Part 1230

1202. The Crusaders at Venice; their bargain with the Venetians and attack on Zara.

1203. Attack on Constantinople by the Crusaders and Venetians.

1204. Capture and pillage of Constantinople by the Crusaders and Venetians; creation of the Latin Empire of Romania and election of Baldwin of Flanders to the throne. Loss of Normandy by King John of England. Founding of the Monastery of Port Royal.

1205. Genghis Khan proclaimed by a great assembly Khakan or Emperor of Tartary.

1206. Founding of the Greek empire of Nicæa by Theodore Lascaris.

1209. First crusade against the Albigenses, instigated by Pope Innocent III. Imperial coronation of Otho IV. at Rome.

1210. Second crusade against the Albigenses. Founding of the Franciscan Order of Friars.

1212. Children's Crusade from France and Germany. Great defeat of the Moors by the Christians on Las Navas de Tolosa, in Spain.

1213. Subjugation of the Albigenses by Simon de Montfort, who receives the principality of Toulouse. Submission of John of England to the Pope as a vassal.

1214. Battle of Bouvines, in Flanders; defeat of the English king, John, and the German king and emperor Otho IV., by Philip Augustus of France. Birth of Roger Bacon (d. 1292).

1215. The Great Charter extorted from King John by the barons of England. Founding of the Dominican Order of Friars. Beginning, in Florence, of the fierce quarrel of Guelfs and Ghibellines.

1216. Election of Pope Honorius III. Crusade to the Holy Land led by King Andrew of Hungary. Death of King John of England and accession of Henry III.

1217. Revolt of the Toulousans; death of Simon de Montfort.

1218. Death of the Emperor Otho IV. Attack of the Crusaders on Egypt; siege of Damietta.

1220. Imperial coronation of Frederick II., the Hohenstaufen. Evacuation of Egypt by the Crusaders. Destruction of Bokhara by Genghis Khan.

1222. The charter called the Golden Bull conferred on Hungary by King Andrew.

1223. Death of Philip Augustus, king of France, and accession of Louis VIII.

1224. Birth of Sire de Joinville (d. 1317).

1226. Renewed crusade against the Albigenses; invasion of Languedoc by the French king, Louis VIII., after buying the rights of Simon de Montfort's son. Death of Louis VIII. and accession in France of Louis IX. (Saint Louis) under the regency of Blanche of Castile.

1227. Election of Pope Gregory IX. Death of Genghis Khan. Birth of Thomas Aquinas [Uncertain date] (d. 1274).

1228. Crusade led by the Emperor Frederick II. His treaty with the Sultan recovering Jerusalem.

1229.

Cession, by treaty, of two thirds of the dominions of the expelled Count of Toulouse to the king of France. Frederick II. in Jerusalem.

1230. Castile and Leon united under Ferdinand III.

1235. Recovery of Cordova from the Moors by Ferdinand III. of Leon and Castile.

1236. Defeat of the Lombard League by Frederick II. at Cortenuova.

1238. Founding of the Moorish kingdom of Granada, in Spain.

1240. Birth of Cimabue (d. 1302 [Uncertain date]).

1241. Election and death of Celestine IV. Invasion and desolation of Russia, Hungary and Poland by the Mongols, or Tatars.

1242. Sack of Jerusalem by the Carismians.

1243. Election of Pope Innocent IV.

1244. Earliest use of the name Parliament in England.

1245. Decree of the Council at Lyons, held by Pope Innocent IV., deposing Frederick II.

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1248. Expulsion of the Guelfs from Florence. Crusade of Saint Louis. Recovery of Seville from the Moors by King Ferdinand III. of Leon and Castile.

1249. Commencement of the building of Cologne cathedral.

1250. Death of the Emperor Frederick II. Rising of the people and establishing of a popular constitution in Florence. Defeat and captivity of Saint Louis and his crusaders in Egypt.

1252. Crusading movement of "the Pastors" in France.

1254. Election In Germany of William of Holland to be King of the Romans. Election of Pope Alexander IV. Return of the Guelfs to Florence, driving out the Ghibellines.

1257. Double election in Germany of Richard, Earl of Cornwall, and King Alfonso X. of Castile, rival Kings of the Romans.

1258. Formulation in England of the Provisions of Oxford. Founding of the Mongol empire of the Ilkhans, embracing Persia and Mesopotamia.

