Part 1233

1628. Unsuccessful siege of Stralsund by Wallenstein. Passage by the English Parliament of the act called the Petition of Right. Assassination of the duke of Buckingham. Surrender of Rochelle to Richelieu. Outbreak of the war of the Mantuan succession between France, Spain, Savoy and the Emperor. Publication of Harvey's discovery of the circulation of the blood. Birth of Bunyan (d. 1688).

1629. The Emperor's Edict of Restitution, requiring the Protestant princes of Germany to surrender sequestrated church property. Tumult in the English Parliament and forcible detention of the Speaker; dissolution by the king and arrest of Eliot and others. Division of the grant made in New England to Gorges and Mason, giving New Hampshire to the latter. Introduction of the Patroon system in New Netherland by the Dutch West India Company. First conquest of Canada by the English.

1630. Dismissal of Wallenstein by the Emperor. Appearance in Germany of Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, as the champion of Protestantism. Settlement of the colony of Massachusetts Bay, in New England, and founding of Boston. The Day of the Dupes in France and triumph of Richelieu.

1631. Siege, capture and sack of Magdeburg by the imperial general, Tilly. Treaty of Bärwalde between Gustavus Adolphus and the king of France. Defeat of Tilly on the Breitenfeld, at Leipzig, by Gustavus Adolphus. End of the war concerning Mantua. Appearance of the first printed newspaper in France. Birth of Dryden (d. 1700).

1632. Defeat and death of Tilly, in battle with the Swedish king on the Lech. Victory and death of Gustavus Adolphus in battle with Wallenstein at Lützen; accession in Sweden of Queen Christina; Chancellor Oxenstiern invested with the supreme direction of Swedish affairs in Germany. Patent to Lord Baltimore by James I., king of England, granting him as a palatine principality the territory in America called Maryland. Restoration of Canada and Nova Scotia by England to France. First Jesuit mission to Canada. Birth of John Locke (d. 1704). Birth of Spinoza (d. 1677). Birth of Bourdaloue (d. 1704). Birth of Christopher Wren (d. 1723).

1633. Union of Heilbronn formed by Oxenstiern, consolidating Protestant interests. Appointment of Wentworth to be Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland.

1634. Conspiracy against Wallenstein, resulting in his assassination. Defeat of the Swedish army in Germany, by imperialists and Spaniards, at Nördlingen. Terms of peace with the Emperor made by Saxony and Brandenburg. Levy of Ship-money in England. Naming the town on Manhattan island New Amsterdam. Acting of Milton's "Comus."

1635. Active interference of Richelieu in the Thirty Years War. Unsuccessful French expedition into Italy for the expulsion of the Spaniards from Milan. First settlements in the Connecticut valley. Dissolution of the Council for New England and partitioning of its territory.

1636. Banishment of Roger Williams from Massachusetts, and his founding of Providence. Migration of the Newtown congregation from Massachusetts to the Connecticut valley, founding Hartford. Founding of Harvard College in Massachusetts. Campaign of Duke Bernhard of Weimar in Alsace and Lorraine, in the pay of France. Success of the Swedish general, Baner, at Wittstock, over Saxons and imperialists. Birth of Boileau (d. 1711).

1687. Death of the Emperor Ferdinand II. and accession of his son Ferdinand III. The Pequot War in New England. Introduction of Land's Service-book in Scotland; tumult in St. Giles' church. Publication of Descartes' "Discours de la Méthode."

1638. Planting of the Swedish colony on the Delaware river in America. Banishment of Anne Hutchinson from Massachusetts. Settlement and naming of Rhode Island. Opening of New Netherland to free colonization and trade. Rising in Scotland against the Service-book; organization of the Tables; signing of the National Covenant. Planting of New Haven colony in New England. Turkish siege and capture of Bagdad and horrible massacre of its people.

1639. Adoption of the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut and the Fundamental Agreement of New Haven. Grant of Maine as a palatine principality to Sir Ferdinando Gorges. The First Bishops' War of the Scotch with King Charles I. Birth of Racine (d. 1699).

