberg, Sohr, Hennersdorf, and Kesselsdorf. Election of the husband of Maria Theresa to the Imperial throne, as Francis I. Peace between Austria and Prussia. Success of the French, Spaniards, and Genoese in Lombardy, expelling the Austrians from every part except the citadel of Milan and the fortress of Mantua. Invention of the Leyden jar.

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1746. French conquest of the Austrian Netherlands. Retreat of Spaniards and French from North Italy. Surrender of Genoa to the Austrians, and their expulsion by a popular rising. Capture of Madras by the French. Birth of Pestalozzi (d. 1827). Birth of Henry Grattan (d. 1820).

1747. French invasion of the United Provinces (Holland); risings of the Orange party; restoration of the Stadtholdership, in the person of William IV. Unsuccessful siege of Genoa by the Austrians and Sardinians. Franklin's identification of lightning with electricity. Murder of Nadir Shah, the Persian conqueror.

1748. Treaty of Aix-Ia-Chapelle, ending the War of the Austrian Succession; general restoration of conquests made during the war; confirmation of Silesia and Glatz to Frederick of Prussia; general guarantee of the Pragmatic Sanction of Charles VI. Beginning of excavations at Pompeii. Birth of Jeremy Bentham (d. 1832).

1749. Formation of the Ohio Company, with a royal grant of lands in the Ohio Valley. Founding of Halifax, Nova Scotia. Publication of Montesquieu's "Esprit des Lois"; of Fielding's "Tom Jones," and of John Wesley's "Plain account of the people called Methodists." Birth of Charles James Fox (d. 1806). Birth of Goethe (d. 1832). Birth of Mirabeau (d. 171)1). Birth of Vittorio Alfieri (d. 1803). Birth of Laplace (d. 1827). Birth of Jenner (d. 1823).

1751. Beginning of the military career of Clive in India by the taking of Arcot from the French. Introduction of the Gregorian Calendar, or change from Old Style to New, in England. Publication of Gray's "Elegy in a Country Churchyard," and of the first volume of "L' Encyclopedie." Birth of R. B. Sheridan (d. 1816). Birth of James Madison (d. 1836).

1754. Founding of King's College (now Columbia) at New York. Congress of the American Colonies at Albany and plans of Union. Building of Fort Duquesne by the French and Washington's expedition against them. Publication of the first volume of Hume's "History of England." Birth of Talleyrand (d. 1838).

1755. Beginning of the Seven Years War, called in America the French and Indian War; Braddock's defeat by the French and Indians in America; battle of Lake George and defeat of the French; dispersion in exile of the French Acadians from Nova Scotia. Birth of Hahnemann, the originator of Homœopathy. Great earthquake at Lisbon. Birth of John Marshall (d. 1835).

1756. Formal declarations of war by Great Britain and France; conquest of Minorca by the French from the English. Invasion and occupation of Saxony by Frederick of Prussia. Frederick under the Ban of the Empire. Capture of Delhi by the Afghan Durances; capture of Calcutta by Shrajah Dowlah, and tragedy of the Black Hole. Birth of Mozart (d. 1791 [Uncertain date]).

1757. Execution in England of Admiral Byng. Beginning of the administration of the elder Pitt. Invasion of Bohemia by Frederick; his victory at Prague, his defeat at Kolin, convention of Closter-Seven, battles of Rossbach and Leuthen. Capture of Fort William Henry in America, by the French. Franklin's mission to England for the Pennsylvanians. Clive's overthrow of Surajah Dowlah at the battle of Plassey, in India. Birth of Canova (d. 1822). Birth of Alexander Hamilton (d. 1804). Birth of Lafayette (d. 1834). Birth of Baron von Stein (d. 1831).

1758. Siege of Olmutz by Frederick; his victory over the Russians at Zorndorf; his defeat by the Austrians at Hochkirch. Election of Pope Clement XIII. Repulse of the British at Ticonderoga, in America; capture of Louisburg and Fort Du Quesne (afterwards Pittsburg) by the English from the French. Beginning of the publication of Dr. Johnson's "Idler." Birth of Lord Nelson (d. 1805). Birth of Robespierre (d. 1794).

1759. Naval battles of the English and French off Lagos and in Quiberon Bay. Battles of Bergen and Minden in Germany; defeat of Frederick at Kunersdorf; loss of Dresden; capitulation of Maxen. Expulsion of the Jesuits from the Portuguese dominions. Capture of Quebec, in Canada, from the French, by General Wolfe; British capture of Fort Niagara, Ticonderoga and Crown Point. Opening of the British Museum. Publication of Dr. Johnson's "Rasselas," Adam Smith's "Moral Sentiments," the first volumes of Sterne's "Tristram Shandy," and the first volume of the "Annual Register," edited by Burke. Birth of Schiller (d. 1805). Birth of Robert Burns (d. 1796). Birth of William Wilberforce (d. 1833). Birth of William Pitt (d. 1806).

1760. Death of George II., king of England; accession of George III. Frederick's bombardment of Dresden. Battles of Liegnitz, Torgau and Warburg. Completion of the English conquest of Canada. Defeat of the French by the English, in India, at Wandiwash. Publication of Rousseau's "Nouvelle Heloise," and Goldsmith's "Citizen of the World."

1761. Resignation of Pitt from the British Ministry. The third Bourbon Family Compact of the French and Spanish kings. Campaigns in Saxony and Silesia. Battle of Panniput in India and defeat of the Mahrattas by the Afghans. Speech of Otis, at Boston, against the Writs of Assistance. Surrender of Pondicherry to the English by the French.

1762. Ascendancy of Lord Bute in the British Ministry; publication of Wilkes' "North Briton;" declaration of war against Spain; siege and conquest of Havana. Death of the Empress Elizabeth of Russia; accession, deposition and murder of Peter III.; elevation of Catherine II. to the throne. Decree of the Parliament of Paris for the suppression of the Society of Jesus. Publication of Macpherson's "Poems of Ossian," and of Rousseau's "Contrat Social." Birth of Fichte (d. 1814).