1259. Beginning of the reign of the great Mongol sovereign, Kublai Khan, whose empire covered most of Asia.

1260. Defeat of the Florentine Guelfs at Montaperte by the exiled Ghibellines; expulsion of Guelfs from Florence and Lucca.

1261. Fall of the Latin Empire of Romania; recovery of Constantinople by the Greeks of Nicæa. Election of Pope Urban IV.

1263. Norwegian invasion of Scotland and defeat at Largs.

1264. Battle of Lewes, in England; victory of the Barons. Summoning of Simon de Montfort's Parliament.

1263. Election of Pope Clement IV. Battle of Evesham in England; defeat and death of Simon de Montfort. Birth of Dante (d. 1321). Birth of Duns Scotus (d. 1308).

1266. Conquest of Sicily by Charles of Anjou. Exclusion of the Florentine Grandi, or nobles, from all part in the government of the commonwealth.

1268. Execution of Conradin, the last Hohenstaufen, in Sicily.

1269. Restoration of the Guelfs in Florence, with help from Charles of Anjou.

1270. Second Crusade of Saint Louis; his attack on Tunis; his death; accession in France of Philip III.

1271. Election of Pope Gregory X. Crusade of Prince Edward, of England.

1272. End of the Great Interregnum in the Empire; election of Rudolf of Hapsburg, King of the Romans. Death of Henry III. king of England, during the absence in the Holy Land of his son and successor, Edward I.

1276. Election and death of Popes Innocent V. and Hadrian V.; election of Pope John XXI. Birth of Giotto (d. 1337 [Uncertain date]).

1277. Election of Pope Nicholas III.

1278. Defeat, at Marschfeld, of Ottocar, king of Bohemia, by Rudolf of Hapsburg. Ghibellines permitted to return to Florence.

1281. Election of Pope Martin IV.

1282. Settlement of Austria, Styria and Carniola on the Hapsburg family, thus founding the House of Austria. Massacre of French in Sicily, called "the Sicilian Vespers"; acquisition of the crown of Sicily by Pedro of Aragon.

1284. Completed conquest of Wales by Edward I. of England.

1285. Election of Pope Honorius IV. Death of Philip III., in France, and accession cf Philip IV.

1288. Election of Pope Nicholas IV.

1289. Victory of the Florentines at Campaldino over the Ghibellines of Arezzo and their allies.

1290. Expulsion of Jews from England by Edward I. Death of Margaret, queen of Scotland, called "The Maid of Norway"; disputed succession to the Scottish throne. Birth of John Tauler (d. 1361).

1291. Death of Rudolf of Hapsburg; election of Adolf of Nassau, King of the Romans. Siege and conquest of Acre by the Sultan of Egypt and Syria; end of the Christian kingdom of Jerusalem; rally of the Knights Hospitallers in Cyprus. Confederation of the three Forest Cantons of Switzerland.

1294. Election and abdication of Pope Celestine V.; election of Boniface VIII.

1295. The "first perfect and model Parliament" of England summoned by King Edward I.

1296. Fulmination of the bull "Clericis laicos" by Pope Boniface VIII. against the taxation of the clergy by Philip the Fair of France. Invasion and conquest of Scotland by Edward I. of England.

1297. Defeat of the English at Stirling by the Scottish hero Wallace.

1298. Deposition of Adolf of Nassau by the German Electors, and election of Albert of Austria.

1299. Alliance of the Templars with the Mongols, and defeat of the Turks at Hems; momentary recovery of Jerusalem. Invasion of the Greek Empire by the Ottoman Turks.

1300. Institution of the Jubilee by Pope Boniface VIII. Rise of the factions of the Neri and Bianchi at Florence. Birth of William Occam (d. 1347).

Fourteenth Century.

1301. The papal bulls, "Salvator mundi" and "Ausculta fill," launched by Pope Boniface VIII. against Philip IV., king of France. First meeting of the States-General of France, convened by the king. Death of Andrew III., king of Hungary, ending the Arpad line of sovereigns, and leaving the crown contested for several years.

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1302. Banishment of Dante and his party from Florence.

1303. Seizure of Pope Boniface VIII. at Agnani; his death; election of Benedict XI. Submission of Scotland to Edward I. of England.