1640. Meeting of the Long Parliament in England. English settlement of Madras in India. Recovery of national independence by Portugal, with the House of Braganza on the throne. Extraordinary double siege of Turin. Introduction in Europe of Peruvian bark (cinchona).

1641. Impeachment and execution of Strafford and adoption of the Grand Remonstrance by the English Parliament. Catholic rising in Ireland and alleged massacres of Protestants.

1642. King Charles' attempt, in England, to arrest the Five Members, and opening of the Civil War at Edgehill. Conspiracy of Cinq Mars in France. Death of Cardinal Richelieu. Second battle of Breitenfeld in Germany, won by the Swedes under Torstenson. Birth of Sir Isaac Newton (d. 1727).

1643. Confederation of the United Colonies of New England. Meeting of the Westminster Assembly of Divines. Subscription of the Solemn League and Covenant between the Scotch and English nations. Siege of Gloucester and first battle of Newbury. Death of Louis XIII. of France and accession of Louis XIV. under the regency of his mother, Anne of Austria, and the ministry of Cardinal Mazarin. Victory of the Duke d' Enghien (afterwards called the Great Condé) over the Spaniards at Rocroi. Alliance of Denmark with the Emperor and disastrous war with Sweden.

1644. Battles of Marston Moor and the second Newbury, and siege of Lathom House, in the English civil war. Charter granted to the colony of Providence Plantations. Invention of the barometer by Torricelli. Birth of William Penn (d. 1718).

1645. Oliver Cromwell placed second in command of the English Parliamentary army. His victory at Naseby. The storming of Bridgewater and Bristol. Exploits of Montrose in Scotland. Victory of Torstenson and the Swedes over the imperialists at Jankowitz in Bohemia. Defeat of the imperialists by the French near Allerheim. Peace of Bromsebro between Sweden and Denmark. Beginning of the War of Candia (Crete).

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1646. Adoption of Presbyterianism by the English Parliament. Surrender of King Charles to the Scottish army. Capture of Dunkirk from the Spaniards by the French and Dutch. Birth of Leibnitz (d. 1716).

1647. Surrender of King Charles by the Scots to the English, his imprisonment at Holdenby House and his seizure by the Army. Insurrection of Masaniello at Naples. Truce of the Elector of Bavaria with the Swedes and French. Election of Ferdinand, son of the Emperor, to the throne of Hungary. Beginning of the administration of Peter Stuyvesant in New Netherland.

1648. The second Civil War in England. Cromwell's victory at Preston. Treaty of Newport with the king, Grand Army Remonstrance, and Pride's Purge of Parliament, reducing it to "the Rump." Conflict of the French crown with the Parliament of Paris, and defeat of the crown. Last campaigns of the Thirty Years War. Peace of Westphalia; cession of Alsace to France; separation of Switzerland from the Empire; division of the Palatinate; acknowledgment of the independence of the United Provinces by Spain. Election of John Casimir king of Poland.

1649. Trial and execution of King Charles I., of England, and establishment of the Commonwealth. Mutiny of the Levellers in the Parliamentary Army. Campaign of Cromwell in Ireland. First civil war of the Fronde in France, ended by the treaty of Reuil. Passage of the Act of Toleration in Maryland.

1650. Charles II. in Scotland. War between the English and the Scotch. Victory of Cromwell at Dunbar. The new Fronde in France, in alliance with Spain. Its defeat by Mazarin at Rethel. Suspension of the Stadtholdership in the United Provinces. Publication of Baxter's "Saint's' Everlasting Rest," and Jeremy Taylor's "Holy Living." Birth of Marlborough (d. 1722).

1651. Invasion of England by Charles II. and the Scots; Cromwell's victory at Worcester; complete conquest of Scotland. Passage of the Navigation Act by the English Parliament. Banishment of Mazarin from France and restoration of peace. Renewal of civil war by Condé. Adoption of the Cambridge Platform in Massachusetts. Beginning of the rule, in the United Provinces, of John De Witt, Grand Pensionary of Holland. Publication of Hobbes' "Leviathan," and Jeremy Taylor's "Holy Dying." Birth of Fenelon (d. 1715).