1304. Birth of Petrarch (d. 1374).

1305. Election of Pope Clement V. Establishment of the papal court at Lyons, France; beginning of the so-called "Babylonish Captivity."

1306. Rising in Scotland under Robert Bruce against the rule of the English king.

1307. Arrest of the Knights Templars in France by King Philip V. Death of Edward 1., king of England, and accession of Edward II. Ravages of the Catalan Grand Company in Greece.

1308. Election in Germany of Henry of Luxemburg (Henry VII.).

1309. Removal of the papal court to Avignon.

1310. The burning of 59 Templars at Paris. Expedition of Henry VII. into Italy. Acquisition of the crown of Hungary by the Neapolitan House of Anjou, in the person of Charles Robert, or Charobert. Conquest of Rhodes from the Turks by the Knights Hospitallers of St. John.

1311. Sovereignty of Milan secured by Matteo Visconti.

1312. Abolition of the Order of the Templars. Imperial coronation of Henry VII. at Rome.

1313. Death of the Emperor Henry VII. at Pisa. Birth of Boccaccio (d. 1375).

1314. Death in France of Philip IV., called "the Fair," and accession of Louis X., called "Hutin." Election in Germany of rival Kings of the Romans, Frederick of Austria and Louis of Bavaria (Louis V.). Great defeat of the English by the Scots at Bannockburn. Invasion of Ireland by Edward Bruce.

1315. Edict of the French king, Louis Hutin, emancipating all serfs within the royal domains, on payment of a just composition. Defeat of Frederick of Austria by the Swiss at Morgarten.

1316. Election of Pope John XXII. Death, in France, of Louis Hutin, and accession of his brother Philip V.

1318. Defeat and death of Edward Bruce, in the battle of Dundalk, Ireland.

1320. Establishment of the tyranny of Castruccio at Lucca. Composition of the Old English poem, "Cursor Mundi." [Uncertain date]

1322. Death of the French king, Philip V., and accession of his brother, Charles IV. Triumph of Louis V. over Frederick at the battle of Muhldorf in Germany; excommunication of Louis. Departure of Sir John Maundeville on his travels in the East.

1324. Birth of Wyclif [Uncertain date] (d. 1384). Birth of William of Wykeham (d. 1404).

1325. Birth of John Gower [Uncertain date] (d. 1408).

1326. First admission of burgesses into the Scottish parliament.

1327. Death of Edward II., king of England, and accession of Edward III. Expedition of Louis V., of Germany, into Italy; his Imperial coronation at Rome.

1328. Death of Charles IV., king of France, and accession of Philip VI., the first of the House of Valois. Peace of Northampton between the English and the Scotch. Death of Castruccio, of Lucca. Birth of Chaucer [Uncertain date] (d. 1400).

1329. Death of Robert Bruce, king of Scotland and accession of his infant son, David.

1330. Surrender of Nicæa to the Ottoman Turks.

1332. Acquisition of the throne of Scotland by Edward Balliol, with English aid.

1333. Defeat of the Scots by Edward III. of England, at Halidon Hill. Accession in Poland of Casimir the Great, last king of the Piast line.

1334. Election of Pope Benedict XII.

1336. Birth of Timour, or Tamerlane (d. 1405).

1337. Revolt of the Flemings under Jacques Van Arteveld. Birth of Froissart, the chronicler (d. 1410 [Uncertain date]).

1338. Declaration by the German Diet of the independence of the Empire in temporal matters.

1339. Beginning of the Hundred Years War between the English and French kings.

1340. Successful war of the Hanseatic League with Denmark.

1341. Return of King David II. to Scotland, Edward Balliol retiring.

1342. Walter de Brienne, Duke of Athens, proclaimed sovereign lord of Florence. Death of Charles Robert, king of Hungary, and accession of Louis, called the Great. Election of Pope Clement VI.

1343. Expulsion of the duke of Athens from Florence. Death of Robert, king of Naples. Accession of Queen Joanna I.

1345. Downfall and death of Jacques Van Arteveld at Ghent.

1346. Great English victory over the French at Crecy. Defeat of the Scots by the English at Neville's Cross, and captivity of King David II.

1347. Outbreak in Europe of the plague called "the Black Death." Death, in Germany, of Louis V. and election of Charles IV. Revolution of Rienzi, in Rome.