1652. Victorious naval war of the English with the Dutch. Battle of Porte St. Antoine, Paris, between the armies of Condé and Turenne. End of the Fronde, and departure of Conde to enter the service of Spain. Recovery of Dunkirk by the Spaniards. Institution of the Liberum Veto in Poland. Transfer of the allegiance of the Cossacks of the Ukraine from Poland to Russia. Legislation to restrict and diminish slavery in Rhode Island. Settlement of a Dutch colony at the Cape of Good Hope.

1653. Expulsion of "the Rump" by Cromwell, and establishment of the Protectorate in England. Adoption of the Instrument of Government. Return of Mazarin to power in France. The Cromwellian settlement of Ireland. Concession of municipal government to New Amsterdam (New York). Establishment of a penny post in Paris by M. de Velayer. Publication of Walton's "Complete Angler."

1654. Incorporation of Scotland with the English Commonwealth, under Cromwell. Peace between the English and Dutch. Conquest of Nova Scotia by the New England colonists. Death of Ferdinand, king of Hungary, and election of his brother Leopold. Abdication of Queen Christina of Sweden; accession of Charles X.

1655. Conquest of the Swedish colony on the Delaware by the Dutch of New Netherland. Alliance of England and France against Spain. English conquest of Jamaica from Spain. Occurrence in the Russian Church of the great schism called the Raskol. Publication of the first of Pascal's" Provincial Letters."

1656. Beginning of the Persecution of the Quakers in Massachusetts.

1657. Death of the Emperor Ferdinand III. Intrigues of Louis XIV. of France to secure the imperial crown.

1658. Siege and capture of Dunkirk from the Spaniards and possession given by the French to the English. Death of Cromwell and succession of his son Richard as Protector. Election of Leopold I., son of the late emperor, to the imperial throne. Seizure of the Mogul throne in India by Aurungzebe.

1659. Meeting of a new Parliament in England; its dissolution; resuscitation and re-expulsion of the Rump, and formation of a provisional government by the Army. Treaty of the Pyrenees between France and Spain, and marriage of Louis XIV. to the Spanish infanta. Production of Molière's "Les Précieuses Ridicules."

1660. March of the English army under Monk from Scotland to London. Call of a new Parliament by Monk, and restoration of the monarchy, in the person of Charles II. Abrogation of the incorporated union with Scotland. Renewed war of Austria with the Turks. Closing of the schools of Port Royal through Jesuit influence. Death of Charles X. of Sweden and accession of Charles XI. Publication of Dryden's "Astræa Redux."

1661. Restoration of the Church of England and passage of a new Act of Uniformity, ejecting 2,000 nonconformist ministers. Personal assumption of government by Louis XIV. in France. Beginning of the ministry of Colbert. Cession of Bombay by the Portuguese to the English. Birth of Defoe (d. 1731).

1662. Royal charter to Connecticut colony, annexing New Haven. Sale of Dunkirk to France by Charles II. Beginning of the attacks of the Mahrattas on the Mogul empire. Restoration of episcopacy in Scotland and persecution of the Covenanters. Publication of Fuller's "Worthies of England."

1663. Grant of the Carolinas by Charles II. of England to Clarendon and others. Erection of New France (Canada) into a royal province. Publication of the first part of Butler's "Hudibras." Birth of Prince Eugene of Savoy (d. 1736).

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1664. Passage of the Conventicle Act in England, for suppression of the nonconformists. Seizure of New Netherland (henceforth New York) by the English from the Dutch and grant of the province to the duke of York. Grant of New Jersey to Berkeley and Carteret, by the duke of York. War by France upon the piratical Barbary states. Great defeat of the Turks by the Austrians and French, in the battle of St. Gothard. Publication of the first Tariff of Colbert, in France.

1665. Passage of the Five Mile Act, in continued persecution of the English nonconformists. Outbreak of the great Plague in London. Formal declarations of war between the English and the Dutch.

1666. The great fire in London. Tremendous naval battles between Dutch and English and defeat of the former. Production of Molière's "Le Misanthrope."

1667. Ravages by a Dutch fleet in the Thames. Peace treaties of Breda, between England, Holland, France and Denmark. War of Louis XIV., called the War of the Queen's Rights, in the Spanish Netherlands. Restoration of Nova Scotia to France. Augmentation of Colbert's Protective Tariff in France. Publication of Milton's "Paradise Lost," and Dryden's "Annus Mirabilis." Production of Racine's "Andromaque." Birth of Swift. (d. 1745).

1668. Triple alliance of England, Holland and Sweden against France. Abdication of John Casimir, king of Poland. Birth of Vico (d. 1744). Birth of Boerhaave (d. 1738).

1669. First exploring journey of La Salle from the St. Lawrence to the West. Adoption of the fundamental constitutions framed by John Locke for the Carolinas. Surrender of Candia to the Turks.

1670. Treaty of the king of England with Louis XIV. of France, betraying his allies, the Dutch, and engaging to profess himself a Catholic. Publication of Spinoza's "Tractatus Theologico-politicus."

1671. Publication of Milton's "Paradise Regained." Birth of Steele (d. 1729).

1672. Declaration of Indulgence by Charles II. of England. Alliance of England and France against the Dutch. Restoration of the Stadtholdership in Holland to the Prince of Orange, and murder of the DeWitts. Birth of Joseph Addison (d. 1719}. Birth of Peter the Great (d. 1725).

1673. Discovery of the Upper Mississippi by Joliet and Marquette. Recovery of New Netherland by the Dutch from the English. Sale of West Jersey by Lord Berkeley to Quakers.

1674. Treaty of Westminster, restoring peace between the Dutch and English and ceding New Netherland to the latter. Purchase of Pondicherry, on the Carnatic coast of India, by the French. Election of John Sobieski to the throne of Poland. Birth of Isaac Watts (d. 1748).

1675. War with the Indians in New England, known as King Philip's War. Defeat of the Swedes by the Elector of Brandenburg at the battle of Fehrbellin.

1676. Bacon's rebellion in Virginia. Birth of Sir Robert Walpole (d. 1745).

1677. Tekeli's rising in Hungary against oppression and religions persecution. Production of Racine's" Phèdre."

1678. The pretended Popish Plot in England. Treaties of Nimeguen between France, Rolland and Spain. Publication of the first part of Bunyan's "Pilgrim's Progress." Birth of Bolingbroke (d. 1751).

1679. Passage of the Habeas Corpus Act in England. Oppression of Scotland and persecution of the Covenanters. Murder of Archbishop Sharp. Defeat of Claverhouse by the Covenanters at Drumclog. Defeat of Covenanters by Monmouth at Bothwell Bridge. Treaty of Nimeguen between France and the Emperor. Building of the Griffon on Niagara river by La Salle.

1680. First naming of the Whig and Tory parties in England. Complete incorporation of Alsace and Les Trois Évéchés, and seizure of Strasburg, by France. Imprisonment of the Man with the Iron Mask. Founding of Charleston, S. C.

1681. Merciless despotism of the duke of York in Scotland. Beginning of "dragonnade" persecution of Protestants in France. Alliance of Tekeli and the Hungarian insurgents with the Turks and the French. Proprietary grant of Pennsylvania by Charles II. to William Penn. Publication of Dryden's "Absalom and Achitophel."

1682. Exploration of the Mississippi to its mouth by La Salle. Purchase of East Jersey by Penn and other Quakers. Penn's treaty with the Indians. Accession of Peter the Great in association with his brother Ivan.

1683. The Rye-house Plot, and execution of Lord Russell and Algernon Sidney, in England. Great invasion of Hungary and Austria by the Turks; their siege of Vienna, and the deliverance of the city by John Sobieski, king of Poland. Establishment of a penny post in London by Robert Murray. Founding of Philadelphia by William Penn.