1348. Purchase of the sovereignty of Avignon by Pope Clement VI. from Joanna, queen of Naples and countess of Provence. Founding of the University of Prague.

1350. Death of Philip VI. of France and accession of King John.

1352. Election of Pope Innocent VI.

1353. Downfall and death of Rienzi, at Rome.

1356. Defeat of the French by the English Black Prince at Poitiers. Promulgation in Germany of the Golden Bull of Charles IV.

1357. Meeting of the States-General of France and popular movement in Paris under Stephen Marcel.

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1358. Insurrection of the Jacquerie in France.

1360. The Peace of Bretigny between England and France, suspending for a time the Hundred Years War. Outbreak of the Children's Plague in England. First distinct appearance of Wycliffe in English history, as an Oxford lecturer.

1361. Adrianople taken by the Turks and made the capital of Solyman.

1362. Election of Pope Urban V. Conjectured composition or beginning of Langland's "Piers Plowman," in its first form. [Uncertain date]

1364. Death of King John of France; accession of Charles V.

1366. Birth of the painter Hubert van Eyck (d. 1426).

1367. Victory of the Black Prince at Navarette, in Spain, restoring Peter the Cruel to the throne of Castile. Passage of the Kilkenny Act, in Ireland.

1369. Reopening of the Hundred Years War in France. Death, in Poland, of Casimir the Great, passing the crown to Louis of Anjou, king of Hungary.

1370. Beginning of the Stuart dynasty on the Scottish throne.

1371. Election of Pope Gregory XI.

1373. Birth of John Huss [Uncertain date] (d. 1415).

1374. Appearance in Europe of the Dancing Mania.

1375. Appointment at Florence of the Eight Saints of War.

1376. Death, in England, of the Black Prince.

1377. Return of the papal court to Rome from Avignon. Death, in England, of Edward III., and accession of Richard II. Birth of Brunelleschi (d. 1444).

1378. Election of rival popes, Urban VI. and Clement VII.; beginning of the Great Schism. Death of the Emperor Charles IV., in Germany, and succession of Wenceslaus (elected King of the Romans in 1376). Tumult of the Ciompi in Florence.

1379. War of the factions of the rival popes In Rome. Revolt of the White Hoods in Flanders.

1380. Death, in France, of Charles V., and accession of Charles VI. Post messengers established in Germany by the Teutonic Knights. Birth of Thomas a Kempis [Uncertain date] (d. 1471).

1381. Capture of Naples by Charles of Durazzo, who became king as Charles III. Insurrection of the Maillotins in Paris. Rise to power in Flanders of Philip Van Arteveld. Wat Tyler's rebellion in England.

1382. Death of Louis the Great, king of Hungary and Poland; accession of his daughter Mary in Hungary, and of Hedvige, daughter of Casimir the Great, in Poland. Death, in prison, of Queen Joanna, of Naples. Defeat and death of Philip Van Arteveld at Rosebecque.

1383. Incorporation of Flanders in the dominions of the Duke of Burgundy. Birth of Donatello (d. 1466).

1385. Acquisition of the crown of Portugal by John I., founder of the House of Avis.

1386. Marriage of the Emperor Sigismund to Mary, Queen of Hungary. Assassination, in Hungary, of Charles III. of Naples; accession in Naples of Ladislas, contested by Louis of Anjou. Marriage of Hedvige, queen of Poland, to Jagellon, duke of Lithuania, uniting the states and founding the Jagellon dynasty. Victory of the Swiss over the Austrians at Sempach.

1387. Birth of Fra Angelico (d. 1455 [Uncertain date]).

1388. Battle of Otterburn between the Scots and the English. Defeat of the Austrians by the Swiss at Naefels. Death of the Persian poet Hafiz. [Uncertain date]

1389. Turkish conquest of Bulgaria and Servia by Amurath I.; decisive battle of Kossova. Election, at Rome, of Pope Boniface IX.

1390. War of Florence with the duke of Milan. Birth of Jan van Eyck [Uncertain date] (d. 1440 [Uncertain date]).

1392. Appearance of insanity in the young French king, Charles VI.

1394. Birth of the Portuguese Prince Henry, "the Navigator" (d. 1460).

1395. The Milanese dominion of the Visconti created a duchy of the Empire by the Emperor Wenceslaus.

1396. Great defeat at Nicopolis of the Christian defenders of Hungary by the Turkish Sultan Bajazet.

1397. Union of the three crowns of Sweden, Denmark and Norway, called the Union of Calmar.

1398. Invasion of India by Timour, or Tamerlane.

1399. Deposition of Richard II. from the English throne by Henry of Bolingbroke, duke of Lancaster, who became king as Henry IV.