1684. Forfeiture of the Massachusetts charter. Holy League of Venice, Poland, the Emperor and the Pope against the Turks. Birth of Bishop Berkeley (d. 1753}. Birth of Händel (d. 1759).

1685. Death of Charles II., king of England, and accession of his brother James II., an avowed Catholic. Rebellion of the duke of Monmouth, crushed at Sedgemoor and in the Bloody Assizes of Judge Jeffreys. Revocation of the Edict of Nantes by Louis XIV. of France. First lighting of the streets of London. Demand upon Connecticut for the surrender of its charter; concealment of the instrument in the Charter Oak. Birth of Johann Sebastian Bach (d. 1750).

1686. Revival of the Court of High Commission in England. Consolidation of New England under a royal governor-general. League of Augsburg against Louis XIV. of France, formed by the Prince of Orange and including Holland, Spain, Sweden, the Emperor, and several German princes. Recovery of Buda by the Austrians from the Turks and end of the Hungarian insurrection. Introduction of Bradford's Printing Press in Pennsylvania.

1687. Action of the Hungarian diet making the crown of Hungary hereditary in the Hapsburg family. Second battle of Mohacs, disastrous to the Turks. Siege of Athens by the Venetians; bombardment of the Acropolis and partial destruction of the Parthenon. Rule in Ireland of Richard Talbot, earl of Tyrconnel. Publication of Newton's "Principia."

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1688. Declaration of Indulgence by James II. of England, and imprisonment and trial of the seven bishops for refusing to publish it. Invitation to William and Mary of Orange to accept the English crown. Arrival in England of the Prince of Orange and flight of James. Battle of Enniskillen in Ireland. Recovery of Belgrade from the Turks by the Austrians. Union of New York and New Jersey with New England under Governor-general Sir Edmund Andros. Birth of Swedenborg (d. 1772). Birth of Pope (d. 1744).

1689. Completion of the English Revolution. Settlement of the crown on William and Mary. Passage of the Toleration Act and the Bill of Rights. Landing of James II. in Ireland and war in that island; siege and successful defense of Londonderry; battle of Newton Butler. Battle of Killiecrankie, in Scotland, and death of Claverhouse. Revolution in New York led by Jacob Leisler. Birth of Montesquieu (d. 1755).

1690. Destruction of Schenectady, New York, by French and Indians. The first congress of the American colonies. The League of Augsburg against Louis XIV. of France developed into the Grand Alliance of England, Holland, Spain, Savoy and the Emperor. Second devastation of the Palatinate by the French. Reconquest of Belgrade by the Turks. English conquest of Acadia and unsuccessful attempt against Quebec. French naval victory off Beachy Head, over the English and Dutch fleets. Battle of the Boyne in Ireland; defeat and flight of James II. Publication of Locke's "Essay concerning Human Understanding."

1691. Battle of Aughrim and surrender of Limerick, completing the Orange conquest of Ireland. The violated Treaty of Limerick. Execution of Jacob Leisler in New York.

1692. Ernst Augustus, duke of Hanover and of Brunswick, raised to the rank of Elector. New Hampshire settlements, in New England, separated from Massachusetts. Defeat of King William by the French at Steinkirk. Beginning of the Salem Witchcraft madness in Massachusetts. Massacre of Glencoe in Scotland. Attempted invasion of England from France defeated by the English and Dutch fleets at the battle of La Hogue. Destructive earthquake in Jamaica.

1693. Founding of the College of William and Mary in Virginia. Removal of Bradford's Press from Philadelphia to New York. French victories at Neerwinden and Marsaglia. Absolutism established in Sweden by Charles XI. Discovery of the fixed temperature of boiling water.

1694. The founding of the Bank of England. Birth of Voltaire (d. 1778).

1695. Passage of the first of the Penal Laws, oppressing Catholics in Ireland. Expiration of the Press-censorship law in England.

1696. Death of John Sobieski and purchase of the Polish crown by Frederick Augustus, elector of Saxony.