1400. Deposition of Wenceslaus by the electoral college of Germany. Invasion of Scotland by Henry IV. of England.

Fifteenth Century.

1402. Birth of Masaccio (d. 1428).

1403. Hotspur's rebellion in England.

1405. Sale of Pisa to Florence by the Visconti. Capture by the English of the heir to the Scottish crown, afterwards James I.

1406. Surrender of the Pisans to Florence after a year of war.

1407. Founding of the Bank of St. George at Genoa.

1409. Chartering of the University of Leipsic. Meeting of the Council of Pisa.

1411. Defeat of the Scottish Lord of the Isles and the Highland clans at the battle of Harlaw. Founding of the University of St. Andrew's.

1412. Meeting of the Council called at Rome by Pope John XXIII. Birth of Joan of Arc, the Maid of Orleans (d. 1431). Birth of Filippo Lippi (d. 1469).

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1414. Meeting of the Council of Constance; summons to John Huss to appear before the Council.

1415. Condemnation and martyrdom of Huss. Renewal of the Hundred Years War with France by Henry V. of England; his great victory at Agincourt. Capture of Ceuta from the Moors by the Portuguese.

1417. Massacre of Armagnacs at Paris. Creation of the Electorate of Brandenburg by the Emperor Sigismund and its bestowal on Frederick, Count of Zollern, or Hohenzollern. Deposition of the rival popes by the Council of Constance, and ending of the Great Schism; election of Pope Martin V.

1419. Rising of the Hussites in Bohemia. Assassination of the duke of Burgundy, at the Bridge of Montereau, and alliance of the Burgundians with the English invaders of France.

1420. First crusade against the Bohemian Hussites summoned by the Pope. Treaty of Troyes between the English king, Henry V., in France, and the Burgundians; marriage of Henry V. to Princess Catherine, of France.

1421. Second crusade against the Bohemians.

1422. Date of the first in the collection of Paston Letters. Death of Henry V., king of England, and claiming to be king of France; accession of his infant son Henry VI. Death of Charles VI., king of France; the succession of his son, Charles VII., disputed in favor of the Infant Henry VI. of England.

1424. Release of James I. of Scotland from his long captivity in England.

1429. Siege of Orleans by the English, repelled, under the influence of Jeanne d'Arc; coronation of Charles VII., king of France.

1430. Capture of Jeanne d'Arc by the English. Acquisition of the greater part of the Netherlands by Philip of Burgundy.

1431. Condemnation and burning of Jeanne d'Arc for witchcraft by the English. Election of Pope Eugenius IV. Meeting of the Council of Basle. Birth of Mantegna (d. 1506).

1433. Treaty of the Council of Basle with the insurgent Bohemians.

1434. Organization of the Utraquist national church in Bohemia. Attainment of power in Florence by Cosmo de' Medici. First expedition sent out by the Portuguese Prince Henry to explore the western coast of Africa. Birth of Boiardo [Uncertain date] (d. 1494).

1437. Recovery of Paris from the English by the French king, Charles VII. Death of Sigismund, emperor, and king of Hungary; election of Albert of Austria to the Hungarian throne.

1438. Election of Albert II. of Austria by the German electoral princes.

1439. Death of Albert II., of Germany and Hungary; election of Ladislaus III., king of Poland, to the Hungarian throne.

1440. Election of Frederick III., of Austria, by the electoral princes of Germany.

1442. Ladislaus, posthumous son of Albert of Austria, acknowledged king of Bohemia, and prospective king of Hungary, on the attainment of his majority. First modern Importation of negro slaves into Europe, by the Portuguese.

1444. Defeat of the Hungarians by the Turks at Varna and death of Ladislaus III., king of Poland and Hungary; government in Hungary entrusted to John Huniades, during the minority of Ladislaus Posthumus.

1445. Destruction of Corinth by the Turks. Birth of Comines, the chronicler (d. 1509).

1446. Birth of Perugino (d. 1524).